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ch17 Student: _ 1. Good project management is especially important with virtual teams. True False 2. One way that project management differs from management of more traditional activities is because of the limited lifetime of projects. True False 3. Once a project is approved and underway, project managers are only responsible for effectively managing time and costs which, if done well, will assure project completion on time and on budget. True False 4. Matrix organizations transfer control of workers to project managers for the duration of the project. True False 5. Some organizations use a matrix organization to integrate the activities of specialists within a functional framework. True False 6. The project computing algorithm requires both a forward and backward pass. True False 7. A hierarchical (vertical) listing of what must be done during a project is called matrix. True False 8. An advantage of Gantt charts in project management is that they identify which activities can be delayed without delaying the overall project. True False 9. A Gantt chart is built using established precedence relationships. True False 10. The higher the node number, the longer the activity will take. True False 11. The probability of occurrence of risk events is lower near the beginning of a project and higher near the end of the project since very few activities remain. True False 12. The costs associated with risk events tend to be lower near the beginning of a project, and higher near the end of the project. True False 13. Although PERT and CPM were originally developed for somewhat different types of projects, they are now nearly identical in terms of analysis and procedures. True False 14. The network diagram describes sequential relationships among major activities on a project. True False 15. The path in a network with the average length of time to completion is called the critical path. True False 16. The sum of times of the longest path in a network indicates expected project completion time, and the activities represent the critical activities. True False 17. Path probabilities are calculated by dividing path mean by path standard deviations. True False 18. The main function of dummy activities is to clarify relationships in network diagrams. True False 19. The earliest finish time for an activity is equal to the latest finish time minus the activity time. True False 20. The latest starting time for an activity is equal to the latest finish time minus the activity time. True False 21. The earliest finish time for an activity is equal to the latest finish time minus the activity slack. True False 22. Many activities have slack time; if we add these slack times together, this represents the potential improvement in early completion for the project. True False 23. If two consecutive activities on the same path each have two days of activity slack, this means that each of them can be delayed by two days without delaying the project. True False 24. The task of identifying risks should involve everyone associated with the project. True False 25. Most likely time generally is more than optimistic time. True False 26. Activities not on the critical path have a slack time equal to zero. True False 27. If two consecutive activities have shared slack, this means that each of them can use only half of the slack without delaying completion of the project. True False 28. Deterministic networks use three time estimates shortest, most likely and longest for each activity in order to best determine the activity's estimated time. True False 29. Slack time is equal to LSES or LFEF. True False 30. Project management software eliminates conflicts when there are shared resources. True False 31. The standard deviation of the critical path is equal to the sum of the standard deviations of all of the activities on the critical path. True False 32. The total cost of crashing any one activity should never exceed 20% of the total cost of the original project. True False 33. If the expected length of a path is more than 2.5 standard deviations less than a desired project completion time, the path would not be a factor in assessing the probability of finishing the project on time. True False 34. In order to determine the probability of timely project completion, it is sometimes necessary