8khao-sat-ban-dau-ve-ren-luyen-ki-nang-thiet-ke-bai-hoc-cho-sinh-vien-nganh-giao-duc-tieu-hoc-truong-dai-hoc-vinh

KHin sAl HAN oAu vt HiN IUYiN Hi NANG IHlb Hf Hil HOC ~ " , -1/ " • CHD SINH VIIN NGANH GlAD DUC IIIU HOC IRWONG OAI• HOC VINH • • • ThS NGUYEN TH! PHUONG NHUNG* Trong cau true nang Il,I'cnghe nghi~p co ban cua sinh vien (SV) d9i hoc (8H) nqanh giao due ti§u hoc (GDTH), kinang (KN) thiet kebai hoc (TKBH) la mQ! tr9ng nh(j'n~ KN nghe g,uan trQng H09t dQng thietke (TK) la bie~ hi~n tieu bieu nhatcho tinh chuyen nghi~p cua nghS day hoc (DH) 8$c bi~t, xu the doi m6'i nQi~ung chu~ng trinh sach Qiao khoa dang d$t yeu cau moi d6ivoi giao vien tieu hQC(GVTH); nQi dung chuang trinh DH rnem dec, duoc TK thea huang dan", trao quyen tl,l'chu cho 'nha truOng va giao vi~n (GV), lam ~hat luqng hQc sinh (HS) kh6nQ tMp han chuan kien thuc va KN 8ieu khuyen khic~ sl,l'sang t90 cua nguOid9y, nhung cOng d~t yeu cau cao han tron~ nang Il,I'cchuyen m6n cua C}V 861a GV kh6n~ chI biet "nh~c 19i"kien thuc c6 ~an ma phai biet TK cac nQi dung DH, tinh hu6ng DH phu hqp, hay n6i cach khac, GVphai biet phat tri§n nQidung, chuang trinh DH Tuy nhien, ch_ungt6i nh~n thay rang, vi~ ren luy$n (RL) KN TKBH van lakMu cOnnhieu h~ chetrong quy trinh to ChLrcRL nghe Qua trinh dao t~o ,(8T),a cac trlfOngsuph9fl1 chua dam bao m(ltcach chacchan, SV sau trlfOng c6 du~ KN TKBH HQ phai hinh KN TKBH chuyeu bang dUOngmomam tren co sa,nhOng tri th~ trlfOCd6 va kinh nghi~m ban than 8a s6 SV g$p nhieu lung tung, kh6 khan thl,l'chi$n nhi$m VI,I, kh6th ich Un$)v6i c6ng vi~ Trong khu6n kh6 bai viet nay, chung t6i de c$p nhOng nh$n dinh va danh gia ve nQi dung chuang trinh 8T, phuong thuc RLKN nghe, KN TKBH cho SV nganh GDTH cOng nhu hieu qua RLKN TKBH Vi,$c lam ngoa! y nghia "ki~m chUng" chat luqng d~u ra,_con96p phan giup SV danh giadung nang Il,I'c de phan dau, giup gia~g vien va cac nha giao d~c nh~n dinh dung han ket qua 8T, tud6 kh6ng'ngCrng doi mOi, nang cao chat luqng 8T "ma ThlfC tr~ng RLKN TKBH cho SV ngimh G,DTHt~i Truong £)H Vinh 8§ dfmh gia hi$u qua RLKN TKBH cho SV nganh G DTH, chung t6i da tien hanh khao sat khung chuang trinh danh cho kh6a 8T 52; danh gia ket qua RLKN TKBH tren 60 SV nam thu (thang 1-6/2014) 221 T,p chi Giao dye so 361 2.1.fJimhgiiJn9i dung chtronq trinn,phuO'ng thtic RLKN nghe; KN TKBH cho SV ngimh GDTH Qua khao sat n(li dung, khung chuang trinh 8T chuyen nganh GDTH t~iTrlfong 8H Vinh, chung t6i nhan t,hay, chuang trinh RLKN TKBH dang ton t~i motsovan desau: 2.1.1 Trongquandiem !ie'pc?nxaydt,mgchLfO'ng trinh fJT,da b9C19hen che Hien nay, chuang trinh 81 ngh~, nganh GDTH duqc xay dl,l'ng theo quan diem tiep c~n nQi dung, tuang ung vOi mang nQi dung thi SV co KN gi Cac KN co ban duqc RL "kem" theo vi$c hinh cac tuyen kien thuc