THÔNG TIN TÀI LIỆU
CAU CHUY^M MOT AO AI\IH KHOA HOC JEAN FRANCOIS DORTIER T LTS: Tuc tho vdt td hay cdn goi id Totem gido (totemisme) trude ddy vdn dugc col id mdt tlid chd CO sd cua tdn gido vd tdn tai mdt cdch khd phd bidn cua cdc tdc ngudi nguydn thuy Tuy nhian, tir nhiifng nam 30 cua TK XX, nhidu nhd khoa hoc phu nhdn tu cdch dd Ho coi cdc bidu thj vdt td chi id mat dau hl$u khu biat, hodc mat kidu tu phdn ioai Do vdy, nd chi id mOt dnh khoa hoc Chiing ta hay tbeo doi didn bidn cua cdu cliuy$n ndy rong vung cac hd ldn (hd Huron, hd Thupng ), noi bidn gidi giria Hoa Ky va Canada, cd mOt lanh thd truyin thdng cria ngudi da dd Ojibwas Vao TK XVHI, nhiiu nha truyin giao, thuong nhdn va ngudi du hanh da tidp xric dupe vdi cac thj tdc san bdt va danh bdy dy Ngudi thi de cai dao cho hp, ke thi dl mua lOng thri cua hp, ke khae nria thi vi tinh hieu ky cria ngudi tham hiem Mpt nhung thuong nhdn va du hanh dy, ngudi Anh J.K.Long, da ghi lai nhring quan sat cria minh vl ldi sdng cua ngudi Ojibwas mdt cudn du ky xua't ban ndm 1791: Voyages and Travels of an Indian Interpreter and Tradeur Trong chuyen kl cria minh, J.K.Long giai thi'ch rdng nhring ngudi da dd ay dupe td chric cac bd lac, nhung bd lac lai chia cac thi tdc, mdi thj tpc mang ten mdt vdt Cd thj tdc gd'u, thj t6c ca, thi tOc seu, thi tOc rai ca, thi tpc ca hdi, thj tOc sdc Cac vien cua mOi thj tOc giri nhirng mdi lidn hd ban hun va thdn tOc Khi mpt vidn thj tpc gd'u don tie'p mOt ngudi cring thj tOc, ndi: "Hay vao di, anh ban, anh la ngudi cria thj tdc toi (cria vdt t6 tOi) ma", hodc: "thj tOc (vdt td) chring ta la thj tOc gd'u" Nhung ngudi da dd tOn kfnh nhung vj thdn bao hO cd khuOn mat thri vdt (gdu, chd sdi, bd rring ) hien len vdi hp gidc mo Cudi cring, nhung chuyen kl va truyin thuyet cria hp ndi ndng nhu nhung thyc thi lai, nria ngudi nria rria, hodc nria ngudi nria gd'u, ma xua da timg sdng tren mat trai dd't J.K.Long, ngudi ndm ngon ngri cua ngudi Ojibwas rdt tdi, da ket ludn hoi nhanh rdng vdt td cua mpt thj tOc ring vdi hdn vdt dupe thj tOc dy cring Sd301 Thing 7-2009 VAN H A NGHg T H U A T WVtlt MCOAl nhung nghi 11 cua nd Do vat td dupe bidu hidn d noi noi mpt chrit trdn vri khf, noi cu trri, dudi hinh thuc xam minh nen nd cd thi dupe coi nhu mpt vj than bao trp, mdt hnh hdn bao dam sy bao hd cho mdi bp lac Trong sudt TK XIX, cd nhung nha quan sat khae thdng bao nhung sy kien tuong ty diln d chau Uc, Peru, chdu Phi, Thdm chf ngudi ta xet doan rdng thi che vat td rat gidng vdi nhiing tap quan da dupe biet tdi d cac cu dan thdi cd, chdng han d ngudi Celtes, la nhiing ngudi cring thd linh hdn ddng vdt Mdt vat td tdc ngudi hoc Ndm 1865, nha tdc ngudi hpc ngudi Scotland John F MacLennan vie't mpt bai co ban vl vdt td Chamber's Encyclopedia, vl sau trd mdt tai lieu gdc dupe nhiiu ngudi dya vao J.F MacLennan cho rdng tuc thd vat td la mpt giai doan phd quat ma td't ca cac xa hpi ngudi diu da trai qua, bdng chung la nd dupe bao hieu p nhiiu vring tren the gidi