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Test Bank for Fundamentals of Anatomy and Physiology 8th Edition by Martini Sample Chapter 10 Muscle Tissue Multiple Choice Questions 1) Which of the following is a recognized function of skeletal muscle? A) produce movement B)maintain posture C) maintain body temperature D) guard body entrances and exits E) all of the above 2) Which of the following statements is incorrect? A) The contractions of skeletal muscles pull on tendons and move bones of the skeleton B) Skeletal muscles store nutrient reserves C) Skeletal muscles are responsible for the pumping action of the heart D) Skeletal muscles support the weight of some internal organs E) Skeletal muscle contractions help maintain body temperature Answer: C Diff: Skill: Level Questions: Reviewing Facts and Terms 3) The dense layer of connective tissue that surrounds an entire skeletal muscle is the A) tendon B) epimysium C) endomysium D) perimysium E) fascicle Answer:B Level Questions: Reviewing Facts and Terms 4) Nerves and blood vessels that service the muscle fibers are located in the connective tissues of the A) endomysium B) perimysium C) sarcolemma D) sarcomere E) myofibrils Answer:B Diff: Skill: Level Questions: Reviewing Facts and Terms 5) The delicate connective tissue that surrounds the skeletal muscle fibers and ties adjacent muscle fibers together is the A) endomysium B) perimysium C) epimysium D) superficial fascia E) periosteum Answer: A Diff: Skill: Level Questions: Reviewing Facts and Terms 6) The bundle of collagen fibers at the end of a skeletal muscle that attaches the muscle to bone is called a(n) A) fascicle B) tendon C) ligament D) epimysium E) myofibril Answer: B Diff: Skill: Level Questions: Reviewing Facts and Terms 7) Muscle fibers differ from “typical cells” in that muscle fibers A) lack a plasma membrane B) have many nuclei C) are very small D) lack mitochondria E) both B and C Answer: B Diff: Skill: Level Questions: Reviewing Facts and Terms 8) The advantage of having many nuclei in a skeletal muscle fiber is A) the ability to contract B) the ability to produce more ATP with little oxygen C) the ability to store extra DNA for metabolism D) the ability to produce large amounts of the muscle proteins needed for growth and repair E) both C and D Answer: D Diff: Skill: Level Questions: Reviewing Facts and Terms 9) Skeletal muscle fibers are formed from embryonic cells called A) sarcomeres B) myofibrils C) myoblasts D) fascicles E) myomeres Answer: C Diff: Skill: Level Questions: Reviewing Concepts 116) What is thought to happen in a muscle during the response shown in graph (a)? A) It is getting stronger with exercise B) There is a gradual increase in the concentration of calcium ions in the sarcoplasm C) It is fatigued and must make repeated efforts to twitch normally D) It is aged and has lost contractile proteins E) It is producing more ATP as tension increases Answer: B Diff: Skill: Level Questions: Reviewing Concepts Short Answer Questions 1) are stem cells located between the endomysium and sarcolemma that function in the repair of damaged muscle tissue Answer: Satellite cells Diff: Skill: Level Questions: Reviewing Facts and Terms 2) Communication between axons and muscle fibers occurs at specialized synapses called Answer: neuromuscular junctions Diff: Skill: Level Questions: Reviewing Facts and Terms 3) The complex of a transverse tubule and two adjacent terminal cisternae is known as a Answer: triad Diff: Skill: Level Questions: Reviewing Facts and Terms 4) The structural theory that explains how a muscle fiber contracts is called the Answer: sliding filament theory Diff: Skill: Level Questions: Reviewing Facts and Terms 5) The sequence of processes that links the action potential to contraction is called Answer: excitation-contraction coupling Diff: Skill: Level Questions: Reviewing Facts and Terms 6) Match the term with its description thyroid hormone testosterone epinephrine myoglobin calmodulin A) primary sex hormone in males B) elevates the rate of energy consumption in resting and active skeletal muscles C) stimulates muscle metabolism and increases duration and stimulation of the force of a contraction D) activates myosin light chain kinase E) red pigment in slow fibers Answer: 1-B; 2-A; 3-C; 4-E; 5-D Diff: Skill: Level Questions: Reviewing Concepts 7) Match the term with its description skeletal muscle muscle fascicle muscle fiber myofibril sarcomere A) surrounded by endomysium and contains myofibrils B) surrounded by sarcoplasmic reticulum and consists of sarcomeres C) surrounded by epimysium and contains muscle fascicles D) surrounded by perimysium and contains muscle fibers E) contains thick and thin filaments Answer: 1-C; 2-D; 3-A; 4-B; 5-E Diff: Skill: Level Questions: Reviewing Facts and Terms 