unit 3 Bài giảng Writing 3 VB 1 Thư Viện Tài Liệu Tổng Hợp

UNIT 3: WRITING THE SUPPORTING SENTENCES Lesson focuses:  Identifying the general and specific ideas  Kinds of supporting materials  Patterns of organization Time allocation table: 8

UNIT 3: WRITING THE SUPPORTING SENTENCES

Lesson focuses:

 Identifying the general and specific ideas

 Kinds of supporting materials

 Patterns of organization

Time allocation table: 8 periods

1 - Report on the home work of The Topic

Sentence

1st and 2nd period

2 - Introduction to the supporting sentences

- Identifying the general and specific ideas

3rd and 4th period

3 - Kinds of supports

- Kinds of logical orders

5th and 8th period

1.1 Introduction to the supporting sentences([2], p.17 &[3], pp.8)

Supporting sentences add information about the topic and the controlling idea Supporting sentences develop or explain the topic sentence by giving reasons, examples, facts, statistics, and quotations

Activity 1: Read each of the following paragraphs and say how the topic sentence is explained

Gold

Gold, a precious metal, is prized for two important characteristics First of all, gold has a lustrous beauty that is resistant to corrosion Therefore, it is suitable for jewelry, coins, and ornamental purposes Gold never needs to be polished and will remain

beautiful forever For example, a Macedonian coin remains as untarnished today as the day it was minted twenty-three centuries ago Another important characteristic of gold is its usefulness to industry and science For many years, it has been used in hundreds of industrial applications The most recent use of gold is in astronauts’ suits Astronaut wears gold-plated heat shields for protection outside spaceships In conclusion, gold is treasured not only for its beauty but also for its utility

Barefoot Boy

I had a scary experience when I was a young boy One evening while my parents were eating dinner, I was playing barefoot in the yard with my toys Even now, I still

remember the perfume of the flowers and the moisture of the grass While I was sitting

on the grass and playing with a truck, I looked up at the sky, and my attention was

distracted by the beauty of the stars Then I felt something cold and smooth slide over my feet Then I saw a snake slowly slithering over my toes I felt terrible and afraid, so my heart beat very fast After the snake moved away, I screamed to my parents for help, and they captured the snake and took it away The experience frightened me and I never went outside barefoot again

1.2 Identifying the general and specific ideas([1], pp.10-15),[2], p.22 &[3], pp.8-9)

Activity 2: Identify topic sentences and supporting sentences

For each set of sentences, write TS next to the topic sentence Write SS next to the supporting sentences

1

…… a Mosquitoes are attracted to heat

…… b Mosquitoes will fly several miles to find food

…… c Only the female mosquito bites

…… d Mosquitoes are interesting insects

2

…… a One of my hobbies is listening to international music

…… b I have a large collection of world music recordings

…… c My friends and I like to introduce each other to new international artists we discover

…… d I enjoy going to concerts by musicians from different countries

3

…… a I like the way people decorate their homes and stores

…… b I enjoy going shopping in cold weather

…… c I enjoy the parties and celebrations of the winter holiday

…… d I really like the winter holidays

4

…… a My new apartment has big closets

…… b My new apartment is perfect for my roommate and me

…… c My new apartment is close to school and work

…… d My new apartment is not too expensive for students

Activity 3: The following sentences belong to 2 different paragraphs about San Francisco Identify the topic sentence and the supporting sentences of each

paragraph and put them in 2 groups Write the number of the sentence only

1 San Francisco is usually warm and pleasant during the day

2 Some of the country’s most famous restaurants and hotels are in San Francisco

3 There are many things to see and do in San Francisco

4 The city has many interesting tourist attractions

5 There are many excellent art galleries

6 The weather in San Francisco is very pleasant

7 It is never too hot, nor too cold

8 The nightlife is exciting

9 San Francisco has a ballet company, an opera house, and a symphony orchestra

10 It is cool and breezy at night

11 The winters are mild and it rarely snows

Group 1 Topic sentence:………

Supporting sentences:

………

Group 2 Topic sentence:……… Supporting sentences:

1 An automated teller machine (ATM) is a convenient miniature bank

……It enables customers to do several banking transactions twenty- four hour a day

……In addition, a customer can transfer funds between accounts or get a cash advance

……After an attack by a great white shark, 462 stiches were required to sew an

Australian scuba diver

……Nevertheless, one did just that near a public beach in Australia in 1985

……Even when they attack humans, however, great whites do not usually eat them

……It bit in half and totally devoured a young female swimmer

3 The automobile revolutionized the American way of life

……Another important change was that people had the freedom to live and work

wherever they wanted

……The earliest significant change was for farming families, who were no longer

isolated

……The final major change brought by the automobile was the buildings or

superhighways, suburbs, huge shopping centers, and many theme parks such as Disney World in Florida

……The automobile enabled them to drive to towns and cities comfortably and

conveniently

…….In fact, people could work in a busy metropolitan city and drive home in the quiet suburbs

4 The formation of a volcano eruption is a dramatic series of events

……In time, this melted part rises as magma

……As the plate sinks, friction and the earth’s heat cause part of it to melt

……The magma produces heat, steam, and pressure

……First of all, most volcanoes are formed where two plates collide

……Then, one of the plates is forced under the other and sinks

……When the heat, steam, and pressure from the magma finally reach the surface of the Earth, a volcanic eruption occurs

1.3 Kinds of Supports([2], pp 71-97)

In-concrete: Opinions or reasoning that are subjective statements based on a person’s beliefs or attitudes

Concrete: Specific or Factual details- examples, statistics, and quotations

Activity 6: The following are to support the idea about smoking Decide which ones are more persuasive Say why

1 Teenage smoking is on the rise

2 In 1995, the US surgeon general reported that more than three million teenagers smoked cigarettes

3 Smoking can cause lung cancer

4 The American Cancer Society reports that the number one cause of lung cancer among men and women is smoking

Activity 7: Decide whether each of the following statements is a Fact or an Opinion Write F for fact and O for opinion

1 ……Smoking is relaxing and therefore enjoyable

2 ……Dr Kathleen Parker, a well-known cancer specialist, recently admitted in an

interview, “Although I see the harmful effects of smoking nearly every day

in my work, I still enjoy relaxing with a cigarette after dinner

3 ……Early in the next decade, more women than men will die of lung cancer,

according to the American Cancer Society

4 ……Smoking is attracting more and more adults

5 ……According to a recent New York Times article, cigarette smoking is

increasing among adults in their forties as well as among the college

educated and those earning more than $ 35,000 annually

6 ……Red-light runners must take a driver’s education class Then they will become

safer drivers

7 ……Red-light runners cause scores of accidents, including deaths and injuries as

well as millions of dollars in damages

8 ……Nationwide, the number of red-light running accidents increased 18 percent

from 1991 through 1995 In 1991, 2.425 deaths resulted and in 1995, the number rose to 2.866

Activity 8: Discuss with your partner which statements need further supporting and what specific supporting details you might use to support those statements



1 What is the difference between Facts and Opinions?

2 Which one would be better to be used as supporting details-Facts or Opinions?

3 Which one is more likely to be used as the major supporting idea- Facts or

example, the differences in meaning of a gesture very common

in the United States: a circle made with thumb and index finger

To can American, it means that everything is OK To a Japanese, it means that you are talking about money In France,

World Population Growth

The World’s Population has been increasing dramatically According to a United Nations chart of world population growth, the world’s population suddenly multiplied in the nineteenth and twentieth centuries At the beginning of the Christian era, the

estimated world population was 200 to 300 million It took more than 1.800 years for the population to reach one billion Then in less than one hundred years, the figure doubled

to two billion by 1930 By 1975, when it reached four billion, it had doubled again in less than fifty years The United Nations has projected an increase to more than six billion by the year 2000

1.3.3 Quotations

There are two kinds of quotation: direct and indirect

Direct quotation

Example:

Drugs and the Olympic Games

It is no secret that performance-enhancing drugs have been used by Olympic

athletes for decades In 1993, the head of the International Olympic Committee’s medical commission, Prince Alexandre de Merode of Belgium, stated,” I believe that as many as 10% of all Olympic athletes are regular users of performance-enhancing drugs”(qtd in Bamberger and Yaeger 63) Despite rigorous drug testing of Olympic athletes, the use of banned performance-enhancing substances has become more widespread than ever It is clear that if athletes want to win, they must consider using drugs In a 1977 article in Sports illustrated magazine, Dutch physician Michel Karsten is quoted as saying,” There may be some sportsmen who can win gold medals without taking drugs, but there are very few.” According to Dr Karsten, who says he has prescribed anabolic steroids to hundreds of world-class athletes over the last twenty-five years,” If you are especially gifted, you may win once, but from your experience you cannot continue to win without drugs The field is just too filled with drug users”( qtd in Bamberger and Yaeger 62)

500 1000 1650 1900 2000

World population growth.( Source: United States estimates)

The global reach of the Internet is helping expatriate citizens of India find marriage partners Most Indians prefer their partners to come from the same region of India as they and to have similar religious and socioeconomic backgrounds For young Indians who live abroad, searching for a suitable wife or husband becomes quite difficult They often must depend on their families back home in India to find them mates However, computer scientist Raj Baronia, who lives and works in Sillicon Valley in California, has developed

a site on the World Wide Web to help called Indolink In an interview, Baronia said that

he had developed Indolink to allow Indians living abroad to take responsibility for

finding their own marriage partners rather than having their parents do it for them He estimated that half of Indolink ads were placed by marriage seekers themselves rather than by family Baronica also said Indolink allowed them to search not only in India but also in expatriate communities around the world( qtd in Banley) For example, Sandeep Gupta, a young computer programmer from Toronto, is seeking a wife through Indolink

He is looking for intellectual women and, according to Gupta, anyone he meets on the Internet will probably be professional and educated He revealed that he was planning to fly to New York soon to meet a young woman he met through Indolink(qtd in Bentley)



1) What are the similarities and differences between direct and indirect quotation?

Changing a direct quotation to an indirect quotation

- Omit the quotation marks

- Add subordinator That if necessary

- Change the verb tense if necessary

- Change pronouns if necessary

Activity 9: Rewrite the following direct quotations as indirect quotations

1 Television channel KSA General Manager Jim Burns said, “Not everyone can attend college in the traditional way; therefore, taking courses via television will offer many more students the chance to earn a college degree.”

3 Other students said, “Last year, we spent several hours a day commuting to and from school Now, we don’t have to do that.”

………

………

……… 1.3.4 Paraphrases

Paraphrasing is a writing skill in which you rephrase or rewrite the information from

an outside source is rephrased or rewritten in your own words without changing its meaning

When paraphrasing, it is important to avoid plagiarizing; that is, the paraphrase is too similar to the original

Examples:

Original passage

Language is the main means of communication between peoples But so many different languages have developed that language has often been a barrier rather than an aid to understanding among peoples For many years, people have dreamed of setting up

an international, universal language which all people could speak and understand The arguments in favor of a universal language are simple and obvious If all people spoke the same tongue, cultural and economic ties might be much closer, and good will might increase between countries.(Kispert)

Unacceptable Paraphrase

Language is the principle means of communication between people However, because there are numerous languages, language itself has frequently been a barrier rather than an aid to understanding among the world population For many years, people have envisioned a common universal language that everyone in the world could communicate

in The reasons for having a universal language are clearly understandable If the same tongue was spoken by all countries, they would undoubtedly become closer culturally and economically It would probably also create good will among nations (Kispert)

Acceptable Paraphrase

Humans communicate through language However, because there are so many languages in the world, language is an obstacle rather than an aid to communication For

a long time, people have wished for an international language that speakers all over the world could understand A universal language would certainly build cultural and

economic bonds It would also create better feelings among countries(Kispert)

Activity 10: Read the examples above carefully Discuss with your partner what you think are the reasons for a paraphrase to be unacceptable

Steps to write a good paraphrase

- Step 1:

Read the original passage several times until you understand it fully Look up unfamiliar words and find synonyms for them If you need to take notes, write down only one or two words for each idea- not complete sentences It may be helpful to make a brief outline of the main points

Example:

Language- main means of communication

 Too many languages- barrier to understanding

 Universal language needed

Reasons for a universal language

 Increase cultural economic bonds

 Increase good feelings between countries

Despite its ethnic diversity, the United States has managed to absorb bits and pieces

of many cultures and weave them into a unique culture that is strikingly consistent and distinct You can pick out Americans any place in the world, often very quickly, because

of their behavior Among their most observable traits are openness, friendliness,

informality, optimism, creativity, loudness, and vitality.( Hall and Hall 140)

2) The Work Ethnic of Americans and Europeans