THÔNG TIN TÀI LIỆU
UNIT 3: WRITING THE SUPPORTING SENTENCES Lesson focuses: Identifying the general and specific ideas Kinds of supporting materials Patterns of organization Time allocation table: periods Order 1.1 - Contents Report on the home work of The Topic Sentence Introduction to the supporting sentences Identifying the general and specific ideas Kinds of supports Kinds of logical orders Time and period st nd 3rd and 4th period 5th and 8th period Introduction to the supporting sentences([2], p.17 &[3], pp.8) Supporting sentences add information about the topic and the controlling idea Supporting sentences develop or explain the topic sentence by giving reasons, examples, facts, statistics, and quotations Activity 1: Read each of the following paragraphs and say how the topic sentence is explained Gold Gold, a precious metal, is prized for two important characteristics First of all, gold has a lustrous beauty that is resistant to corrosion Therefore, it is suitable for jewelry, coins, and ornamental purposes Gold never needs to be polished and will remain beautiful forever For example, a Macedonian coin remains as untarnished today as the day it was minted twenty-three centuries ago Another important characteristic of gold is its usefulness to industry and science For many years, it has been used in hundreds of industrial applications The most recent use of gold is in astronauts’ suits Astronaut wears gold-plated heat shields for protection outside spaceships In conclusion, gold is treasured not only for its beauty but also for its utility Barefoot Boy I had a scary experience when I was a young boy One evening while my parents were eating dinner, I was playing barefoot in the yard with my toys Even now, I still remember the perfume of the flowers and the moisture of the grass While I was sitting on the grass and playing with a truck, I looked up at the sky, and my attention was distracted by the beauty of the stars Then I felt something cold and smooth slide over my feet Then I saw a snake slowly slithering over my toes I felt terrible and afraid, so my heart beat very fast After the snake moved away, I screamed to my parents for help, and they captured the snake and took it away The experience frightened me and I never went outside barefoot again 1.2 Identifying the general and specific ideas([1], pp.10-15),[2], p.22 &[3], pp.8-9) Activity 2: Identify topic sentences and supporting sentences For each set of sentences, write TS next to the topic sentence Write SS next to the supporting sentences …… a Mosquitoes are attracted to heat …… b Mosquitoes will fly several miles to find food …… c Only the female mosquito bites …… d Mosquitoes are interesting insects …… a One of my hobbies is listening to international music …… b I have a large collection of world music recordings …… c My friends and I like to introduce each other to new international artists we discover …… d I enjoy going to concerts by musicians from different countries …… a I like the way people decorate their homes and stores …… b I enjoy going shopping in cold weather …… c I enjoy the parties and celebrations of the winter holiday …… d I really like the winter holidays …… a My new apartment has big closets …… b My new apartment is perfect for my roommate and me …… c My new apartment is close to school and work …… d My new apartment is not too expensive for students Activity 3: The following sentences belong to different paragraphs about San Francisco Identify the topic sentence and the supporting sentences of each paragraph and put them in groups Write the number of the sentence only San Francisco is usually warm and pleasant during the day Some of the country’s most famous restaurants and hotels are in San Francisco 3 There are many things to see and in San Francisco The city has many interesting tourist attractions There are many excellent art galleries The weather in San Francisco is very pleasant It is never too hot, nor too cold The nightlife is exciting San Francisco has a ballet company, an opera house, and a symphony orchestra 10 It is cool and breezy at night 11 The winters are mild and it rarely snows Group Group Topic sentence:………………………… Topic sentence:………………………… Supporting sentences: Supporting sentences: ………………………………………… ………………………………………… Activity 4: Arrange the sentences in each group in a logical order to have a meaning paragraph Activity 5: The following are the supporting sentences of these topic sentences Read the supporting sentences carefully and then decide among the supporting ideas, which ones are general and which ones are specific In given blanks, write GI for the general ideas and SI for the specific ones An automated teller machine (ATM) is a convenient miniature bank ……It enables customers to several banking transactions twenty- four hour a day ……In addition, a customer can transfer funds between accounts or get a cash advance on a credit card ……For example, a customer can use an ATM to deposit money and withdraw a limited amount of cash Great whites not usually attack humans, but when they do, they always cause serious injury and even death ……After an attack by a great white shark, 462 stiches were required to sew an Australian scuba diver ……Nevertheless, one did just that near a public beach in Australia in 1985 ……Even when they attack humans, however, great whites not usually eat them ……It bit in half and totally devoured a young female swimmer The automobile revolutionized the American way of life ……Another important change was that people had the freedom to live and work wherever they wanted ……The earliest significant change was for farming families, who were no longer isolated ……The final major change brought by the automobile was the buildings or superhighways, suburbs, huge shopping centers, and many theme parks such as Disney World in Florida ……The automobile enabled them to drive to towns and cities comfortably and conveniently …….In fact, people could work in a busy metropolitan city and drive home in the quiet suburbs The formation of a volcano eruption is a dramatic series of events ……In time, this melted part rises as magma ……As the plate sinks, friction and the earth’s heat cause part of it to melt ……The magma produces heat, steam, and pressure ……First of all, most volcanoes are formed where two plates collide ……Then, one of the plates is forced under the other and sinks ……When the heat, steam, and pressure from the magma finally reach the surface of the Earth, a volcanic eruption occurs 1.3 Kinds of Supports([2], pp 71-97) In-concrete: Opinions or reasoning that are subjective statements based on a person’s beliefs or attitudes Concrete: Specific or Factual details- examples, statistics, and quotations Activity 6: The following are to support the idea about smoking Decide which ones are more persuasive Say why Teenage smoking is on the rise In 1995, the US surgeon general reported that more than three million teenagers smoked cigarettes Smoking can cause lung cancer The American Cancer Society reports that the number one cause of lung cancer among men and women is smoking Activity 7: Decide whether each of the following statements is a Fact or an Opinion Write F for fact and O for opinion ……Smoking is relaxing and therefore enjoyable ……Dr Kathleen Parker, a well-known cancer specialist, recently admitted in an interview, “Although I see the harmful effects of smoking nearly every day in my work, I still enjoy relaxing with a cigarette after dinner ……Early in the next decade, more women than men will die of lung cancer, according to the American Cancer Society ……Smoking is attracting more and more adults 5 ……According to a recent New York Times article, cigarette smoking is increasing among adults in their forties as well as among the college educated and those earning more than $ 35,000 annually ……Red-light runners must take a driver’s education class Then they will become safer drivers ……Red-light runners cause scores of accidents, including deaths and injuries as well as millions of dollars in damages ……Nationwide, the number of red-light running accidents increased 18 percent from 1991 through 1995 In 1991, 2.425 deaths resulted and in 1995, the number rose to 2.866 Activity 8: Discuss with your partner which statements need further supporting and what specific supporting details you might use to support those statements What is the difference between Facts and Opinions? Which one would be better to be used as supporting details-Facts or Opinions? Which one is more likely to be used as the major supporting idea- Facts or Opinions? 1.3.1 Examples and extended examples Example: Nonverbal Communication Nonverbal communication, or” body language”, is a communication by facial expressions, head or eye movements, hand signals, and body postures It can be just as important to understanding as words are Misunderstandings-often amusing but sometimes serious- can arise between people from different cultures if they misinterpret nonverbal signals Take, for example, the differences in meaning of a gesture very common in the United States: a circle made with thumb and index finger To can American, it means that everything is OK To a Examples Extended Example 1) What is the difference between an example and an extended example? 1.3.2 Statistics In business, engineering and the sciences, the statistics are often used for support Usually the statistics are got from charts and graphs Example: Billions of people 1 A.D year 500 1000 1650 1900 2000 World population growth.