8) A single contraction-relaxation cycle in a muscle fiber produces a Answer: twitch Diff: Skill: Level Questions: Reviewing Facts and Terms 9) An can be described as a broad tendinous sheet Answer: aponeurosis Diff: Skill: Level Questions: Reviewing Concepts 10) An infection by the bacterium Clostridium tetani can cause the disease called Answer: tetanus Diff: Skill: Level Questions: Reviewing Facts and Terms 11) A muscle produces its highest tension when in complete Answer: tetanus Diff: Skill: Level Questions: Reviewing Concepts True/False Questions 1) Glucose breakdown through glycolysis and mitochondrial activity provides the ATP needed to power muscular contractions Answer: TRUE Diff: Skill: Level Questions: Reviewing Facts and Terms 2) A thin filament is constructed from actin, tropomyosin, troponin, and nebulin Answer: FALSE Diff: Skill: Level Questions: Reviewing Concepts Essay Questions 1) Mary wants to enter a weight-lifting competition and consults you as to what type of muscle fibers she needs to develop and how she should go about it What would you suggest to her? Answer: Weight lifting requires anaerobic endurance Mary would want to develop her fast fibers for short-term maximum strength She would achieve this by engaging in activities that involve frequent, brief, but intensive workouts, such as with heavy weights to the point of muscle fatigue The fatigue triggers the production of new myofilament proteins, leading to muscle bulk and strength Diff: Skill: Level Questions: Critical Thinking & Clinical Applications 2) Describe the basic sequence of events that occurs at the neuromuscular junction and in the muscle cell Answer: The action potential triggers the exocytosis of neurotransmitters stored in vesicles in the axon ending This acetylcholine binds to receptors in the motor end plate, increasing the muscle membrane permeability to sodium Acetylcholinesterase destroys the acetylcholine, ensuring that each nerve action potential produces only a single twitch The influx of these positive sodium ions triggers an action potential The action potential spreads in both directions away from the end plate across the entire surface of the muscle fiber and into the interior via transverse tubules, triggering a pulse of calcium ion release from the sarcoplasmic reticulum, which generates a brief small twitch With additional stimuli, calcium ion builds up and higher tensions are produced Diff: Skill: Level Questions: Reviewing Concepts 3) Many visceral smooth muscle cells lack motor neuron innervation How are their contractions coordinated and controlled? Answer: Gap junctions interconnect visceral smooth muscle fibers An action potential that begins in one will spread to its surrounding neighbors The action potential can be triggered by stretching, hormones, chemical changes, or stimulation at a myoneural junction on a distant smooth muscle cell Diff: Skill: Level Questions: Reviewing Concepts 4) A hypothetical genetic disease causes the body to produce antibodies that compete with acetylcholine for receptors on the motor end plate Patients with this disease exhibit varying degrees of muscle weakness and flaccid paralysis in the affected muscles If you could administer a drug that inhibits acetylcholinesterase or a drug that blocks acetylcholine, which one would you use to alleviate these symptoms? Answer: This is a case of competition between acetylcholine and the antibody To make the patient’s acetylcholine more effective, a drug that inhibits acetylcholinesterase would slow the breakdown of his acetylcholine, relieving some of the weakness An acetylcholine blocker would be worse than doing nothing Diff: Skill: Level Questions: Critical Thinking & Clinical Applications 5) Thirty minutes after Mary has completed a 25-km race, she begins to notice severe muscle soreness and stiffness in her legs Her urine is dark colored She wonders whether she may have damaged her muscles during the race She visits the ER, and the doctor orders several blood tests What kind of blood tests can help determine whether muscle damage has occurred? Answer: If muscle damage occurred, the doctor would find enzymes such as creatine phosphokinase and proteins such as myoglobin or troponin in the bloodstream released by injured skeletal muscle cells The level of these substances correlates with the severity of the injury Diff: Skill: Level Questions: Critical Thinking & Clinical Applications 6) Describe a motor unit How many fibers does a muscle unit contain? Answer: A motor unit consists of all the skeletal muscle fibers controlled by a single motor neuron They may have as few as 10 fibers (eye muscles) or as many as 10,000 (back muscles) Diff: Skill: Level Questions: Reviewing Facts and Terms Fundamentals of Anatomy & Physiology: 8th Edition Study Aid Test Bank