Theo ong, cd le dd la ngudn gdc cria hien tucmg xa hdi va tdn giao J.F MacLennan cdn nhan xet rdng the che vdt td gdn vdi mdt sy cam ky tfnh due khong cho phep lay mdt ngudi thupc bd lac minh Tac gia cho rdng ddng sau sy cam ky ay la mpt sy bdt bupc dupe che day nhdm khuyen U|Sd301 Thang 7-2009 khfch mdt quy tdc "ngoai hdn" (thudt ngu tdc ngudi hpc ma dng la ngudi dat ra, cd nghia la bdt bupc phai tim mpt ngudi chdng d ben ngoai bd lac minh) Chdng han, nhring vidn cria bd lac qua bdt bude phai lay ngudi thupc bd lac chim ung (va ngupc lai) Hon nua, ngudi ta cd the tim thdy nhimg cam ky vl an udng cd lidn quan vdi vdt dupe coi la vat td: cam gidt va dn thjt vdt ay, vi dd la mdt ngudi anh em hay mdt vj td tidn Sy gdn ke't giria td chric xa hdi (bd lac), ton giao (thd mdt linh hdn ddng vdt), cam doan tinh due (ngoai hdn) va nhung cam ky vl an udng chua tha'y ndu d nhring nha tdc ngudi hpc ddu tien That vay, tri nhung nam 1880, viec thd vat td mdi trd mdt nhung chu dl dac biet ua thi'ch cua bd mon tdc ngudi hpc vria mdi ddi Td't ca nhring ten tudi ldn cua mon hpc nay- Herbert Spencer, Edward B.Tylor, Willam R.Smith, John Lubbock, James George Frazer, Arnold Van Gennep, Emile Durkheim - se lay viec thd vat td lam ddi tupng nghien crixi Mdt sd tac gia, nhu tu vien trudng Breuil (1877-196i) hay Salomon Reinach (1858-1932), cdn gpi y rdng cac vat dupe phat hien cac hang ddng tiin sri cd thi la bieu hien cua mpt ldi thd vdt td tiin sri Ddng sau nhung khae biet vl ly giai, td't ca diu ddng y coi dd la mdt the che'nguyen thiiy ndm nhring ngudn gdc cria tdn giao Ba cudn sach quan trpng vl chu dl dupe xua't ban ddu nhung nam 1910 Dd trude he't la cua J.G.Frazer xua't ban nam 1910, Totem gido vd ttic ngoai hdn (1), mdt cud'n sach dd so gdm bd'n tap, liet kd td't ca nhung du kien da dupe biet tdi vl chu dl vao thdi dd, va rat nhanh chdng dupe coi la mdt su quy chie'u Rdi de'n ndm 1912, Sigmund Freud (18561939) cong bd Vdt td vd cdm ky(2) Cudn sach la mdt kiiu kjch ban hu ca'u vl nhung ngudn gdc, dupe xdy dyng chung quanh dl tai giet cha Theo S.Freud, viec giet cha la nin tang cua ton giao va cua dao drie Cring nam dd, E.Durkheim cho mdt cud'n sach ldn ve Nhdng hinh thdc so ddng cua ddi sdng tdn gido, vdl phu dl He thdng vdt td d chdu Uc E.Durkheim (gidng nhu S.Freud hay J.G.Frazer), chua bao gid dich than quan sat hien tupng vdt td La mpt nha tu tudng phdng gia'y, dng khai thae nhiiu ngudn thu tjch dl de dyng len ly thuye't cua minh Diiu dd rat phri hpp vdi sy phdn cdng lao ddng theo each hieu cua dng: vdi nha tpc ngudi hpc vl viec chdm nom thu thap nhung dri kien diln da, vdi nha xa hdi hpc vd vide phan loai, tdng hpp nhung dri kidn de tim dupe mpt sy giai thich chung Trong nhung ngudn THE GICH VA^JJd^A dupe E.Durkheim su dung, CO nhiiu cudc diiu tra cdn than vl vide thd vat td chdu Uc cria Francis J.Gillen (1856-1912) va Baldwin Spencer (1860-1929) Ngudi Irland F.J.Gillen da di cu sang chau Uc, noi dng lam nghi didn tin vidn Nha