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Page of 51 TRANSLATION LAC HONG UNIVERSITY DEPARTMENT OF ENGLISH LECTURER : HOANG THUY NGUYEN, M-ED TESOL COURSE OUTLINE COURSE TITLE : TRANSLATION COURSE LENGTH : 60 teaching periods PREREQUISITE : Good command of the mother-tongue Sufficient competence in English AIMS : Translation aims to help students to: improve their language competence develop three qualities essential to language learning: accuracy, clarity and flexibility understand better the influence of one language on the other and correct errors of habit that creep in unnoticed explore the potential of both languages-their strengths and weaknesses OBJECTIVES: On completion of Translation 1, students should be able to: develop their language awareness increase their power and range of expressions search (flexibility) for the most appropriate words (accuracy) to convey what it meant (clarity) TEACHING AND LEARNING PROCESS Translation will be provided through pair/ group or class discussion of students’ works REFERENCES Duff, A (1998) Translation OUP Hervey, Sándor G J.; Higgins, Ian (1992) Thinking Translation : A Course in Translation Method, Taylor & Francis Routledge Hornby , A.S (1993) Guide to Patterns and Usage in English OUP Truong Q P (2001), Giáo Khoa Căn Bản Môn Dịch Anh – Viê ̣t, Viê ̣t - Anh, NXB Đa ̣i Ho ̣c Q́ c Gia Tp Hồ Chí Minh Page of 51 WEEKLY TIMETABLE AND TOPICS WEEK TOPIC Introduction Main part and subordinators: noun, noun clauses Text for translation Indentifying sentence patterns Main part and subordinators: verbs, passive voice Text for translation Indentifying sentence patterns Indentifying sentence patterns Main part and subordinators: verbs, passive voice Text for translation Indentifying sentence patterns Main part and subordinators : adverbs, adverbial Text for translation Indentifying sentence patterns Main part and subordinators: prepositional phrase Text for translation Indentifying sentence patterns Main part and subordinators: participle phrases Text for translation Indentifying sentence patterns Indentifying sentence patterns Indentifying sentence patterns 10 Indentifying sentence patterns Main part and subordinators: to infinitive Text for translation 11 Proximity & parallelism Text for translation Main part and subordinators: participle phrases Text for translation Main part and subordinators: adjective and attributives, absolute phrases Text for translation Main part and subordinators: adjective and attributives, absolute phrases Text for translation Page of 51 12 Proximity & parallelism Text for translation 13 Special structures: comparative, unreal subjects Text 14 Special structures: comparative, unreal subjects 15 Review for translation Text for translation ASSESSMENT 30% ( A,B,C) A: Classroom discussion participation: x B: individual preparation for homework & class discussion x 1.5 C: group preparation for class discussion x 10% : Attendance 60 %: Final Written Test Page of 51 WEEK I Some definitions Translation as a process Text : Any given stretch of speech or writing produced in a given language and assumed to make a coherent whole A minimal text may consists of a single word— for example, ‘Look!’ A maximal text may run into volumes Source language (SL) The language in which the text requiring translation is couched Target language (TL) The language into which the original text is to be translated Source text (ST) The text requiring translation Target text (TT) The text which is a translation of the ST the translation process = understanding a ST and formulating a TT Translation as a product As we have seen, translation can be viewed as a process Now we shall view it as a product Here, too, it is useful to examine two diametric opposites, in this case two opposed degrees of translation, showing extreme SL bias on the one hand and extreme TL bias on the other Literal translation, where the literal meaning of words is taken as if from the dictionary (that is, out of context), but TL grammar is respected At the extreme of TL bias is completely free translation, where there is only a global correspondence between the textual units of the ST and those of the TT The following example contrasts a literal and a free translation of a stock conversation in Chinese between two people who have just been introduced: Literal TT Free TT A B A B A B Sir, are you well? Are you well? Sir comes from where? I come from England How many persons in your family? Wife and five children And you? A How you do? B Pleased to meet you A Do you come here often? B No, this is my first visit A Nice weather for the time of year B Yes, it’s been quite warm lately ( The extreme freedom seen in the second version is of the type found in communicative translation) Page of 51 Communicative translation is, however, formal for many culturally conventional formulae that not allow literal translation Public notices, proverbs and conversational clichés illustrate this particularly clearly, as in: Lost property Half a loaf is better than no bread Don’t mention it Between the literal and free extremes, the Chinese conversation given above might be rendered at the three intermediary points as follows: Faithful TT A Are you well? A Where you come from? B I come from England A How big a family you have? B A wife and five children And yourself? Balanced TT (literal/communicative) A How you do? A Where are you from? B England A Have you any family? B Yes, a wife and five children Have you? Idiomatic TT A How you do? A Where are you from, then? B I’m English A Any family? B Wife and five kids How about you? II Principles of translation Below are some general principles which are relevant to all translation a Meaning: the translation should reflect accurately the meaning of the original text Nothing should be arbitrarily added or removed, though occasionally part of the meaning can be ‘transposed’ e.g: This is the best solution : Đây giải pháp tốt We’d appreciate an opportunity to discuss with you my son’s class performance and what you think we must to ensure his success Ask yourself: - is the meaning of the original text clear? If not, where does the uncertainty lie? - are any words ‘loaded’, that is, are there any underlying implications? (‘Correct me if I’m wrong … ‘ suggest ‘ I know I’m right ‘!) Page of 51 - is the dictionary meaning of a particular word the most suitable one? - does anything in the translation sound unnatural or forced? b Form The ordering of words and ideas in the translation should match the original as closely as possible (This is particularly important in translating legal documents, guarantees, contracts, etc ) But differences in language structure often require changes in the form and order of words When in doubt, underline in the original text the words on which the main stress falls A D’ you know who he is? Yes, I B D’ you know who he is? I indeed ! c Register Languages often differ greatly in their level of formality in a given context (say, the business letter) To resolve these differences, the translator must distinguish between formal and fixed expressions (Please find enclosed …) and personal expressions, in which the writer or speaker sets the tone Consider also: - would any expression in the original sound too formal/ informal, cold/ warm, personal / impersonal… if translated literally? - what is the intention of the speaker or writer? (to persuade/ dissuade, apologize/ criticize?) Does this come through in the translation? d Source language influence One of the most frequent criticism of translation is that ‘it doesn’t sound natural’ This is because the translator’s thoughts and choice of words are too strongly molded by the original text A good way of shaking off the source language (SL) influence is to set the text aside and translate a few sentences aloud, from memory This will suggest natural patterns of thought in the first language (L1) which may not come to mind when the eye is fixed on the SL text e Style and clarity The translator should not change the style of the original But if the text is informally written, or full of tedious repetitions, the translator may, for the reader’s sake, correct the defects f Idioms Idiomatic expressions are notoriously untranslatable These include similes, metaphors, proverbs and sayings (too many cooks spoil the broth), jargon, slang, and colloquialism (user- friendly, the Big Apple, yuppie, etc), and (in English) phrasal verbs If the expressions cannot be directly translated, try any of the following: - retain the original word, in inverted comma: ‘yuppie’ - retain the original expression, with a literal explanation in brackets: Indian summer (dry, hazy weather in late autumn) Page of 51 - use a close equivalent: Out of the frying pan into the fire - use a non- idiomatic or plain prose translation: Anh định lên Sài Gịn để tìm đất dụng võ : He decided to go to SG in search of an opportunity to develop his talents Đi ăn cơm bụi: go out to the roadside food stalls for lunch The golden rule is : if the idiom does not work in the L1, not force it into translation III Practice: Study the noun patterns below Then work in pairs/ groups and translate the examples of different noun patterns in italics into Vietnamese Page of 51 Page of 51 Page 10 of 51 Page 37 of 51 Page 38 of 51 Page 39 of 51 Page 40 of 51 Page 41 of 51 Page 42 of 51 Page 43 of 51 Page 44 of 51 Page 45 of 51 Page 46 of 51 Page 47 of 51 Page 48 of 51 Page 49 of 51 Page 50 of 51 Page 51 of 51 ... 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