20ren-luyen-ki-nang-dat-cau-hoi-trong-day-hoc-toan-cho-sinh-vien-su-pham

ntN luyiN KI NANG OAI cAo HDIIRONG DAY HOC loAN CHO SINH VIEN SU PHAM o DO TH!TRINH* ~c ren luy~n coc kTnang dQYhoc (KNDH) cho sinh vien su phorn (SVSP)nol chung, SVSPTocn noi rieng la m9t nhi~mvy quon tronq va cOngla rnuctieudao tQOccc nha trvang SP.Khodn 2, di~u 40 LUQtGi60 due ndrn 2005 da neu ro: «Phuonqphop dao too trinh d9 coo d6ng, trinh d9 dQi hoc phoi coi trQngvi~c b6i dvong y thlrc ty-giac hQct9P, nang Iy-ctyhQc,ty- nghien ClrU,phat tri~n tv sang tQo, remluy~n kTnang thy-chanh, tQodi~u ki~n cho ngvai hQcthorngio nghienClrU,thy-cnghi~mlrng dyng" KNDH thi co rat nhi~u, bai vi~t chi gioi thi~u khai quat kTnang ilgt cou hoi (KNDCH) V va quy trinh rim Juy~nKNDCH qua trinh len Jop cho SVSP Toan Oay la m9t nhC;ngKN co ban, quy~t d!nh chat Itlqng gia dQYcuo giao vien (GV) KTnang dat cau hoi KTnangla kho·nangthy-chi~nthanhthQo,linh hOQtva co k~tqua m9t hanh d9n9 nao dObang cachv9n dyng nhC;ngtri thlrc, nhC;ngkinh nghi~m da co d~ hanh d9n9 phu hqp voi tung di~u ki~n cy th~ KNOCHla cach thlrC,kho nang khoi thac thong tin cuo GV nhc5mlam sangto n9i dung van d~ va d!nh hvong cho ngvai hQctrong qua trinh dQYhQc 1) Nhvng yiu tei lien quon ilin KNDCH: cau hoi (CH) dQtro co gay dvqc hlrng thu hQc t9P cho hQcsinh (HSLco dQtdvqc myc dich dQY hQc hay khong phy thu9c vao cac y~u t6 sou: + Ml,lc ilrch: can xac d!nh ro myc dich dQtCHI myc dich khac nhou se co cac CH khac nhou; + Ngi dung: CH can ro rang, ngan gQn,toot dvqc y d!nh can hOi,khongdvqc m9P rna d~ HS co th~ tro lai nvoc doi; + Deii tvqng: CH phoi phu hqp, vuo «SlrC"voi HS; + Thai gion: can xac d!nh thai gion tieu t6n cuo CH va quy thai gion danh cho CH dO; + Kit qua: CH dQt ro phoi co dap an ro rang, chfnh xac 2) phon lo(}i CH Dy-ovao cac y~u t6 tren co th~ phan chio CH IOQisou: + CH d!nh ~) hvong (CH lling): Hvong HS vco suy nghTm9t n9i dung nco dO,HSkhongcan tro lai hOQcchuc tro lai dvqc; + CH ki~m tro: la IOQiCH nhc5m ki~m tra ki~n thlrc cO hocc tim hi~u xem HS co hi~u m9t beoc (hay m9t chu6i) suy IU9nvuo thuc hi~n hay khong; + CH yeu cau hanh d9n9: HS thy-chi~n ccc buoc tfnh toon, suy IU9nti~p theo oay la IOQiCH dOi hoi tv duy, dO tfnh vuo «SlrC"can dvqc coi trQng 3) Quy trinh thlfc hi~n mgt CH: GV neu CH ~ HSsuynghT(cotfnh thai gion) ~ GV gQi HS tra lai ~ HStra Ioi ~ M9t s6 HS khac nh9n xet, b6 sung~ GV danh gia va k~tIU9n.Khithy-chi~n CHI GV can xac d!nh dQngCHI xac d!nh khoang thai gion phu hqp cho m6i cong dOQntrong qua trlnh (k~ ca thai gion HS dlrng len ng6i xu6ng); CH giang bai phai dvqc tfnh bc5nggiay 4) H~ theing CH: O~ xay dy-ngh~ th6ng CH cho m9t bai dQY,GV can quon tam d~n cac di~u ki~n: thong qua CH d~ chuy~ntai n9i dung bai dQY;h~ th6ng CH phai phat tri~n tv cuo HS cang nhi~u cang t6t, phu hqp voi n9i dung hOi, voi HSva thai gion cho phep o~ xac d!nh s6 Ivqng CH cuo m9t phan bai dQYcan thy-chi~n cac bvoc sou: - Xac d!nh cac bvoc di cuo phan bai dQY;- Xac d!nh CH cho m6i bvoc; - Tfnh thai gion tieu t6n cuo m6i CH va tfnh tang cac CH r6i d6i chi~u voi thai gion cuo bai hQcd~ di~u chinh 5) Thoi gion ddnh cho cac cou hoi (TGDCCH) cuo phon boi dqy thuang iluqc tinh nhu sou: TGDCCH = TGQD - (TGGB + TGDG + TGV + TGM); dO: TGoo la thai gion quy d!nh cho m9t phan dQY(do GV quy d!nh quy thai gion 45' /ti~tL TGGB la thai gion ghi bai cuo HS, TGDG la thai gion dien giang cuo GV, TGVla thai gion ve hlnh hOQcd6 thi (ch6ng hQn, ve m9t porabol: 1'30", ve m9t tam giac: 22", ve m9t tlr giac: 43" .L TGM la thai gian sli * Truong B~i hqc SU' ph~m - B~i hqc Thai Nguyen T_~~P_C_h_iG_i_aO dU C so_~_2_5_3 (k_i_1_-_1/_2_01~1) dl,lng mo hlnh (tuy thuqc vco mO.hlnh, eM dung cu th~ vo phlJang phap su dl,lng c1etfnh thai gian) Quy trinh ren luy~n KNDCH t~ong dqy hoc Toon cho SV: Gicmg vien cung cap co so If lu¢n v~ KNOCH ~ Giang vien c1lJara nqi dung, yeu cau sv xoc c1jnh rnuc c1ichva xay dvng h~ th6ng CH phu hop vai nqi dung ~ GQi SV trinh bay phan chuan bj, nhung SV khac b6 sung y ki€in, c1anh gia, thao IU9n ~ Giang vien chfnh sua, nh9n xet va k€itlu9n Vf dlJ: Remluy{m KNOCH cho SV khoa T06n thong qua bai dQy «DfnhIfCosin" (Hinh hQc 10): Bvoc 1: Xac clfnhmlJcclfchDH, tfnh cheftcuo nqi dung boi dc;Jy,Xac c1jnhc1ay 10 bai d9Y mqt c1jnhIf, CH se dung vai mvc c1fchgQ'imo c1~HS tv phat hi~n c1lJQ'c cong thllC a2 = b2 + c2- 2bccosA lam co sO c1~chfnh xac h6a nqi dung c1jnhIf Cosin Bvoc 2: phon tfch nqi dung boi hqc Xac c1lnh nqi dung trQng tam 10 Djnh If Cosin phon chia nqi dung bai d9Y theo tlrng c1anvj nho g6m: on t9P ki€in thllC cO (c1jnh If Pitago, phon tfch mqt vecta hi~u cua hai veda, cong thllC tfch vo hlJang cua hai vecta); cac phlJang phap chllng minh mqt c1jnh If (t6ng hQ'pva vecta); c1jnhIf va cong thllC bi~u di~n c1jnhIf Bv6c 3: Xac clfnhcla;lur;mgDH:HS ph6 thong, di~n c19itra Bvoc 4: Xac clfnh nqi dung cld clgt CH Nqi dung se c1QtCH 10: ki€inthllc cOlien quan c1€inbai d9Y, phat bi~u va cach chllng minh c1jnhIf, cong thllC bi~u di~n, ap dyng vao giai bai t9P cy th~ Bvoc 5: Nqi dung cac CHclgt ro Giang vien gQi SV len bang trinh bay h~ th6ng CH c1a chuan bj len bang c1~ca lap thee dOi, thao IU9n, b6 sung Sau c1ay 10 nqi dung h~ th6ng CH cua SV c1Qttheo mau giang vien yeu cau: - Chuo c1Qtc1lJQ'cCH (chi€im f I~ tha'p) - CH c1Qtra qua chung chung hOQcqua kho c16ivai HS, chuo co sv gQ'i mo giup HS tim ccch giai quy€it bai toon, ch6ng hen: «Hay chvng minh clfnh If?" D~ giup HS d~ hi~u han, d~ xcc djnh dlJQ'ChlJang giai quy€it, GV co th~ gQ'i y them bang coc CH khac: «Mqt em hay neu gia thiit vo kit lugn cua clfnhIf?"(nham mvc c1fch ki~m tro, c16itlJQ'ngki~m tra 10 HS trung binh); «Hay neu hvong chvng minh clfnh If?" (t90 ca hqi cho HS thoai mai dlJa y ki€in, suy nghTcua minh, gay c1vQ'ckhong khr hllng thu hQc t9P); «a, b, c clvqc bidu thf boi cac vecta noo? phon tfch vecta BCthonh nhiJngvecta noo?" (CH khi€in HS lung tung khong c1jnhhvang c1lJQ'cnen phon tfch theo hay veda, thee t6ng hay hi~u cua vecta ) GV cOng co th~ c1QtCH 10 «Phon tfch veda Be thonh hi~ucua veetanoo?" (nham myc c1fchbi€in c16i,c16itllQ'ng HS kha) - Cau hoi mang Hnh ap c1QtHS thee cach «dat tay chi vi~c" nhlJ: «Hay chvng minh bang phvang phap vecta?" D~ tranh c1i~unay, GV co th~ c1QtCH: «Ngooi cach chvng minh clfnhIfbang phvang phap t6ng hqp, cac em co cach chvng minh noo khac khong?" (CH gQ'i y: «Li~u co thdsv dlJngphvang phap veda cldchUngminh clfnh If khong?) Hay «Tv clang thu-c vecta hay binh phoong hai vi cldclvqc kit qua moi?" GV co th~ thay bang CH: «Hay chuydn hoa tv clang thvc clqdoi thonh clang thvc vecta cldtim ro cach chvng minh ?" Ta tha'y cach BC = AC - AB , c1QtCH sau c10ihoi HS phat huy cao han Hnh tfch cvc, chu c1qngso vai yeu cau cua CH tnrac - ChlJa sap x€ip cac CH hQ'p logic, khong co c1Qgan k€it giua nQi dung toan hQc voi cach di~n c19t tlr thlJC t€i f)6i Hlnh Thai TT N(ii dung CH Ml,Ic dich lOlliCH thuc tll9'ng oian - Thai gian dv Hay philt bi~u dinh Ii? Ki~m tra TB Tai ch6 30" Ki~m tra c1inh cho m6i cau Hay chUng minh dinh Ii? 1' SUy luan Kha Tlli ch6 Yeu c;\u himh dong hili chi mang Hnh Hay su dl,lng phuong philp vecta Suy lu~n Khii nt 30" Ki~m tra lJac c10an, chUng minh dinh Ii? Phan tich BC thilnh nhCrnovecta nao? Biiln d6i Khii 1'45" nt Yeu c;\u himh dong qua trinh thvc hanh AD dl,lng tich vo htJ6'ngclla hai vecta Biilnd6i Kha 1'30" Yeu c;\u hanh d(ing nt se dan c1i~uchinh ChUng minh a' = b' + c' - 2bccosA? Biilnd6i Kha 1'30" Yeu c;\u himh d(ing nt cho phu hQ'p nQi Gec A b~nQ 90 do? Biilnd6i TB nt 30" Ki~mtra dung bai d9Y Ap dl,lng giai vi du 1? Ap dung TB nt 30" Ki~mtra *** Thong qua phan trinh bay cua SV tren bang, Renluy~n KNDH noi chung, KNOCH noi rieng c16ngthai ki~m tra phan chuan bj cua mqt s6 SV 10 mqt doi hoi ca'p thi€it, c1ap ling yeu cau cua khac, chung toi nh9n tha'y nhCingsai lam SV gQP phai 10: (Xem tiip trang 20) ~T~~p~C~h~i~Gi~a~O~d~~c~s6~2~5~3~(~k~i1~._1~/~20~1~1)~ ~ - hQi Myc dich xlrng dang phai 10 rnuc dkh mol hooc chuo dot ducc xo hQi, hooc ccc phuonq ti~n d~ dQt rnuc dkh phdl mol Myc dkh dQt phai cu th~, khong chung chung, tnru tlJqng, khong qua hep, khong phai 10nhung cni vun VQt;muc dkh c6 th~ tro thonh hocl boo cue ca cuoc doL Muc dkh ST c6 th~ gQP nll ro, kho~g dlJqc ~hung nglJai xung quanh ti6p nhqn D~ tro thonh mQt nhan cach ST, cac co nhan phai donh thai gian d~ xac d!nh dlJqc myc dkh xlrng dang, n6 10di~u ki~n cua SY'ST - Giao dl/c tre bidt cach xdy dlfng chl.lOng Gloo due ST10mQtcong vi~c h~t SlrCphlrc tQPvo kh6 khan,Vl-vqy,hi€u ro co ch6tam II cuo qua trlnh ST,dQc bi~t 10nhung dQc di€m co ban cuo nhan ccch STse giup cho nho giao due ti6n honh giao due hoc sinh cue minh tro thonh nhung nhan ccch STc6 hi~Uqua Tai li~u tham khao Phan Dung Phmmg pbap lu~n sang tl;lokhoa hQc- ki thu~t ghii quyet van de va quyet djnh NXB TP Hb Chi Minh, 1998 2, Jack Foster Bi quyet sang t~o NXB Tre, TP He,Chi Minh 2005 trinh, ke hogch hogt dgng phI) hqp vai mvc Huynh Van Scm Tam IihQcsang t~o NXB Ciao dt,tc dich D6 10thi6t k6 mQtk6 hOQchhonh dQng H 2009 h~tSlrCcu th~va kha thi thlJChi€mmucdkh K~ Nguyen Canh Toan - Nguyen Van Le - Chau An Khoi hOQchc6n m~mdeo, linh'dQnS,phu hqp voi dl}ytiem nang sang t~o NXB Ciao d~tc, H 2004 tinh hinh thY'ct~va phai t1nhd~n cac di~u ki~n Nguyen Minh Trie't Danh thli'ctiem nang sang t~o NXB Tre, TP He, Chi Minh 2007 he trq, thai gian hqp Ii - Rim luy~n khd nang lam vi~c coo, d61a Nguyen Huy Ttl De cmmg bai giang tam IihQcsang t~o Vi~n Khoa h9C giao dl,lc,H 2000 khd nang lam vi~c c6 hi~u qud, hvng thu, say Nguyen Huy Ttl Tai nang - quan ni~m,nMn d~ng va me mgt thai gian doi Con nglJai luon dao t~o NXB Ciao d~tC,H 2004 lao dQngtrong trQngthai tY'nguy~n,tY'giac, vui ve Kha nang lam vi~ccoo th~ hi~n co nhanc6 th€lamvi~cday hlrng thu nhung di~u ki~n kh6 khan, thi~u cac di~u ki~n can thi~t N6i cach khac, d6 10nhung nglJai bi~t VlJqtlen mQi kh6 khan d~ dQt myc dkh, c6 kha nang tri wang dQ lao dQng " mlrC coo khoang thai gian doL Ren luyvn ki nang (Tidptheo trang 53) chu6n ngh~ nghi~p va d6i moi n9i dung, chlJong trinh, phlJong phap dQYhQc" ph6 thong D~ c6 KNDCH va vqn dyng tat thY'cti~n DH Toan o ph6 thong can mQtqua trlnh rEmluy~n thlJang - Hueinluy~n hc sinh biet cach gidi quydt xuyen thong qua cac 10Qiboi hQckhac nhau, voi nhvng vein de ggp phdi tren dr.rOngthlfc cac dai tlJqng khac va tv d6 tY'di~u chinh hi~n mvc drch SY'STcong Ian thi doong cho phu hqp di d6n ST cong nhi~u chong gai, thli thach Con nglJai can c6 y chi va ngh! h,c, bang T:Hli~u tham khao nhung hi€u bi6t va kinh nghi~m tkh loy d~ Bui Hien - Nguyen Van Giao - Nguyen Huu Quynh Vu Van Tao Til' dien Giao d'QchQc.NXB T£'r dien bach giai quy6t nhung vuong mac; can hQccach khoa, H 2001 binh finh, IQcquan, tim nguyen nhan dkh Nguyen Ba Kim Phmmg phap d~y hQcmon Toan thY'ccua mei kh6 khan d~ tim cachgiai quy6t NXB Ciao d~tc, H 2003 - Rim luy~n khd nang suy doan cho hc3 Tran Ng9c Lan "Sl'rdl,lngki thu~t d~t cau hoi trang d~y sinh Kha nang giup hQcsinh nhqn thlrc h9Ctoan a tieu h9Cnh~m tich CI,lCh6a ho~t dOngh9C~p cua van d~ nhanh ch6ng va hi~u qua han Day cOng10kha nang giup cho nglJai hOQt dQngST *** ST10qua trinh tQOra cai mOi,cai dQcdao c6 kh cho xo h9i Du moi hay dQcdao d6n dau, sanph6mSTcOngphai bat ngu6ntV thY'c ti~n Mo hinh cai mOiSTra boo gia cOngdlJqc xay dY'ngtil c,acmo hinh tam I ben ~)'v' h9Csinh" T(lp chi Ciao dt,tc, kl thang 9/2006 Bui Van Nghj GiaotrinhphU01lgpbapd~yhQc nhiing nQi dung C'Qthe mon Toan NXB DQi h(>c su ph(l.n1 H.2008 Petr6pxki A.V Tam Ii hQc hra tu6i va tam Ii hQcSlf ph~m NXB Ciao dltC, H 1982 Dinh Xuan Scm - Nguyen Anh Tuan NghifP V~t su ph(lnl Giao trinh danh cho sinh vien khoa Toan Truerng D~i h9C su ph~m - D\li h9C Thai Nguyen, 2003 T~pchi Giao dlJC s6253 _ (ki • 1/2011)