nghien crin ty hpc quan tdm tdi thd dan va nhiiu ndm da tfch Iriy dupe nhiiu sy quan sat vl ldi sdng cua hp Vide ong gap B.Spencer, mdt nha ty nhidn hpc, giao su d Melbourne da tdi khu vyc de tim kiem drii cd trii (mdt thri chudt ehui cd trii), la cd y nghia quyet djnh Hai dng quyet dinh lien kit vdi dl nghien crin thd dan Hp cring cdng bd nhiiu cudc nghien cun ma vl sau trd nhung tai lieu co sd khdng the bd qua dupe Trong dd hp md ta ti mi nhung phong tuc, nhring tfn ngudng va nhring nghi thric cua cac bp lac d mien nam va miin bdc chdu Uc d nhumg ngudi thd dan Thd ddn thudng sdng bay vai ca thi, tri mudi de'n hai muoi ngudi, tuong ring vdi mdt hai gia dinh: chang han hai anh em va nhung ngudi vp cua hp (theo che nhiiu vp va cd the cd hai hay ba vp) va cai Dan ong lam cdng viec sdn bdt (kanguru, da diiu, ) nhu mdt hoat ddng sang trpng ma dan ba bj cam, cung nhu lam nhung nghi thric tdn giao chu ye'u Dan ba thi hai lupm (cac qua mpng, trting, thdn ldn, trring ) va giri Iria Nhring nhdm gia dinh nhd du cu tren cring mpt lanh thd dy lien kit vdi bdng nhung lien he bd lac Mdi bd lac, nhu cua ngudi Walpiri hay ngudi Arunta, chia lam hai, bdn hay tam thj tpc va mang nhung ten gpi khae Hp cd nhring quy tdc xac djnh rd nhring ludt le hon nhdn giria cac bp lac dy Neu bd lac chia hai (trudng hpp don gian nhd't), thi nhring vidn cria thj tpc A nhd't thiet phai tim cho dupe mpt ngudi chdng d thj tpc B va ngupc lai Khi cac bd lac chia nhiiu thj tdc, cac quy tdc kit hdn trd nen rat phric tap Vao mpt sd thdi ky ndm, vien cria nhiiu thj tpc thudng tu tap nhung nghi ll ldn keo dai nhiiu Nhring nghi ll ay dua tdi nhung nghi thric ca hat va nhay mria nhiiu gid liin, thdn hinh to ve nhung huy hieu cua thj tpc minh Ngudi ta lpi dung nhring nghi ll dy de ve len nin da't, len vd cdy hodc len vach hang da nhiiu hinh anh ma chi nhung ngudi da qua ll trudng mdi cd the "dpc" dupe Mdi thj tdc cdn cd nhiing huyIn thoai phric tap phri hpp vdi thdi gian ndm mo (dreamtime), mdt kieu xri sd ben cd nhring linh hdn lam sdng day the gidi Trong nhung linh hdn dy, nhiiu linh hdn mang ten ddng vdt hay cay cdi: gidc mo vdt cd trii dudi quan, gidc mo thdn ldn, gidc mo ngoi sao, F.J.Gillen va Spencer cdn gpi sy tdn tai cua nhung vdt thieng, nhu churinga, mot vat bdng gd hay bdng da dupe dung lam noi trri cho mdt linh hdn td tidn, ma mdt sd dd ro rang dupe dring cho vide thd vat td Nhring nghi 11 tap the ldn d'y, nhu da dupe F.J.Gillen va B.Spencer cho biet, khien cho E.Durkheim rat quan tam, vi ong thdy dd la mpt nhring nin tang cua ton giao chau Uc, va dd, cria viec thd vdt td Gidng nhu dd'i vdi nhung nha tpc ngudi hpc khae, viec thd vat td ddi vdi E.Durkheim la hinh thric ddu tien cria ton giao Nhung ong lai bac bd nhung ludn diim cria cac tac gia khae, nhu E.B.Tylor, J.G.Frazer hay Max Muller (18231900), nhung ngudi timg giai thi'ch sy ddi cria ton giao bdng tam ly ca nhan: nhu cau giai thi'ch nhung bf dn cria ty nhien hay dl dupe che chd ddi vdi nhring bf