( Source: United States estimates) World Population Growth The World’s Population has been increasing dramatically According to a United Nations chart of world population growth, the world’s population suddenly multiplied in the nineteenth and twentieth centuries At the beginning of the Christian era, the estimated world population was 200 to 300 million It took more than 1.800 years for the population to reach one billion Then in less than one hundred years, the figure doubled to two billion by 1930 By 1975, when it reached four billion, it had doubled again in less than fifty years The United Nations has projected an increase to more than six billion by the year 2000 1.3.3 Quotations There are two kinds of quotation: direct and indirect Direct quotation Example: Drugs and the Olympic Games It is no secret that performance-enhancing drugs have been used by Olympic athletes for decades In 1993, the head of the International Olympic Committee’s medical commission, Prince Alexandre de Merode of Belgium, stated,” I believe that as many as 10% of all Olympic athletes are regular users of performance-enhancing drugs”(qtd in Bamberger and Yaeger 63) Despite rigorous drug testing of Olympic athletes, the use of banned performance-enhancing substances has become more widespread than ever It is clear that if athletes want to win, they must consider using drugs In a 1977 article in Sports illustrated magazine, Dutch physician Michel Karsten is quoted as saying,” There may be some sportsmen who can win gold medals without taking drugs, but there are very few.” According to Dr Karsten, who says he has prescribed anabolic steroids to hundreds of world-class athletes over the last twenty-five years,” If you are especially gifted, you may win once, but from your experience you cannot continue to win without drugs The field is just too filled with drug users”( qtd in Bamberger and Yaeger 62) Indirect Quotations Seeking a Spouse on the Web The global reach of the Internet is helping expatriate citizens of India find marriage partners Most Indians prefer their partners to come from the same region of India as they and to have similar religious and socioeconomic backgrounds For young Indians who live abroad, searching for a suitable wife or husband becomes quite difficult They often must depend on their families back home in India to find them mates However, computer scientist Raj Baronia, who lives and works in Sillicon Valley in California, has developed a site on the World Wide Web to help called Indolink In an interview, Baronia said that he had developed Indolink to allow Indians living abroad to take responsibility for finding their own marriage partners rather than having their parents it for them He estimated that half of Indolink ads were placed by marriage seekers themselves rather than by family Baronica also said Indolink allowed them to search not only in India but also in expatriate communities around the world( qtd in Banley) For example, Sandeep Gupta, a young computer programmer from Toronto, is seeking a wife through Indolink He is looking for intellectual women and, according to Gupta, anyone he meets on the Internet will probably be professional and educated He revealed that he was planning to fly to New York soon to meet a young woman he met through Indolink(qtd in Bentley) 1) What are the similarities and differences between direct and indirect quotation? Changing a direct quotation to an indirect quotation - Omit the quotation marks - Add subordinator That if necessary - Change the verb tense if necessary - Change pronouns if necessary Activity 9: Rewrite the following direct quotations as indirect quotations Television channel KSA General Manager Jim Burns said, “Not everyone can attend college in the traditional way; therefore, taking courses via television will offer many more students the chance to earn a college degree.” ………………………………………… ………………………………………… ………………………………………… Pre-med student Alma Rodriguez said, “I miss being on campus, but I have to work and take care of my family.” ………………………………………… ………………………………………… ………………………………………… 3 Other students said, “Last year, we spent several hours a day commuting to and from school Now, we don’t have to that.” ………………………………………… ………………………………………… ………………………………………… Computer engineering student Amir Mehdizadeh stated, “I can choose when to study and how to study without pressure.” He also said, ”I will take two more telecourses in the fall.” ………………………………………… ………………………………………… ………………………………………… 1.3.4 Paraphrases Paraphrasing is a writing skill in which you rephrase or rewrite the information from an outside source is rephrased or rewritten in your own words without changing its meaning When paraphrasing, it is important to avoid plagiarizing; that is, the paraphrase is too similar to the original Examples: Original passage Language is the main means of communication between peoples But so many different languages have developed that language has often been a barrier rather than an aid to understanding among peoples For many years, people have dreamed of setting up an international, universal language which all people could speak and understand The arguments in favor of a universal language are simple and obvious If all people spoke the same tongue, cultural and economic ties might be much closer, and good will might increase between countries.