Vận dụng học thuyết nhu cầu trong tạo động lực cho người lao động 3

Vận dụng học thuyết nhu cầu tạo động lực cho người lao động Foreword According to the Oriental philosophy, human is microcosm where human is a organic part of the cosmos and is equal to the heaven and the earth, symmetric to the heaven and the earth and identical to the cosmos with same nature - physical nature spiritual nature, similar, connected and harmonious with the cosmos According to the present research viewpoint, human is an issue through the development of entire humankind, it not only develops in material but also in quantity and at present, it is probable to say that the human emerges in the central position in the mediation of the mankind The bigger increase in viewpoints is human issue, not only from scientists but also from politicians, policy-makers, managers… naturally, which is attached to the decisive role of human factor in all fields of the social development, especially in this time Ho Chi Minh ideology is a completely penetrated principle which taken human is a centre And all researches and theories show that human is always the most important factor deciding all social aspects If it is placed in a smaller social environment such as organization or enterprise, human is a decisive force for the existence and the development of such enterprise, organization To clearly develop enterprise, we must develop human and how to uphold capacity of labor at maximum is an issue that any enterprise wants to find the best answer For more understanding about method of creating motivation for labor in scope of this assay, it shall analyze in nature and relation between theory of Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs and Victor.Vroom’s expectation theory and apply these theories to analyze working motivation of worker of Hanoi Automobil Repair and Maintenance Enterprise Nature and relation between two theories: 1.1 Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs: a General: At the first time of Maslow’s theory, need of human is arranged under levels as follows: - Basic needs - Safety needs - Social needs - Esteem needs - Self-actualizing needs Maslow’s Hierarchy of needs is showed in a pyramid, needs of lower level are arranged at the bottom b Analysis: • Basic needs: It include basic needs of human such as eating, drinking, sleeping, taking a rest, air to breathe, sex… Maslow said that needs at upper level shall not appear unless these basic needs are not satisfied and these basic needs shall control, urge one person to act when these basic needs have not been reached The ancients had a sentence “a hungry belly has no ears”, to act, should eat, drink and meet basic needs When salary is not enough to keep alive employee, employee can not work for enterprise • Safety needs: When human has met basic needs, it means that these demands not control thought and action any longer, employee should need safety needs Safety needs is shown in material and spirit Human wants to have protection for its survival from dangers This need shall become an action motivation in urgent case which is disastrous to life such as war, acts of God, dangerous animal… When children usually show shortness of safety feel, they shall cry and ask their mother and need comfort from their mother This need is usually affirmed through desire of stability in life such as live in security areas, live in society with law and have house to live… Many people seek protection from religious belief and seek safety in spirit Through the research on two levels above, we may see that: to stop or prevent the development of any one, basic way is to intervene in their lowest needs Many people stand unreasonable and unequal requirements because they are afraid of losing their job and there is not enough money to keep alive themselves… to develop any one, must meet their lowest needs first of all such as good salary, proper preferential regime, stable house… • Social needs: These needs are considered as belonging needs belonging to any part, any organization or needs of love These needs are shown during the communication such as making friend, love, getting married, participating in a community, a job… This need is a trace of the nature of gregariously living of mankind from at the dawn of mankind Many researches show that single people usually have trouble with digestion, nerve, respiration than married people Many children at awkward age selected the way to leave this world with the reason “there is no surrounding person who can understand me” • Esteem needs: These needs are considered as self esteem needs because it is shown in two levels: esteem needs through their obtained achievements and self esteem needs The satisfaction of these needs may make a child more active in his study, a mature person feel freer • Self-actualizing needs: Maslow describes this need as follows: “self-actualization as a person's need to be and that which the person was “born to do” It is simpler to say that this is a need which is used its capacity and potential at maximum to self affirm, to work and to reach achievements in society We can see that there are many people who have gone to the end path of career, they are regretful because they have not worked as their capacity and wish Or in many cases that one person who holds an important position in a Company to leave it because such person wants to perform the work he/she want, that is a work “born to do” as said by Maslow That is to seek the way to uphold its capacity, intelligence and ability at maximum and human feels satisfactory with this 1.2 Victor.Vroom’s expectation theory a General: The expectation theory was proposed by Victor Vroom in 1964 and then it was amended and supplemented by some scholars, including Porter and Lawler (1968) Other than Maslow and Herzberg, Vroom did not much focus on the needs, he mainly focused on the result Maslow and Herzberg researched basing on the relation between immanent need and self-created effort to satisfy such need, Vroom separated effort (arisen from motivation), action and result He thought that it is not necessary for behaviour and working motivation of human to be decided because it is decided by awareness of human in their expectations in the future b Analysis : This theory focuses on basic concept: Expectancy: is belief that effort shall lead to good result This concept is affected by the following factors: - Availability of proper resources (time, human…) - Skills for performance - Necessary support to perform task (information, supervision, orientation…) Instrumentality: is belief that good result shall lead worth rewards This concept is shown in the relation between performance and rewards, in detail, it shall be affected by the following factors: - Clarity in the constraint between working performance and rewards received by the employees - Belief in equality of competent person who decides on rewards or penalty Valence: It reflects importance of rewards for the doer This concept is shown through the relation between rewards and personal goals Factors effecting to the valence are as follows: - Making effort to encourage to work - Achieved work performance is worth with the received rewards - Interest in personal received results/rewards Vroom thought that employee is encouraged to work when his/her awareness in three concepts or three relations is positive In other words, when he or she believes that his/her effort shall make better result and such result shall lead to worth rewards and such rewards are significant and conformable with his/her personal goals Because the expectation theory is build up basing on awareness of employee so it is possible to happen the case that although working in same company in same position, working motivation is not same because awareness of above concepts is different For example, if a staff wants to promote in work, the promotion is under high pressure for such employee Employee believes that when he/she does well, his/her shall be highly appreciated, such person have high expectancy, whereas, employee shall not build up his/her expectation if he/she does not believe in his/her result which is recognized by his/her leader 1.3 Relation of “Hierarchy of Needs” and “Expectation theory” Two above theories have close relations together because they server for life and development of human Above theories are based on five typical characteristics of viewpoint of human development, they are: + Human is centre of the development + Human is a mean and target of the development + Increasing position of human (including enjoyment and devotion) + Paying attention to make equality for all people in all aspects: religion, race, sex, nationality… + Making opportunity of best selection for all people in economy, politic, society, culture… and from this, direct to the development of each organization, enterprise: + Making employee feel secure to be utterly dedicated to work + Attracting many excellent employees and holding employees + Increasing and building up corporate culture + Stimulating creation of employee + Creating belief between employer and employee + Increasing employment productivity Applying above theories to analyze working motivation of staff of Hanoi Automobil Repair and Maintenance Enterprise (ARME) 2.1 Introduction Hanoi Automobil Repair and Maintenance Enterprise (ARME) was established on 20/10/2004 and was put into operation on 1/1/2007 − Business model and scope of production: Hanoi Automobil Repair and Maintenance Enterprise (ARME) is a State-owned enterprise directly under Hanoi Transport Corporation (Transerco), having head office at 122 Xuan Thuy - Cau Giay - Hanoi and specializing in car repair with medium scope of factory of 1.4 and over 200 laborers 2.2 Working motivation of staff of ARME Motive Motive s action reason which is a trend to satisfy needs, a subjective reason that human is desirous of reaching through its action Normally, human acts with reasons, may be unconscious or conscious reasons, thus to guide behavior of human, manager must bear responsibility for creating and maintaining the motivation of human Motivation: Motivation is desire and voluntariness of human to increase all efforts to reach any goal or result It is probable to say that motivation is the strongest motive promoting human to creatively and effectively act For a state-owned enterprise such as ARME with salary regime from a part of price support of the State, stimulating employee by means of salary regime and bonus is very difficult to compete with private ones However, to create motive and motivation for employees, the Factory has had the following concrete methods: • Salary Although, it is not as same as other enterprises, the unit tries its best to maintain income level so that is employees not leave (annually average salary is 4,000,000 dongs/person/month) • Bonus As an amount for bonus to employee who has higher achievement than expected of each unit, other than the effect of supplementing income for employee, bonus is a mean to evaluate responsible spirit and achievement of employee for the work and the enterprise, ARME has built up its own bonus regime basing on real efficiency (manhour, number of finished products, awareness of disciplinary compliance) and made monthly evaluation to make timely rewards • Creating safety in working environment and preventing risks ARME has built up its own safe and professional working environment and has improved working condition such as dust, noise, vibration, poison gas, microclimate, harmful microorganism… and equip labor protection means in accordance with the regulations Doing well social insurance, retirement regime, holding regular health check and notifying health situation of employee … are also to show the satisfaction with this safety needs • Ensuring logical working time ARME applies working time hours per day, 1.5 hours for rest so that employees have enough time to eat and take a nap after lunch in the Factory, support employees charge for lunch which is equal to eating out over 30,000/person/meal • Regime on training and improving working skills and social communication skills In the system of needs of employee, needs of training, social communication and esteem needs are high level ones To meet the third level needs, the Factory held the training in working skills at site and in method under each step in working seniority and held scale rising exam for employees This is an activity to increase and update new knowledge for employees so that they feel secure and self-confident to work and create closeness with the Company In annual activity, the Factory held exchanges in culture, sport, tourism, vacation and applied working method under team to create joyful sphere for the employees • Meeting esteem needs, promotion and selfcompletion needs Esteem needs: We usually see in life when a person is encouraged and rewarded bonus thanks to his/her working result, such person shall be utterly dedicated to work After joining an organization, we always wants other person respect and love us and we also strive to think that we have a certain position in the team The Factory created advantageous working condition to employees so that employees may develop by means of promotion, appointment and expanding work for employees and assign employees promotive works which may develop “personal trademark” for employees… Promotion is a necessary need of employees because the promotion creates opportunity to develop individual, increase position, prestige as well as power of employees and workers have opportunity to develop into team leaders, group leader, taskmasters… 10 Conclusion: Human resource is one in the decisive factors for the operation efficiency of enterprise, understanding the fact that motivation for employees is a difficult problem and has its own characteristic for each enterprise, ARME continues its research and finding out methods to stimulate motivation to make its sustainable maintenance and development 11 ... expectation theory was proposed by Victor Vroom in 1964 and then it was amended and supplemented by some scholars, including Porter and Lawler (1968) Other than Maslow and Herzberg, Vroom did not much focus... expectation if he/she does not believe in his/her result which is recognized by his/her leader 1 .3 Relation of “Hierarchy of Needs” and “Expectation theory” Two above theories have close relations... increase all efforts to reach any goal or result It is probable to say that motivation is the strongest motive promoting human to creatively and effectively act For a state-owned enterprise such