dn ay Viec thd vat td, E.Durkheim nhan xit, trude hit la mpt hien tupng tap thi Linh hdn - vat td dupe tdn sring bdi mpt nhdm lay nd lam biiu hieu (embleme) Luan diim trung tdm cua E.Durkheim, vi the, cho rdng ton giao vdt td cd chric ndng gdn kit nhung vien cua xa hpi vdi Khi ton sring mpt vj thdn dupe biiu hien bdng mdt vat td tap thi, ngudi ta chi thieng lieng hda mpt Sd 301 n | i Thang 7-2009 VAN H A NGHg T H U A T MWbfC MCOAi each v6 thric mdi lien hd gdn hp vdi Vat td chi la sy phan anh ly tudng xa hdi cua hp "Thupng de' la xa hdi", E.Durkheim tdm tdt nhu vdy; va nhring vj than hien than dudi hinh thric ddng vat hay cay cdi vat td chi la hinh anh hien than cua nhdm Rdt cupc, thd vdt td khdng phai la mdt sy sring bai vdt ma la thd cring mdt sric manh dem lai linh hdn cho nd: mana Khi thd dan cdu xin linh hdn cua chd sdi hay cria rdn cdu vdng, thi dd la mdt sric manh che gidu, "linh hdn" hay mana (sric manh, linh hdn ), dupe hp dya vao ma khdng phai la ban thdn vat Theo E.Durkheim, chi cd nhring cudc tu hpi ldn cua hp, nhu F.J.Gillen va B.Spencer mo ta rat rd, cd ca hat va nhay mria, dd nhdm mdi cd y thric vl ban than nd Vao djp nay, nhdm tao mpt bieu tupng thdng nha't cua nd qua nhung hinh anh tupng trung (nhung hinh ddng vat va thyc vat) Va den lupt nd, biiu tupng tap the d'y tao xa hpi bdng each gdn kit nhring vien cria nd chung quanh mdt bieu hieu chung Nhu vay, thd vat td la "mdt cpng ddng tinh than" dupe ren drie bdi mdt sue manh tdm thdn vo hinh (mana) hien than dudi nhung hinh thric khae theo timg nhdm: mdt chim cdt, mdt chim ung, mpt thdn ldn, mpt rdn, doi mpt vang trang ludi liim Sd301 Thang 7-2009 NhOmg nam 30: nhiimg phe phan va viec giai cau true Nhung khdng phai ta't ca cac nha tpc ngudi hpc diu tan quan diim vl vai trd trung tdm cria vdt td d'y Trong nhring cdng trinh nghien crin vl thd vat td tich ddn lai, thi mdt sd tac gia bdt ddu thay tinh nudc ddi cua thudt ngri nay, tham chi nghi ngd tfnh thd'ng nhd't cua hien tupng Franz Boas (1858-1942), mdt ten tudi ldn cua nhan hpc My, nhdn xet rdng tri vdt td dupe dring de md ta nhung hien thyc khae Mdt nhring hpc trd cria ong, Alexander A.Goldenweiser (1880-1940), da chring muih mdt loat nghidn crin d ngudi Iroquois rdng nhiiu bd lac khdng cd sy tuong ring giria vide gpi thj tdc minh vdi tdn mpt vat va viec thd cring ddi vdi vat ay Cung vay, sy lien ke't giua thd vdt td va cdm ky tfnh due hay dn udng la khdng cd tfnh he thdng Chdng han, d ngudi Iroquois, neu cac thj tdc dupe chi bdng tdn gpi nhung chim hay nhiing vdt cd vri, thi khdng cd mdt cam ky nao khong dupe dn vdt d'y; cring the, hp khdng sung kinh vat ay nhu mdt vj td tidn A.Goldenweiser, dd, da lam ldn lidn ket td chric thj tdc (dupe ddng nhd't vdi tdn mdt vdt), vide thd cac thdn Unh va cac quy tdc hdn nhdn mdt he thdng thdng nhd't Vide nghien crin trudng hpp Polynesie cring gdp phdn lam nd tung khai nidm thd vdt td Nam 1914, nha tdm ly hpc William H.Rivers (18641922) tudng rdng cd thi chumg minh