L A U R A B AT T I F E R R A A N D H E R L I T E R A R Y C I R C L E THE O T H E R VO I C E IN E A R LY M O D E R N EUROPE A Series Edited by Margaret L King and Albert Rabil Jr RECENT BOOKS IN THE SERIES M A R I A G A E TA N A AG N E S I E T A L I A M A DA M E D E M A I N T E NO N The Contest for Knowledge: Debates over Women’s Learning in Eighteenth-Century Italy Dialogues and Addresses Edited and Translated by Rebecca Messbarger and Paula Findlen Introduction by Rebecca Messbarger I S O T TA N O G A R O L A FR ANCISC A DE LOS APÓSTOLES The Inquisition of Francisca: A Sixteenth-Century Visionary on Trial Edited and Translated by John J Conley, S.J Complete Writings: Letterbook, Dialogue on Adam and Eve, Orations Edited and Translated by Margaret L King and Diana Robin JOHANNA ELEONOR A PETERSEN Edited and Translated by Gillian T W Ahlgren The Life of Lady Johanna Eleonora Petersen, Written by Herself: Pietism and Women’s Autobiography GIULIA BIGOLINA Edited and Translated by Barbara BeckerCantarino Urania: A Romance Edited and Translated by Valeria Finucci M A D E L E I N E D E S C U D É RY GABRIELLE DE COIGNARD Selected Letters, Orations, and Rhetorical Dialogues Spiritual Sonnets: A Bilingual Edition Translated and Edited by Melanie E Gregg Edited and Translated by Jane Donawerth and Julie Strongson E L I S A B E T TA C A M I N E R T U R R A VIT TORIA COLONNA Sonnets for Michelangelo: A Bilingual Edition Edited and Translated by Abigail Brundin Selected Writings of an EighteenthCentury Venetian Woman of Letters Edited and Translated by Catherine M Sama MARIE DENTIÈRE M A DA M E D E V I L L E D I E U ( M A R I E - C AT H E R I N E D E S J A R D I N S ) Epistle to Marguerite de Navarre and Preface to a Sermon by John Calvin Memoirs of the Life of Henriette-Sylvie de Molière: A Novel Edited and Translated by Mary B McKinley Edited and Translated by Donna Kuizenga Laura Bat tifer degli Ammannati L A U R A B AT T I F E R R A A N D H E R L I T E R A RY C I RC L E : AN ANTHOLOGY Edited and Translated by Victor ia Kirkham THE UNIVERSITY OF CHICAGO PRESS Chicago & London Laura Battiferra degli Ammannati, 1523 – 89 Victoria Kirkham is professor of Romance languages at the University of Pennsylvania She is the author of three books, most recently of Fabulous Vernacular: Boccaccio’s Filocolo and the Art of Medieval Fiction, winner of the Scaglione Prize for a manuscript in Italian studies of the Modern Language Association The University of Chicago Press, Chicago 60637 The University of Chicago Press, Ltd., London © 2006 by The University of Chicago All rights reserved Published 2006 Printed in the United States of America 15 14 13 12 11 10 09 08 07 06 ISBN: 0-226-03922-6 (cloth) ISBN: 0-226-03923-4 (paper) The University of Chicago Press gratefully acknowledges the generous support of James E Rabil, in memory of Scottie W Rabil, toward the publication of this book Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Battiferri degli Ammannati, Laura, 1523–1589 [Selections English] Laura Battiferra and her literary circle : an anthology / Laura Battiferra degli Ammannati ; edited and translated by Victoria Kirkham p cm — (The other voice in early modern Europe) Includes bibliographical references and index ISBN 0-226-03922-6 (cloth : alk paper) — ISBN 0-226-03923-4 (pbk : alk paper) Italian poetry—16th century—History and criticism I Kirkham, Victoria II Title III Series PQ4607 B6A24 2006 851Ј 5— dc22 2005024004 ϱ The paper used in this publication meets the minimum requirements of the ᭺ American National Standard for Information Sciences—Permanence of Paper for Printed Library Materials, ANSI Z39.48-1992 CONTENTS List of Illustrations vii Acknowledgments ix Ser ies Editors’ Introduction xiii Volume Editor’s Introduction Volume Editor’s Bibliography 55 Note on Translation 69 List of Abbreviations 75 I Po e m s f r o m R i m e d i M a d o n n a L a u B a t t i f e r d e g l i A m m a n n a t i 7 Men Writing to Battiferra 77 Selections from Le opere toscane, Part 84 Selections from “Rimi Spirituali di Madonna Laura Battiferra degli Ammannati,” Part 218 I I Po e m s f r o m O t h e r C o l l e c t i o n s 6 The Period 1560 –1577 266 Poems of Uncertain Date 292 I I I O r i s o n o n t h e Na t i v i t y o f O u r L o r d 1 IV Letters 319 Appendixes A Battiferra’s Wills 335 B Genealogical Chart of the Battiferri Family of Urbino 341 C Genealogical Chart of the Cibo, Della Rovere, Varana, and Farnese Families 343 D Genealogical Chart of the Medici, Toledo, Colonna, and Montefeltro Families 345 E Sources of the Selections and Textual Variants 347 F List of Manuscripts and Printed Editions 357 Notes 365 Ser ies Editors’ Bibliography 449 Index of First Lines 463 General Index 473 I L L U S T R AT I O N S Agnolo Bronzino, Laura Battiferra, ca 1561 2 Agnolo Bronzino, Laura Battiferra, ca 1561 3 Alessandro Allori, Christ and the Canaanite Woman, detail 4 Alessandro Allori, Christ and the Canaanite Woman, detail, ca 1590 5 Laura Battiferra degli Ammannati, Primo libro dell’opere toscane, autograph 6 Laura Battiferra degli Ammannati, Primo libro dell’opere toscane, autograph 7 Laura Battiferra degli Ammannati, Rime di Madonna Laura Battiferra degli Ammannati: sonnet to Pope Paul III and rubric to Isabella de’ Medici, with autograph 8 Laura Battiferra degli Ammannati, Rime di Madonna Laura Battiferra degli Ammannati: beginning of the K signature and “Seconda parte delle