to take into account paths other than the critical path. True False 35. The probability that the project will go beyond the desired time is equal to one minus the joint probability that all paths will be completed within the desired time. True False 36. A disadvantage of activityonnode diagrams is the occasional need for dummy activities. True False 37. Simulation can be used for cases in which network activity times are dependent. True False 38. Project managers are sometimes able to reduce indirect project costs by increasing direct costs. True False 39. Only activities on the critical path are initial candidates for crashing. True False 40. The optimum project length in crashing occurs where the cumulative cost of crashing equals savings in the indirect costs. True False 41. In PERT, the expected project duration will never exceed the expected duration of the critical path. True False 42. In PERT, the path with the fewest activities is referred to as the critical path. True False 43. Project management differs from management of more traditional activities mainly because of: A. its limited time frame B. its unique, defined set of activities C. (a) and (b) D. the requirement for use of the appropriate resources E. the need for planning and execution 44. Which of the following would probably not involve the use of PERT? A. planning and constructing a new city hall B. developing an advertising campaign for a new product C. designing and constructing a subway system D. writing a poem E. preparing for the visit of a foreign dignitary 45. Once a project is underway, the project manager usually is not responsible for effectively managing: A. the people B. costs C. resources D. time E. project priority 46. Which of the following is not a form of risk reduction in project management? A. backup system B. outsourcing C. risksharing D. scenario analysis E. all of the above are risk reduction methods 47. A sequence of activities that leads from the starting node to the finishing node is called a _. A. Path B. Sequel C. Trail D. Critical sequence E. Time line 48. Which of the following is not typically treated as part of a project life cycle? A. feasibility analysis B. planning C. maturity D. incubation E. alternative generation 49. A hierarchical listing of what must be done in a project is called: A. work breakdown structure (WBS) B. PERT C. planning matrix D. crashing E. critical path 50. A method used for establishing a logical framework for identifying the required activities for the project is called: A. Work breakdown structure B. PERT C. planning matrix D. crashing E. critical path analysis 51. A popular tool for planning and scheduling simple projects, and for initial planning on more complex projects, is the: A. activityonarrows network B. activityonnodes network C. Gantt chart D. critical path method E. program evaluation and review technique 52. To _ an activity means to shorten the time it will take. A. Speed B. Fund C. Crash D. Aggregate E. Matrix 53. Concerning PERT and CPM: A. These are two different names for essentially the same technique B. CPM tends to focus more on the critical path; PERT focuses on the parallel paths C. PERT gives a clearer indication of activity slack, while CPM gives a better picture of path slack D. Because of its recent discovery, much less is known about CPM than PERT E. All of the above are true 54. The advantage(s) a precedence diagram has over a Gantt chart is(are): A. its ability to reveal relationships among activities B. it can easily show networks C. (a) and (b) D. its simplicity E. all of the above 55. In a project network the critical path is the sequence of activities which has the: A. most activities B. most nodes C. most events D. longest time E. greatest variance 56. Which of the following is not true about the use of dummy activities in project networking? A. They preserve the separate identities of activities B. They clarify precedence relationships among activities C. They have an activity time equal to zero D. They have an activity time variance equal to zero E. They are used in activitiesonnodes (AON) network diagrams 57. Shortening activity durations is called: A. Expediting B. Crashing C. Vendor management D. Null nodes E. Tradeoff analysis 58. Consider the portion of a project depicted by this graph: What is the earliest finish time for activity 1011 (far right hand side), if the earliest start time of 810 (upper left hand side) is 12, and the earliest start time of 910 (lower left hand side) is 13? A. 22 B. 23 C. 24 D. 25 E. 26 59. Activity 78 is directly preceded by two activities—activity 57 and activity 67. Activity 57 has an expected time of five and an ES time of six. Activity 67 has an expected time of seven and an ES time of seven. Activity 78 has an expected time of 10. The ES for activity 78 is: A. 11 B. 14 C. 21 D. 24 E. 25 60. Which of the following is determined as a direct result of computing the earliest starting and finishing times for the activities of a project network? A. expected project duration B. activity slack time C. which activities are on the critical path D. variance in project duration E. maximum project duration 61. Consider the portion of a project depicted by this graph: What is the latest start time of activity 67 if the latest finish of activity 78 is 26, and the latest finish of activity 79 is 23? A. 18 B. 17 C. 13 D. 12 E. 10 62. A node has one entering activity, a, and two leaving activities, b and c. Given the following information, determine the latest starting time for activity a: EFb = 15, EFc = 17, LFb = 24, LFc = 27; activity times are a = 4, b = 6, c = 8. A. 14 B. 15 C. 16 D. 17 E. 18 63. In project network analysis, "slack" refers to the difference between: A. observed and predicted times B. optimistic and pessimistic times C. mean and modal times D. finish and start times E. latest and earliest times 64. Activity C has an early start time of 8, an early finish time of 12, a latest start time of 13, and a latest finish time of 17. Its slack is: A. 0 B. 1 C. 4 D. 5 E. 9 104. What is the probability that this project will be completed within 130 days? A. .8413 B. .90 C. .9544 D. .9772 E. .9987 Find the appropriate zscore and refer that to the standard normal distribution AACSB: Analytic Blooms: Apply Difficulty: Medium Learning Objective: 1707 Analyze networks with probabilistic times Stevenson Chapter 17 #104 Topic Area: Determining Path Probabilities Stevenson Chapter 17 105. What is the estimated expected (mean) time for activity E? A. 35 days B. 36 days C. 39 days D. 40 days E. 45 days Estimated time is [27 + (4 x 36) + 39]/6 AACSB: Analytic Blooms: Apply Difficulty: Medium Learning Objective: 1707 Analyze networks with probabilistic times Stevenson Chapter 17 #105 Topic Area: Probabilistic Time Estimates 106. What is the estimated standard deviation in the time for activity E? A. 1 days B. 2 days C. 3 days D. 4 days E. 5 days Estimated standard deviation is the square root of [(39 27)/6]2 AACSB: Analytic Blooms: Apply Difficulty: Medium Learning Objective: 1707 Analyze networks with probabilistic times Stevenson Chapter 17 #106 Topic Area: Probabilistic Time Estimates 107. What is the estimated expected (mean) time for project completion? A. 160 days B. 170 days C. 200 days D. 210 days E. 300 days Add up estimate duration for criticalpath activities AACSB: Analytic Blooms: Apply Difficulty: Medium Learning Objective: 1707 Analyze networks with probabilistic times Stevenson Chapter 17 #107 Topic Area: Determining Path Probabilities 108. What is the estimated slack time for activity D? A. 0 days B. 30 days C. 40 days D. 50 days E. 100 days Subtract the earliest finish from the latest finish, or the earliest start from the latest start AACSB: Analytic Blooms: Apply Difficulty: Medium Learning Objective: 1707 Analyze networks with probabilistic times Stevenson Chapter 17 #108 Topic Area: A Computing Algorithm 109. What is the probability that the critical path for this project will be completed within 210 days? A. 0.5000 B. 0.8413 C. 0.9544 D. 0.9772 E. 0.9987 Convert 210 days into a zscore, then refer that value to the standard normal distribution AACSB: Analytic Blooms: Apply Difficulty: Medium Learning Objective: 1707 Analyze networks with probabilistic times Stevenson Chapter 17 #109 Topic Area: Determining Path Probabilities Stevenson Chapter 17 110. What is the estimated expected (mean) time for Activity E? A. 31 weeks B. 38 weeks C. 39 weeks D. 40 weeks E. 43 weeks Estimated time is [31 + (4 x 40) + 43]/6 AACSB: Analytic Blooms: Apply Difficulty: Medium Learning Objective: 1707 Analyze networks with probabilistic times Stevenson Chapter 17 #110 Topic Area: Probabilistic Time Estimates 111. What is