sy tdn tai cria vide thd vat td trdn hdn dao nhd Ttkopia Nhung vai nam sau, ngudi Anh Raymond W.Firth da lay lai hd so d'y va chumg minh rdng vide thd vat td cua Rivers trdn thyc te la tuong ring vdi nhung thi che khdng an khdp nhau: mdt bdn la td chuc cua thj tdc, va mdt bdn la mdi lidn he ma thudt - tdn giao giua ngudi va vdt Khdng cd sy tuong ring giua vide tu gpi bdng tdn mdt vdt va viec tdn thd nd, cung nhu khdng co chuyen lay ga trd'ng Gaulois lam bieu hidu cua nudc Phap tai mdt sd mdn the thao cd nghia la ngudi Phap thyc hanh mdt sy tho cung ga trdng, hay coi no nhu td tien cria hp va khdng an thjt nd! Tri nhCmg ndm 30, vide thd vdt td ma cho tdi lric dd la mdt nhung nin tang nghidn cihi nhdn hpc, da bdt ddu tan Mdt sd tac gia, nhuAdolphus P.Elkin (18911979), xudt phat tri nhung cudc diiu tra so sanh d chdu Dai duong, da lam v5 tung khai nidm bdng each phan bidt nhimg each thd vdt td ca nhdn, tinh due thj tdc, dja phuong, phric h(tp, mdi each cd nhOng hanh vi xa hdi khae Mdt sd tac gia khae tham chf cdn di tdi chd tri bd khai nidm Cang nd cang bj cac nha tdc ngudi hpc xudt sdc, nhu TH£' GI(^l_VANJi6A Robert Lowie (1883-1957), Alfred Radcliffe Brown (1881-1955) hay Edward Evans Pritchard (1902-1973) coi la gia tao Tri nhring ndm 1940, vide thd vdt td bdt ddu mdt di sy quan tdm cua tpc ngudi hpc ddi vdi nd Nhung tac gia cdn tidp tuc ndi tdi nd tri chi coi nd nhu mdt lien hd rdt chung dl thdng nha't mdt nhdm ngudi vdi mdt cai tdn ddng vdt Claude Levi Strauss: suy nghi lai ve viec thd vat td The nhung, ndm 1962, Claude Levi Strauss da lay lai hd so va cdng bd mdt cud'n sach nhd: Thd vdt to ngdy Vl cdn ban, nha nhdn hpc tan nhung su phe phan cria nhung ngudi di trude minh Ong bac bd sy ddng nhd't giria ten gpi cua mdt thj tdc, tin ngudng ton giao va cac quy tdc ngoai hdn Nhung khdng chi bac bd, dng cdn dl xudng mdt dudng khae: suy nghi lai vl hidn tupng vdt td mdt cai khung giai thi'ch mdi Tri cai ngudi ta gpi la thd vdt td, nha nhdn hpc ngudi Phap dl nghj chi giu lai mdt yeu td: ten gpi mdt thj tpc bdng mdt cai ten ddng vdt, cdy cdi hay mdt hien tupng ty nhien nao khae (mdt chim, mdt cai cdy, mat trdi, sdm set, ) Dd'i vdi C.Levi Strauss, mdi lidn he chi la m6t hinh thric "xung danh", nghia la mdt each dl cho nhdm ty gpi Chinh xac hon, dd la mdt each ty xac djnh dd'i vdi cac thi tdc khae Vi cai cdn ban la ndm sy ddi lap va sy gidng vdi cac thj tdc khae O ddy, C.Levi Strauss lay lai, bdng each phd quat hda, mpt y tudng da cd d E.Durkheim, Henri Bergson (1859-1941) va cua A.Radcliffe Brown Bdng each ty gpi la "chd sdi", khdng phai la dl mdt nhdm khdng djnh mdt nguydn tdc ddng nhd't ddi vdi nhung vidn cria nd, dd trude hit la dl xac djnh mdt ddu hieu phdn biet vdi cac thj tdc lang giing Cac thj tpc Uc d triln sdng Darling, d Nouve Galles phi'a Nam cho chring ta mdt vf du rd rang Cac thj tdc chia hai nria; thj tpc chim cdt va thj tdc qua Ca hai diu la nhring chim dn thjt Nhung tren mpt binh dien khae, chim cdt va qua