(Kispert) Unacceptable Paraphrase Language is the principle means of communication between people However, because there are numerous languages, language itself has frequently been a barrier rather than an aid to understanding among the world population For many years, people have envisioned a common universal language that everyone in the world could communicate in The reasons for having a universal language are clearly understandable If the same tongue was spoken by all countries, they would undoubtedly become closer culturally and economically It would probably also create good will among nations (Kispert) Acceptable Paraphrase Humans communicate through language However, because there are so many languages in the world, language is an obstacle rather than an aid to communication For a long time, people have wished for an international language that speakers all over the world could understand A universal language would certainly build cultural and economic bonds It would also create better feelings among countries(Kispert) Activity 10: Read the examples above carefully Discuss with your partner what you think are the reasons for a paraphrase to be unacceptable Steps to write a good paraphrase - Step 1: Read the original passage several times until you understand it fully Look up unfamiliar words and find synonyms for them If you need to take notes, write down only one or two words for each idea- not complete sentences It may be helpful to make a brief outline of the main points Example: Language- main means of communication Too many languages- barrier to understanding Universal language needed Reasons for a universal language Increase cultural economic bonds Increase good feelings between countries - Step 2: Write your paraphrase from memory Include as much of the information as you remember Don’t look at the original while you are reading - Step 3: Check your paraphrase against the original for accuracy and completeness - Step 4: Name the source of the original passage in parentheses at the end of the paraphrase Activity 11: Work with your partners Follow the same four steps and paraphrase these passages 1) Americans Despite its ethnic diversity, the United States has managed to absorb bits and pieces of many cultures and weave them into a unique culture that is strikingly consistent and distinct You can pick out Americans any place in the world, often very quickly, because of their behavior Among their most observable traits are openness, friendliness, informality, optimism, creativity, loudness, and vitality.( Hall and Hall 140) 2) The Work Ethnic of Americans and Europeans Europeans often observe that Americans schedule everything except time for relaxation This is particularly true of American executives, who drives themselves hard, often at the expense of their families and their health Americans have fewer holidays and take shorter vacations than Europeans In the opinion of many German and French executives, American executives are obsessed with work; they are workaholics Most Europeans not accept working on weekends or holidays; they reserve these times for themselves and their families ( Hall and Hall 145) 1.3.5 Summaries Steps to write a good summary - Step 1: the same as that of writing a paraphrase - Step 2: Write your summary from memory, including the main points and excluding the details - Step 3: Check the summary against the original for accuracy - Step 4: the same as that of writing a paraphrase Example: Original passage Language is the main means of communication between peoples But so many different languages have developed that language has often been a barrier rather than an aid to understanding among peoples For many years, people have dreamed of setting up an international, universal language which all people could speak and understand The arguments in favor of a universal language are simple and obvious If all people spoke the same tongue, cultural and economic ties might be much closer, and good will might increase between countries.(Kispert) Summary People communicate mainly through language; however, having so many different languages creates communication barriers Some think that one universal language would bring countries together culturally and economically and also increase good feelings among them (Kispert) Activity 12: Read the example of acceptable paraphrase and the example of summary With your partners, list the similarities and differences between a paraphrase and a summary Activity 13: Write a separate summary of each of the following paragraphs Owning a Car Should a person own a car? This is an important question In a large urban area, there are some good reasons for owning a car First, a car allows a person to move around freely With a car, there is no need to check a bus schedule or wait for a train Second, a car is a comfortable way to travel, especially in the wintertime In bad weather, the driver stays warm and dry, while the poor bus or train rider might have to stand in the rain Finally, a driver is usually safe in a car at night The rider might need to walk down a dark street to get to a stop, or wait on a dark corner There are, on the other hand, many good reasons against owning a car First, it can be very expensive The price of fuel continues to rise and car insurance can cost three or four hundred dollars a year In addition, it is expensive to maintain and repair a car A simple tune-up can cost $ 50 In an urban area, it might also be expensive to park the car Second, owning a car can cause worry and stress It is exhausting to drive in rush-hour traffic, or to drive around and around looking for a parking space If you leave your car on the street, it might get stolen That is something else to worry about Finally, everyone needs to think about pollution and energy problems Air pollution and noise pollution increase as more and more people drive cars More and more cars also burn more and more fuel At present, drivers may have to wait in long lines at filling stations in order to buy a couple of gallons of gasoline 1.4 Kinds of logical orders ([1], pp.25-29& [2], pp.56-67) 1.4.1 Logical division of ideas/ Order of importance In this order, the ideas related to each other are grouped and discussed one after another The order of the ideas is decided according the degree of impact on the readers or the degree of importance to the subject The paragraphs might move from least to most or most to least important Common transitional signals For logical division of ideas Sentence connectors Others First, second, third, etc The first(+noun) next, last, finally The/ a second(+noun) In addition, moreover, furthermore, also One(+noun) For one thing Another(+noun) First of all An additional(+noun) For another thing The next(+noun) The final(+noun) The other(+noun) For order of importance Sentence connectors Others More importantly A more important(+noun) Most significantly The most important(+noun) Above all The second most significant(+noun) primarily The primary(+noun) The topic sentence of logical division and order of importance paragraphs often indicates the number of groups the topic is divided into or what the groups are Examples: Gold, a precious metal, is prized for two important characteristics Inflation has three causes Gold, a precious metal, is a prized not only for its beauty but also for its utility Inflation has three causes: an increase in the supply of paper money, excessive government spending, and unrestrained consumer borrowing Activity 14: Read the paragraph and answer the questions Life in Space Living aboard a space station in orbit around the Earth for months at a time poses problems for astronauts’ bodies as well as for their minds One major problem is maintaining astronauts’ physical health Medical treatment may be days or even weeks away As there may not be a doctor on board, illnesses such as appendicitis or ulcers, routinely treated on Earth, could be fatal in space because of the delay in getting to a doctor Furthermore, surgery may be impossible because blood would float around inside the operating room Another health problem is the potential for bone deterioration In a weightless environment, the body produces less calcium Astronauts must exercise at least three hours a day to prevent bone loss A second major problem is maintaining astronauts’ metal health Being confined for long period of time in dark and hostile space undoubtedly produces anxiety Loneliness and boredom are other psychological concerns Finally, how can astronauts” let off steam” when interpersonal conflicts develop? It is clear that space station duty will requires astronauts who are not only physically but also mentally strong How many groups is the topic of the paragraph divided into? What are they? Do the topic sentence and the concluding sentence tell you main ideas to be discussed in the paragraph? What transition signals indicate the divisions? Where else in the paragraph the transitional signals are used? In your opinion, would it make any difference if mental health was discussed before physical health? Do you think one is more important than the other or are they approximately equal in importance? Activity 15: Put a check () in the space to the left of every topic sentence that suggest logical division as a method of organization Put a double check () if the sentence suggests order of importance Some are neither, so leave these unchecked ………1 My eighteenth birthday was a day I will never forget ………2 On their eighteenth birthdays, Americans receive two important rights/ responsibilities: they can vote, and they can sign legal contracts ………3 In the most occupations, women are still unequal to men in three areas: salary, power and status ………4 Living in the dormitory offers several advantages to the newly arrived international student ………5 Photosynthesis is the process by which plants manufacturer their own food ………6 Television game shows are boring for the educated viewer because they are poorly disguised commercials, but more importantly because they require such a minimal level of knowledge ………7 Earthquake prediction is still an inexact science although seismologists learn more each time they monitor a quake ………8 A computer is both faster and more accurate than a human ………9 Teenagers demonstrate their independence in several ways ………10.A college degree international business today requires first, a knowledge of business procedures and