the estimated standard deviation in the time for activity E? A. 0 weeks B. 1 week C. 2 weeks D. 3 weeks E. 4 weeks Estimated standard deviation is the square root of [(43 31)/6]2 AACSB: Analytic Blooms: Apply Difficulty: Medium Learning Objective: 1707 Analyze networks with probabilistic times Stevenson Chapter 17 #111 Topic Area: Probabilistic Time Estimates 112. What is the estimated expected (mean) time for project completion? A. 35 weeks B. 39 weeks C. 50 weeks D. 104 weeks E. 105 weeks Add up estimated durations of criticalpath activities AACSB: Analytic Blooms: Apply Difficulty: Medium Learning Objective: 1707 Analyze networks with probabilistic times Stevenson Chapter 17 #112 Topic Area: Determining Path Probabilities 113. What is the estimated slack time for Activity E? A. 0 weeks B. 3 weeks C. 9 weeks D. 11 weeks E. 12 weeks Subtract the earliest finish from the latest finish, or the earliest start from the latest start AACSB: Analytic Blooms: Apply Difficulty: Medium Learning Objective: 1707 Analyze networks with probabilistic times Stevenson Chapter 17 #113 Topic Area: A Computing Algorithm 114. What is the probability that the critical path for this project will be completed within 52 weeks? A. 0.1554 B. 0.3108 C. 0.3466 D. 0.6554 E. 0.8277 Convert 52 weeks into a zscore, then refer that to the standard normal distribution AACSB: Analytic Blooms: Apply Difficulty: Medium Learning Objective: 1707 Analyze networks with probabilistic times Stevenson Chapter 17 #114 Topic Area: Determining Path Probabilities Stevenson Chapter 17 115. What is the estimated expected (mean) time for activity Y? A. 30 days B. 29 days C. 38 days D. 26 days E. 35 days Estimated time is [26 + (4 x 29) + 38]/6 AACSB: Analytic Blooms: Apply Difficulty: Medium Learning Objective: 1707 Analyze networks with probabilistic times Stevenson Chapter 17 #115 Topic Area: Probabilistic Time Estimates 116. What is the estimated standard deviation in the time for activity Z? A. 3 days B. 2 days C. 4 days D. 8 days E. 5 days Estimated standard deviation is the square root of [(84 36)/6]2 AACSB: Analytic Blooms: Apply Difficulty: Medium Learning Objective: 1707 Analyze networks with probabilistic times Stevenson Chapter 17 #116 Topic Area: Probabilistic Time Estimates 117. What is the estimated expected (mean) time for project completion? A. 135 days B. 145 days C. 170 days D. 180 days E. 255 days Add up estimated durations of criticalpath activities AACSB: Analytic Blooms: Apply Difficulty: Medium Learning Objective: 1707 Analyze networks with probabilistic times Stevenson Chapter 17 #117 Topic Area: Determining Path Probabilities 118. What is the estimated slack time for activity W? A. 0 days B. 25 days C. 35 days D. 45 days E. 85 days Subtract the earliest finish from the latest finish, or the earliest start from the latest start AACSB: Analytic Blooms: Apply Difficulty: Hard Learning Objective: 1707 Analyze networks with probabilistic times Stevenson Chapter 17 #118 Topic Area: A Computing Algorithm 119. What is the probability that the critical path for this project will be completed within 200 days? A. 0.8413 B. 0.9544 C. 0.9772 D. 0.9974 E. 0.9987 Convert 200 days into a zscore, then refer this to the standard normal distribution AACSB: Analytic Blooms: Apply Difficulty: Medium Learning Objective: 1707 Analyze networks with probabilistic times Stevenson Chapter 17 #119 Topic Area: Determining Path Probabilities Stevenson Chapter 17 120. What are the estimated expected (mean) times (in weeks) for activities AH? 15; 20; 10; 35; 25; 30; 20; 5 Feedback: Use the formula [to + (4 x tm) + tp]/6 AACSB: Analytic Blooms: Apply Difficulty: Medium Learning Objective: 1707 Analyze networks with probabilistic times Stevenson Chapter 17 #120 Topic Area: Probabilistic Time Estimates 121. What are the estimated standard deviations (in weeks) in the times for activities AH? 2; 1.67; 2; 4; 1.33; 3; 2; 1 Feedback: Estimated standard deviation is the square root of [(tp to)/6]2 AACSB: Analytic Blooms: Apply Difficulty: Medium Learning Objective: 1707 Analyze networks with probabilistic times Stevenson Chapter 17 #121 Topic Area: Probabilistic Time Estimates 122. What is the estimated expected (mean) time (in weeks) for project completion? 