cua cac, m6n hQc nhu: PhLfO'ngphap d?y hQe(PPDH) Tieng V/~t, PPDH Toan, PPDH fJ?O due; PPDH cac '!7on Tlf nhien va Xa h9i Vi v$y, cac nang Il,I'c nghS nghi~p chua duqc hinh thcinh m(lt cach chu dich ma duoi dqng "tiem an", phl;l thuQc nhieu vao "co may" cua tung SV ma c6 duqc, Kf\{ TKBH chua duqc hinh mQt cach rang, bang cac bi~n phap 8T chuyen bi~t 2.1.2 H?n che've'n9idungfJT, qua khao sat nQi dung ~huang trinh 8T cua cac truong 8HSP khu vl,l'c Bac Trung bQ (Truong: 8H Vinh, 8H Quang Binh, 8H Ha Tinh), vi~c RLKN TKBH acac truong su~h9m th6ng qua cac hQcphan giao dl,lc hQcvahQc phan phuong phap bQ m6n, ngoai th6ng qua h09t dQng R L nghi~p vl;l su ph9m thuong xuyen Tuy nhien, tat ca cac nQidung DT d6 deu thieu hl;lt mang nQi dung DT ve TK DH, cac hQc phan Ii lu~n DH bQ m6n, SV duqc lam quen voi cac m&u gij.o an, c~uchua duqc tim hi§u bai ban, c6 h$ thong ve Ii thuyet TK D H; nQi dung RL nghi$p vl;l su ph~m thuong xu_yen,SV thl,l'chanh sOqn giao an dl,l'a tren sl,l'huong dan c~a GV photh6ng Nhuv~y, n(li dung 8T, SV thieu m(lt C(j Ii lu~n day du ve TK DH n6i chung va TKBH n6i rieng Dieu cho thay, "ph6i thai", ban than SV chua c6 nhan thuc day du ve ki thu~t TKBH, anh huang nhieu d~n h09t dQng TK va giang dqy cua SV sau sa tu * Khoa Ciao d~c, Truong f)~i hqc Vinh (ki 1_7/2015) 2.1.3 Ouy trinh RLKNTKBH chua hi$u qua Cac bQcong cu danh gi~ KN M?c du cac trvong da co bQ nhaqiao duc dachi r~ng,quatrinh luy$n t~p, RLKN chi coth~dq.t hi$u qua cao n~u ~i~m soattotca quy trinh: quytrinh tochLtc hvang dan, quytrinh luy$n t~p cua SV vaquy trinh danh gia Nhvng tht!~ trq.ngchung cac trv6'ng 8H co 8T GVTH, viec to chtrc RLKN TKBH mot chi dCmglai aviec hinh cho SV KN "b~t chircc", "lam thea mau" cac ban ke hoach DH cua ngv01 khac, Cac chvO'ng trinh 8T cOng chua co quy trinh neng d~8T cac KN nghe n~hi$p cO'ban, KN TKBH dL1Q'cRL thong qua vi$c RL to hqp cac KN DH cO'ban theo mQt quy trinh chung: Hlnh CO' sa If Iu?n ve'DH(thong qua DH cachQCphan Iilu~n DH cac bQ mon: PPDH Toan, PPDH Tieng Vi~t,fPDH cac mon TI/nhien va Xa hQi.J ? SV xem mau (giao an, bang hinh, gi6'dq.ytht!c tien ) ? Thl/Chanh t{/ng hqp (t~p soq.n giao an, tht!c hanh dq.y tren lOpgia dinh) ? a fJanh gia nh?n xet Qua trinh RL mQt to hQ'p cac KN: KN khai thac nQidung sach ~iao khoa, KN soq.n giao an, KN DH tren lap, KN kiem tra, danh gia ket qua hQCt~p clla SV nen SV chL1a co thai gian thoa dang t~t!c hanh luy~n t~p dung nghia, cac TK cua SV hau het la san pham clla qua trinh "sao chep", copy tv nhieu nguon khac nhau, chL1aphai la san pham tri tu~ clla cac hoq.tdQn~ lao dQng sang tq.o.M~! kha_c,c~ch thuc RL theo chien IvQ'cbai lop - hq.n che nhieu ve khong gian vathaigian RLclia SV, vi~c RLdVQ'ctien hilnh theo mau va ph~ thuQc nhieu vao von nang It!c tt!90 cua tCmg SV Tinh