Nguyễn Thị Thu Hường - Thờ đá trong tín ngưỡng phụng thờ Thánh gióng

Thd da tin ngUdng phung thd Thanh Gidng N G U Y E N THI THU HUONG* T h a n h Gidng la mdt Tfl b a t tfl b i n g da v a n dfldc n h a n dan p h u n g thd cho dfldc p h u n g thd tin ngfldng tdi thd eflng d a n gian ngfldi Viet Thanh Gidng la n h a n v a t h u y e n thoai, m a n g cd't each cfla ngfldi a n h hflng v a n hda de di den dfldc lich sii hda, trd t h a n h n h a n vat trung t a m eua mdt he thd'ng truyen thuyet eflc ky da d a n g va phong phfl, truyen Iflu h i u k h a p cac lang que vflng ddng b i n g t r u n g c h a u Bac Bd va lan toa ea nflde Dd la sfl hien dien cho mdi ket tinh gifla sfle m a n h v a t chat va tinh than cua cdng ddng, trd t h a n h bieu tfldng cho sfle m a n h doan ket eua mdt cdng ddng ndng nghiep cflng lien ket vdi n h a u de mdt mat, ddi phd vdi mdi trfldng tfl nhien la chd'ng Ifl lut, b a e gidng, va m a t khac, flng xfl vdi mdi trfldng xa hdi, chd'ng giac ngoai xam de bao ve d a t nflde Trai qua qua trinh dflng nflde va gifl nflde, theo each cam n h a n va d a n h gia cfla ngfldi dan, Gidng da tfl mdt cau be sinh r a hoan canh dac biet, dfldc cdng ddng nudi dfldng, bdi d i p ea ve m a t t h e xac lan cdng trang, trd t h a n h ngfldi a n h hflng ciia cdng ddng, cd danh t i n h nhfl mdt n h a n v a t lich sfl dich thflc, de rdi tao r a n i e m tin cho ngfldi dan ve mdt vi T h a n h , mdt vi t h i n Tfl bat tfl cfla t a m thflc d a n tde Viet Nam Trong tin ngfldng thd Gidng, ed mdt so'vat Ve sfl r a ddi cfla T h a n h Gidng ed nhieu di b i n song khdng khac n h a u lam Qua sach vd, cae cau chuyen ke va ca nhflng ghi chep cac chuyen dien da eua chflng tdi tai cae thdn /lang thd T h a n h Gidng thude cac h u y e n Gia Lam, Sde Sdn, Ddng Anh (Ha Ndi) - vad t h a n g va 8/2009, deu cd ndi dung gid'ng n h a u r a n g cau be lang Phfl Dong ay r a ddi dfldc ba tudi van khdng biet ndi cfldi nhflng dat nflde bi giac An xam Ifldc, cau be bdng vfldn vai trd t h a n h mdt t h a n h nien trai t r a n g biet ndi cfldi Tieng ndi d i u tien la tieng ndi hfldng flng ldi keu gpi eua dat nflde the hien y chi yeu nflde va long quye't t a m chien t h a n g ke thfl xam Iflde cfla n h a n dan ta.Viec Gidng dfldc sinh r a la mdt t h i n thoai m a n g tinh ky bi dd la ngudn gd'c t h i n linh (ba me giam len d a u chan dng Khdng Id bang da vfldn ea), rdi ve t h u thai Vet chan dd da dfldc n h a n dan vflng Phfl Ddng (huyen Gia Lam) xay mieu thd, vao dip hdi Gidng td chflc vao mflng Chin t h a n g Tfl lich trang, n h a n dan lang thfldng den day t h a p hfldng va le Chi tiet chflng td trdng tin ngfldng thd Gidng van thay mdi q u a n he vdi tin ngfldng thd da d tren nfli Sde cd mdt hdn da ldn, hinh ' Ths Nguyin Thi Thu HUdng, Vien Van hoa Nghe thuat Viet Nam 76 thfl dae biet vdi nhieu net ldi 1dm dfldc cho la dau chan cfla dng Ddng Tfldng truyen day la vet chan dng Ddng ma ba me Gidng hai ca da fldm chan vao, ve nha thu thai va sinh Gidng Cae cu ke ring, xfla tren dinh nfli Sde cd mdt ngdi mieu ed, rat thieng Mieu nhd, dd chi thd mdt ting da ldn tren dd cd dau chan dng Ddng.Vet chan ong Ddng cdn dfldc dan gian Iflu truyen d mdt so'ndi khac nfla Vdi each thflc giai thich cfla dan chflng, ngfldi anh hflng eua cdng ddng tat phai sinh tfl sfl vflng ben vd'n dfldc t r i m tich va cau tfl tfl nhien vd bien, tfl mdt cdi sieu nhien, khac vdi sfl sinh nd binh thfldng nhfl ngfldi ddi Day cung la md tip quen thude quan niem van hda dan gian cfla nhieu dan tde tren the gidi Theo quan niem cfla dan gian, ngfldi dae biet t-at phii dfldc sinh tfl sfl dac biet, tfl vat linh va ngfldc lai, chi cd vat linh mdi sinh dfldc eon ngfldi dae biet, linh thieng Theo cam nhan cfla ngfldi dan, the gidi tfl ngien, chi cd loai vat the cd kha nang chfla dflng tinh thieng, la loai vat linh: Da, Gd va kim loai Ddng Chinh vi vay, mpi loai tfldng thd ciia bat ky ndi thd phung nao, khdng gian den, dinh, mieu hay ngoai khdng gian tfl nhien, deu chfl yeu dfldc tac tao tfl da, cay/gd, ddng Nhin lai lich svi nhan loai budi thieu thdi, trai qua cac thdi dai dd da, dd ddng, ngfldi nhd cac loai vat lieu da, ddng ma che tac dung cu lam an, sang tao vfl diet trfl thfl dfl va chd'ng tra ke thfl Dfldi m i t ngfldi dan, da va ddng la nhflng thfl "ngflyen vat lieu" ky dieu, chic ban nd phai la thfl s i n pham ciia than linh, than linh ban phat cho ngfldi, cd vay, nhflng loai vat dung - vfl mdi ed dfldc sfle manh than ky, giflp ngfldi tfl Nghien ciiu Ddng Nam A 7/2010 ve va lam an sinh tdn Khi xa hdi da phat trien, cac loai vat linh thieng/ ed sfle manh t h i n ky lai nhd tin ngfldng tdn sflng cfla eon ngfldi ma di vao cac chdn thd phung linh thieng, dfldc dflng lam nguyen lieu de che tac dd thd, dfldc ngfldi dan tin rang chi cd cae loai dd thd tfl nguyen lieu t h i n ky mdi cd kha nang chfla ngudn thieng, ndi ket nhflng ldi ciu nguyen ciia dan chflng vdi coi sieu nhien, ndi cd cac dang tdi cao ngfl tri, dieu hanh the gidi pham tuc t r i n gian Nhflng vat thieng nhfl dai dien cho the gidi vat chat ciia vfl tru, hat nhan tao sfle manh t h i n ky, bun dfle nen t i m vdc eua cac bac thin, dfl sfle mang quyen linh chi phdi van vat Chinh vi vay ma, khdng phii ngau nhien, tfl tfl ed xfla (chi it la tfl eudl thdi dai cae vua Hflng!), ngfldi dan Phfl Ddng da tao quan he gin ket gifla vet chan da - cdi ngudn cfla tac tao vi t h i n cua minh - vdi chiee thd'ng da (de dflng nflde t i m sau sinh ra), chie'c liem da (de cat rd'n), chiee chdng da (de n i m nghi nhfl chie'c ndi), tat ci hdp lai bieu tfldng hoan thien cho khdi ngudn xuat phat, mang yeu td' than ky, huyen thoai cho mdt nhan vat dae biet d thdn Phfl Dfle, xa Phfl Ddng cd mieu Ban, ten chfl la Due Linh Tfl, thd chiee chdng da va chie'c thd'ng da Ndi day chinh la rflng Trai Ndn xfla, la ndi sinh Thanh Gidng Truyen thuyet ke r i n g , chuan bi sinh Gidng, ba me Gidng da di den rflng Trai Ndn, ndi cd khoanh d i m rpng, tdm ca Ifldn ech rat nhieu Gifla d i m cd gd cao, cd rat nhieu cay col hoa qua quanh nam Mdt hdm gid to bao ldn, sam set dflng dflng, ba me dau bung chuyen minh, chay bd dim ngdi nghi Tfl nhien chdp Ide xud'ng mat dam, rdi mdt chie'c cau da Qai la da) tfl Nguyen Thi Thu Hudng - Thd dd tin ngUdng phung thd Thdnh Gidng dfldi day ,dim ndi len, ndi hd vdi gd, ba me Gidng theo ciu da, di vao dinh gd de Gidng Den ndi thi da thay d dd ed sin mdt chie'c chong da, mdt chie'c thd'ng da ed san nflde, mdt chiec liem da Ba me Gidng da lay liem da eat rdn cho Gidng, tam cho Gidng chiec thd'ng da, t i m xong dat eon len chiee chdng da Nhd viee bat tdm ea va hai Ifldm hda qua, cay cdi cfla khu dim ma ba me Gidng da nudi sud't ba nam cho den nha vua cfl ngfldi di cau ngfldi hien tai giflp nflde chd'ng ngeai xam Qua nhflng truyen thuyet thi cd the thay da, thfl vat the tfl nhien, dfldc ngfldi y thflc ve sfl ieh dung va linh thieng, dac trd bieu tfldng cho hien than eua thieng trdi dat, cflng cay cd thien nhien gdp phan hd trd sinh va nudi dfldng Gidng Trai qua thdi gian, dien mae cfla khu vflc da ed nhieu bien cii Khu rflng Trai Ndn xfla khdng cdn nfla Hien tai, sau mieu Ban ed met cai ao, gifla ao ed mdt gd dat xinh xin ma dan gian cho rang ba me Gidng da sinh Gidng d day Chiee chdng da, liem da, thd'ng da tfl nhien da hi that lac va ban tay cua ngfldi ddi sau lai tao chiec chdng da va chiec thd'ng da hien dang dfldc thd cflng tai day Vet chan da, chong da, thd'ng da, liem da la nhflng vat thieng dfldc nhan dan thd phung vi chflng gan vdi nhflng vi t h i n (dng Ddng, dng Gidng) Ngfldi dan cho r i n g cflng te, cau khan tai day se dfldc cac vi t h i n phfl hp dp tri Cac vi t h i n ludn d nhflng vat da dd va se tay cflu giflp dan dfldc cau khan Tin ngfldng dd xuat phat tfl quan niem cfla ngfldi nguyen thuy, mang the gidi quan t h i n thoai, cho ring da cd sfl sd'ng, cd p h i n hdn p h i n xac nhfl 77 ngfldi va cd the la ndi trfl ngu cfla linh hdn Trong vet chan da, theo tin ngfldng dan gian, ed the la ndi trfl ngu eua dng Ddng cflng nhfl chie'c chdng da va chiec thd'ng da cd the la ndi trfl ngu cua dng Gidng Ngfldi dan ciu khan nhflng vat bang da dd tfle la ciu khan dng Ddng, dng Gidng cflu giflp dan lanh, tieu diet cai ac, mang lai dieu td't lanh cho minh Tin ngfldng dd van cdn tdn tai cho tdi Ben canh yiee ciu khan cac vi t h i n qua cac dd vat bing da dfldc phung thd, ngfldi dan cdn the hien Idng tdn kinh va biet dn cac vi thin, bieu tfldng cfla ngfldi anh hflng dan tde da giflp dan danh dudi giae ngoai xam, gifl gin bd cdi cho dat nflde.Trong truyen thuyet va le hdi Gidng d Phfl Ddng cdn ed hinh tfldng tfldng giac la nfl, sau hda than da gan vdi da linh thieng (Thach Linh than tfldng), dflng ngfla da de di may ve gid Dieu nay, theo chflng tdi eflng phan anh ve tin ngfldng thd da cfla nhan dan tfl xa xfla Tin ngfldng thd da la mdt phin khdng the thieu dfldc nghi le phung thd Thanh Gidng Cae dd vat bing da dfldc phung thd gin lien vdi sfl tich Thanh Gidng, ngfldi anh hflng dfldc sinh tfl huyen thoai, dan din dfldc lich sfl hda, trd bieu tfldng tdng hdp chd chan dung ngfldi anh hflng, cd than xac khdng Id, sfle manh khdng id, di den khdng id ve chie'n cdng va t i m vdc, tieu bieu cho truyen thd'ng va phach cua dan tde Va ngfldi anh hflng dan tde xuat than tfl dau vet da t h i n ky, theo tin ngfldng va tam thflc dan gian da trd mdt bd'n vi Thanh bat tfl ddi sd'ng van hda tam linh Viet Nam./  ... nhfl ngfldi ddi Day cung la md tip quen thude quan niem van hda dan gian cfla nhieu dan tde tren the gidi Theo quan niem cfla dan gian, ngfldi dae biet t-at phii dfldc sinh tfl sfl dac biet, tfl... vua Hflng!), ngfldi dan Phfl Ddng da tao quan he gin ket gifla vet chan da - cdi ngudn cfla tac tao vi t h i n cua minh - vdi chiee thd'ng da (de dflng nflde t i m sau sinh ra), chie'c liem da... ngdi nghi Tfl nhien chdp Ide xud'ng mat dam, rdi mdt chie'c cau da Qai la da) tfl Nguyen Thi Thu Hudng - Thd dd tin ngUdng phung thd Thdnh Gidng dfldi day ,dim ndi len, ndi hd vdi gd, ba me Gidng