Tín ngưỡng vật linh đến tín ngưỡng thờ cúng tổ tiên _ Huệ Khải __ Nghiên cứu tôn giáo. - 2012. -no. 6. -tr. 72-76

Nghien ed'u T6n giao SiUy^2012 72 TnirdwG Tutc rdiv oiAo TlTTilN INGirdNG VAT UNH OEN TIN NGl/dNG THd CUNG TO TIEN HVe KHAI'"' Tin ngtfdng v^t l i n h Theo tin ngtfdng vftt linh (_animism)"\ van v&t thfi' gidi ttf nhion nhtf sdng ngdi, d&'t dft, gid mtfa, v.v„ t&'t ca deu cd hdn linh ngtf tri Ban th&n tin ngtfdng vftt linh k h d n g phai lft mdt tdn gifto, nhtfng nd dtfdc coi la nen t a n g cua c&c tin ngtfdng khac, nhtf tin ngtfdng b&i v&t vft tin n g u d n g vftt td Nha nh&n chung hpc ngtfdi Anh 1& Sir Edward Burnett Tylor (1832-1917)'^' da tao thu&t ngtf animism Trong t&c pham Primitive Culture (V&n hda Nguyfin thuy 1871), Tylor cho r a n g tin ngtfdng n&y I& hinh thftc c&n ban nh&t v& sd khai nh&'t, ngtfdi b&y sau tifi'n hda ttf ngudn gd'c chtfa m a n g hinh ngtfdi (prehuman origins) Theo Tylor, t r a i nghifim vft quan s&t nhufng gi&'c md, nhiing cdn ng&'t lim, cfti che't, ngtfdi sd khai suy xet v& kelt luan r a n g ngtfdi phai cd mdt phin ben {inner part) G&i ph&n ben n&y cd thfi' t&ch rdi khdi x&c the Khi dd ngtfdi phai nam im lim, bft't ddng nhtf t r o n g luc ngu, bft't tinh, hay chfi't Suy luftn theo kieu ttfdng ddng, eon ngtfdi sd khai di tdi y nifim r a n g van v&t deu eung cd c&i ph&n bfin t r o n g &'y gid'ng nhtf ngtfdi, va Tylor goi tfin ph&n bfin t r o n g dd lft mdt hon linh (a soi0^' Tylor n g h i rftng hon Iinh ban sd lft mdt kh&i niem khft thd thifiV M&i ve sau ngtfdi d& tifi'n bd hdn mdi quan niem ve hdn linh t i n h te'hdn (tfte la ngrfdi c&ng ve sau, cftng quan nifim ve hdn Iinh phftc tap hdn) The' rdi trai qua thdi gian, tin ngrfdng vftt linh l&n Itfdt dtfdc thay the' bftng tin ngtfdng da than (polytheism) va sau dd lft tin ngtfdng nhft't th&n (monotheism) Nhufng thay the' nfty n h a m thich ufUg vdi cftc xft hdi cd c&'u true phftc tap hdn, cd tidnh dp kl thu&t cao hdn, va phat trifin nhieu hdn Nhtf v&y, theo Tylor, tin ngtfdng tifi'n hda theo t r i n h dp tifi'n bd cua xft hdi C^harlcs R Tabor cho r a n g cftch giai thieh ciia Tylor ve stf xuft't hifin cua tin ngtfdng v&t linh qua doi II Cftc nha nh&n c h u n g hoc ngfty n a y ciing thtfdng b&c bd t i n h c&eh 11 t r o n g thuye't cua *, Du Lan L6 Anh Dung Nha nghifin cihi, Tp H6 Chf Minh Anitnisin gde Latinh aniina cfi nghia la hon linh {soul, spirit) Aniniisi li ngu'di theo tin ngudng vat linh Sir la ttr ton kinh dat trudc itn ciia ngirdi dupc phong long nam lifdc (baronet) hay hifip si (knight) cfi c6ng nghifip dong g6p cho nudc Anh Lmh hdn la each quen gpi theo iCr Han-Vifit Hue Khai Tif tin ngudng Vdt linh., Tylor Cdn c&c n h a n g h l f i n ctfu v e 73 tin Th&nh Thfi' h a y bi t i c h m i n h T h a n h Chua ngtfdng c u a x a h d i s d k h a i c u n g c h i ch&'p (Eucharist), nh&n m p t p h a n l i thuyfi't c u a T y l o r , c h o chuyfin h d a t h a n h mftu vft t h i t ciia C h u a b&nh m i vft rtfdu n h o cd the' r a n g h d n l i n h l a m d t k h i a c a n h h a y yfi'u Kitfi'^' B i l l i n g t o n Iftp luftn r a n g ne'u x e t tfi' h&u nhtf p h d bie'n c u a cftc t i n ngtfofng t h e o y n g h i a n h i i n g m d n vftt chft't b i n h r&'t x a xtfa, xu&'t hifin s d m hcfti c&i g p i 1& t h f t d n g (physical cac t d n gl&o ' t h t f d n g d&ng" (the •higher" Theo so-called reJigionsf*\ Charles mdt supernatural R Taber, ngtfdi ta thtfdng l a m d u n g thu&t n g f t t i n n g t f d n g vftt l i n h dfi c h i cftc t d n g i a o c u a cftc x& ban thfi objects) ban the essence) ciing mang dftdc t i n 1& t r d sieu nhifin t h i t i n li d&'u a n (a chuyfin ciia tin n g f t d n g v&t linh*"^*" T i n n g r f d n g vftt h o a t hdi nhd, ed l a p , k i thu&t s d k h a i , chtfa cd chtf •vifi't, ttfe lft n h f t n g x a h d i ddi k h i hi gpi t e n m p t cftch k h d n g c h l n h xftc v& miet thi (primitive) 1& x& hpi nguyfin thuy" C i i n g t h e o Taber, t i n n g t f d n g vftt l i n h 1& d a c t r t f n g q u a n t r p n g c u a c&c ton g i a o bi m i e t t h i a y , n h t f n g n d c i i n g dtfdc t i m th&'y t r o n g m d t so' cfti g p i 1& t d n g i a o ••thtfdng dang"'*' Theo R a y Biilington'^', d&'u a n c u a t i n ngrfdng v&t I i n h t i i n g drfdc p h a n ftnh t r o n g K i n h Th&nh Ctfu I/dc, c h & n g b a n nhtf vdi c h i tifi't k e vfi' hdn dd t r o n g h a i quyfin sftch s a u : - Sftch Sang TbeKy (2810-22) kfi': J a c o b tai H a r a n l a y hdn da kfi d&u n a m n g u v a md thft'y T h i e n Chiia htfa b a n c h o c h d d&'t ay J a c o b thtfc d a y , l&'y hdn dd d i i n g dufng len, dfi d&u l e n t r e n , vft khft'n nguyfin rang: 'Hdn da d& d t f n g l&m t r u d&y s e la nha T h i e n Chiia "