v~n dl.mg va ung d~ng tht!c tien chva cao, cac giao an cua SV nhieu khong satvOi tht!c te clla trvang thong T!on~ nhling nam qua, cac trvang 8H s~ phq.m da ket noi vi~c RL nghi~p v~ sv phq.m vOih~ thong cac trvang tht!c hanh Tuy nhien, vi~c TK h~ thong cac nhi~m v~ cOng nhu vi~c quan Ii, dieu hanh qua trinh RL, tac nghi~m tq.itrvang ph6 thong chva mang lq.iY nghia nhieu vi~c hinh KN TKBH cho SV 2.1.4 H~n ch{/ve'cach thLrcto'chLrckiem tra, aanh giaketqu8 RL M~cdich clla ki~m tra, danh gialadieu chlnh, dinh hvang va giup SV hoan thi~n_nang It!c ban than Tuy nh!en, qua trinh thvang dien vi~c danh gia mQt chieu theo quy trinh: S V so~n bai ? gidng vien cha'm ? aieu chlnh bo'sunfl (ne~ c6) Vi~c lam chL1a co y nghia nhieu doi vai SV, bai solvQ'ng SV do~g, giang vien cOng chi co the danh gianh~n xetnhieu nhat2 san ~ham/1 SV Trong do, vi$c tt!danh gia, danh gia Ian cac hoq.t dQng TK chua dVQ'cphat huy, bai phan Ian cac hoq.tdQngtht!c hanh chuyeu dvqc thl:Jthi$n bOiphvO'ng thUt hoq.tdQngcanhan M~tkh8.c, hi$n nay, vi$c RLKN TKBH cOng nhu cac KN khac tq.icac trvO'ng 8H thieu (ki 1- 7/201'S) chuan dau cho moi nganh 8T nhL1ngthea chung toi, bQchuan ch IdCmgIq.im LtcdQtong guat 8~ nang caochatlL1Ql1gRLKN nghenghi$pc~thecan cocacbo cong cu danh gia, n61athvac la tieu chuan danh ~ia cho qua trinh 8T, tren ca do, cac nha quan Ii kiem scat ch?t che han chat IVQ'ng8T sa 2.2 fJanh gia kef qua RLKN TKBH cho SV nganh GOTH t?i Truong fJH Vinh 2.2.1 Nhf1nthLrccuaSVve'TKBH Khao satnhan thuc clla SV ve TK~H, chung toi dasLrd~ng bang ti,Oi va 100% SV cho rang, TKBH la soq.n 9iao an £lieu cho thay, ban than SV chL1ahieu day du va hoim toan dung ve khau chuan bi,l$p kehoq.ch DH KhiduQ'c hoivethanh phan cO'ban cua KN TKBH, SV (10%) It!a chQn dung Phan Ian so SV Iq.i chva hin~ dung day du KN TKBH, co 53% SV dVQ'c hoi cho ran~, TKBH bao gam xac di~h m~c tieu bai hQCva chuan bj cac phvO'ng ti$n thiet bi DH Chung toi SLrd~n_gphieu danh gia nang It!c TKBH cho SV tt! danh gia, ket qua nhL1sau: Bang s V tl./ oanh g;a nang /I./c TKBH Mac thl!e hi~n Cau true eua KNTKBH Tot ChtJad~t yeu eau 12/60 (20%) 40/60 (67 %) 9/60 (15 %) 49/60 (82%) f}~t yeu eau 8/60 (13 %) KN TK mue tieu DH 2/60 (3%) KN TK noi dung hOc t~p KN TK ho~t dong hOc eua ngL1aihOc; TK phL1dngpMp ki 10/60 (17%) 15/60 (25 %) 35/60 (58%) thu~t DH eua GV KN TK cae phL1dngtien giang 22/60 (37%) 34/60 (57 %) 4/60 (6%) daY - hOct~P hOc lieu 2/60 (3%) 13/60(22 %) 45/60 (75%) KN TK moi trL1anghoc tap M~c du, 100% SV dVQ'choi dau nh~n thuc dVQ'c KN TKBH la mQttrong nhling KN quan trQng cau truc nang It!c nghe nghi$p KN dlIQ'Cnhieu em Iva chon xac dinh muc t6t nhat la KN TK cac p'huO'ng ti$n gia'ng dq.y - hQc t$p, hQc li$u (37% SV xac dinh muc dQ tot), KN cac em g~p nhieu kho khan SLrd~ng, nhat la KN TK nQi dung hQc t$p (82% xac,dinh amuc dQ chva dq.tyeu cau), bai cac em cho rang, vi$c TK nQi dung DH la cong vi$c clla nhlin9 nguai bien soq.n sach giao khoa Bang 1cho thay, so phan cO'ban cua KN TKBH, c6 den KN 2/3 SV chva thvc svtvtin, cac em chva hieu r6 KN dola gi, kithu~tth~c hi$n n6 Tom Iq.i,qua vi$c khao sat nh$n thuc clla SV ve TKBH, phan Ian ca~ ell} chua co nh$n thuc day du va TKBH sy yon nham Ian TKBH lasoq.n giao an, ma khong bietrang, giao an chilamQttrong cacsan pham cua TKB~ TKBH la hoq.tdQng tri tu~ co CO'sakhoa hQCva nen tang kinh nghi$m clla nha giao Con giao an la van ban ghi Iq.iket qua TK, la cong c~ ghi nha a T~p chi Giao d~c so 361123 thay cho tri nhccila nguOi day va hau nhtrno chi giup nguoi ta khoi quen ket qua cua nhLing gi minh da dinh lam San pham cua TK !huong duqc the hi~n van ban, ban ve, phan rnern di~n tl1, cac phuO'ng tien hoc lieu 2.2.2 'MtJc d6 tnuc hien KN TKBH Khao sat v~ rrnrc dQ thl/c hi~n KN TKBH, chung toi 511dl:mg phuO'ng phap quan sat, danh gia dua tren cac san pham cua qua trinh RLKN DH va thu duqc ket qua nhu sau: Bang Milc dq thl/c hi?n KN TKBH cua S V Tieu chi danh gia KN TKBH Tinh day du cua noi dung va cau truc cua KN Tinh hop Ii VB logic cua KN Muc thilnh th?o cua KN Muc linh ho~t eLia KN Hieu qua cua KN Muc dO thl/c hien KN Trung yeu Kha binh kem 5/60 28/60 27/60 Tot 0/60 10~ 18o/~ 147O/~ 145~ 0/60 (0%) 5/60 (8o/~ 8/60 1(13~ 3/60 (5o/~ 8/60 (13%) 8/60 (13%) 17/60 (28%) 20/60 (33%) 25/60 (42%) 14/60 (23%) 11/60 (18%) 23/60 138%) 27/60 (45%) 33/60 (55%) 24/60 (40%) 14/60 (24%) Do nh$n thuc n~n tang va TKBH chua tot nen muc dQthl/c hi~n KN nhin chung la chua cao (tll~ trung binh va yeu kem cao) Tfnh day du cua n9i dung va CaLltruc KN TKBH va tfnh hqp If ve' logiccua KN TKBH la thang danh gia muc dQ thl/c hi~n KN dung chuan, the hi~n ca nhan y thuc va hieu duqc h~ thong thao tac thl/c hi~~ KN, ch9 thay muc dQ d9t duqc cua SV thap (Io~i tot 0%, tren muc d9tyeu cau 53%) Chung toi nh$n thay, nhi~u SV thl/c hi~n chua dayducac thao tac can thiet toi thieu (tren 75%), ho~c thl/c hi~n cac thao tac chua t6, gran, vi~c t6 chuc cac th~o tac chua hi~u qua hanh dQng MtJcd9 thuan thl!C KN duqc danh gia dl/a tren quan sat tllng thao tac, ki thuat thuc hien TKBH cua SV dang g~p nhi~u lung ·tung· Th~ hi~n tan s,uat nhLing thao tac hanh vi sai, khong dung chuan ki thu$t (68,5 %); tll~ I~p I~i thao tac thlla, CI1chi, hanh vi thL!c hi~n chua thuan thl,lc Vi v$y, hi~u qua thl/c ,hi~n KN TKBH chua cao, cong suc va chi phi dau tu qua trinh TKBH l6'n Ket qua cac TKBH duqc chung toi xep 10~iv6'ih~thong cac tieu chi nhutren (bang 3); 100% SV dO'tkhao sat lua chon hinh thuc the hien TKBH lasoEIn giao an Vu diem l6'n nhatlada so 8V biet cau true cO'ban cua mQt ban TKBH; biet dinh hu6'ng cac ho~t dQng va logic cac h09t,dQng ~~y va ho~t dQng hQc (tren 75% SV d~t yeu cau), biet mo ta ketqua hQCt$p Cl,lthe (d~tyeu cau tralen 85%); phan a 241 T~p chi Giao dye so 361 Bang Ketqua esc TKBH cua SV Tieu chi danh gia Chuyen cac noi dung hoc ~p cac hoat dong hoc Co hOi trai nghi~m cua HS lliong OOgvoi cac d?ng beli hoc Tinh rnuc clich ctla heat dong Su tuong thich cua cac heat dong cua ngu6'i d?y voi ho?t dong n_gu6'ihoc Phliong ti~n DH toi liu Mo tei ket qua hOc t~p Cl) the The hien r6 cach logic y tliang DH mot Phan bo thOi gian hop Ii Tinh co dong cua TK 10 Tinh hieu qua clia TK Ket qua cac TKBH cua sv Dat yeu Chua dat TKtot cau yeu cau 5/60 30/60 25/60 (8%) (50%) (42%) 7/60 20/60 33/60 (12%) (33%) (55%) 15/60 35/60 10/60 (25%) (17%) (58~ 5/60 (8%) 28/60 (47%) 27/60 (45%) 15/60 (25%) 12/60 (20%) 5/60 (8%) 20/60 (34%) 5/60 (8%) 10/60 J17%1 35/60 (58o/~ 39/60 (65o/~ 25/60 (42O/~ 35/60 (58%) 10/60 (17%) 22/60 10/60 (17%) 19/60 (32%) 30/60 (50%) 137O/~ 5/60 (8%) 45/60 (75%) 28/60 146o/~ bo thOigian hqp Ii (d9t yeu ca~ tra len 92%); II/a chQn phuO'ng ti$n,toi uu (d9t yeu c~u 83%) Tuy nhien, SV g~p nhieu kh6khan khivietml,lctieu DH;trong cac TK m6i ch idUng 19ivi~c mo ta nhting thao tac, ~hting hanh dQngcua GV dechuyentaicacnQidung kienthuc sach giao khoa, cO'hQiduqc trai nghi~m cac hanh dQnghQCtuO'ngCmgtrong cac mOitrLtanghQCt$p chua duqc the hi~n (22% d~t yeu cau) Trong cac TK cLia SV, ytuCJng DH chua duqc thehi~n tinh logic xuyen suot bai d~y, tin~ sang t90 cac TK cun,g chua duO'cthehien nhieu Qua trinh TK m6i tinh den kha nang thl/c hi~n cLia ban than, sl/p'hu hqp v6'i nQi dung hQc van ma chua quan tam den kinh nghi~m n~n tang, kien thuc, phong cach, satruong hQc t$p cLia nguoi hQc Y kien xuat TrLtac het, can nang cao nh$n thuc cua tUng giang vien bQmon phuO'ng phap t~i cac truOng su ph~m c6 DT GVTH va vai tro cua KN TKBH B6 sung ho~c tang them thoi luqng v~ TK DH vao giang d9-Yphan Ii lu$n DH deSV c6dieu ki~n tiep c$n v6'i nhfrng tl/U mai nhatv~TK DH n6ichun,9 va TKB,H n6i rieng, til d6 SV c6 quan ni~m dung dan han ve TKBH Qua trinh hQCnen duqc thay d6iJllvi~c luy~n cho SV KN lam bai t$p sang hU6'ng dan cac em phan tich, v$n dl:mg, sang t9-o Chuyen tll,phuO'ng phap xay dlfng chuang trinh ~heo hU6'ng tiep c$n nQi,dung (SV duqc bao nhieu kien thuc) sang hU6'ng tiep c$n nang II/c (SV lam duqc gi sau hQc xong ch,uO'ng trinh) Dieu c6 nghia la, lay cac KN then chot, cac de (ki 1- 7/2015) KN co ban lam true chinh d(fK n9idung,c6nhuv~¥ mai hinh rnotcach chao chan cac KN can thiet cho SV sau tnronq.Tutruc chinh cac KN nghe nghi~p cSJ ban, can xay dL!ng duqc cac quy trinh huang dan, quytrlnh RL, quytrlnh kiem tra, danh gia tuang ting, ty d6 ~ha nang dem lai hi$u qua RLKN cao hen, chao chan hen Trong qua trlnh RLKN TKBH, can t