second, a knowledge of cultural differences in business methods 1.4.2 Comparison/ contrast([1], pp.69-84 & [2], pp.65-67) Comparison/ contrast involves analyzing the similarities and differences between two or more items The content of a comparison/ contrast paragraph can vary Some paragraphs emphasize similarities; some emphasize differences; and some others discuss both similarities and differences Common transitional signals Comparison transition signals Sentence connectors Conjunctions Others Similarly And Like Likewise Both….and Just like Also Not only…but also Alike Too As As….as Just as… (be) similar Similar to The same(as) Compare to/ with Contrast transition signals Sentence connectors Conjunctions Others However But Unlike On the other hand Yet Differ from On the contrary Although (be) dissimilar In contrast Even though Compare to/ with In(by) comparison While Whereas Activity 16: Read the paragraphs and the following: Decide which of the following shows comparison and which of them shows contrast State the reason for your choice 3 State on how many points are the two computers compared and on how many they are contrasted Underline all the transition signals used in the two paragraphs PCs versus Macs Para 1: Between PCs and Mac, there are some basic similarities First of all, both PCs and Mars are composed of the same elements: a CPU, the electronic circuitry to run the computer; memory(hard and/ or floppy disk drivers) for storing information; input devices such as a keyboard or mouse for putting information into the computer; and output devices such as a monitor, printer, and audio speakers for conveying information They also have the same uses: Pcs are used to communicate on computer networks, to write (with the help of word processing and desktop publishing software), to track finances, and to play games Macs are likewise used to communicate, write, calculate, and entertain Para 2: There are some differences, however Whereas you will find more Pcs in business offices, you will find more Macs in classroom Although Macs are the computers of choice of people who a lot of art and graphic design in their work, PCs seem to be the choice of people who a lot of” number crunching.” Finally, there is a difference in the availability of software, vendors, and service for the two computers Furthermore, for a Mac, you must purchase your machine and get service from a Macintosh-authorized dealer whereas many different computer stores sell and service Pcs 1.4.3 Chronological(time) order([1], pp.16-21 & [2], pp.56-60) Chronological order is a way of organizing the ideas in a paragraph in the order of their occurrence in time Chronological order is used in narrative and process texts Common transition signals for chronological order Transition words and phrases first, first of all, soon, second, after that, gradually, next, finally, meanwhile, now, last, then, subordinators after since as until as soon as when before while Others In the first step… In the second step… On the third day… During the night… The topic sentence of a chronological paragraph in some way in some way indicates the time order Examples: - The worst day in my life was the day I left my family and my friends to come to the United States - You can avoid jet lag after a long flight if you follow these suggestions Activity 17: Read the paragraph and answer the questions Cloning Technology The cloning of Dolly involved several steps First, cells that had previously been taken from Dolly’s mother were starved for five days, which caused them to stop dividing This interruption of the cells’ division cycle made it easier for them to reprogram themselves to start growing a new organism After five days, the nuclei of these cells were removed and transferred into unfertilized sheep egg, from which a natural nucleus had been previously removed In the next step, the egg was grown in the laboratory for a period of time Then the egg was implanted into a different sheep, where it grew normally When the sheep finally gave birth, the lamb was an exact genetic copy, or clone, of the sheep that had provided the transferred nucleus, not of the sheep that had provided the egg Which of the two uses of chronological order does the model paragraph exemplify? Which words or phrases in the topic sentence show the time? What transitional words or phrases are used in the paragraph? Activity 18: Put a check in the space to the left of every topic sentence suggesting that a chronological paragraph will follow Then, in the sentences you have checked, circle the word or words that indicate the chronological order ……….1 In the past sixty years, development in the field of electronics has revolutionized the computer industry ……….2 A person’s intelligence is the product of both heredity and environment ……….3 The tensions that led to last year’s student riots had been building for several years ……….4 The life cycle of the Pacific salmon is a fascinating phenomenon ……….5 There are two main reasons I believe women in the army should not be allowed in a war zone along with men ……….6 Surviving a major earthquake is possible if you follow certain procedures ……….7 American directness often conflicts with Asian modesty ……….8 Every year, our family celebrates the Muslim holiday Ramadan in the same way ……….9 The traditions of Christmas originated in several different countries ……….10 The preparation of the poisonous puffer fish for eating is not for amateur chefs 1.4.4 Spatial order([1], pp.22-24) In a paragraph of spatial order, the details are organized according to where they are located in space Spatial order is usually used in describing writings There are two ways to organize a paragraph using spatial order: To choose a starting point and give the locations of things in relation to that place, Or, to describe things in one area first, and then move on to the next area, and so forth Activity 19: Below are two examples of spatial paragraphs Read them and state of which of the two mentioned ways of organization above each paragraph followed A poor room The room is small, measuring 1.5 meters by meters There is only one small window in the wall but the panes are all broken The furniture is old and worm-eaten The carpet, which is made of cheap stuff, is torn and dirty There is no running water The light is dim- a dim, yellow light that gives the bedspread a gray, mildewed look I am sure nobody would live happily in a room like that Laurie’s Laurie’s is a large department store that sells clothing for the whole family As you enter the store through the main entrance, the jewelry department is directly in front of you in the middle of the store On your left is the coat department, and the scarf department is behind the coats To the right of the jewelry department is the cosmetics department The elevators are on the east wall In the northwest corner you will find the women’s shoe department Next to it, on the north wall, are hats and gloves To the right of the hat and glove department are the handbags and belts The children clothes are between the handbag and belt department and the elevators Activity 20: Use information from the paragraph about Laurie’s to fill in the plan of the store below elevators N W E S Main Entrance HOME WORK Exercise 1: In the following paragraphs there were used the supports like extended example, example, statistic and quotation Find and locate them in the text Dad’s New Role Dr Elizabeth Lee is the medical director in charge of communicable diseases in the country where she lives She enjoys her challenging career and prefers it to staying at home with her two young children Both she and her husband, Jack, realize the importance of parent’s active participation in their children’s lives Therefore, they decided that one of them should stay at home to be a full-time parent Jack became the primary caregiver because staying home would enable him to spend time developing his graphic design business Jack Lee is one of a growing number of stay-at-home dads According to a 1996 survey by the Los Angeles Times, 39 percent of the men who responded to the survey indicated that they would be willing to quit their jobs to take care of their children while their wives became the primary breadwinners Furthermore, the U.S Census Bureau reported in 1997 that approximately two million men across the United States have primary responsibility for their children Other fathers are telecommuting or have part-time jobs that allow them to spend more time with their kids For example, telecommuting gives advertising executive Ron Stemple time to take his children to school and pick them up He can also give them to their after-school activities A 1997 study by job placement agency Executive Search, Inc reported that between 57 and 78 percent of men would be willing to reduce their work hours and their salaries to spend more time with their children According to the experts, Dad does just as well as Mom at presenting As Joan Grant of the New York Department of Social Services stated, “Men are just as capable as women of taking care of their children’s need, including preparing nutritious meals; dispensing love, discipline, and Band-Aids; and providing a happy home environment Exercise 2: Read the following paragraphs and decide which kind of logical order is used in each: comparison/contrast, chronological order, spatial order, or logical division of ideas Discuss the reasons for your choice Para Powerful computers capable of translating documents from one language into another have recently been developed in Japan The process of machine translation is complex To translate a document from English into Japanese, for example, the computer first analyzes an English sentence, determining its grammatical structure and identifying the subject, verb, objects, and modifiers Next, the words are translated by an EnglishJapanese dictionary After that, another part of the computer program analyzes the resulting awkward jumble of words and meanings and produces an intelligible sentence based on the rules of Japanese syntax and how the machine understands what the