ddi lap vdi nhau: mdt ben la loai chim sdn mdi, ben la loai chim kin kin bat nhan (charognard) Gidng vl mdt vai mat, chring lai ngupc vl mpt vai mat khae Va dd chi'nh la hien tupng vdt td, theo C.Levi Strauss Viec so sanh cho phep diln dat nhring mdi lien he giria hai thj tdc trdn binh didn tupng trung Chring thudc mdt gidng (chim an thjt), nhung lai rat trai ngupc (mdt bdn la chim sdn mdi, bdn la chim lay trdm thric dn) Mdi lidn he gidng nhau/ ngupc d'y cho phep cac thj tpc ty phdn biet Chim cdt va qua ddi lap nhu hai vdt vria lien ket vria ddi ldp nhau, gidng nhu dm va duong, mdt trdng va mat trdi, lanh va ndng VI the, theo C.Levi Strauss, thd vdt td la mOt each suy nghi vl the gidi tri nhring pham trri ro ret, mpt sy chia cdt the gidi theo nhung nguyen ly tuong hpp va ddi lap C.Levi Strauss chi lam cong viec ap dung vao viec thd vdt td mdt nguyen ly da dupe tu cria nhung ddn nguyen thuy sri dung Viec chia cdt xa hpi nhung thj tpc vdt td chi la dl thi hien mdt thupc tfnh phd quat cua dau dc ngudi: suy nghi vl the gidi bdng each phan loai no bdng nhung pham trri logic (3) Cach tie'p can vl thd vat td cria C.Levi Strauss, dd, la rat trung vdi tinh than cua chri nghia cdu trric da dupe ong ap dung vao huyIn thoai va vao nhung lien he than tdc Ddi vdi ong, cac loai ty nhien khong phai la cac thj tpc lya chpn nhu nhring loai an dupe hay khong dn dupe, ma nhu nhung "loai thuan tien cho tu duy" Nhu vay, ong lot bd khdi viec thd vat td khoi mpi thudc tfnh tinh cam, xa hdi, de bie'n nd mpt he thdng tu Cach tiep can trdn trui ay khong quan tdm de'n cac chric nang xa hdi cua vat td hay cac nghi thric gdn kit vdi cac chric nang ay Cai chet ciia mdt khai niem Tuy dupe ton trpng nhung each tie'p can cdu true vl viec thd vdt td sau dd khong dupe tidp tuc Phai ndi rang chu nghia cau true tring thdng trj S«301[| Th^ng 7-2009 VAN H A NGHg T H U A T MlUbC MCOAl nhung nam 60 da dan dan mat di sric hdp ddn cua nd cac nha tpc ngudi hpc, hay ndi mdt each chung hon, cac khoa hpc nhan van Tri ludn diem cua C.Levi Strauss, ngudi ta chu yeu giri lai ky nidm vl mdt sy giai cau trric theo quy tdc "ao giac logic" trude ddy Ngay van dl thd vat td da chim nhring sy mo hd cria nhan hpc The nhung khai niem dd da cd mpt ljch sri lau dai va xdy dyng Vat td trude hit da dupe nhin nhan nhu mdt ton giao thj tpc ddng mpt vai trd can ban ljch sri ngudi: nd dupe coi nhu mptthe che phd quat vao lric khdi dau cua tdn giao Rdi ngudi ta tha'y tri tren thuc te' da tap hpp nhring hien thyc rat khae Thj tdc, sy thd T cring ddng vat, nhimg cam ky tinh due da cd mat nhiiu xa hdi nguyen thriy, nhung ta't ca nhung yeu td d'y hiem dupe gdn ket vdi Cud'i cring, tri va y tudng vl nd da roi vao su gat bd d cac nha tdc ngudi hpc Chring chi cdn dupe dring vdi vo sd nhung can nhdc Trong trudng hpp tdt nhd't, ngudi ta coi nd nhu mdt nguyen tdc phan loai the gidi xa hdi, vdi vide lot bd nhring thudc tinh tdn giao Sau giri mdt vai trd ldn, tuc thd vdt td da bj vih bd, bj dua