Rime spirituali di Madonna Laura Battiferra degli Ammannati” 9 Autograph letter from Laura Battiferra degli Ammannati to Benedetto Varchi of January 27, 1556 [ϭ1557 modern style] 10 10 Autograph letter from Laura Battiferra to Duke Guidobaldo II Della Rovere, October 23, 1559 10 11 Urbino, Via Maia, no 6, Home of Laura’s great-grandfather, the physician Jacopo Battiferro 12 12 Urbino, Via Maia, no 14, Portal of the Confraternity of the Dead (“Oratorio della Morte”), attributed to Bartolomeo Ammannati 19 13 Titian (Tiziano Vecellio), Benedetto Varchi 22 14 Bernardo Tasso, L’Amadigi del S Bernardo Tasso, frontispiece 25 15 Agnolo Bronzino, Eleonora of Toledo, ca 1560 28 16 Agnolo Bronzino, Cosimo I de’ Medici, 1546 or after 29 17 Agnolo Bronzino, Duke Guidobaldo II Della Rovere 35 18 Agnolo Bronzino, Isabella de’ Medici 39 19 Bartolomeo Ammannati, Neptune Fountain, 1560 – 80 40 ACKNOWLEDGMENTS T he opportunity to explore aggressively archives and libraries in Italy for information about Laura Battiferra degli Ammannati was made possible by a fellowship from the National Endowment for the Humanities (1996– 97), supplemented by sabbatical salary from the University of Pennsylvania Both contributed to a concurrent semester of residence as a Visiting Professor at Villa I Tatti, the Harvard Center for Renaissance Studies in Florence As director, Walter Kaiser gave vigorous and gracious academic hospitality Fiorella Superbi of the I Tatti Fototeca, everyone on the library staff, and several longtime scholarly affiliates, among them Alan Grieco and Eve Borsook, were always helpful interlocutors My research continued during the academic year 2000 –2001, thanks to a Rockefeller Foundation Fellowship in Gender Studies in Medieval and Early Modern Europe at the Newberry Library in Chicago, again aided by a sabbatical from the University of Pennsylvania I am grateful to the other fellows in my cohort and to all the staff there for providing a setting so ideally conducive to learning about Battiferra’s intellectual environment from sixteenth-century Italian books, especially the director, James Grossman; his associate, Sara Austen; and Carla Zecher, Director of the Center for Renaissance Studies To guide my many hours in the Rare Book Room, Paul Gehl shared collegial expertise on site as well as over pleasant scholarly lunch breaks in the Newberry neighborhood Summer support, which paid for an important trip to Urbino, came from the Henry Salvatori Research Fund, administered through the Center for Italian Studies at the University of Pennsylvania In the later stages of this book, much appreciated aid to encourage its completion came from my portion of a National Endowment for the Humanities Collaborative Research Grant, “A Tradition Discovered: Women Writers in Italy, France, and Germany, 1400 –1750” (2002–2003) Finally, I have a happy debt, both symbolically ix 480 General Index Crucifixion, 30 –31, 230 –33, 236–37, 368, 429 Cupid, 382 Cupiti (Copeti), Agostino de’, da Evoli, 49, 84– 85, 347, 367, 368 Cybele (Berecynthia), 377 Cynthia (Diana), 128–29, 258–59, 389, 392, 433; Alamanni’s poetic mistress, 146– 47, 400 Cynthus, Mount, 132–33, 389, 392, 394 Cyprus, 170 –71, 410 Daedalus, 290 –91, 403, 441 Dafne See under Battiferra Dafni, 388 D’Ambra, Francesco, La cofanaria, 417 Daphne (Metamorphoses), 48, 72 See also Apollo, and Daphne myth Damon See under Varchi Daniel, Arnaut, 394 Dante Alighieri, 1n, 43, 50, 71, 184– 85, 366, 381, 388, 389, 395, 399, 434 –35; Convivio, 312n; Divine Comedy, 7, 43, 312n, 371, 376, 377, 379, 380, 382, 386, 387, 389, 390, 396, 401, 402, 402, 406, 407, 408, 414, 415, 416, 418, 421, 423, 424, 427, 431, 433, 435, 438, 447, 447; Rime petrose (Stony Rhymes), 48, 394, 397, 433, 444, 447; Vita nuova, 36n, 382, 385–86, 391, 423 Dante da Maiano, 50n Danti, Vincenzo, 325n Danube, 130 –31, 394, 445 David, the Psalmist, 45, 82– 83, 218, 222–27, 367, 425, 426 Davis, Charles, 19n, 388 Death (Morte), 108–9, 162– 63, 166– 67, 286–91, 327, 331, 381, 382, 436 De Blasi, Jolanda, 349, 363 De Caro, G., 402 Delilah, 30n Della Casa, 24, 51, 403, 429, 439; Galatheo, 323n; Rime, 46n, 47n, 367, 390, 392, 393, 395, 397, 398, 400, 404, 420, 433; rhyming dictionary, 23, 46n, 367, 398 Della Rovere Cibo, Elisabetta (Marquise of Massa), 6, 120 –21, 327n, 328n, 349, 389 Della Rovere (dukes), 404; family genealogy, 344 Della Rovere, Francesco Maria I, 18, 374, 375, 389 Della Rovere, Francesco Maria II, 92– 93, 336n, 348, 374, 378–79, 405, 419 Della Rovere, Girolamo, 376 Della Rovere, Giulia Varana, 375, 419–20 Della Rovere, Guidobaldo I, 389 Della Rovere, Guidobaldo II (Guidubaldo, duke of Urbino), 10f, 13, 45, 327n, 373, 376, 378, 389, 425, 435; association with Chaonian oak, 51, 90 –91; genealogy, 344; as Jove, 9; patronage, 17, 18, 24, 46, 50, 51, 52, 404, 406, 418; poetry to, 9, 35, 90 –91, 348; portrait by Bronzino, 35f; tutelage of Laura Battiferra, 19, 20n, 46n, 319n, 320 –22, 322n, 336n Della Rovere, Virginia Varana, 39, 51, 94–97, 344, 348, 375, 380, 404, 419 Della Rovere, Vittoria Farnese, 35, 45, 92–93, 218, 319n, 348, 352, 373, 425, 446 Del Monte, Ersilia Cortese See Cortese Del Monte, Fabiano, 51 Del Monte, Giovan Battista, 386 Del Monte, Giovanni Maria Ciocchi See Julius III Del Nero, Francesco, 19n Delos, 132–33, 389, 392, 394 Delphi, oracle at, 276–77, 437 Del Rosso, Paolo, 186– 87, 351, 416 Demosthenes, 405 Dennistoun, James, 12–13n, 374, 378 Dersofi, Nancy, 