original English sentence meant Finally, the computer-produced translation is polished by a human bilingual editor Kind of logical order:………………………………………………………… Para French and American business managers have decidedly different management styles French meetings, for example, are long and rambling and rarely end on time Furthermore, meetings often end without closure Americans, on the other hand, make an effort to start and stop a meeting on time, and American business meetings typically end with decisions and action plans Another difference involves documentation Americans adore documentation; they have a procedure manual for everything The French, in contrast, think this is childish French managers find it difficult to stick to a schedule, but American managers are intolerant of delays In addition, the French prefers to work alone, whereas Americans like to work in teams Another major difference in management style is that in French companies, authorities come from the top; French managers not share information with subordinates and make decisions with little participation by employees beneath them In American companies, however, top managers share information and frequently solicit input from subordinates Solicit: ask for Kind of logical order:………………………………………………………… Para The many different calendars used throughout the world are all based either on the phrases of the moon, on the revolution of the Earth around the sun, or on a combination of these The first kind of calendar is the lunar calendar, which is based on the phrases of the moon A month is calculated as the time between two full moons, 29.5 days, and a year has 345 days The Islamic calendar used in Muslim countries is a lunar calendar It has twelve months and a cycle of thirty years in which the 2nd, 5th, 7th, 10th, 13th, 16th, 18th, 21st, 24th, 26th, and 29th years have 365 days, and the others 354 days A second kind of calendar is the solar calendar, which is based on the revolution of the Earth around the sun The ancient Egyptians used a solar calendar divided into twelve months of thirty days each, which left five uncounted days at the end of each year A very accurate calendar developed by the Mayan Indians in North America was also a solar calendar It had 365 days, 364 of which were divided into 28 weeks of 13 days each The New Year began on the 365th day Because the solar year is exactly 365 days, hours, 48 minutes, and 46 seconds long, however, a solar calendar is not totally accurate, so many cultures developed a third kind of calendar, the lunisolar calendar In a lunisolar calendar extra days are added every so often to reconcile the lunar months with the solar years The Chinese, Hebrew, and Gregorian calendar used today are lunisolar calendars Reconcile: bring together Hebrew: ancient Jew Gregorian: belonging to popes Gregory Para Marie is as beautiful as any Hollywood starlet Her thick, wavy, long black hair gracefully falls down to her shoulders and surrounds exquisite, diamond-shaped face A golden suntan usually highlights her smooth, clear complexion Her lightly arched chestnut brown eyebrows draw attention to her deep blue eyes, which remind me of a lake on a stormy day Her eyes are large, but not too large, with thick eyelashes Her nose is straight and neither too neither long nor too short A small black mole on the left side of her mouth adds to her beauty And her mouth! It is small mouth that looks delicate and feminine Her lips are rather thin, but not too thin; her light pink lipstick adds another touch of feminine beauty When she smiles, which is often, her well-formed and even, white teeth brighten up her whole face There is nothing but extraordinary beauty in the face of Marie Kind of logical order:………………………………………………………… Exercise 3: - Things to consider when choosing a university - How to make an omelet - Description of your house - Life in the city versus life in the countryside Decide which kind of logical orders should be used to write on each topic Choose one of the given topics and write the topic sentence Develop the topic sentence with two main ideas supported by at least specific detail References: [1]Blanchard, K.& Root, C Ready to Write.(2nded) Addition-Wesley Publishing Company 1994 [2]Oshima, A.&Hogue,A Introduction to Academic Writing.(2nded) Longman 1997 [3]Savage.A.& Shafield, M Effective Academic Writing 1: The Paragraph Oxford University Press 2007 ... ……Nationwide, the number of red-light running accidents increased 18 percent from 19 91 through 19 95 In 19 91, 2.425 deaths resulted and in 19 95, the number rose to 2.866 Activity 8: Discuss with your... year has 34 5 days The Islamic calendar used in Muslim countries is a lunar calendar It has twelve months and a cycle of thirty years in which the 2nd, 5th, 7th, 10 th, 13 th, 16 th, 18 th, 21st, 24th,... also a solar calendar It had 36 5 days, 36 4 of which were divided into 28 weeks of 13 days each The New Year began on the 36 5th day Because the solar year is exactly 36 5 days, hours, 48 minutes,
Ngày đăng: 18/01/2018, 13:25
Xem thêm: