Lucrezia marinella the nobility and excellence of women and the defects and vices of men the other voice in early modern europe 2000

THE NOBILITY EXCELLENCE AND THE VICES OF AND WOMEN, DEFECTS OF MEN AND A SeriesEditedby MargaretL KingandAlbertRabilJr OTHER HENRICUS CORNELIUS BOOKS AGRIPPA Declamation on the Nobility and Preeminence of the Female Sex IN THE SERIES MODERATA FONTE The Worth of Women EdIted and Translated by VirginIa Cox EdIted and translated by Albert Rabd Jr VERONICA FRANCO Poems and Selected Letters LAURA CERETA Edited and Translated by Ann Rosalind Jones and Margaret F Rosenthal Collected Letters Edited and translated by DIana RobIn TULLIA D'ARAGONA Dialogue on the Infinity of Love Edited and Translated by Rlttaldlna and Bruce Merry ANTONIA PULCI Florentine Drama for Convent and Festival Russell Translated by James Wyatt Cook EdIted by James Wyatt Cook and Barbara CollIer Cook ANNA MARIA VAN SCHURMAN CECILIA FERRAZZI Autobiography of an Aspiring Saint EdIted and Translated by Anne Jacobson Schutte Whether a Christian Woman Should Be Educated and Other Writings from Her Intellectual Circle EdIted and Translated by Joyce L IrwIn Lucrezia Marinella THE NOBILITY AND EXCELLENCE OF WOMEN, AND THE DEFECTS AND VICES OF MEN Edited and Translated by Anne Dunhill Introduction by Letizia Panizza THE UNIVERSITY Chicago OF & CHICAGO London PRESS AnneDunhill is a novelist and translator who lives in London LetiziaPanizza is a senior lecturer in Italian at Royal Holloway College, University of London The Uruversity of Chicago Press, Chicago 60637 The University of Chicago Press, Ltd., London © 1999 by The University of Chicago All rights reserved Published 1999 Pnnted in the United States of Amenca 08 07 06 05 04 03 02 01 00 99 ISBN 0-226-50545-6 ISBN 0-226-50546-4 (cloth) (paper) This translation was supported by a generous grant from the National Endowment for the Humanities Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Marinella, Lucrezia, d 1653 [Nobilta et l'eccellenza delle donne, co' difetti et mancamenti degli uomoni English] The nobility and excellence of women, and the defects and vices of men p cm.-(Other voice in early modern Europe) Includes bibliographical references and index ISBN 0-226-50545-6 (cloth: alk paper).-ISBN 0-226-50546-4 (pbk : alk paper) Women-Early works to 1800 Women-History-Renaissance, 1450-1600 Women-Italy-History-Renaissance, 1450-1600 I Dunhill, Anne II Panizza, Letizia III TItle IV Series HQ1148.M2713 1999 305.4-dc21 99-39095 CIP @ The paper used in this publication meets the minimum requirements the American National Standard for Information Sciences-Permanence of Paper for Printed Library Materials, ANSI Z39.48-1992 of CONTENTS Introduction to the Series by Margaret L King and Albert Rabil lr vii Acknowledgments xxvii Introduction to the Translation by Letizia Panizza The Nobility and Excellence of Women, and the Defects and Vices of Men 35 The Nobility On the Nobility Part I and Excellence of Women 43 Chapter I of the Names Given to the Female Sex Chapter II The Causes That Produce Women 45 52 Chapter III Of the Nature and Essence of the Female Sex 55 Chapter IV The Reasons for Men's Noble Treatment of Women and the Things They Say about Women 69 Chapter V Of Women's Noble Actions and Virtues, Which Greatly Surpass Men's, as Will Be Proved by Reasoning and Example 77 Chapter VI A Reply to the Flippant and Vain Reasoning Adopted by Men in Their Own Favor 119 Part II The Defects and Vices of Men 147 Chapter IV Of Wrathful, Eccentric, and Brutal Men Chapter XII Of Obstinate and Pertinacious Men Chapter XIII Of Ungrateful and Discourteous Men Chapter XIV Of Fickle, Inconstant Men 149 155 156 160 Chapter XV Of Evil Men Who Hate Others Easily 164 Chapter XXII Of Men Who Are Ornate, Polished, Painted, and Bleached Chapter XXX Of Men Who Kill Their Mothers, Fathers, Brothers, Sisters, and Grandchildren 176 Bibliography Index 191 185 166 THE OTHER EARLY VOICE MODERN INTRODUCTION IN EUROPE: TO THE SERIES Magaret L King and Albert Rabil Jr THE OLD VOICE AND THE OTHER VOICE I n western Europe and the United States women are nearing equality in the professions, in business, and in politics Most enjoy access to education, reproductive rights, and autonomy in financial affairs Issues vital to women are on the public agenda: equal pay, child care, domestic abuse, breast cancer research, and curricular revision with an eye to the inclusion of women These recent achievements have their origins in things women (and some male supporters) said for the first time about six hundred years ago Theirs is the "other voice," in contradistinction to the "first voice," the voice of the educated men who created Western culture Coincident with ell general reshaping of European culture in the period 1300 to 1700 (called the Renaissance or early modern period), questions of female equality and opportunity were raised that still resound and are still unresolved The "other voice" emerged against the backdrop of a three-thousandyear history of misogyny-the hatred of women-rooted in the civilizations related to Western culture: Hebrew, Greek, Roman, and Christian Misogyny inherited from these traditions pervaded the intellectual, medical, legal, religious, and social systems that developed during the European Middle Ages The following pages describe the misogynistic tradition inherited by early modern Europeans, and the new tradition which the "other voice" called into being to challenge reigning assumptions This review should serve as a framework for the understanding of the texts published in the series "The Other Voice in Early Modern Europe." Introductions specific to each text and author follow this essay in all the volumes of the series vii viii Introduction THE to the Series MISOGYNIST TRADITION, 500 B.C.E.-l 500 C.E Embedded in the philosophical and medical theories of the ancient Greeks were perceptions of the female as inferior to the male in both mind and body Similarly, the structure of civil legislation inherited from the ancient Romans was biased against women, and the views on women developed by Christian thinkers out of the Hebrew Bible and the Christian New Testament were negative and disabling Literary works composed in the vernacular language of ordinary people, and widely recited or read, conveyed these negative assumptions The social networks within which most women lived-those of the family and the institutions of the Roman Catholic church-were shaped by this misogynist tradition and sharply limited the areas in which women might act in and upon the world GREEK PHILOSOPHY AND FEMALE NATURE Greek biology assumed that women were inferior to men and defined them merely as childbearers and housekeepers This view was authoritatively expressed in the works of the philosopher Aristotle Aristotle thought in dualities He considered action superior to inaction, form (the inner design or structure of any object) superior to matter, completion to incompletion, possession to deprivation In each of these dualities, he associated the male principle with the superior quality and the female with the inferior "The male principle in nature," he argued, "is associated with active, formative and perfected characteristics, while the female is passive, material and deprived, desiring the male in order to become complete Men are always identified with virile qualities, such as judgment, courage, and stamina; women with their opposites-irrationality, cowardice, and weakness The masculine principle was considered to be superior even in the womb Man's semen, Aristotle believed, created the form of a new human creature, while the female body contributed only matter (The existence of the ovum, and the other facts of human embryology, were not established until the seventeenth century.) Although the later Greek physician Galen believed that there was a female component in generation, contributed by "female semen," the followers of both Aristotle and Galen saw the male role in human generation as more active and more important In the Aristotelian view, the male principle sought always to reproduce itself The creation of a female was always a mistake, therefore, resulting from an imperfect act of generation Every female born was considered a Aristotle, Physics, 1.9 192a20-24, 10 The CompleteWorksof Aristotle,ed Jonathan Barnes, rev Oxford translation, vols (Pnnceton, 1984), 1.328 Introduction to the Series "defective" or "mutilated" male (as Aristotle's terminology has variously been translated), a "monstrosity" of nature.' For Greek theorists, the biology of males and females was the key to their psychology The female was softer and more docile, more apt to be despondent, querulous, and deceitful Being incomplete, moreover, she craved sexual fulfillment in intercourse with a male The male was intellectual, active, and in control of his passions These psychological polarities derived from the theory that the universe consisted of four elements (earth, fire, air, and water), expressed in human bodies as four "humors" (black bile, yellow bile, blood, and phlegm) considered respectively dry, hot, damp, and cold, and corresponding to mental states ("melancholic," "choleric," "sanguine," "phlegmatic") In this schematization, the male, sharing the principles of earth and fire, was dry and hot; the female, sharing the principles of air and water, was cold and damp Female psychology was further affected by her dominant organ, the uterus (womb), hysterain Greek The passions generated by the womb made women lustful, deceitful, talkative, irrational, indeed-when these affects were in cxccss-s-Trysterical." Aristotle's biology also had social and political consequences If the male principle was superior and the female inferior, then in the household, as in the state, men should rule and women must be subordinate That hierarchy did not rule out the companionship of husband and wife, whose cooperation was necessary for the welfare of children and the preservation of property Such mutuality supported male preeminence Aristotle's teacher, Plato, suggested a different possibility: that men and women might possess the same virtues The setting for this proposal is the imaginary and ideal Republic that Plato sketches in his dialogue of that name Here, for a privileged elite capable of leading wisely, all distinctions of class and wealth dissolve, as consequently those of gender Without households or property, as Plato constructs his ideal society, there is no need for the subordination of women Women may, therefore, be educated to the same level as men to assume leadership responsibilities Plato's Republic remained imaginary, however In real societies, the subordination of women remained the norm and the prescription The views of women inherited from the Greek philosophical tradition became the basis for medieval thought In the thirteenth century, the supreme scholastic philosopher Thomas Aquinas, among others, still echoed Aristotle,Generationof Animals, 737a27-28 (Barnes, 1144) ix Bibliography Pizan, Christine de (1365-1431) The Book of the City of Ladies Trans Earl Jeffrey Richards Foreword Marina Warner New York: Persea Books, 1982 - The Treasureof the City of Ladies Trans Sarah Lawson New York: Viking Penguin, 1985 Also trans and Introd Charity Cannon Willard Ed and Introd Madeleine P Cosman New York: Persea Books, 1989 Sansovino, M Francesco Dellecosenotabilidellacittade VenezIa.Venice, 1592 - Veneziacittanobilissima,etsinqoiaredescrittagia in XIII Libri Venice, 1604 Spenser, Edmund (1552-99) The FaerieQueene.Ed Thomas P Roche, Jr., with the assistance of C Patrick O'Donnell, Jr New Haven: Yale University Press, 1978 Speroni, Sperone, "Della dignita delle donne," in Trattatistidel Cinquecento.Ed Mario Pozzi Milan-Naples: Ricciardi, 1978 No English translation Tasso, Torquato Discorsodellavirtufeminileedonnesca.Ed Maria Luisa Doglio Palermo: Sellerio Editore, 1997 No English translation Tasso, Torquato (1544-1495) Gerusalemmeliberata.Ed Claudio Varese and Guido Arbizzoni Milan: Mursia, 1972; Trans Ralph Nash (as JerusalemDelivered).Detroit: Wayne State University Press, 1976 Teresa of Avila, Saint (1515-82) The Lifeof Saint Teresaof Avila by Herself Trans J M Cohen New York: Viking Penguin, 1957 Vives, Juan Luis (1492-1540) The Instructionof the ChristianWoman Trans Rycharde Hyrde London, 1524, 1557 Weyer, Johann (1515-88) Witches,Devils,andDoctorsin theRenaissance:JohannWeyer,De praestigiisdaemonum.Ed George Mora with Benjamin G Kohl, Erik Midelfort, and Helen Bacon Trans John Shea Binghamton, N.Y.: Medieval and Renaissance Texts and Studies, 1991 Wilson, Katharina M., ed MedievalWomenWriters.Athens, Ga.: University of Georgia Press, 1984 -, ed WomenWntersof theRenaissanceand Reformation.Athens, Ga.: University of Georgia Press, 1987 Wilson, Katharina M., and Frank) Warnke, eds WomenWritersoftheSeventeenthCentury Athens, Ga.: University of Georgia Press, 1989 Women Writers in English 1350-1805: 30 volumes projected, published through 1995 Oxford: Oxford University Press SECONDARY SOURCES: THE MISOGYNIST TRADITION Bloch, R Howard MedievalMisogyny and theInventionof WesternRomanticLove Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1991 Clark, Elizabeth A AsceticPiety and WomensFaith Essays on Late Ancient Christianity Lewiston, N.Y.: Edwin Mellen Press, 1986 Dixon, Suzanne The Roman Family Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1992 Gardner, Jane F WomeninRomanLawandSociety.Bloomington, Ind.: Indiana University Press, 1986 Horowitz, Maryanne Cline "Aristotle and Women." Journalof theHistory of Biology (1976): 183-213 Lerner, Gerda The Creationof Patriarchy.New York: Oxford University Press, 1986 187 188 Bibliography Lochrie, Karma MargeryKempeand Translationsof theFlesh Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 1992 Maclean, Ian The RenaissanceNotion of Women.A Study of theFortunesof Scholasticismand MedicalSciencein EuropeanIntellectualLife Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1980 Okin, Susan Moller Womenin WesternPoliticalThought Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1979 Pagels, Elaine Adam,Eve,and theSerpent.New York: Harper Collins, 1988 Pomeroy, Sarah B Goddesses,Whores,Wives,and Slaves Womenin ClassicalAntiquity New York: Schocken Books, 1976 Sommerville, Margaret R Sex and Subjection:Attitudesto Womenin Early-ModernSociety London: Arnold, 1995 Tetel, Marcel MargueritedeNavarre'sHeptameron.Themes,Language,andStructure.Durham, N C.: Duke University Press, 1973 Treggiari, Susan RomanMarriage·Iusti Coniugesfrom theTimeof Ciceroto theTimeof Ulpian Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1991 Walsh, William T St Teresaof Avila A Biography Rockford, III.: TAN Books and Publications, 1987 Warner, Marina Aloneof All Her Sex' The Myth and Cult of the VirginMary New York: Knopf, 1976 SECONDARY SOURCES: THE OTHER VOICE Beilin, Elaine V RedeemingEve:WomenWritersoftheEnglishRenaissance.Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1987 Bellis, Daniela de "Arcangela Tarabotti and the Polemic on Luxury in SeventeenthCentury Venice." Trans Anne Dunhill In Womenin ItalianRenaissanceCultureand Society.Ed Letizia Panizza Oxford: European Humanities Research Centre, 1998 Benson, Pamela Joseph The Invention of RenaissanceWoman: The Challengeof Female Independence in theLiteratureand Thought of Italy and England University Park, Penn.: Pennsylvania State University Press, 1992 Brand, Peter, and Lino Pertile, eds The CambridgeHistoryofItalianLiteratureCambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1996 Chemello, Adriana "La donna, il modello, l'immaginario: Moderata Fonte e Lucrezia Marinella." In Nel cerchiodellaluna Venice, 1983,59-170 - "Lucrezia Marinella." In LeStanzeritrovate.Antologiadiscrittricivenetedalquattrocento al novecento.Ed A Arslan, A Chemello, and G Pizzarniglio Mirano, 1991, 95108 - "Ilgenere femminile' tesse la sua 'tela': Moderata Fonte e Lucrezia Marinelli." In MiscellaneadistudioEd Renata Cibin and Angiolina Ponziano Venice, 1993,85107 - "The Rhetoric of Eulogy in Marinella's La Nobilta e l'EccelienzadelleDonne Trans Anne Dunhill In WomeninItalianRenaissanceCultureandSociety (cited above) Conti Odorisio, Ginevra Donna e societanelSeicento.Rome, 1979 Cox, Virginia "The Single Self: Feminist Thought and the Marriage Market in Early Modern Venice." RenaissanceQuarterly 48 (1995): 513-81 II Bibliography Davis Natalte Zemon Society and Culturein Early ModernFrance Stanford: Stanford University Press, 1975 Esp chaps and Ferguson, Margaret W., Maureen Quilligan, and Nancy J Vickers, eds Rewriting the Renaissance The Discoursesof Sexual Differencein Early Modern Europe Chicago: Uruversity of Chicago Press, 1987 Frigo, Daniela "Dal caos all' ordine sulla questione delprender moglie' nella trattatistica del sedicesimo secolo," in Womenof ItalianRenaissanceCultureand Society Ed Letizia Panizza Oxford: European Humanities Research Centre, 1998 Herlihy, David "Did Women Have a Renaissance> A Reconsideration." Medievaliaet Humanistica,NS 13 (1985): 1-22 History of Womenin the West, A Vol I (1992): FromAncient Goddessesto ChristianSaints Ed Pauline Schmitt Pantel Vol (1992): Silencesof theMiddleAges Ed Christiane Paradoxes.Ed Natalie Klapisch-Zuber Vol (1993): Renaissanceand Enlightenment Zemon Davis and Arlette Farge Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press Hull, Suzanne W Chaste,Silent,and Obedient:EnglishBooksfor Women, 1475-1640 San Marino, Calif.: Huntington Library, 1982 Jordan, Constance RenaissanceFeminismLiteraryTextsandPoliticalModels Ithaca: Cornell University Press, 1990 Kelly, Joan "Did Women Have a Renaissance?" In her Women,History, and Theory Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1984 Also in BecomingVisible.Womenin EuropeanHistory Eds Renate Bridenthal, Claudia Koonz, and Susan M Stuard 2nd ed Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1987, 175-202 - "Early Feminist Theory and the QuerelledesFemmes"In her Women,History,and Theory (cited above) Kelso, Ruth Doctrinefor theLady of theRenaissanceForeword by Katharine M Rogers Urbana, Ill University of Illinois Press, 1956, 1978 King, Margaret L Women of the Renaissance Foreword by Catharine R Stimpson Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1991 Labalme, Patricia "Venetian Women on Women; The Early Modern Feminists." Studi veneziani5, no 197 (1981):81-109 Labalme, Patrica, ed Beyond Their Sex· LearnedWomenof the EuropeanPast New York: New York University Press, 1980 Langlands, Rebecca "Lucrezia Mannella's Feminism and the Authority of the Classics." M Phil Thesis, University of Cambridge, 1995 from theGreeksto Freud Cambridge, Mass: Laqueur, Thomas Making Sex Body andGender Harvard University Press, 1990 Lerner, Gerda Creationof FeministConsciousness, 1000-1870 New York: Oxford University Press, 1994 Maclean, Ian WomanTriumphant:FeminisminFrenchLiterature,1610-1652 Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1977 Malpezzi Price, Paola "Lucrezia Marinella." In Italian Women Writers Ed Rinaldina Russell Westport, Conn., 1994 Matter, E Ann, and lohn Coakley, eds CreativeWomeninMedievalandEarlyModernItaly Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 1994 (Sequel to the Monson collection, immediately below) Monson, Craig A., ed The CranniedWall Women,Religion,and theArts in Early Modern Europe Ann Arbor· University of Michigan Press, 1992 189 190 Bibliography Rabitti, Giovanna "Vittoria Colonna as Role-Model of Later Cinquecento Women Poets," in WomeninItalianRenaissanceCultureandSociety.Ed Letizia Panizza Oxford: European Humanities Research Centre, 1998 Richardson, Brian 'Amore maritale' Advice on Love and Marriage in the Second Half of the Cinquecento," in Womenin Italian RenaissanceCultureand Society Ed Letizia Panizza Oxford: European Humanities Research Centre, 1998 Rose, Mary Beth, ed Womenin theMiddleAgesand theRenaissance:Literaryand Historical Perspectives Syracuse: Syracuse University Press, 1986 Stuard, Susan M "The Dominion of Gender: Women's Fortunes in the High Middle Ages." In BecomingVisible:Womenin EuropeanHistory (cited above), 153-72 Tassini, G Curiositaveneziane.Venice, 1915 Tiraboschi, G BibliotecamodeneseModena, 1783 Wiesner, Merry E Womenand Genderin Early ModernEurope.Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1993 Willard, Charity Cannon ChristinedePizan°HerLifeand Works.New York: Persea Books, 1984 Wilson, Katharina, ed An Encyclopediaof ContinentalWomenWriters.New York: Garland, 1991 Zancan, Marina, ed Nel cerchiodellaluna.FiguredidonneinalcunitestidelXVI secolo.Venice: Marsilio Editore, 1983 Zanette, E SuorAngelicamonacadelSeicentoveneziano Venice, 1960 11 INDEX Accadernia degli Incogniti, Achilles, 153 Acorninatus, Nicetas, 178 Aeneas, 159 Agamemnon, 153 Aganice, 85 Agirrius, 173 Agrigentians, 170 Agrippa, Henricus Cornelius, 19, 20; De nobilitateetpraecellentia foemineisexus, Agrippina, 177 Ajax, 152 Aladine, 161 Alberti, Fra Leandro, 176, 178 Alboino, Paolo, 176 Alessius, 182 Alexander of Aphrodisias, 20 Alexander the Great, 150 Alexius Commenus, Emperor, 172 Amalasunta, Queen (of Italy), 91 Amalthea, 93 Amazons, 98, 144, 144n Ammon, 161 Amoreinnamoratoe imbazzato (Marinella), Amphiclea, 83 An AmusingDebatebetweenthe Two ContemporaryTassos(Tasso), 25-26 Anastasia, 92 Anaxandra, 91 anger, in men, 119, 124, 125, 149-54; and hatred, 164-65 Annalis, 176 Antigonus, 181 Antiochus, 181 Antipater, 180 Antisthenes, 85 Antoninus Caracalla, 178 Anyta,86 Aphrodite, 129n Appian of Alexandria, 176, 178 Arcadiafelice(Mannella), 11,29 Archo, 113 Aretaphila 86 Arethusa, 100 Argentaria, Polla, 87, 88n Ariadne, 159 Ariosti, Annibale, Ariosto, Ludovico, 24; Orlandofurioso, 19,47-48,78,81-82,99, 104, 124-25, 127-28, 149, 152, 161, 162,169 Aristagoras, 169 Aristobolus, King (of Judea), 181 Aristophanes, 173 Aristotimus, 98n Aristotle, 24, 25, 51, 68, 79,107,120, 130, 131; doctrine of four causes, 21, 52; Economics,72, 137-38; Ethics, 69-70,93, 105, 115, 156; History Of Animals, 72, 120, 143; Metaphysics, 45; Physiognomy,73; Politics, 116-17, 149; on the virtues of men, 40n Armida, 162 Artaxerxes, 178n Artemisia, 90-91, 115 artists, women, 91 Art of Loving (Ovid), 174 arts and sciences, women's skills in, 83-93 Aspasia, 84, 115 Athena, 91 Atreus, 180 Attila, King (of the Huns), 108 Augusta, Elena Flavia, 85 Augustine, Saint, 17, 167, 168n Aurelia, 165 19 192 Index Aurelianus, Emperor, 183 Aurelioand Isabella,128 Averroes, 45 Axiothea of PhI ius, 89 Bacchanalian scandal, 99n Bacchides, 107n Bacchus, 173 Barezzi, Barezzo, 9, 10 Barsine,84 Bassianus, 177 Battista, Duchess of Urbino, 84 Bayle, Pierre, Dictionnairehistoriqueet critique,32 beauty: divine, 58-60; nature as origin of, 62; path to divine wisdom, 65-66; proof of woman's nobility, 21; soul as origin of, 58-59; m women, 166-67 Bela, King (of Pannonia), 182 Bellisarius, 158 Bernard, Saint, 92 Betussi, Giuseppe, 22 Boccaccio, Giovanni, 10,47,48,50, 54; ConcerningFamousWomen, 22; De clarismulieribus,22; Ii corbaccio (Love'sLabyrinthlLaberintod'amore],25, 28-29; Fiammetta,11; opinions on women refuted, 141-45 BookofMysteries(Iarnblichus), 162 The Bookof theCourtier(Castiglione), 166 Borgia, Cesare, 178 Botero, Giovanni, 169 Bourbon See Charles, Duke (of Bourbon) Bridget, Saint, 92 BriefDefenseof Women'sRights (Califronia) 32 Bronchia, Martia, 106 Bronzino, Cristofero, 1, 6, 23, 30 Bruno, Giordano, 121n Bulifon, Antonio, 31 Califronia, Rosa, BriefDefenseof Women's Rights, 32 Caligula, 160 Calliope, 91 Callisthenes, 174 Cambyses, 151, 164, 180 Camillo, Ciulio 88 Camillus, 158 Cantilena, Cian Francesco, 6n Canzionere(Petrarch), 60 Caporali, 128 Caro, Annibale, 64-65 Carthage, 97 Casa, Giovanni della, 122 Cassandra, 90 Castiglione, Baldassare, Ii coneqiano, 19, 21,166 Castiglione, Msgr Sabba, 175, 175n Catalina, 165 Catherine de' Medici, 117 Catherine of Alexandria, 92 Catherine Parr, 86 Catherine of Siena, Saint, 2, 12, 12n, 92 Catholicism, use of literary genres, Cato, Marcus Porcius, 150, 150n Cato the Elder, 70 CeliO, 181, 183 Cereta, Laura, 85n Charles, Duke (of Bourbon), 162-63 Chastity, 93-105 Chemello, Adriana, 33 Chiesa, Francesco Agostino della, I, 30 Chrysostom, John, Saint, 17, 20 Cicero, 94, 156, 164 Cimbrian women, 113 Cimon, 157 Ciotti, G.B., 5, 11 Clare, Saint, 15 Claudian, 94 Claudia (Vestal Virgin), 102 Claudia (wife of Statius), 90, 90n Claudius, Appius, 98 Claudius I, 46 Cleobulina, 84 Cleomenes, 106, 108, 109 Cleopatra, 108 Clio, 91 Cloanthus, 153 clothing, as sign of honor, 70 Colonna, Vittoria, 2, 89 Index Cornmodus, Emperor, 170, 182 Concerningfamous women (Boccaccio), 22 Conti, Abbate, 32 Controversiae(Seneca the Elder), 175 Copemicus 121 n Jl corbaccio(Boccaccio), 25, 28-29 Corbis, 178 Corinna of Thebes, 89 Cornelia 84, 115 Cornificia, 89 Ilcortegiano (Castiglione), 19,21,166 Council of Trent, 7; and marriage attitudes, 18n courtesies to women, as sign of honor, 69 Cratylus (Plato), 49 creation, Renaissance beliefs about, 52n Cretesiclea 108, 109 C:ritolaus, 182 Crusades, Venetian role in, 13 Cumana,93 Cupid in Loveand DrivenMad (Mannella), 8, 11 Curzola, women of, 106 Daiphantus, 108 JDamone,85 Darnophyle, 85 lDandolo, Enrico, 13 IDante, 46, 47, 64; Paradiso, 52 Daphne, 84, 85n, 101 da Poppi, Fra Silvestro, 12 IDardanus, 182, 182n IDarius, 178 IDeborah, 85 De clarismulieribus(Boccaccro), 22 Dei donneschidifetti (Passi), 2, 15, 15n, 16-1 8, 40, 47, 107, 126-27 Della nobilta et eccellenzadelledonne (anonymous),2 Dellavirtufeminilee donnesca (Tasso), 25, 28-29, 132, 139-41 Delleistoriedelmondo (Tarcagnota), 75-76 DelIoammoqliarsi(Tasso), 25 Delphtca, 93 Demaratus, 107 Demetrius, 157, 180 Demosthenes, 169 De mysteriisAegyptiorum (Iarnblichus), 45 De nobilitateet praecellentia joemineisexus (Agrippa),2 de' Priuli, Elena Barbariga, 11 d'Este, Lucrezia, 88 Diaconus, Paulus, 116 Dialectica, 90-91 Dialog on theDignity of Women (Speroni) 25, 132 Diana, 100 Dicaerchus, 83 Dictionnairehistoriqueet critique(Bayle), 32 DIdo, (lueen, 96-97, 159 TheDignity or Nobility of Women(Speroni), 132, 136-38 Diocletian, 182 Dion, 157, 157n Dionysius the Areopagite, 58, 59 Diotima, 86, 117 Discorsidell'artepoetica(Tasso), 10 Discourseon the Nobility of Women (Garzoni),20 Doctrine of four causes (Aristotelian) 21 Doglioni, Giovanni Niccolo, A Universal Compendiumof History, 23 DomenichI, Lodovico, 2; The Nobility of Women, 19 Domitian, 173 Donna (name), 45-49 Dugna, 108 Dursilla, 152 Ebreo, Leone, 53, 58 Economics(Aristotle), 72,73, 137-38 education: in Venice, 4n-5n; of women, 31 Egbert, King (of Anglia), 180 Elespontica, 93 Enchiridion(Epicrerus) 46 England, property ownership by women, 74 L'Enricoovera Bisantio accuistato (Marinella), 4, 11, 13-14 envy, men's, 24, 120 193 194 Index Epaminondas, 157, 157n Epictetus, Enchiridion,46 Erato, 91 Erenica, Hilda, 92 Erinna of Telos, 86 Eritrea, 93 Essortazioniailedonneeaglialtri (Mannella}, 15 Ethics (Aristotle), 93,105,115,156 Euripides, 112 Eustochium, 92, 92n Euterpe, 91 Eva (name), 50 Ezzelino, 151 Fabiola, 92, 92n Fachini, Ginevra Canonici, 32 Fedele, Cassandra, 29, 30, 88 Femina(name), 49-50 femininity, and left-handedness, 131n, 139 feminism, and Lucrezia Marinella, 33 Ferdinand, King (of Castille), 181 Fiammetta(Boccaccio), 11 Ficino, Marsilio, 53, 57, 63, 68, 130 Filippi, Marco, 92 Fiordiligi 104 Fiorentino, Remigio, 55, 56, 60, 129 Flaccus, 173 Floridoro(Fonte), 18 Fonte, Moderata, 1, 78-79; Floridoro, 18,30,55 forms, theory of (Platonic), 53n, 58n France, property ownership by women in, 74 Francis, Saint, 15 fratricide, 176-83 Frederick, Emperor, 181 Fregoso, Pierino (prince of Genoa), 181 Frenchmen, and jewelry, 168 French, reliance on women's advice, 118 Fulgosio, Battista, 151, 164-65 II Funesto, 92 Gallienus, Emperor, 172-73 Gambara, Veronica, 89 Garcia, King (of Navarre), 181 Garzoni, Tommaso: Discourseon the Nobility of Women,20; LivesofIllustrious Womenfrom Holy Scripture , 19 Gauls, reliance on women's advice, 116 gender-based moral code, Mannella's later view on, 15 gender, conventional views of, Genovese, hatred for Pisans, 164-65 Germans, reliance on women's advice, 116,118 Germany, superiority of women in, 74 Gerusalemme conquistata(Tasso), 13 Gerusalemme liberata(Tasso), 13, 172 Giovio, Paolo, 162-63, 178 Giustiniano, Orsata, 82-83 God, beauty as origin of, 59, 60 goddesses, Greek and Roman, 90-91, 100 Goffredo(Tasso), 123-24 The GoldenAss ofApuleius,9 golden chain (Homer), 66 Gonzaga, Caterina Medici, Gordianus, 158 Gournay, Marinella de, 31 Grillo, Padre Angelo, 56 Guarini, Battista, 47, 48, 50, 56, 60, 121-22 Cuidiccioni Giovanni, 59, 65 Cyas, 153 gynecology textbooks, Hadrian, 46 Haldave, 181 Hamilcar, 165 Hannibal, 164 Happy Arcadia (Mannella), 11 Hasdrubal, 109, 109n hate, 164-65 heat, an instrument of the soul, 130-31 Helen of Troy, 128, 129n Heliogabalus, 170 Henry, King (of Anglia) 182 Henry, or Byzantium Gained(Mannella), 4,11,13-14 Henry (son of Alfonso XI), 181 Index Hercules, 170 Heriodes(Ovid), 129n Herod, 151 Herodian, 181, 182 The HeroicDeedsand MarvelousLifeof the SeraphicSt Catherineof Siena (Marinella), 12 Hesiod, 121 Hildegard, 85, 92 History of Animals (Aristotle), 72, 73, 120,143 Homer, 46,85,96, 153; golden chain, 66 homosexuality, 18 Hortensius, 169 Hostius, 181 Hydra, 90 Hypatra, 86 Hyrcanus, 106 Lastheneia of Mantineia, 89 Laura of Brescia, 85 Laura (Triumphof ChastityJ, 103 Laws (Plato), 79 Learchus, King (of the Cyrenes), 181, 182 left-handedness, and inferiority, 131 n, 139 Leontium, 84 Lepidus, 178 Letters(Ficino), 57 Librettodellavirtufeminileedonnesca(Tasso), 132 Libyca, 93 Lifeof Cicero(Plutarch), 163 Lifeof Lycurgas(Plutarch), 46 Lifeof Plotinus (Porphyry), 83 The Lifeof St Justine(Mannella), 11 Lifeof the Seraphicand GloriousSt Francis (Marinella),8 lambe, 86 Iarnblichus Book of Mysteries, 162; De mysteriisAegyptiorum,45 larbus, 97 Ibn Rush SeeAverroes Ingegnieri, Angelo, 125-26 Isabella, 98-99 Isacius, 182 Isciah (name), 50 Italy, poetic tradition in, Jesuits, Joan of Anglia, 93 Joan of Arc, 115 Jugurtha, 182 Justin, 180 Justine, Saint, 15 Justinian, Emperor, 155, 158 for women, 7n l.ivy, 70, 103, 168, 180 Lombard, Peter, 55 love lyrics, Sn, petrarchan, 2,7-8 Love'sLabyrinth See Il Corbaccio (Boccaccio) Lucius Metellus, 163 Lucretia, 95 La maioaqitadelladonne(Narnur), 25, 132 Manto, 91 Marganor, 152 Margaret of Austria, 117n Margherita, Madama, Marguerite of Navarre, 87 Maria, Giovanni, 181 Marinella, Lucrezia (SeealsoThe Nobility Labalme, Patricia, 33 and Excellenceof Womenand theDefects and Vicesof Men): Arcadiafelice, 29; Laberintod'amore See Il corbaccio 120, 149n Lelaqrimedi San Pietro(Mannella), literature, appropriate Livesof IllustriousWomenfrom Holy Scripture (Carzoni), 19 Magno, Celio, 59 Malatesta, Ginevra, 117 Kepler, Johannes, 121 n King, Margaret, 33 (Boccaccio) Laertius, Diogenes, The Lifeof the VirginMary, Empressof the Universe(Marinella), 9-11 11 birth, 1; children, 6; contemporary opinions of, 1; Cupid in Loveand 195 196 Index DrivenMad, 8, 9, II, 30; death, 2, 6; L'EnricooveroBisantioacquisiato(See Henry,orByzantiumgained],ltfe, 5-6; Essortazioniailedonnee agli altri, 15; father's influence on, 4; feminist interest in, 33; gender-based moral code, 15; and GIuseppe Passi (See Passi, Giuseppe); Happy Arcadia, 11; Henry, or Byzantium Gained,4, 1I, 13-14; The HeroicDeedsandMarvelous Lifeoj theSeraphicSt Catherineof Siena, 12; The Holy Dove, 8; husband, 3, 6; later views on, 31-33; The Lifeof St Justine, 11; Lifeoj theSeraphicand GloriousSt Francis,8; The Lifeoj the VirginMary, Empressoj the Universe, 9-11, parents, 3; philosophical knowledge, 2; publication rate, 8; religious writings, 9-12; on renunciation, 15; SacredVerses,11; St Peter'sTears, 11; solttary life, 29-30 Marinelli, Curzio, Marinelli, Giovanni, 14n; Medicines Pertainingto Women'sIllnesses,3; La primaCe seconda)partedellacopia delle parole,3; Women'sOrnaments,3 marriage: after the Council of Trent, 18n; Aristotle on, 138; criticisms and praises, 121; Homer on, 138; and Mohammed, 134; Renaissance views of, 25-27; Tasso's discourse against, 132-36; views on wisdom of in antiquity, 26n; women's role in, 18 Martial, 174 Mary, the Virgin, 10 Masinissa, 110 matricide, 176-83 Maxentius, 95 Maximianus, 182 Medici, Maria Maddalena de, 12 Le medicinepartementiaile infirmita (Marinelli), Melpomene, 91 men: anger in, 149-54; as cause of wantonness, 128; dangers In encounters with women, 17; envy of women, 24, 120; fickle, 160-63; and hatred, 164-65; obliged to love women, 62-66; obstinacy in, 155; proportion compared to women, 68; self-love and anger at women, 119, 120; striving to be elegant, 166-75; ugly compared to women, 63; ungrateful, 156-59; vanity in, 166-76 Menelaus, 129n Metamorphoses (Ovid), 100,101,111-12, 159 Metaphysics (Aristotle), 45 Mica of Elis, 103 military arts, and women, 79, 80 Miltiades, 157 Minerva, 90 Misitheus, 158 misogyny, 9, 24-25,30,32 Seealso men Mithridates, 95, 181 modesty, in women, 73 Mohammed, and importance of marriage, 134 Molza, Francesco, 59, 65 Monima of Miletus, 95, 107 Mulier (name), 50-51 Muses, ten, 91 n Myraces, 173 Myrtis of Anthedon, 90, 90n names: divine power of, 20, 45-51; nobility of, 46, 47, 49 N amur, Arrigo di, Woman'sWickedness, 25,132 Naturalesquaestiones(Seneca), 174-75 naturalists, women as, 85 nature, as origin of beauty, 62 Neoplatonism, Nero, 172, 177 Nesstnna, 90 Nevizzano, GIovanni, Silva nuptiarum, 25 Nicanor,95 Nicaula, Queen of Egypt, 83-84 Nmyas 183 La nobiltadelledonne(Domeniclu), 19 Index The Nobility and Excellenceof Womenand the Defectsand Vicesof Men (Mannella) dedication to Lucio Scarano, 14; first publication, 2, 8; later views of, 31-33; origin of, 15-19; refutation of Boccaccio's opinions, 141-45; refutation of Ercole Tasso's work, 132-36; refutation of Speroni's dialogue, 136-38; refutation of Torquato Tasso's discourse, 139-41; textual versions, 33-34 The Nobility of Women (Dornenichi) 19 Numanas, 172 obstinacy, in men, 155 Oderisio, Ginevra Conti, 33 The Odyssey (Homer), 45 Oenone, 104 C)nFemaleand Womanly Virtue (Tasso), 25, 132 Onornancy, 45 C)nTakinga Wife (Tasso), 25 Oppian law, 70, 71 n Ordelapho, Piro, 182 Orestes, 183 Orithya, 98 ()rlandofurioso (Ariosto), 19, 81-82,99, 124-25, 127-28, 149, 152, 161, 162,169 Cli ornamentidelledonne (Marinelli), Orodes, King (of Parthia), 182 Orosius Paulus, 180 Orsua, 178 Ovid 150, 152, 170; Art of Loving, 174; Heriodes, 129n; Metamorphoses,100, 101,111-12,159 Pan, 101 Panteus, 108, 109 Paoline, Fabio 87 Paradiso (Dante), 52 Paris (Trojan), 129n Passi, Giuseppe, 2, 15, 15n-16n, 16-18,20,40,47, 107, 126-27 Passila, 88 patricide, 176-83 Pedro, King (of Castille), 178 Pelopidas, 157, 157n Penelope, 95 Penitential poems, 11n Periaconconau, 118 Perses, 150 Perseus, 180 Persica,93 Petrarch, 49, 54, 57,61-62,63-64,66, 122, 151, 152, 161; Canzionere,60; Triumphs,95, 103 Phemonoe,85 Philip of Arabia, 158 Philip of Macedon, 113, 180 philosophers, women, 83, 84, 86, 89 Philostratus, 173 Phocians, 108 Physical characteristics and birthplace, 77-78, 78n Physiognomy (Aristotle), 73 Piacevolecontesafra i due moderniTassi (Tasso), 25-26 Pisistratus, 157 Pittacus, 136n Piacidia, Galla, 117 Plato: Cratylus, 49; Laws, 79; Republic,79; Symposium, 63; on women's equality, 40, 40n Platonism, 53-54, 59 Plautus, 121, 156 Plotina, Pompeia, 116 Plotinus, 68 Plutarch, 85, 107, 117, 130, 141, 150, 178, 181; Lifeof Cicero, 163; Lifeof Lycurgus, 46; on women's equality, 40 Poetic tradition, poets, women, 85, 86, 87, 88, 89,91, 93 Politics (Aristotle) 116-17, 149 Polydorus, 178 Polymnia, 91 Polyphron, 178 Polyxena, 111-12 Pompey, 163 Pori s, 113, 114 Porphyry, Lifeof Plotinus, 83 Portia, 115 1.97 198 Index Praxila, 88 La prima(e seconda]partedellacopiadelle parole(Marinelli), Proba, Marta, 87 procreation, origin as God, 52 property ownership, by women, 74 prophets, women, 93 prudence, in women, 114-18 Ptolemy Auletes, King (of Egypt), 108 Ptolemy Philopator, 182 Querelledefemmes,29-33 Rainieri, Francesco, 57-58 Renaissance: dialogues in praise of women, 19; importance of Agrippa in, 2n; marriage views, 25-27; mixture of historical and fictional, 23; universe creation beliefs, 52n Republic(Plato), 79 Rimesacre(Mannella}, 11 Romulus and Remus, 180 Rosmonda, 104 Roswitha, 90 Rota, Bernardo, 60 Sabine women, 102, 102n, 128, 130 SacredVerses(Marinella), 11 St Peter'sTears(Mannella}, 11 Samia,93 Sannazaro, )acopo, 122-23, 122n Sansovino, Francesco, Sappho, 86-87 Sardanapalus, 169 Savonarola, Girolamo, 85 Scala, Cangrande della, 176 Scarano, Lucio, 5n, 29; Scenophylax,4-5 Scenophylax (Scarano), 4-5 Schurman, Maria van, 31 SCIpio Africanus, 158, 164-65 Seleucus, 181 Semiramis, 115, 118, 183 Seneca, 105, 174-75, 180 Seneca the Elder, Controversiae,175 Serdonati, Francesco, 22 Servius Galba, 160 Severus, Emperor, 178 Sextus Aurelius, 183 Silva nuptiarum(Nevizzano), 25 Socrates, 40n, 86, 117, 157 Solon, 157 Sophonisba, 109 Sophronia, 95, 110 Sosipatra, 88 soul: heat as an instrument of, 130-31; as origin of physical beauty, 58-59; woman's, 55-62 Sparta,46n Spartianus, 177, 178 Speroni, Sperone, 67; Dialog on the Dignity of Women,25, 27-28, 132, 136-38; The Di9nity or Nobility of Women, 132, 136-38 Speusippus, 68, 94, 105, 149, 149n Strabo Sidonius, 173 Straton, Prince (of Sidon), 108 Sullam, Sara Copio, Sulpicia, 99-100, 99n Sybils,93 Symposium(Plato), 63 Syrinx, 101 Tacitus, 116 Tanaquil, 118, 118n TansilIo, Luigi, 9, 11n, 53, 61 Tarabotti, Arcangela, 1, 5, 31 Tarcagnota, Giovanni, 23, 118, 173, 174; Delleistoriedelmondo,75-76 Tasso, Bernardo, 65 Tasso, Ercole: An AmusingDebatebetween theTwo ContemporaryTassos,25-26; refuted by MarinelIa, 132-36; On Takinga Wife, 25 Tasso, Torquato, 58, 62, 161; Discorsi dell'artepoetica, 10; On Femaleand Womanly Virtue, 25, 28-29, 132, conquistata, 13; 139-41; Gerusalemme Gerusalemme liberata,13, 110, 11 1, 172; Goffredo,123-24; Torrismondo, 50,67,104,166 TelesilIa, 88, 107 ten Muses, 91 n Teribazus, 178 Terpischore, 91 Index Terracina, Laura, 91 'Thalia, 91 Thargelia, 89 'Theano, 86 theatre, Jesuitical use of, Themistocleia, 88 Themistocles, 157, 157n Theodora, 116n Theognis, 121 Theophrastus, 84 Theopompus, 173 theory of forms, Platonic, 53n, 58n Theoxena, 113 Theselides (Telesilla), 88 Theseus, 159 Ttburtina, 93 Timoleon, 178 Tisicrates, 174 titles, given to women as sign of honor, 71 Tolomei, Claudio, 59 Tomitano, Bernardino, 56 Torrismondo(Tasso), 50, 67, 166 Tragedia sacra, Trissino, Giangiorgio, 48, 100, 109, 154,156 Triumphs(Petrarch), 95, 103 Trivulzia, Damigella, 87 Tropia, King, 183 Troy, 129-30 Tuccia (Vestal Virgin), 103n Tullius, Servius, 118 Tydeus, 151-52 Typhon, 182 Ulysses, 152 A UniversalCompendiumof History (Doglioni),23 Vacca, Antonio, Vacca, Girolamo, 3, 6n Vacca, Paulina, Valentian, 150 Valerianus Publius, 151 Valerius, Lucius, 70 Valerius Maximus, 157, 158 Vanity, in men, 166-76 Varano" Costanza, 90, 90n Venice: links to the Virgin Mary, 10; moral stability in, 17-18; role in the Crusades, 13 Veronese, Ginevra, 91 Veronese, Isotta Nogarola, 89 Veronese, Laura, 86 Vestal Virgins, 102-3 Victor, Aurelius, 115 Virgil, 153 Virginia, 97, 104 Virtues, of women, 22 Vita delseraficoetgloriososan Francesco (Marinella),8 Vita deSanta Giustina(Mannella) 11 La vita di Maria VergineImperatrice dell'universo(Mannella) 9-11 Levitedelledonneillustridellascrittura (Carzoni), 19 Vluzali, 106 Volterranus, Raphael, 180, 182 Wenceslaus, 162 wife See marriage Woman'sWickedness(Narnur) 25, 132 women: anger at, 119; artists, 91; in the arts and sciences, 83-93; attacks against, 2; beauty, and nature, 61; beauty, and soul, 61; bodies more noble than men, 77-78; chastity of, 93-105; clothing, as sign of honor, 70; courtesies to, as sign of honor, 69; dialogues in praise of, 19; education of, 7n; ethical faculties, 21; honored by men, 68-72; hotter by nature, 130-31; Idea, as nobler than men, 53-54; men obliged to love, 62-66; and military arts, 79, 80; modesty in, 73; motives for attacking, 24; names, 20,45-51, 46, 47, 49; as naturalists, 85; and the Oppian Law, 71 n, as penitents, 11n, philosophers, 83, 84, 86, 89; poets, 85, 86, 87, 88, 89, 91, 93; preponderance of, over men, 68; property ownership by, 74; prophets, 93; prudent, 114-18; 199 200 Index quest for attractiveness, 3; rational faculties, 21; reason and will, 22; separate moral code for, 28; soul as origin of beauty, 58-59; souls more nobler than men, 77; strength of, 105-14; temperance continence, and 93-105; their names, more worthy than men, 45-51; their souls, noble than men, 55-62; titles for, as sign of honor, 71; unimportance of erotic attachments, 14; virtues, 22; virtuousness of, 93-105; wickedness, according to Passi, 16, 21,65-66 Women'sOrnaments(Marinelli), The Worthof Women(Fonte), 18 Xenophon, 144, 178 Xerxes, 115 Zancan, Marina, 33 Zenobia, 85, 94-95, 108 ... degli uomoni English] The nobility and excellence of women, and the defects and vices of men p cm.- (Other voice in early modern Europe) Includes bibliographical references and index ISBN 0-226-50545-6... rebutting the main accusations made against women; works arguing for the equal education of men and women; works defining and redefining women' s proper role in the family, at court, and in public;... Bibliography Index 191 185 166 THE OTHER EARLY VOICE MODERN INTRODUCTION IN EUROPE: TO THE SERIES Magaret L King and Albert Rabil Jr THE OLD VOICE AND THE OTHER VOICE I n western Europe and the United