75 Feedback: Add up estimated durations of criticalpath activities AACSB: Analytic Blooms: Apply Difficulty: Medium Learning Objective: 1707 Analyze networks with probabilistic times Stevenson Chapter 17 #122 Topic Area: Determining Path Probabilities 123. What are the estimated slack times (in weeks) for activities AH? 0; 5; 15; 0; 5; 15; 0; 0 Feedback: Subtract the earliest finish from the latest finish, or the earliest start from the latest start AACSB: Analytic Blooms: Apply Difficulty: Medium Learning Objective: 1707 Analyze networks with probabilistic times Stevenson Chapter 17 #123 Topic Area: A Computing Algorithm 124. What is the critical path for this project network? Events 12567 (Activities ADGH) Feedback: Critical path activities are those with zero slack AACSB: Analytic Blooms: Apply Difficulty: Medium Learning Objective: 1707 Analyze networks with probabilistic times Stevenson Chapter 17 #124 Topic Area: A Computing Algorithm 125. What is the estimated standard deviation (in weeks) for the critical path completion time? Feedback: For the critical path, add up the estimated variances, then take the square root of that sum AACSB: Analytic Blooms: Apply Difficulty: Medium Learning Objective: 1707 Analyze networks with probabilistic times Stevenson Chapter 17 #125 Topic Area: Determining Path Probabilities 126. What is the probability that the critical path for this project will be completed within 75 weeks? 80 weeks? 85 weeks? 90 weeks? 5; .8413; .9772; .9987 Feedback: Convert each specified value into a zscore, then refer this to the standard normal distribution AACSB: Analytic Blooms: Apply Difficulty: Medium Learning Objective: 1707 Analyze networks with probabilistic times Stevenson Chapter 17 #126 Topic Area: Determining Path Probabilities 127. Within what amount of time (in weeks) is there a 90% probability that the critical path for this project will be completed? 95%? 99%? 81.4; 83.25; 86.65 Feedback: Starting from a zscore set by the given probability, solve for the specified time (given the mean and standard deviation of the critical path) AACSB: Analytic Blooms: Apply Difficulty: Medium Learning Objective: 1707 Analyze networks with probabilistic times Stevenson Chapter 17 #127 Topic Area: Determining Path Probabilities Stevenson Chapter 17 128. What activities make up the critical path? Critical path: ADFH Feedback: The path ADFH is longest, therefore it is the critical path AACSB: Analytic Blooms: Apply Difficulty: Medium Learning Objective: 1706 Analyze networks with deterministic times Stevenson Chapter 17 #128 Topic Area: A Computing Algorithm 129. In crashing this project, which activity should be the first to be reduced? D Feedback: A costs $8,000, D costs $6,000, F costs $7,000, H costs $12,000 Reduce activity D at $6,000. D is the most economical critical path activity to crash AACSB: Analytic Blooms: Apply Difficulty: Medium Learning Objective: 1708 Describe activity "crashing" and solve typical problems Stevenson Chapter 17 #129 Topic Area: TimeCost Tradeoffs: Crashing 130. In crashing this project to 18 weeks, which activities (in order of selection) will be reduced? Feedback: After the first week's reduction, A is common to both critical paths so is most economical to crash. A can only be crashed one week. H is common to both critical paths at this point, so it is most economical after A AACSB: Analytic Blooms: Apply Difficulty: Medium Learning Objective: 1708 Describe activity "crashing" and solve typical problems Stevenson Chapter 17 #130 Topic Area: TimeCost Tradeoffs: Crashing 131. What is the total cost of reducing this project by two weeks? Total cost = $14,000 Feedback: Add together the cost of crashing A and D by one week each AACSB: Analytic Blooms: Apply Difficulty: Medium Learning Objective: 1708 Describe activity "crashing" and solve typical problems Stevenson Chapter 17 #131 Topic Area: TimeCost Tradeoffs: Crashing 132. What is the total cost of reducing the project to 18 weeks? Total cost = $40,000 Feedback: Sum up all costs involved in crashing AACSB: Analytic Blooms: Apply Difficulty: Medium Learning Objective: 1708 Describe activity "crashing" and solve typical problems Stevenson Chapter 17 #132 Topic Area: TimeCost Tradeoffs: Crashing 133. Which of the following is not characteristic of good risk management? A. estimating the likelihood of chance events occurring B. planning to eliminate chance events C. identifying potential chance events D. formulating contingency plans in the event of chance events E. analyzing the consequences of chance events Chance events cannot be completely eliminated by superior planning AACSB: Reflective Thinking Blooms: Remember Difficulty: Medium Learning Objective: 1701 Discuss the behavioral aspects of projects in terms of project personnel and the project manager Stevenson Chapter 17 #133 Topic Area: Risk Management 134. Which of the following lead to simulation being a useful tool with uncertain activity times. A. paths that aren't independent B. activity times that aren't deterministic C. activity times that can't be crashed D. noncritical paths that have no variability E. critical paths with activities with deterministic time estimates Nonindependent paths make simulation useful AACSB: Reflective Thinking Blooms: Remember Difficulty: Easy Learning Objective: 1707 Analyze networks with probabilistic times Stevenson Chapter 17 #134 Topic Area: Simulation 135. Which of the following is not an element of the project management triangle? A. cost B. schedule C. resources D. quality E. performance objectives Resources are not part of the project management triangle AACSB: Reflective Thinking Blooms: Remember Difficulty: Medium Learning Objective: 1701 Discuss the behavioral aspects of projects in terms of project personnel and the project manager Stevenson Chapter 17 #135 Topic Area: Behavioral Aspects of Project Management 136. If an activity is determined to be on the critical, that means that it, and perhaps other, will affect project . A. direct costs B. performance C. quality D. conflict E. duration Critical path activities are those activities upon which project duration depends AACSB: Reflective Thinking Blooms: Remember Difficulty: Easy Learning Objective: 1705 List the kinds of information that a PERT or CPM analysis can provide Stevenson Chapter 17 #136 Topic Area: A Computing Algorithm 137. Activity J has a duration of 7 and an earliest finish time of 21. If J's latest start time is 16, this must mean that J's slack is . A. 7 B. 4 C. 3 D. 2 E. 1 J's earliest start time is 21 7 = 14. Subtract this time from the latest start time AACSB: Analytic Blooms: Apply Difficulty: Easy Learning Objective: 1706 Analyze networks with deterministic times Stevenson Chapter 17 #137 Topic Area: A Computing Algorithm ch17 Summary Category # of Questions AACSB: Analytic 64 AACSB: Reflective Thinking 73 Blooms: Apply 64 Blooms: Remember 54 Blooms: Understand 19 Difficulty: Easy 23 Difficulty: Hard 23 Difficulty: Medium 91 Learning Objective: 1701 Discuss the behavioral aspects of projects in terms of project personnel and the project manager 13 Learning Objective: 1702 Explain the nature and importance of a work breakdown structure in project management Learning Objective: 1703 Give a general description of PERT/CPM techniques Learning Objective: 1704 Construct simple network diagrams Learning Objective: 1705 List the kinds of information that a PERT or CPM analysis can provide 12 Learning Objective: 1706 Analyze networks with deterministic times 17 Learning Objective: 1707 Analyze networks with probabilistic times 61 Learning Objective: 1708 Describe activity "crashing" and solve typical problems 14 Stevenson Chapter 17 146 Topic Area: A Computing Algorithm 32 Topic Area: Behavioral Aspects of Project Management Topic Area: Determining Path Probabilities 31 Topic Area: Introduction Topic Area: PERT and CPM 17 Topic Area: Planning and Scheduling with Gantt Charts Topic Area: Probabilistic Time Estimates 20 Topic Area: Project Life Cycle Topic Area: Project Management Software Topic Area: Risk Management Topic Area: Simulation Topic Area: TimeCost Tradeoffs: Crashing 14 Topic Area: Work Breakdown Structure ... 19. The earliest finish time for an activity is equal to the latest finish time minus the activity time. True False 20. The latest starting time for an activity is equal to the latest finish time minus the activity time. ... 61. Consider the portion of a project depicted by this graph: What is the latest start time of activity 67 if the latest finish of activity 78 is 26, and the latest finish of activity 79 is 23? A. 18 B. 17 C. 13... D. finish and start times E. latest and earliest times 64. Activity C has an early start time of 8, an early finish time of 12, a latest start time of 13, and a latest finish time of 17. Its slack is: