So sánh chuẩn mực kế toán nhật bản và IFRS (word)

3 Presentation of Financial Statements, Accounting Policies, Changes in Accounting Estimates and Errors, Assets Held for Sale and Discontinued Operations .... Presentation of Financial S

JGAAP-IFRS comparison

English version 3.0

[equivalent of Japanese version 4.0]

Contents

Contents 2

Introduction 3

Presentation of Financial Statements, Accounting Policies, Changes in Accounting Estimates and Errors, Assets Held for Sale and Discontinued Operations 4

Consolidation 7

Equity Method 14

Joint Ventures/Arrangements 17

Bu sin e ss Combinations 18

Inventory 21

Intangible Assets a nd Research and Development Co sts 23

Fixed Assets 26

Investment Property 29

Impairment of a sse t s 31

Leases 33

Financial Instruments 36

Foreign Currency 56

Income Tax 60

Provisions and Contingencies 64

Construction Contracts 67

Revenue Recognition 68

Share-Based Payments 71

Employee Benefi ts, excluding Share-Ba sed Pa yments 74

Appendix 1 - The Adoption of IFRS in Japan 78

Appendix 2 - IFRS Related Resources 79

2

Introduction

tatements and to reducing

the costs of raising capital in international markets and so on, countries around the world are

nal Financial Reporting

In Ja p a n too, The Accounting Standards Board of Ja pa n ( “A SB J”) and the International

ned that the signifi cant

g diff erences would be

t consistent with that

considerably

There are still a number of diff erences between JGAAP and IFRS b

on the “Tokyo Agreeme nt” is ongoing and as revisions continue to b

issued in IFRS

mation is summarised, this

d,

Comprehensive Income (a t wo

► Consolidated Statement ofChanges in Shareholders’

Equity

► Consolidated Cash FlowStatements

► Consolidated SupplementaryInformation

► Statement of Cash Flows

► Accounting Policies and Other

※1 Titles other than those listed

statements

※2 If an entity applies an accounting

sifi esitems in its fi nancial statements,it

must prepare an opening balanc

Presentation of Financial Statements, Accounting

Policies, Changes in Accounting Estima tes and

Errors, Assets Held for Sale and Discon tinued

Operations

extraordinary

statement

(IAS1.83)

In the extremely rare circumstances

in which compliance with a

(and disposal

groups)

posal

f or

arenot depreciated.

non-current

osal

ome

or expense recognised in other

vely

discontinued

operations

he

ndloss statement):

► the post-tax profi t or loss ofdiscontinued operations;

► the post-tax gain or loss

6

6, 7, 13)

ed

on the concept of control

her

er thebody which makes the fi nancial,operating and business decisions(the

hercompany

or

ngthe existence of control

facto

anhalf of the voting rights are held,

ors,the fi nancial position, and the

(IAS27.4,12,13,14)

ed onthe concept of control

ntity

tible

econsidered

ed onthe concept of control

if and

following:

tor

ed

► subsidiaries w here control istemporary;

► subsidiaries which, if

othe risk of substantially

A,IFRS9.3.2.1)

In accordance with IFRS10, all

aries

the

meetthe defi nition of subsidiaries

(SIC12.8)SPEs shall be consolidated w he nhe

ts17)

s

similar circumstances

If a member of the group uses

ngthe consolidated statements

of the reporting period of the

signifi cant intragroup transactions

(IAS27.22, 23, 41(c))

arent

pared

ts39)

In the Consolidated Profi t and Loss

(two statement approach) and the

ts are

e

In the tw o statement approach,

sattributable to non-controlling

anyare disclosed as allocations in the

fi nancial statements

If the proportionate losses of

ted toboth non-controlling interestsand the

he nthe remaining investment represents

an investment in an associate, the

ning

ued

theparent

ss

For purchases of an additional share

in a subsidiary, a ny diff erence

n inthe interest sold and the reducti

on inthe investment amount is record

For increases or decreases in

lt of

t

historical cost

(IAS 27.38)

ed as

h

IFRS5

Loss of control

of a subsidiary

he nthe remaining investment represents

an investment in an associate, the

ts28-30)

ss

For purchases of an additional share

in a subsidiary, a ny diff erence

n inthe interest sold and the reducti

on inthe investment amount is record

For increases or decreases in

lt of

inthe interest and increase in the

t

ons

historical cost.

(IAS 27.38)

ed as

h

historical cost

(IAS 27.38)

ed as

h

13

and

(IAS28.1,13)(Revised standard IAS28.16)

6)The following investments are

ntedfor in accordance with IFRS5.(Revised standard IAS28.20)

accounting

policies of

associates

ethod9)

ts)

es

f or like transactions in similar

tor

eunifi ed

(IAS 28.26, 27)(Revised IAS28.35,36)

nts

rcircumstances

adjustments shall be made to conform

the associate’s accounting polici

es to

associate’s fi nancial statements

to be a rational reason for not using

thePractical Interim Solution on

ethod10)

of the associate, necessary

iven

f or the eff ects of signifi cant

(IAS28 24 25)(Revised IAS28.33, 34)

s as

of the same date as the fi nancial

s it is

emade f or the eff ects of signifi cant

r

f the

k

l

(IAS28.31-33)(Revised IAS28.40-42)

ng

unt of

of equity

method

ethod15)

r

the

inthe separate fi nancial statement

s ofthe investor

(IAS28.19)

(IAS31.30,38)

b y either of the following methods:

► proportionate consolidation;or

► equity method

Of joint arrangements, for a joint

orhis own assets, liabilities, and

/ orSeparate

Investments in jointly controlled

the

saffi liates etc

ial

Investments in subsidiaries and

(IAS27.38)

In the separate fi nancial statements

of the investing entity, investments

es

ed,the pooling method is not permitted

(IFRS3.2)IFRS 3 does not apply to the

limited to a tentative reporting

e

t ofthe consideration transferred in

ereliably measured)

f

sitiondate about facts and circumstances

past

ss ofthe probability likelihood of

In business combinations, the

riafor recognition as intangible assets,

onthe remaining contractual term.Initial

“purchasedgoodwill approach”)

nts20)

r fair

(IFRS3.19,32)One of the following methods may

sed

share(the so-called “full goodwill

2) non-controlling interests(NCI)

are measured as the NCI’s share

of the fair value of the net assets

of the acquiree, and goodwillis

each reporting period Reversal

s of

prohibited

20

(IAS2.11)

er

f or determining balance sheets

d

In certain situations, the latest

d

(IAS2.21-27)

ng

ion

average method

n inthe standard

od

ndardcost method and the retail cost

n

uled

en

n

iods

of low production, but such

rable

ey

enthe diff erence between the t w oalues

n

nd

a ny movements in this price are

sts

V is

occurs

(IAS2.4)Commodity broker-traders, who

(IAS2.33)

s, the

write-down is

22

s with

(IAS38)

tsdiff ers depending on w hether such

orare acquired through a business

► an asset f rom which future

ed

to be received; and

► an identifi able non-monetary

► it is probable that the expected

mthe asset will fl ow to the entity;

and

► the cost of the asset can be

Intangible Assets and Rese

ssCombinations 59, 367)

e

identifi able assets

(IAS38.33,34,42,43)

► the item meets the defi nitionof

of other conditions can all be

computer software

notallowed)

(IAS38.72,75)

ny

mentAmortisation

(useful lives) In practice, intangiblegenerally amortised on a straigh assets are

ul

ment

25

(IAS16.24)

irvalue unless:

Cost

itioncost is based on that manufacturing

t

the

includes both legal and constructive

obligations

ime,but w here there is a decrease inhe

ntrate is not changed i.e the original

rate is used)

and

the

ationrelates

is

tedfor the change

ntal

edunder IFRS

Subsequent

costs

There are no specifi c rules

endsthe useful life of an asset or which

ds

the

book

alcost of the item shall be deprecia

ges inaccounting estimates

28

bject

diffi cult, disclosure must be mad

e of

ed in

Determination

of fair value

rd f or

,calculated prices using reasonable

ween

anarm's length transaction

30

are used in JGAAP than in IFRSfor

the case under JGAAP

Impairment

2 step approach：

1. Complete a recoverability test

et is

d

and

on its fi nal disposal)

2. As a result, if the carrying value

r of(i) fair value less costs to disposeand

e of

singthe asset, including its residualvalue)

impairment

losses

at the end of each period an

ased

on reasonable criteria, then the

or groups of cash-generating units

chthe goodwill is allocated shall:

► Represent the lowest level within

ill is

management purposes, and

► Not be larger than an operating

raph

5 of IFRS 8 Operating Segments

before aggregation

32

fi nance lease (AccountingTransactions Standard 5, Implementation for Lease

d f or

Finance leases are defi ned to be

full

he

► the present value of the total

(IAS17.4,8,10)

a discount) and the lessee’s

emet, the convenient method m

ay be

lease as an operating lease:

► leases f or depreciable assets,

er ofthe fair value of the leased assets

helease

thelessor, it is possible to allocate the

JGAAP IFRS

It is possible to select a diff erent

assetthan f or an entity’s own fi xed assets,

(IAS17.27)The leased asset is depreciated

b ythe lessee over the lease term

n a

Operating

In principle, incentives shall be

s aspart of the net consideration forthe

ease

s of

35

allows an

ion

of a fi nancial asset are, in principle,

(IAS39.43)For fi nancial assets and liabilitiesnot

at fair value through profi t or loss,

measurement

ial

Receivables shall be separately

In principle, only securities shallbe

toone of 5 categories

ow)

es

ng

ts86)

y the

TM

If an entity changes its purposeor

sifyany fi nancial assets as HTM for2

(IAS 39.11)For a compound fi nancial instrument,

tityhas, during the current fi nancial

.(IAS 39.63)

In practice, normally these are

,

ntedcash fl ow calculation using the

f a

ng

ts104)

y et

f

s

cost if their fair value cannot be

ch

s a

s inthe notes to the accounts for itsbank

and

Certain loan commitments are

atfair value w hen the commitmentis

s

yer

ities

dedate

itmust determine whether it hasretained control

If the market value of the remaining

ative)arising on the derecognition of

The related bonds may be

l

tion

of a ne w fi nancial liability

If an entity issues a bond at a price

► securities held f or trading;

► debt securities held to maturity;

► shares in subsidiaries andassociates; and

► other marketable securities

(IAS39.2(a),9,45)

o

► fi nancial assets at fair value

► held-to-maturityinvestments;

► loans and receivables; and

► available for sale fi nancial assets

In principle, investments in

fIAS39

If a fi nancial instrument is listedon

more than one market, then anentity

ives,the 'mid price' is generally useds

the quoted market price

that instrument in the most

whichthe entity has immediate access

(IAS 39,AG70)For assets held the current bid rice

uired

ing

In May 2011, IFRS 13 was publisFinancial

r

the purpose of

fair value option

ated

t or

e

lue

alue

nised

ialassets and liabilities, which are ot

held for trading purposes, can be

loss recognised

(IFRS9.4.1.5)

ion,

e

ainconditions

value

of the fi nancial liability that is

doing

bythe purpose of possession) cann

initial recognition just because

edout of that “fair value through profi t

or loss” category only in rare

t

nreclassifi cations

the valuation diff erences are

wingmethods:

► the total amount is directly

(not through P&L);

► valuation gains, w he re themarket value exceeds acquisition

ofnet assets Valuation losses,

(IAS39.55(b),AG83)For available-for-sale fi nancial

g

od,

For non-monetary securities(such as

ny

re ncy

s inthe foreign curre ncy denominated

market value can be treated as

(IAS39.AG83,IAS21.28)

B5.7.2-B5.7.4/ IAS 21.28)

es on

an

ine

iedconsistently

or received between parties tohe

t ofthe eff ective interest rate,

(IAS39.AG80,AG81)

te

rvalue

IFRS9.5.2.1,B5.5-B5.8)

ed

at fair

of fi nancial assets carried at

nd

assets

oss is

For shares whose market values

f the

ng

ts93)

ue

of a security is extremely diffi cu

lt tomeasure

ents

wing

ial

of

ce ofimpairment, regardless of

ss isrecognised

(IAS39.63,66)For fi nancial instruments accounted

f or at amortised cost, w here the

re is

t,

For equity instruments, both a

► Receivables with risk of default:

dconsistently:

► calculation of the doubtful

eirrecoverable balance

► estimation of the amountof

sh

e of

ecash fl ows and the related loss

assets,the reduction in fair value recognised

accordance with IAS39

was

bereversed

s

bly

l be

no further issue concerning

) asfair value measurement will besed

For debt instruments measuredat

f or in profi t or loss, and cumulative

allnot be reclassifi ed to profi t or loss

the amount of the liability at

sedcost method should be used w he

(IAS39.47)With the exception of those fi nancial

ough

sureall fi nancial liabilities at amortised

rm

(IAS32.11,16A-16D,15,18)

ththe classifi cation of equity and

mined

sets 3(2))

► Principle: account f or issue costs

► H ow ever , such costs can be

etsand may be amortised throughout

the bond redemption periodsing

the interest method, or usinga

straight-line methodprovided

► Costs related to the acquisition,

(IAS32.38)

he

► The value of the rights or

iedout separately to the contrac

t, or

the

nthad occurred

s or

the

rty

to the contract;

b) it requires no initial net

an

be

etfactors; and

52

► it is possible that the underlying

romthe embedded derivative;

► a separate instrument with he

same terms as the embedded

d

► the impact of changes in fair

fi tand loss

ain

eseparated

► the economic characteristicsand

tive

se

of the host contract;

► a separate instrument with he

d

d

► the hybrid (combined)

fi t orloss

oss

► Cash fl ow hedges: the eff ective

ingare fulfi lled

ying

tly

the

s

(IAS39.88(a) and others)

beabbreviated

If the main provisions of the hedging

arethe same and changes in market

to

beabbreviated

If an initial test shows that the hedge

e

tion

55

n inthe functional currency, b y

s

hthe trading price or other transaction

price is denominated in a foreign

as

(IAS21.8)

hat

as aforeign subsidiary as in JGAAP

the following exceptions:

► Income and expenses can be

orthe period

► Under certain conditions, the

b y

heincome statement

Subsidiaries

theacquisition and subsequently

(IAS21.39,40,44)

n offoreign operations shall be translated

into the presentation currency

f the

economy

► Assets and liabilities for each

be

atthe date of that balance sheet

► Income and expenses for each

atesignifi cantly

► All resulting exchange

recognised as a separate

on sale of investments in the

y if

smet:

► The loss of control of asubsidiary

► The loss of signifi cant infl uence

nge

gnoperation

etary

loss

rtingentity

ange

the following procedures:

► All amounts (i.e assets,

59

Tax eff ect on

(IAS12.21B)

d for

ility,for taxable temporary diff erences

t of

axpurposes, is recognised

isprobable that taxable profi t wille

ctible

utilised

hould

be thoroughly and prudently

wingitems:

► suffi ciency of taxable income

► existence of tax planning;

► suffi ciency of taxable temporary

g

(IAS12.24,27-31)

recognised for all deductible

► suffi ciency of taxable income

► existence of tax planning;

► suffi ciency of taxable temporary

diff erencesCertain guidance is provided f or

shall

hich

There are no specifi c rules with

renttax and deferred tax, but t hey are

ed in

pt

f or as below)

eriod

(IAS12.58,61A)

and

► tax arising f rom a transactionor

(IAS1.56)

andnon-current assets as separate

ities)and non-current assets(liabilities) are

ntassets (liabilities) and non-current

within those current/non-current