446 Deucalian, 406 Diana, goddess of chastity, 212–13, 389, 392, 397, 433; sister of Apollo, 98–99, 116–17, 386 General Index Dido, 43 Dio See God Dionisotti, Carlo, 33n, 372 Dionysius, Tyrant of Aegina, 78, 366 Dioscurides, 33, 333, 334n doctors, 12–13, 49n, 132–33, 138–39, 146– 47, 333–34n, 396, 400 Domenichi, Lodovico, 5– 6, 44 – 45, 49, 51, 52n, 53, 325n, 354, 361, 367, 385, 388, 423, 437–38 Doni, Antonfrancesco, 410 Doria, Andrea, 30 Durling, Robert M., 72, 397 Eboli, 368 eclogue, 206–17 Egypt, 122–23 Eiche, Sabine, 20 Eisenbichler, Konrad, 26n, 442 Eli (Temple priest), 264– 65 Elizabeth (mother of John the Baptist), 432 Elizabeth Valois, 372 Elkanah, 258– 61 Elsa (river), 290 –91, 441 Elysian Fields, 240 – 41, 430 Emiliani, Andrea, 42n, 354 Empoli, 380 Empyrean, 370 Endymion, 128–29, 392 epic See under Battiferra Epidaurus, 282– 83, 439 Erspamer, Francesco, 411 Este dukes, 16 Este, Alfonso I (duke of Ferrara), 378 Este, Ercole d’, 52, 373, 403 Este, Isabella d’, 415 Este, Lucretia (Lucrezia) d’, 72, 102–3, 336, 348, 378–79 Ethiopa, 256–57 Etruria, 100 –101, 150 –51, 282– 83, 284– 86, 292–93, 337, 377, 401, 442 Eucharist, 368 Eufemia (Neapolitan singer), 21n, 126–27, 349, 391 Europe, 150 –51 Eurotas, 128–29, 392, 393 Eurus (wind), 126–27, 391 Euterpe (Muse), 48, 280 – 81 Euxine Sea (Black Sea), 272–73, 436 Eve, 30n Fabius Maximus, Quintus, 391 Falconetti, Camillo, 319n Farnese, Alessandro See Paul III Farnese, Alessandro (cardinal), 38, 402 Farnese, family genealogy, 344 Farnese, Orazio, 389 Farnese, Vittoria See Della Rovere, Vittoria Farnese Farulli, Gregorio, 366 Fates, 104–5, 380, 418, 419 Fauns, 84– 85 Federighi, Raffaello di Carlo de’, 337 Federigo di Girolamo, of Mantua, 336 Fedi, Roberto, 390 Feliciangeli, B., 393 Felsina (Bologna), 282– 83, 439 Feo, Michel Angelo, 417 Ferdinand (archduke), 332n Ferdinand I (emperor), 33n, 332n Ferini, Chiara, 400 Ferrara, 16, 361, 378, 384, 403, 437–38 Ferrero, Giuseppe Guido, 22n, 412 Fiamma, Gabriele (Gabriello), 38, 48, 158–59, 350; Rime spirituali, 405 Fidia See under Ammannati Fiesole, 50, 323n, 424 Fiammetta (Boccaccio’s lady), 435 Fiordiano, Malatesta of Rimini, 24n, 70n, 361 Firenzuola, Agnolo, 393 Firmignano, 404 Flora (Florence), 124–25, 144– 45, 172– 73, 178–79, 186– 87, 206–7, 276–77, 282– 83, 286– 87, 300 –301, 399, 435, 439; Alamanni’s poetic mistress, 146– 47, 400, 411, 413 Flora, Francesco, 349, 352, 363 Florence, 138–39, 357–59, 364, 388, 444; baptistry, 442; Boboli Gardens, 442; bridges, 393; Brunelleschi’s Rotunda, 2, 164– 65, 178–79, 413–14; convent of Chiarito, 47; 481 482 General Index Florence (continued) convent of Chiarito, 426; convent of Le Murate, 47, 222–27, 385, 426; convent of Santa Marta, 47, 426; literary community, 21; Palazzo de’ Medici, 339; Palazzo del Podestà, 335; Pitti Palace, 23n, 35f, 276–77, 442; San Giovannino, 1, 4, 5, 30 –31, 400; San Lorenzo, 26, 380, 440; Santa Maria degli Angeli (Camaldolite monastery), 1–2, 38, 42– 43, 82– 83, 164– 65, 178–79, 347, 366, 407–8, 413–14; Santa Maria degli Angeli in Borgo San Frediano (Carmelite nunnery), 339; Santa Maria del Fiore, 336; Uffizi, 325n; university of, 365 See also Arno, Flora Florentine Academy See Accademia Fiorentina Florida, 371 Foligno, 359 Folquet de Marseille, 43 Forster, Kurt W., 388 Fossi, Mazzino, 19n, 21n Fossombrone, 14n, 50, 52 Foster, B O., 375 Franchi, Giulia, 426 Francis, Saint, 204–5, 42223 Franỗois I (king of France), 399, 423 Frazer, James George, 371 Friuli, 33, 334 Gaddi, Giovanni, 415 Galatea, 206–7, 424 Galileo, 327n Gallo (Galli), Antonio, 48, 51, 160 – 61, 270 –71, 319n, 350, 387, 405– 6, 425, 435 Gallo (Galli), Federigo, 406 Gallo (Galli), Vittoria, 406 Gallucci, Margaret, 408 Gambara, Veronica, 27, 381, 389, 403, 418 Gamucci, Bernardo, 441; Antichità della Città di Roma, 23n, 290 –91, 354, 361, 441 Ganges (river), 389 Gargiolli, Carlo, 22n, 34n, 44n, 355, 364 Garzoni, Tomaso, Le vite delle donne illustri della scrittura sacra, 30 Genga, Girolamo, 374 Gentileschi, Artemesia, 430 Germany, 333 Geryon, 402 Giambologna, 53, 325n Gianni, Angelo, 350, 363 Gibraltar, 389 Gilio, Giovan Andrea, 375 Giordani, Giovan Battista di Lorenzo de’ (notary of Florence), 337 Giovanna of Austria, 28, 423; death, 190 –93, 351, 401–2, 417; marriage, 366, 390, 370, 417, 442 Giovanni See San Giovanni Girolamo da Correggio (cardinal), 389 Giunti press, 2, 23, 45, 46n, 323, 367, 398, 413 Gobbi, Agostino, 350, 352, 362 God (Dio), 90 –91, 116–17, 122–23, 148– 49, 158–59, 184– 85, 204–5, 220 –21, 222–27, 232–33, 236–37, 240 – 41, 248–55, 284– 85, 320 Golden Fleece, 280 – 81, 438 Gonzaga, Cesare (duke of Manuta), 437 Gonzaga, Curzio, 24n, 282– 83, 362, 439– 40 Gonzaga, Eleonora (duchess of Urbino), 415 Gonzaga, Ercole, 24n, 282– 83, 439– 40 Goold, G P., 371, 390 Gorni, Guglielmo, 370 Graces, the, 194–95, 419 Grazzini, Antonfrancesco (il Lasca), 2, 38, 48, 172–73, 294–95, 351, 354, 363, 388, 406, 410 –11, 429, 443, 444, 446 Grazzini, Bernardo, 41 Greco, Aulo, 402 Gregory XIII (pope), 31, 49; death, 206–7, 337, 352, 387, 400, 423–24 Greve (river), 214–15, 424 General Index Grieco, Allan, 24n Grignani, Maria Antonietta, 384 Grotti, Vicenzo, 7, 42, 130 –31, 349, 393 Gualtieri, Felice, 70n Guarini, 429 Guerrini, Ser Marco di Francesco Marco de’, of Marradi in the Mugello, 336 Guidi, Enrico Maria, 19n, 42n, 44n, 70n, 311n, 328n, 348, 349, 350, 355, 360, 388, 389, 406, 413 Guidiccioni (Guidiccione), Giovanni, 50, 52; Rime, 370, 375, 421–22 Guiducci, Magdalena, widow, 342 Guinizelli, Guido, 392 Guittone d’Arezzo, 43, 414, 434 Hannah (mother of Samuel), 258– 65, 432 Hannibal, 384, 391 Hannüss Palazzini, G., 372 Hapsburgs See Ferdinand, Maximilian Hasdrubal, 404 Hebrews, 46, 256–57 Hebrus (river), 369 Hector, Chiappino Vitelli as, 9, 112–13 Helena (mother of Constantine), 244– 45, 353, 431 Helicon, 214–15, 288– 89, 446 Henry II (king of France), 372, 399 Henry VIII (king of England), 34n, 52 Hercules: as Alcides, 112–13, 122–23; Chiappino Vitelli as, 9, 390; labors of, 282– 83, 384, 440 heresy, 440; Anabaptist, Sacramentary, Confessionary, 334 See also Huguenots; Varchi, Sonetti contro gl’ugonotti Herod (king), 430 Herodias, 30n Hezekiah, 104–5, 380 Hippocrene Spring, 404 Hircinian Forest, 334 Holy Family, 311n Homer, 9, 43, 112–13, 218, 384, 385, 406, 426, 433 Horace, 43; ode and adaptation as canzonetta, 9; Ars poetica, 16 Huguenots, as heretics, 29, 308–9, 447 Hydra, Lernean, 282– 83, 440 Hymen, god of marriage, 98–99, 120 – 21, 194–95, 388, 419 Iberus (Ibero), 306–7, 446 Icarus, 152–55, 402–3 Ilyria, 282– 83 Impruneta, Sanctuary of the Madonna at, 424 –25 Incarnation, 431; Feast of, 426 Index of Prohibited Books, 439 Indians, 206–7, 424 Indus (river), 126–27, 130 –31, 148– 49, 177–78, 391, 394, 400 Innocent III (pope), 425 Innocent VIII (pope), 39, 385, 393, 427 Isabella (queen of Spain), 24 Isaiah, 380 Isauro, 48, 92–93, 298–99, 376, 444 Ister (river) See Danube Janus, 142– 43, 398 Jason and the Argonauts, 438 Jeremiah See under Battiferra, “Orison of the Prophet Jeremiah” Jerome, Saint, 218, 425 Jesuits, 4, 11, 31, 39, 47, 49, 53, 70n, 148– 49, 230 –31, 236–37, 311n, 352, 428, 429, 439; Ammannati patronage of, 4, 16n, 20, 30, 339; church and college of San Giovannino, 1, 30, 339, 423; Roman college, 423 Jesus, 88– 89, 122–23, 148– 49, 230 –31, 236–37, 311n; as Messiah, 250 –51 See also Christ Jews as money lenders, 16, 16–17n Jezebel, 30n John, Saint See San Giovanni Jordan (river), 82– 83, 367 Joseph (father of Jesus), 311n, 314, 316, 317 Joshua, 380 483 484 General Index Jove, 7, 84– 85, 92–93, 100 –101, 120 – 21, 128–29, 170 –71, 208–9, 256–57, 302– 05, 374, 378, 389, 392, 417, 425, Cosimo I as, 9, 445; Giovanni de’ Medici as, 98–99, 377; Guidobaldo II Della Rovere as, Judea, 316 Julius II (pope), 374 Julius III (pope), 21, 39, 41, 325n, 386, 395, 405 Juno (goddess of marriage), 120 –21, 376, 388 Kasten, E., 21n Kiene, Michael, 19n, 408 Kinney, Peter, 19n Kirkham, Victoria, 1n, 3n, 11n, 15n, 16n, 20n, 25n, 26n, 46n, 50n, 51n, 54n, 311–12n, 319n, 337n, 354, 371, 376, 377, 399, 401, 406, 421, 424, 434, 441 Lainez, James, 439 Lanti, Federico, 169–70, 350, 409 Lasca, il See Grazzini, Antonfrancesco Lascisi, Pietro (of Verona), 336 Latona, 433 Laura (Petrarch’s lady), 48, 53, 118–19, 174–75, 387, 411, 421, 434 –35 See also Oretta laurel: as symbol of Medici, 124–25, as symbol of poetic activity, 22 passim, 152–53, 302–5, 304– See also under Battiferra, Laura Lavacchio, Taddeo di Lodovico del, 337 Lazzari, Antonio, 13n, 14n Lecchini-Giovannoni, Simona, 1n, 20n, 417 Lentulus, epistle of, 246– 48, 353, 431–32 Lenzi, Lorenzo, 435, 447 Leo X (pope), 51–52, 98–99, 377, 437–38 Leo XI (pope), 390 Leoni, Leone, 437 Leopardi, 429 Lepanto, 372 Le Rose (village south of Florence), 424 See also villas Lethe, 144– 45, 152–53, 156–57, 266– 67, 399, 402, 404, 433 Levi, 258–59 Limbus, 43 Lippi, Giovanni Francesco di Roberto de’, 340 Livorno, 415 Livy, History of Rome, 375, 384 Longinus, lance of, 427, 429 Loreto, Casa Santa, 20 –21 Lotto, Lorenzo, 430 Loyola, Ignatius, Spiritual Exercises, 4, 20, 30, 51, 311n, 431 Lucca, 16 Lucan, 43 Lucina, goddess of childbirth, 258–59, 433 Lucretia (Roman suicide), 110 –11, 348, 379, 383, 430 Luni, 276–77, 437 Lysippus, 166– 67, 178–79, 385, 408, 413, 414 Macerata, 69, 311n, 364 Maddalona (river of Naples) See Sebeto Madrid, court of Philip II, 22, 34 Maenads, 369 Magdalene, Mary, 238–39, 368, 429 Magno, Celio, 411, 415 Maiano (village near Florence), 41, 50, 138– 41, 292–93, 396, 397, 398, 401, 442, 445 Malaspina, Alberto, 389 Malaspina, Ricciarda, 389 Malatesta, Catelano, of Urbino, 335 Malipiero, Girolamo, 399, 430 Malipiero, Olimpia, 383 Malta, Knights of, 389–90, 416; siege of , 122–23, 126–27, 389–90, 391, 404, 406 Maltraversa, Leonora, 383 Manacorda, Guido, 435 Manfredi, Muzio, 386 General Index mannerism, 53, 311n Manto, 27, 282– 83, 440 Mantua, 26, 336, 361, 415, 439– 40 Maremma, 437 Marguerite of Savoy, 24 Maro See Virgil Marradi (Mugello), 335n, 336 Mars, 86– 87, 156–57, 208–9, 290 –91, 370, 404, 441 Martelli, Francesco, 70n Martelli, Guglielmo, 70n Martelli, Lodovico, 397 Martelli, Mario, Martelli, Niccolò, 394 Martellini, Antonio, 378 Marti, Mario, 392 Martignone, V., 376, 384 Martinez, Ronald, 380, 397 Martini (Martino), Luca, 26n, 39, 41, 144– 45, 396, 399, 406; death, 25– 26, 28, 36n, 70n, 268–73, 400, 407, 410, 424 –25, 434, 435–36, 437; as Tirsi, 208–15, 350, 353, 424 – 425, 434 Martini, Simone, 408, 443 Mary Magdalene, 31 Mary Tudor (Maria, wife of Philip II, Bloody Mary), 34 –35, 90 –91, 348, 372 Mary (Virgin), 30n, 240 – 41, 292–93, 311n, 312, 314, 312–18, 336, 354, 368, 372, 415, 430, 441 Maschi, Camillo, 338 Maschi (family of Urbino), 342 Maschi, Guido, 13, 338 Maschi, Violante de’, 46, 426 Massa, 120 –21, marquise of See Della Rovere, Elisabetta Massacre of the Innocents, 31, 240 – 41, 430 Massolo, Pietro (don Lorenzo, monaco cassinese), 29–30n, 70n, 361, 362 Matraini, Chiara, 16, 53, 425, 428; Rime e lettere, 369, 384, 387, 401, 402, 403, 416, 419, 423 Matter, Ann, 44 Matthews Grieco, Sara F., 11n Mattioli, Pierandrea, 33–34, 332n, 333–34n Mauro, A., 374 Maurus (Mauro, Moorish Sea), 126– 27, 148– 49, 176–77, 391, 400 Maximilian II (emperor), 33n, 332n, 333n, 365, 445 Maximus of Tyre (Cassius Maximus Tyrius), 79, 366 Maylender, Michele, 409 Mazzoleni, Angelo, 363 Medici, de’, 1n, 11; Bronzino as court painter, Medici, Alessandro de’ See Leo XI Medici, Alessandro de’ (son of Bernardetto), 124–25, 349, 390 Medici, Alessandro de’ (tyrant), 390 Medici, Bernardo de’, 365 Medici, Caterina de’ (queen of France), 24, 372 Medici, Cosimo I de’ (duke of Florence and Siena), 26, 33n, 39, 40, 48, 178–79, 284– 85, 319n, 378, 383, 399, 413, 415, 435, 438, 440, 444; as Augustus, 154–55, 388, 403, 413; cedes power to Francesco, 28; as Jove, 9; conquest of Siena, 23n, 40 – 41, 49, 323n, 325n, 370, 377, 378, 399, 409, 424, 445; as cosmos, 188–91, 417; death, 189–91, 351, 365, 417; horoscope, 370; marriage to Eleonora de Toledo, 369, 371; patronage, 21, 327n, 395, 397, 403, 441, 442; poetry to, 9, 35, 52, 86– 87, 100 –1, 300 –1, 347, 348; as Saturn, 98–99, 377; as sun, 216–17 Medici, family genealogy, 344, 346 Medici, Ferdinando de’, 367, 410 Medici, Filippo (Filippino) de’, 49, 292–93, 417, 442 Medici, Francesco de’, 23n, 28, 49, 150 –51, 337, 368; poetry to, 86– 87, 347, 370, 371, 401–2 See also under Giovanna d’Austria Medici, Garzia (Grazia) de’ (son of Cosimo I), 26n, 28, 280 – 81, 354, 366, 437, 445 485 486 General Index Medici, Giovanni de’ (son of Cosimo I), 26n, 28, 41, 51, 278–79, 348, 354, 376–77, 437–38; as Jove and lion, 98–99, 377, 445 Medici, Giovanni de’ (son of Lorenzo il Magnifico) See Leo X Medici, Giovanni Angelo de’ See Pius IV Medici, Giulia de’ (daughter of tyrant Alessandro), 390 Medici, Giulio de’ (Pope Clement VII), 14, 14n Medici, Leone di Nicolai de’, 337 Medici, Lorenzo de’ (the Magnificent), 370, 393, 435, 437 Medici, Maria de’, 184– 85, 351, 412, 414, 415, 446 Medici Orsini, Isabella de’, 8f, 39, 49, 104–11, 348, 371, 380 –83, 388 Medici, Ottaviano, 390 Medusa, 387, 447 Memphis, 276–77 Mensola, 50, 138– 43, 397, 423 Mercatello (sul Metauro), 12 Mercury (planet), 387 Mergellina, 304–5, 446 Metauro (Metro), 48, 50, 52, 92–93, 96–97, 102–3, 120 –21, 156–57, 164– 65, 168– 69, 280 – 83, 374, 376, 379, 389, 439– 40; battle of, 391, 394, 404, 407, 409 metrics, ballad, 7n; blank verse, 9; canzonetta, 9, 381–82, 390; eclogue, 8–9, 206–17, 424 –25; free verse as vehicle for translation, 8–9, 399; Horatian ode and canzonetta, 9; Latin hexameter and free verse, 9; madrigal, 7, 52, 376, 384, 386, 392; ottava rima, 8, 432; Psalms, 8; sestina, 7, 132–35, 394, 433; sonnet, 6–7, 431; tenzone, 36; terza rima, 7, 431 Michelangeli, Raffaella, 404 Michelangelo Buonarroti, 1n, 19n, 20, 24n, 53, 202–3, 319n, 406, 412, 421, 423, 427, 434, 435, 439, 444; death of, 26, 28, 45, 49, 284–91, 325n, 354, 361, 365, 366, 408, 416, 421, 440 – 41 Miller, Frank Justus, 368 Minerva, 116–17, 128–29, 170 –71, 256– 57, 302–3, 387, 410, 432; and olive, 128–29, 210 –11, 392, 425 Minos (king), 415 Minutoli, Carlo, 52n, 370, 422 Modena, 16 Moldau, 332n Molza, Tarquinia, 16, 30 Mondaino, Rocca di, 52n, 377 Montacuto, Bartolomeo di Giovanni di (of Florence), 340 Montacuto, Benedetto di Pietro di, 337 Monte d’Oglio, count of (“lo Sdegnoso”), 70n, 410 Montefeltro, family genealogy, 344, 346 Montefeltro, Federigo da, 12, 12–13n, 51 Montella, Luigi, 446 Montemurlo, 370, 425 Monte Oliveto Maggiore (Benedictine abbey), 392 Montevarchi (Monte Varchi), Francesco (Francesco Catani), 49n, 138–39, 349, 396, 400 Montino, Signor, 321 Moranti, Luigi, 14 Morel, Philippe, 367 Morelli, Girolamo di Francesco de’, of Florence, 340 Moreni, Domenico, 42n Morra, Isabella, 384, 395, 405 Mozley, J H., 391 Muses, 78, 84– 85, 116–17, 128–29, 172–73, 182– 83, 304–5, 383, 389, 392, 393, 425, 433, 439, 446 See also Clio, Euterpe Muzio, Girolamo, 386, 393, 440 Muzio, Manfredi, 409 Muzzarelli, Giovanni, 51–52; Rime, 372, 377, 393, 416, 422, 423 Nanni (Varchi’s servant?), 332 Nannini, Remigio (Remigio Fiorentino), 424 Naples, 24n, 52, 359, 390, 391, 446 Nativity, in art, 312n See also Christ, birth of General Index Nature (Natura), 90 –91, 142– 43, 196– 97; versus art, 208–9, 286–91 Nazarenes, 246– 47 Negroni, don Franco, 14n Nelson, Johathan, 399 Neptune, 122–23, 280 – 81, 438 Newberry Library, 445 New World, 372 Nile, 130 –31, 394 Nisa, 212–13 Nisus (king of Megara), 415 Noah, 440 Nogarola, Isotta, 27, 30 Notus, wind, 280 – 81, 438 numerology, Pythagorean, 366 nuns, 14, 26, 45– 46, 222–27, 232–33, 319n, 336–39, 385, 417, 426, 428 See also Florence, convents; Urbino, convents oak as emblem of Della Rovere, 51, 90 –93, 120 –21, 374, 376, 379, 389 Oceanus (Ocean), 130 –31, 172–73, 216–17, 394 Ochino, Bernardino, 393 Offredi, Giovanni, 23, 24n, 47n, 353, 360, 433 olive See Minerva Olympus, Mount, 116–17, 128–29, 282– 83, 387, 392, 406, 439 Ombrone (river of Tuscany), 445 Oradini, Lucio, 42, 176–77, 351, 412– 13, 435 Order of Saint John of Jerusalem, 416 See also Malta, Knights of Order of Saint Stephen, 384 Oretta, 174–75, 411 Organi, Altobello degli, 18, 320n, 321, 322n, 336 Organi, Lodovico di Altobello degli, 337, 339 Orpheus, 166– 67, 368– 69, 401; and Eurydice, 383, 408 Orsini, Isabella See Medici Orsini, Isabella de’ Orsini, Paolo Giordano, Duke of Bracciano, 39, 41, 366, 371, 380 –81, 447; as “Quirinus” (Romulus), 9, 371; poetry to, 88– 89, 347 Orsini, Troilo, 380 Osborne, June, 12n Osorio Pimentel, María, 369 Ovid, 17, 43, 48, 51, 71, 400, 439; Fasti, 371; Heroides, 390; Metamorphoses, 44, 50, 368, 373, 377, 387, 389, 390, 392, 394, 395, 399, 403, 406, 407, 415, 416, 420, 427, 433, 438, 440 Padua, 26, 54, 394 Pallas, 214–15 Palestine, 258–59 Pallavicino, Gaspare, 416 palm, as emblem of Della Rovere, 92– 93, 374 Pan, 212–13 Panciatichi family, 337n Paradise, 166– 67, 232–33, 294–95 Parker, Deborah, 1n, 42n, 43n, 406, 411, 434 Parma, 359, 416, 439 Parnassus, 37, 84– 85, 116–17, 120 –21, 128–29, 164– 65, 214–15, 234–35, 383, 389, 393, 404, 406, 433, 439 Paros, 276–77, 437 Passi, Carlo, 70n pastoral poetry, 50, 140 – 41, 206–17, 396, 419, 424 –25, 442, 443 Paul III (pope), 8f, 14, 17, 21, 29n, 38, 39, 45, 49, 52n, 71n, 104–5, 348, 373, 375, 379–80, 383, 386, 422, 423, 428 Paul, Saint, 45, 218, 312n, 415, 416, 425, 426 Pavia, battle of, 418 Pazzi, Maria Maddalena dei, 339n Penates, 410 Peneus, 146– 47, 282– 83, 395, 438, 439, 444 Peninnah, 258– 63, 432 Pentecost, 426 Pèrcopo, Erasmo, 375 Perlingieri, Ilya Sandra, 27n Perottino (in Asolani), 380 Perseus, 387 487 488 General Index Perugia, 336, 359, 364, 389 Pesaro, 373, 374, 375, 378, 404; Villa Imperiale, 18 Pescara, Marquise of See Colonna, Vittoria Peter, Saint, 104–5, 380 Petra, Dante’s stony lady, 444 Petrarca, Francesco, 71, 166– 67, 184– 85, 200 –201, 326n, 366, 381, 388, 389–90, 391, 400, 412, 416, 439; Africa, 384; Rime sparse, 1, 3f, 36n, 43, 45, 48, 52–53, 312n, 331, 369, 374, 376, 379, 380, 382, 385, 387, 394, 395, 396, 397, 404, 405, 409, 414, 415, 418, 419, 421, 423, 424, 426, 427, 430, 431, 433, 434, 438, 440; I sette salmi penitentiali 8, 425; Triumphs, 7, 376, 377, 382, 383, 391, 393, 397, 404, 421, 422, 428 Petrarchismo, 8, 37, 38, 40, 51n, 53, 405, 415, 429, 430, 431, 432; female Petrarchists, 36 Petrucci, Franca, 393 Phaethon, 152–53, 402–3 Philip II, of Spain, 27n, 34 –35, 40 – 41, 52, 88– 89, 126–27, 347, 370, 371, 372, 383, 389, 390, 391, 437, 442, 446 Phidias, 72, 79, 112–13, 290 –91, 300 – 301, 367, 385, 441, 444 Philippines, 371 Phlegra, 160 – 61 Phoebus, 48, 116–17, 128–29, 152–53, 208–9, 276–77 as doctor, 132–33, 146– 47, 172–73, 186– 87, 386, 387, 402 See also Apollo phoenix, 102–3, 379 Piccinini di Ravenna, Lucrezia de’, 414 Piccolomini (Piccolhuomini), Vespasiano, 120 –21, 349, 388 Pieri, Andrea Martini de’, 337 Pierian Spring, 433 Pierino da Vinci, 399 Piero della Francesca, 431 Pilliod, Elizabeth, 406 Pindus, 128–29, 178–79, 393, 413 Piperno, Franco, 13n, 17n, 46n, 51n, 328n, 373, 378, 404, 406 Pirri, Pietro, S.J., 11n Pisa, 26, 36n, 41, 44, 144– 45, 399, 423, 424, 434; university of, 327n, 365 Pius IV (pope), 323n, 375, 377, 417, 437, 447 Pius V (pope), 425 Plato, 30; Battiferra compared to, 1, 78–79, 366 Plazzotta, Carol, 1n, 354 Pliny, 385, 408 Pluto, 166– 67, 408 Po, 154–55, 402, 403, 407 Pole, Reginald (cardinal), 30, 439 Pollaiuolo, 427 Pomona, 212–13 Pomponius Atticus, 330 Ponchiroli, Daniele, 350, 363 Pontormo, 162– 63, 406–7 Poseidon, 406 Prague, 22, 32, 38, 332–34; women of, 33, 42, 332n, 333, 367 Praxiteles, 300 –1, 444 Premarini, Giulia, 403 Priam, 384 Primum Mobile, 370, 387 Prodi, Paolo, 403 Promis, Carlo, 384 Proteus, 160 – 61, 406 Psalms, Penitential, 425 See also Battiferra, Laura, I sette salmi penitentiali Ptolemny, 33, 333, 334n pumpkin, symbol of Accademia degli Intronati, 170 –71, 410 Pyrgoteles, 112–13, 166– 67, 408 Pyrrha, 160 – 61, 406 Quadrio, Francesco Saverio, 391 “Questione della lingua,” 328–32 Quirinus (Romulus), 9, 88– 89 Quondam, Amedeo, 50n, 363, 367, 369, 370, 372, 374, 375, 376, 379, 384, 386, 392, 393, 411, 415, 423 Rabitti, Giovanna, 369 Rachel (Old Testament woman), 432 General Index Rackham, H., 385 Raffaello Sanzio of Urbino, 15 Ragghianti, Licia and Carlo L., 15n Ragusa (Dubrovnik, Dalmatia), 12, 24n, 37, 439 Raineri (Rainieri, Rainerio), Anton Francesco, 51, 52n; Cento sonetti, 370, 378, 385, 389, 391, 393, 394, 394, 412, 420, 422, 440, 446 Razzi, Girolamo (Don Silvano in religion), 23n, 38, 42– 43, 45– 46, 48, 49, 71n, 148– 49, 164– 65, 350, 366, 367– 68, 401, 407–8; Della economia christiana, 42n, 368; poems by, 82– 83, 347, 350, 401, 407 Rebecca (Old Testament figure), 432 Reformation, Catholic, 1, 3, 11, 30, 34, 42, 53, 379, 406, 418 See also Council of Trent, Index of Prohibited Books Reformation, Protestant, 29, 308–9 relic of Holy Cradle, 312n Renaissance and Reformation, 1, 11 Reno (river of Bologna), 282– 83, 439 Resurrection, 431 rhetorical figures: adynaton, 395; alliteration, 383; anaphora, 374; antithesis, 382, 405; chiasmus, 432; hyperbole, 389; hyperbole, 436; hysteron proteron, 419; metonymy, 399, 438; personification, 378; oxymoron, 382; polysyndeton, 382; puer-senex, 377; pun, 400, 402, 404, 409, 414, 415, 419, 441, 443, 444; synecdoche, 50, 373 Rhone, 308–9 Ricci, Andrea di Martino de’, of Florence, 340 Ricci, Ser Polito di Ser Rosato de’, of Urbino, 336 Rigamonti, Giuseppe, 363 Rimini, 24n Ristori, Renzo, 46n rivers, personified as gods, 9, 50 See under Arbia; Arno; Indus; Metauro; Isauro; Jordan; Mensola; Sebeto; Tiber Robertson, Claire, 402 Rodini, Robert, 410 Romana, Celio, 383 Rome, 12, 20, 41, 88– 89, 94–95, 110 – 11, 122–23, 134–37, 186– 87, 202–3, 272–73, 276–77, 290 –91, 323n, 359, 375, 375–76, 380, 383, 386, 388, 395, 396, 415, 421, 436, 441; Borgo, 14, 427; Campo Marzio, 15; Casanatense Library, 3, 53, 70n; Jesuit college, 423; Lateran, 405; Palazzo Ruspoli, 392; Pantheon (Santa Maria Ritonda), 330; Portuguese Arch, 15, 16–17n, 337n, 392; Sack of in 1527, 15, 44; Saint Peter’s cathedral, Chapel of Innocent VIII, 15, 427; Santa Maria Maggiore, 312n; Santa Maria sopra Minerva, 388; seven hills of, 395, 398; University La Sapienza, 403; Villa Giulia, 19n, 47n See also Tiber, Vatican Romulus (Quirinus), Chiappino Vitelli as Ronna, A., 363 Rosselli del Turco, Niccolò, 19n Rossi, Properzia de’, 27 Rosso See Del Rosso Rovere See Della Rovere Rubinstein, Ruth, 15n Ruccellai, Laudomia (Laodomia), 128– 29, 349, 392 Ruccellai (Rucellai), Orazio, 392 Ruscelli, Girolamo, 383, 386 Russell, Rinaldina, 446 Saint-Quentin, 372 salon, 380; virtual, 36, 52 Salvi, Federica, 19n Salviati, Lionardo, 77, 79, 365– 66, 410 Sammarco, Ottavio, 348, 361, 383 Samuel, 432 San Gimignano, 441 San Giovanni, Florentine feast of, 49, 292–93, 354, 441 Sanleolino, Sebastiano, 48, 292–93, 362, 442 489 490 General Index Sannazzaro, Jacopo, 51, 404, 433; Arcadia, 393, 425; Rime e canzoni, 374 Sansovino, Andrea, Annunciation, 21 Sansovino, Francesco, 30n Santarelli, Giuseppe, 20n Sappho, 27; Battiferra compared to, 1; 25n, 26, 27, 53n, 79, 366– 67, 403 Sarah, wife of Abraham, 254–55, 432 Sarpi, Paolo, 447 Saturn, Cosimo I as, 98–99 Sberlati, Francesco, 24n schiera, 42– 43, 234–35, 401, 409–10, 434, 445 See also academies; anthology; Battiferra, and her circle; Battiferra, salon; cenacolo; salon Schioppa, la, 27 Schutte, Anne Jacobson, 25n, 416 Scipio Africanus, Chiappino Vitelli as, 9, 112–13, 384 Scopas, 300 –1, 437, 444 Scylla (daughter of Nisus), 415 Scythians, 92–93, 375 Sebeto (river of Naples), 126–27, 391 Segno, Fabio, 70n Sellori, Jacopo, 411 Sennuccio del Bene, 43, 414, 434 –35 Serbelloni, Fabrizio, 447 Sereni, Vittorio, of Bologna, 6, 17, 46n, 48, 51, 336n; also known as degli Organi 18n; death, 192–201, 418–21; will, 18, 320 –21n, 321 Serristori, Alessandra, 400 sgombrare, 328n, 329–32, 412 Shackleton Baily, D R., 375 Shiloh, temple of, 432 Siena, 33n, 325n; conquest of, 40 – 41, 52, 370, 372, 383, 388, 392, 399, 409, 423, 442; Cosimo’s triumphal entry, 23n, 41, 49, 100 –101 See also Accademia degli Intronati; Medici, Cosimo I de’ Signorelli, Luca, 392 Simone di Antonio (Urbino notary), 13n Simon, Saint, feast day, 440 Sirens (of myth), 84– 85 Sleep (sonno), 144– 45, 266– 67, 398– 99, 433; house of, 433 Society of Jesus See Jesuits Socrates, Battiferra compared to, 27, 79 Soderini, Fiammetta, 44, 49, 365, 388 Soderini, Francesco (cardinal), 21n, 44; garden in Rome, 388 Soderini (Soderina), Lucrezia, 44, 120 –21, 349, 388 Sodoma, il (painter), 392 soldiers, 49n sonnet, 5–7, 37 See also metrics sonnet exchanges, 5, 36–37 Sorgue (Petrarchan river), 84– 85, 200 – 201, 272–73, 369, 421, 436 Spain, 371 Spelli, Alessandro (priest of Urbino), 338, 338n Spelli, Camilla, 338 Spelli, Carlo, 338 Spelli, Emilia (daughter of Girolamo), 338n, 339 Spelli, Girolamo, 338, 339 Spelli, Lodovica (daughter of Girolamo), 338n, 339 Spelli, Nicolai, 338 Spelli, Vittoria (daughter of Nicolai), 338 Speroni, Sperone, 386 Spilimbergo, Irene (Hirene) di, 25, 26n, 27, 186– 87, 351, 416 Spini (Spina), Gherardo, 23, 32–34, 36n, 38, 42, 45– 46, 71n, 82– 83, 272–75, 276–77, 326–27n, 327, 332–34, 347, 353, 354, 367, 368, 398, 436, 437, 441, 445 Stampa, Baldassare, 385 Stampa, Gaspara, 53; Rime, 374, 385, 386, 403, 419, 426 Stati, Lucia, 426 Statius, 421; Silvae, 391 Stephen, Saint See Order of Saint Stephen Stoldo di Lorenzo, 399 Strada, Bartolomeo, 49n, 146– 47, 350, 400 Strozzi, Giovan Battista, the Elder, 21, 43– 44, 52, 128–29, 349, 379, 380, 392, 405, 444 General Index Strozzi, Giovan Battista, the Younger, 445 Stufa, Giulio (della), pastoral name Carino, 435 Stufa, Piero (della), 36n, 70n, 361, 366, 367, 414; pastoral name Alcon, 437 Styria, 33, 334 Suetonius, Lives of the Caesars, 416 Suleiman the Magnificent, Turkish ruler, 372 Susannah (accused unjustly of adultery), 242– 43; 430 swan as symbol of poet, 100 –101, 154– 55 Tansillo, Luigi, 52, 387, 419; Il canzoniere, 375, 380, 390, 416, 422 Tarquinius Superbus, 379 Tartarus, 408 Tasso, Bernardo, 26, 51, 52n, 53, 366, 387, 404, 415, 422, 427; Amadigi, 24, 25, 26n, 48, 386, 416; Amori, 8, 376, 379, 381, 385, 387, 394, 399, 402, 405– 6, 411, 412, 415, 416, 428, 434, 436; classicism, 8; free verse, 8; letters, 24n, 319n; portrait, 25f; Salmi, 384, 398, 412, 415, 425, 436 Tasso, Faustino, 30n, 362, 385 Tasso, Torquato, 16, 24, 25n, 378, 405, 406 Taurus (sign of Zodiac), 172–73 tenzone, 36 Terracina, Laura, 24n, 30, 36n, 39– 40n, 44, 70n, 304–7, 355, 446 Thessaly, 213–14, 393, 425, 438 See also Apollo Thetis, 280 – 81, 438 Tiber, 7, 48, 50, 82– 83, 92–93, 96–97, 102–3, 110 –11, 120 –21, 126–27, 136–37, 154–55, 164– 65, 168– 69, 172–73, 216–17, 244– 45, 290 –91, 302–3, 308–9, 367, 374, 376, 379, 383, 387, 391, 395, 400, 404, 409, 445, 447 Tierra del Fuego, 371 time, 142– 43 Tintoretti, 430 Tiraboschi, Girolamo, 16 Tiresias, 440 Tirinto, 388 Tirsi See Martini, Luca Titian (Tiziano Vecellio), 24n, 374, 416, 430, 439; portrait of Benedetto Varchi, 22f, 25, 366 Tizi, Giovan Battista di Girolamo, of Castiglione d’Orcia, 336 Toledo, Eleonora de, 39, 41, 369; Berecynthia, 98–99, 377; death, 24n, 36n, 276–79, 332n, 354, 365, 389, 399, 424, 437, 438, 445, 446; patronage, 323–25; poetry to, 6, 35, 53, 84– 85, 100 –101, 319n, 323–24, 323–25, 347, 348, 369, 378; portrait, 28f; as sun, 84– 85, 369 Toledo, family genealogy, 346 Toledo, Fernando Álvarez de (duke of Alba), 371, 372, 437 Toledo, García (Grazia) de (brother of Eleonora), 49n, 122–23, 349, 389– 90, 399 Toledo, Pedro Álvarez de (Spanish Viceroy of Naples), 52, 369, 372 Tolomei, Claudio, 373 Torrentino, Lorenzo, 323, 412 Trajan, 88– 89 Trent See Council of Trent Trissino, Gian Giorgio, Troy, 384 Tudor, Mary See Mary Tudor Turchi, Francesco, 361– 62, 425 Turks, 29, 88– 89, 92–93, 122–23, 372, 374, 383, 389, 390, 442 Tyrrhenean Sea, 120 –21, 130 –31, 394 Ugolini, Filippo, 12n, 406 Ulysses, Chiappino Vitelli as, 9, 112– 13; 384 Umbria, 120 –21 Urbino, 10f, 12, 18, 35n, 37, 48, 49, 51, 52, 90 –91, 102–3, 156–57, 270 – 71, 320 –22, 328n, 335, 336, 337n, 355, 373, 374, 375, 379, 389, 395, 402, 404, 405, 409, 415, 425, 439, 444, 446; Albani Library, 319n; convent of Santa Chiara, 47, 426; 491 492 General Index Urbino (continued) convent of Santa Lucia, 14, 336n, 337, 339, 426; Oratorio della Morte, 19f; Oratorio di San Giuseppe, 312n; Santa Maria della Misericordia, 404 See also Battiferri; Isauro; Maschi; Metauro; Spelli; Virgili Utz, Hildegard, 47n Uzzano, Alessandro di Marco di, 337 Valdés, Juan de, 393, 406 Valerius Maximus, 375, 379 Valois, Elizabeth See Elizabeth Valois Valori, Bartolomeo (Baccio), 77, 327, 365 van Mander, Carel, 29n Vannucci, Sebastiano (Urbino notary), 17n Vannuzia (de’ Vannuzzi, Vannucci), Anna, 336, 337, 339, 426 Varana, Giulia, of Camerino See Della Rovere, Giulia Varana Varana, Virginia See Della Rovere, Virginia Varana Varchi, Benedetto, 24, 38, 53, 154–55, 326n, 363, 366, 377, 388, 389, 404, 406, 407, 409, 410, 413, 434, 435, 436, 437, 443, 444, 446; Cento sonetti in morte di Luca Martini, 70n; correspondent of Battiferra, 2, 10f, 21, 34 –35, 43, 50, 319–20, 323–24, 326–32, 327n; death of, 26, 27, 28, 71n, 77–80, 182– 83, 319n, 327n, 351, 361, 365– 66, 367, 414; Ercolano, 328n, 396, 412; and Fiesole, 54 –55, 368, 397, 398, 399, 401, 406, 422, 442; friendship with Battiferra, 23n, 38, 52, 366, 369, 371, 384, 392, 393, 396, 402, 412, 431, 442; friendship with Tullia d’Aragona, 53, 366; pastoral name Damon, 50, 150 –51, 276–77, 401, 437; portrait, 22f; Prima parte delle lezzioni, 323n; Rime, 369, 372, 373, 378, 380, 391, 396, 397, 408, 409, 414, 415, 421, 422; sonnet ex- changes, 154–55, 270 –73, 284– 85, 350, 353, 354, 387, 401, 405, 411, 416, 441; Sonetti contro gl’Ugonotti, 29, 308–9, 447; Sonetti sopra il dolorosissimo e pericolosissimo accidente del duca, 440; Sonetti spirituali, 362, 393; Storia fiorentina, 366, 403; varcare, 407; Villa La Topaia, 42 Vasari, Giorgio, 377, 440; Lives of the Artists, 14, 15n, 19n, 27, 366, 396, 399, 437; Uffizi, 325n Vatican Camera Apostolica, 14, 319n Vatican court circles, 15, 20 –21, 39, 41, 110 –11 Vaucluse, 50 Vecchietti, Filippo, 406 Venice, 12, 33, 334, 405 Venturi, Adolfo, 23n, 409 Venus, 43, 98–99, 114–15, 120 –21, 170 –71, 210 –211, 376, 386, 389, 390, 394, 410, 414, 433; and pine, 425 Vermiglioli, Giovan Battista, 412 Vernaccia, Pier Girolamo, 12n, 14n Vettori (Vettorio), Piero, 27, 33n, 44, 70n, 77, 323n, 327, 347, 365, 366, 403, 413, 425, 445 Vienna, 332–34 villas, as literary gathering place, 2, 42; at Camerata, 54; Chiaia, 399; Cerreto Guidi, 380; La Topaia, 42, 397; Le Rose, 206–11, 417, 424; pleasures of, 51; Varchi’s in Fiesole, 323; Villa Giulia in Rome, 47n; Villa Imperiale in Pesaro, 18 Vincenzo da San Gimignano, 15 Virgil, 9, 17, 43, 51, 71, 112–13, 184– 85, 385, 403, 407, 413, 414, ,415, 421, 446; Aeneid, 218, 371, 373, 377, 384, 390, 391, 393, 402, 406, 408, 413, 426, 432, 433, 438; as Maro, 154–55, 178–79; Eclogues, 371, 393, 438; Georgics, 51, 371, 399, 406, 429 Virgili (Vergili), Angela, 46, 426 Virgili, Elisabetta, 338, 342 Virgili, family genealogy, 342 General Index Virgili, Girolamo, 13, 338 Virgili, Polidoro (brother of Elisabetta), 338, 342 Virgili, Polydoro (encyclopedist, historian), 13 Virgin Mary See Mary, Virgin Virginia (Roman virgin, daughter of Aulus Virginius), 94–95, 375 Vitelli, Chiappino (Gian Luigi, Duke of Cetona), 21–22, 39, 41, 46, 47n, 48, 49n, 344, 348, 349, 383–84, 426, 442; heroic iconography, 9, 112–13, 122–23, 372; Siege of Malta, 389–90; Sienese campaign, 40 Vitelli, Leonora Cibo de’ See Cibo, Leonora Vitelli, Faustina, 46, 222–23, 426 Vitelli, Vicenzo, 426–27 Viterbo, 14n Vivaldi, Michelangelo, 43, 44n Vivanti, Corrado, 447 Vives, Juan Luis, 372 Waz´bin´ski, Zygmunt, 33n, 367 Weaver, Elissa, 47n, 417 Weil-Garris, Kathleen, 20n Winspear, Fabrizio, 371 Wise and Foolish Virgins, 49, 300 –1, 444, 445 Wittkower, Rudolf and Margot, 354, 441 Zaccagnani, Guido, 11n, 23n, 406, 409, 430 Zambelli, Paola, 13n Zarri, Gabriella, 11–12n Zephyr, 246– 47, 391, 432 Zodiac, 370, 411 493 ... chastity and a future within the household Female writers of the following generations—Marie de Gournay in France, Anna Maria van Schurman in Holland, and Mary Astell in England—began to envision other. .. Bronzino, Laura Battiferra, ca 1561 2 Agnolo Bronzino, Laura Battiferra, ca 1561 3 Alessandro Allori, Christ and the Canaanite Woman, detail 4 Alessandro Allori, Christ and the Canaanite Woman,... men and may excel in wisdom and action Men and women are of the same essence: just as no stone can be more perfectly a stone than another, so no human being can be more perfectly human than others,