xudng hang nhung ao giac vl qua khri Mdt ao giac khoa hpc cho tha'y rdng cac nha tdc ngudi hpc cring cd nhring tin ngudng va huyIn thoai cua ho • J.FD VIET CHUNG luoc dich Tac pham Totem gido vd tuc ngoai hdn, ciia Frazer chira duac dicti tidng Viet, nhung ban doc quan tam co the doc thiy nhi^u tu lieu a mot tac pham khae cua tac gia: Cdnh vdng, Tap chi Vdn hda Nghe thudt va Nxb Vdn hda Thdng lin, 2(X)7 Co the tham khao phan Ion tac phim cuon Phdn tdm hpc vd van hda ldm linh D6 Lai Thiiy bien soan Nxb Vdn hda Thdng nn, 2003, 2005 O Viet Nam tdtem giao dupe de cao Nguoi dau lien, hin la chiu anh huong cua Levi - Strauss, coi totem giao khong phai la mot thiet che tdn giao nguydn thuy ma la mpt hlnh thurc tu la Trin Quoc Vuong Vi nhu ong coi Au Co - Lac Long Quin khong phai la vat to ma chi la bieu hidu cho sir phin biet ngucri a vimg cao, vimg niii (chim) va nguoi viing thip vting nuoc (r6ng) CONG DUNG CUA TRE re dupe dring lam thyc pham cac bua an cria ngudi Trung qudc va ngudi cac nudc Dong A khae Mang tre dupe dring che bie'n nhiiu mdn an chdu A, ngoai dupe xat lat, vo trring va ddng hop de ban sieu thj Viet Nam cring cd nhiiu mdn an che bie'n tri mang Mut mang tre cdn dupe cdt dpt dl lay nhya lam mdt thri rupu ngpt gpi la Ulanzi tai miin tay bdc Tanzania (qud'c gia d phfa ddng chau Phi) Tre (trric) cung la thric an chu yeu cua loai gd'u trric Lien quan de'n am thyc, nhung than tre gia ldn, vi rdng rupt nen dupe dring de lam vat ndu thric dn (tre dac rupt gpi la tre dye) Thric an dupe dat vao dng tre va nau tryc tie'p tren Iria Trong xay dyng, tre dupe ddn vl va xri ly mdt loai vat lieu xdy dimg rat cung nhung lai nhe Vat lieu tre dupe dring xay dyng nha cria truyin thdng d chdu A, lam gian giao lam cau tre hoac lam cdt tre dd be tdng thay cho sdt thep Nha xdy dyng bang tre cd thi chdng dpng da't Vdi nha kiln true my thudt, tre cdn cd the xay dyng nen nhring cdng trinh kiln trric my thudt ddc dao Tre cdn dupe lam nhiiu vat dung thu cdng trang tri, lam vat lieu ndi that nhu giudng, ban, ghe, tu, nem, khung xe dap Mdt nhring ring dung cua tre gan day hon la dupe dring dl lam vai Vai lam tri tre cd nhiiu phdm chat tdt, rat nhe va cyc ky mim mai, mac rat thich, hrit md hdi rat td't, la loai vai ly tudng mac tap the due hay may quan ao cho tre nhd • VO HOANG MINH • Thang 7-2009 ElSd301 ... cac nha tdc ngudi hpc xudt sdc, nhu TH£' GI(^l_VANJi6A Robert Lowie (188 3-1 957), Alfred Radcliffe Brown (188 1-1 955) hay Edward Evans Pritchard (190 2-1 973) coi la gia tao Tri nhring ndm 1940, vide... vat td lam ddi tupng nghien crixi Mdt sd tac gia, nhu tu vien trudng Breuil (187 7-1 96i) hay Salomon Reinach (185 8-1 932), cdn gpi y rdng cac vat dupe phat hien cac hang ddng tiin sri cd thi la bieu... nhiiu cudc diiu tra cdn than vl vide thd vat td chdu Uc cria Francis J.Gillen (185 6-1 912) va Baldwin Spencer (186 0-1 929) Ngudi Irland F.J.Gillen da di cu sang chau Uc, noi dng lam nghi didn tin
Ngày đăng: 10/03/2018, 17:07
Xem thêm: