Slide Hành Vi tổ chức chương 2

Explain the relationship between ability, biographical characteristics and job performance.. Discuss similarities and differences between job satisfaction and the other job attitudes d

Chapter 2

Foundations of Individual Behavior

Essentials of Organizational Behavior, 9/e

Stephen P Robbins/Timothy A Judge

After studying this chapter, you

should be able to:

1 Explain the relationship between ability,

biographical characteristics and job performance.

2 Contrast the three components of an attitude.

3 Discuss similarities and differences between job

satisfaction and the other job attitudes discussed.

4 Discuss the causes and consequences of job

satisfaction.

5 Understand how to shape the behavior of others.

Ability*

• Refers to an individual’s capacity to perform the

various tasks in a job

• Is a current assessment of what one can do

• Intellectual ability is one of the best predictors of

performance

• The correlation between intelligence and job

satisfaction is about zero

• Employee performance is enhanced when there

is a high ability-job fit

Kinds of intellectual abilities*

1 Number Aptitude: Ability to do speedy and accurate arithmetic

2 Verbal Comprehension: Ability to understand what is read or heard and the

relationship of words to each other.

3 Perceptual Speed: Ability to identify visual similarities and differences quickly and

Multiple intelligences*

• Intelligence contains four subparts: cognitive, social, emotional, cultural

 Cognitive : traditional intelligence test.

 Social: ability to relate effectively to others

 Emotional : ability to identify, understand, and

manage emotions.

 Cultural: awareness of cross-culture

differences and the ability to function

successfully in cross-cultural situation.

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Physical abilities*

• The capacity to do tasks demanding stamina, dexterity (swiftness or

precision), strength, and similar characteristics

Today’s Question

Many companies have special rewards for employees to thank them for doing a good job or to motivate employees to do good work (incentives)

•List five different kids of rewards or incentives

•Which one is best? Explain why

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Submit Workplace Analysis

• Submit workplace analysis of strengths of a manager you know using

information from Chapter 1 Your analysis must be at minimum 300 words

long and typed in English

Biographical characteristics*

• Include age, gender, race, tenure

• Studies show differences in job fit, satisfaction and performance.

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Age issues

• Age—performance: relationship is important

• Performance declines with increasing age

• The workforce is aging

• Outlaw mandatory retirement of US

• Age—turnover :the older one get, the less likely to quit one’s job

• Fewer job opportunities

• Long tenure :higher wage rate, longer paid vacation, better pension benefits.

• Age—absenteeism: Lower avoidable absence; Higher unavoidable absence

• Age productivity

• Employee over 50 were more productivity

Major Components of Attitude*

• Cognition – an opinion or belief

• Affect – the emotional or feeling segment

• Behavior – the intention to behave in a certain way

Consistency of Attitudes

• People seek consistency among their attitudes and between their attitudes

and their behavior

• When there is an inconsistency, the individual may alter either the attitudes or behavior, or develop a rationalization for the discrepancy

Cognitive Dissonance*

• Any inconsistency between two or more attitudes,

or between behavior and attitudes

• Individuals seek to minimize dissonance

• The desire to reduce dissonance is determined

Moderators of the

attitudes-behavior relationship

• Importance of the attitude

• Specificity of the attitude or behavior

• Accessibility of the attitude

• The existence of social

pressures

• A person’s direct experience

with the attitude

Self-Perception Theory

• The view that behavior influences attitudes

• Argues that attitudes are used after the fact to

make sense out of an action that has already

occurred rather than as devices that precede and guide action

• Tend to infer attitude from behavior when you

have had few experiences regarding an issue

• Attitudes likely to guide behavior when your

What causes job satisfaction?*

• Work itself – the strongest correlation with overall satisfaction

• Pay – not correlated after individual reaches a level of comfortable living

• Advancement opportunities

• Supervision

• Coworkers

• A person’s personality

Effects of Satisfied and Dissatisfied Employees

• Job performance – strong correlation

• OCB – modest relationship but more related to

conceptions of fair outcomes, treatment and

procedures

• Customer Satisfaction – strong correlation

• Absenteeism – moderate to weak negative

correlation

• Turnover – moderate negative correlation

• Workplace deviance – strong correlation

• Learning involves change

• The change must become ingrained

• Some form of experience is necessary for learning

Any relatively permanent

change in behavior that occurs

as a result of experience.

Theories of Learning

• Operant Conditioning

 Argues that people learn to behave to get

something they want or avoid something they

don’t want

• Social Learning

 Individuals can learn by observing what

happens to other people and just being told

about something, as well as by direct

experiences

Methods of Shaping Behavior*

1 Positive reinforcement

2 Negative reinforcement

3 Punishment

4 Extinction

Schedules of reinforcement

• Continuous – reinforces behavior each and every time it is demonstrated

• Intermittent

 Fixed or variable ratio

 Fixed or variable interval

Schedules of Reinforcement

Implications for Managers

• Ability

 Effective selection process improves fit

 Promotion and transfer based on abilities

 Fine-tune job to better match abilities

• Attitudes – raise satisfaction by focusing on making work challenging and

interesting

• Learning – Use reinforcement instead of punishment

1 Explained the relationship between ability and job

performance.

2 Contrasted the three components of an attitude.

3 Discussed similarities and differences between job

satisfaction and the other job attitudes.

4 Discussed the causes and consequences of job

satisfaction.

5 Understand how to shape the behavior of others.

Discussion Questions

1 From the workplace, give an example of someone whose thinking does not

match his behavior How should the manager solve this problem?

2 Explain five ways that cognitive dissonance is an advantage at the workplace

3 Is job dissatisfaction a problem in Vietnam? Give some examples Explain

ways managers can help employees have higher satisfaction using workplace

commitment and improved supervision (or other strategies)

4 Which type of shaping of behavior is most common in Vietnam? Give some

examples of how both positive reinforcement and punishment CAN have

negative outcomes

5 Explain some ways employees in the workplace are not fit correctly for their

abilities or biographical characteristics Explain how a company can better match employee to job assignment

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Citing Sources

• You MUST cite your sources of information (from the

textbook, internet, etc in your Group Presentation.

• To cite your sources within a PowerPoint presentation, you can include your references or in-text citations on each

slide. You can (a) provide the references verbally, (b)

provide a reference list slide at the end of your presentation

with corresponding in-text citations , or (c) combine these.

• For any presentation, be sure your audience knows where the information, visuals, and other materials you use are

• Read chapters 1-7

• Group Presentations start next week.

 Group 1 Monday Chapter 4

 Group 2 Wednesday Chapter 5

• Mid-term Exam April 10 Chapters 1-7

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Group Presentation

Assignment

• Each group is required to lead discussion on some topic in its assigned

chapter (NOT THE WHOLE CHAPTER) You may choose your topic

• You MUST give credit for your sources

• Each presentation should be 20 minutes.

• Each person in the group must speak to get credit for the presentation

Presentation Topics and Due

Dates

• Groups 1, 2 (Decision making chapter 4, motivation chapter 5) due Monday

and Wednesday, April 3 and 5

• Groups 3, 4 (Leadership chapter 11, Power chapter 12) due Monday and

Wednesday, April 10 and 12

• Groups 5,6 (Organizational Culture chapter15, Change chapter16) due

Monday and Wednesday, April 17 and 19

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