Bồi dưỡng học sinh giỏi môn sử ( phần 3 )

TUYỂN TẬP ĐỀ THI TÀI LIỆU ÔN THI MÔN LỊCH SỬ Thang lai Dong - Kuan 1953 - 1954 da lam cho Nava khong the tap trung Tren ca so phan tich tinh hinh, Trung uong Dang da quyet dinh mo chien luc litgng a Dong bang Bac Bo ma phdi phan tan luc luang dot vai ta a nhung dich Di?n Bien Phii, bien Dien Bien Phii diem "quyet chien chien luge diem xung yen Den day kchoach Nava bu&cdau hipha sdn giiia ta va dich" Chien dich lich six Di?n Bien Phu 1954 a Am muu cua Phdp - Ml viec chiem dong, xay dung tap dodn diem Dien Bien Phu Ngay 20 - n -1953, thuc dan Phap cho quan nhay dii xuong Dien Bien Phu, den Dien Bien Phu, cac tuong ta Phap - M I thay rang, Dien Bien Phii la mot dja ban rat quan nam giiia canh dong Muong Thanh, xung quanh c6 nui bao bQC c Chien dich Dien Bien Phu Id thang Iqi quan su Ian nhat cua ta ]chdng chien chang Phdp Trong eugc khang chien chong thuc dan Phap t u nam 1945 den nam 1954, quan dan ta da gianh dugc nhieu thing Igi tren cac mat tran kinh te, chinh tri, quan su va ngoai giao Trong mat tran quan su giii vai tro quye't dinh nhat Tren mat tran quan su, quan dan ta tung buoc danh bai cac am muu ciia thvrc dan dan Phap de tien len mo chien dich Dien Bien Phii, danh bai hoan Voi vj tri dja l i cua Dien Bien Phu, ve lau dai chung muon bien noi day toan thuc dan Phap, buoc chiing phai ki ket Hiep dinh Gionevo cong nhan doc mot can cu luc quan va khong quan c6 tac dung Igi hai am mun lap chii quyen, thong nhat va toan v?n lanh tho ciia nude ta cung nhu Lao va xam luge Dong Nam A Campuchia 5' De thuc hi#n y do, Phap cho xay dung Di^n Bien Phii tap doan cu Mo dau eugc khang chien, quan dan ta gianh thang Igi eugc chien dau diem manh gom 49 cum cu diem dugc chia phan khu: Phan khu phia Bac, a cac thi t u vT tuyen 16 tro Bac Qua eugc chien dau nay, quan dan ta da phan khu trung tarn Muong Thanh va phan khu Hong Ciim voi phia Nam Voi each bo phong nhu vay, cac tuong ta cua Phap - M i deu chii quan cho rang Di^n Bien Phii la mot "phao dai khong the cong pha", mot "vecdoong" cua danh bai am muu "danh l i p " ciia djch, dam bao cho co quan dau nao khang chien ciia Dang va Chinh phii riit ve chien khu Viet B^e an toan, ehuan bj cho eugc khang chien lau dai the ki XX, mpt "con nhim khong 16" eiia niii rung Tay Bac va t u chung ngao Tiep la thang Igi chien dich Viet Bac thu - dong nam 1947 Chien man tuyen bo rang: Neu bo doi ta danh len Di?n Bien Phii se khong tranh khoi thang Vi?t Bac thu dong nam 1947, quan dan ta da danh bai am muu "danh bj nghien nat nhanh, thang nhanh" ciia Phap, huge chiing phai chuyen sang danh lau dai voi b Chu truong ma chien dich Bi^n Bien Phu cua ta ta Voi chien thang Viet Bac, ta da lam xoay chuyen cue dien tren chien truong Truac su pha san buoc dau ke hoach quan su Nava, dich quyet dinh Dong Duong, lam thay doi tuong quan luc lugng giOa ta va dich: Djch t u cho xay dung tap doan cu diem manh Di^n Bien Phii, bien Dien Bien Phii danh ta sang the ta danh djch Hay noi each khac, ta t u cho phong ngy mpt "phao dai khong the cong pha", "mot vecdoong" ciia the' ki XX "mot chuyen sang the tan cong djch nhim khong 16" rung niii Tay Bac Va bien Dien Bien Phii trung tam Den chien djch Bien gioi thu - dong nam 1950, ta chii dong mo chien djch diem cua ke hoach Nava V i vay, muon ket thiic chien tranh phai tieu di^t tap danh dich tren duong so Voi thang Igi ciia chien djch Bien gioi da dua eugc doan cu diem Dien Bien Phu khang chien ch6'ng thuc dan Phap ciia quan dan ta chuyen sang mot buoc phat Vao - 12 - 1953, Trung uong Dang da hop va nhan dinh: Dien Bien Wen nhay vgt, mo mot buoc ngoat lich su qua trinh khang chien Phii la tap doan eii diem manh nhung the yeu ciia djch D i f n Bien Phii de bi chong Phap ciia nhan dan ta Thang Igi ciia chien djch Bien gioi thu - dong CO lap, chi tiep te'dugc bang duong khong, neu ta eat dut duong hang khong, nSm 1950, ta da gianh the chii dgng tren chien truong chinh Bac Bg, day djch dich se roi vao the " t u 16" Quan doi ta da truong va c6 kinh nghi^m c6 the danh djch tap doan cu diem Hau phuong ciia ta da viing manh, c6 the kh5c phuc nhving kho khan dam bao chi vi^n cho chien truong the'bj dgng d6i voi ta Trong nhiing nam 1951 - 1953, ta lien tiep mo cac chien dich trung du, 12 - The Trucme Ngpc Thai sv nao va k h o n g de cho n u a c khac d u n g l a n h t h o ciia m i n h vao vi#c gay chien t r a n h hoac phuc v u m u c d i c h xam luQ-c doan each m a n g xa h p i chii nghia, tao co so de nhan d a n ta giai phong m i e n N a m , t h o n g nhat To quoc T h a n g Ipi ciia cupc khang chien da giang d o n nang ne vao t h a m vong xam Vi?t N a m tie'n t o i t h o n g nhat bSng cupc tong t u y e n c u t u d o t r o n g ca niroc, lupc, am m u u no djch ciia chii nghia de'quoc sau Chien tranh the g i o i t h i i hai, se du(?c to chuc vao thang -1956 d u o i sy k i e m soat va g i a m sat va k i e m soat gop p h a n l a m tan he thong thupc dia ciia ehiing, co v u m a n h me tinh than ciia m p t U y ban quoc te (trong d o A n D p l a m chii tjch, c u n g hai n u o c Ba Lan giai p h o n g d a n toe tren the g i o i , truoc het la cac n u a c chau A , chau Phi, MT va Canada) Trach n h i ^ m t h i hanh H i e p d j n h thupc ve n h i j n g n g u o i k i hi?p d i n h G i o n e v o va n h i r n g n g u o i ke tuc ho Latinh - Nguyen nhan thSng hi: N h o lanh dao sang suot ciia Dang, d u n g dau la C h i i tjch H o C h i M i n h , v o i d u o n g loi k h a n g chien d i i n g d i n , sang tao Toan dan, toan quan doan ket, - Y n^/iffl Ixch su: H i ^ p d j n h G i o n e v o 1954 ve D o n g D u o n g la v a n ban p h a p l i quoc te ghi n h a n cac q u y e n d a n toe ca ban ciia nhan dan cac nuoc D o n g D u o n g va dupe cac c u a n g quoc c u n g cac nuoc t h a m d y H p i n g h i cam ket t o n t r p n g N o d a n h da'u thang I p i cupc khang chien chong Phap, song chua t r p n ven v i m a i giai p h o n g d u p e m i e n Bac Cupc da'u tranh each m a n g v a n p h a i tiep tuc n h a m giai p h o n g m i e n N a m , t h o n g nhat dat nuoc d i i n g cam t r o n g chien da'u, t r o n g lao d p n g san xua't N h o h | t h o n g c h i n h quyen dan chii nhan dan t r o n g ca nuoc, co mat tran dan tpc t h o n g nhat d u p e c i i n g co va m o rpng, co lue l u p n g v i i trang som d u p e xay d u n g va k h o n g n g i m g Ion manh, co hau p h u a n g rpng lan, v i r n g chae ve mpi mat N h o tinh than doan ket ciia nhan dan ba nuoc D o n g D u o n g chong ke thu ehung N h o CO s u d o n g t i n h , l i n g hp va g i i i p d o ciia T r u n g Quoc, L i e n X6 va eiia V o i H i ^ p d j n h Gionevo, Phap bupc phai chain d i i t chien t r a n h x a m lupc, cac nude dan chii nhan dan khac, ciia nhan dan Phap va loai n g u o i tie'n bp n i t het q u a n d p i ve nuoc; de'quoc MT that bai t r o n g am m u u keo d a i , m o rpng, - Nguyen nhan qm/ei dinh nhat: quoc te'hoa chien t r a n h xam lupc D o n g D u o n g T r o n g cac n g u y e n nhan neu tren t h i n g u y e n nhan ve su lanh dao ciia Dang, c Biem khac giiia Hiep Ainh So bo voi Hiep dinh Gionevo d i i n g dau la C h i i tjch H o C h i M i n h la n g u y e n nhan quyet d j n h nhat H i f p d j n h So bp (6 - - 1946), C h i n h p h i i Phap cong n h ^ n n u o c ta la m o t T r o n g cupc k h a n g chien chong thuc dan Phap t r o lai x a m lupc nuoc ta quoc gia t u do, nam t r o n g l i ^ n hiep Phap va t r o n g lien bang D o n g D u o n g Con D a n g ta va C h i i tjch H o C h i M i n h da de d u o n g 16! khang chien toan dan, t r o n g H i ? p d j n h G i o n e v o (21 - - 1954 ), Phap va cac nuoc t h a m d u h p i nghi toan dien, lau dai va t u lue canh sinh D u o n g l o i d o d u p e ap d u n g t r o n g suot cam ket t o n t r p n g dpc lap chii quyen, t h o n g nhat va toan v?n lanh tho ba nuoc tie'n t r i n h each m a n g t u n a m 1946 den nam 1954 N h o co d u o n g loi Dang ta Dong Duong da doan ket d u p e m p t luc l u p n g each mang ciia d o n g dao quan ehiing de thuc T r o n g liic k i H i ? p d j n h So bp d o ta yeu h o n d i c h nen ta p h a i chap nhan dieu khoan d o D a y la sach lupc m e m deo de phan hoa ke t h u C o n t r o n g k h i k i H i ? p d j n h G i o n e v o ta da gianh dupe thang Ipi quyet d j n h D i ? n Bien Phii, quyet d j n h s u that bai ciia thuc dan Phap D o n g D u o n g So v o i H i ? p d j n h So bp, H i e p d j n h Gionevo la m o t buoc tie'n v u p t bac t r o n g da'u tranh ngoai giao ciia ta Y n g h i a l i c h s u va n g u y e n n h a n t h i n g I g i ciia cupc k h a n g c h i e n c h o n g Phap (1945 - ) - Y ttghia: hi?n cupc k h a n g chien toan dan va da tie'n hanh khang chien tren cac mat tran k i n h te, c h i n h t r i , v a n hoa, quan su C u n g n h o eo d u o n g loi d o ma D a n g ta lanh dao nhan dan ta chien da'u lau dai, ben b i , lan l u p t d a n h bai tirng am m u u ciia djch de tie'n len d a n h bai hoan toan cupc chien tranh xam lupc ciia thuc dan Phap co s u g i i i p siic ciia M i Su lanh dao ciia D a n g , d i i n g dau la Chii tjch H o C h i M i n h v o i d u o n g 161 each m a n g d i i n g dan da g i i i p cho toan Dang, toan q u a n va toan dan ta doan ket m p t long, chien da'u v i muc tieu dpc lap dan tpc va chii nghia xa h p i Toan Dang, toan quan va toan dan ta chien da'u v o i tinh than "Tha h i sinh tat ca c h i i nhat d j n h k h o n g chju mat nuoc, nhat d j n h khong chju l a m no ie" V o i t i n h ThSng I p i ciia cupc k h a n g chien chong Phap da cha'm d i i t cupc chien tranh than a'y, cupc chien da'u d i i lau dai, dua vao siic m i n h la c h i n h n h u n g ehiing ta x a m lupc, d o n g t h a i cha'm d i i t ach t h o n g trj ciia t h y c dan Phap t r o n g gan m p t da gianh d u p e thang I p i cuoi cung, bupc thuc dan Phap phai cong nhan dpc the k i tren dat n u o c ta; m i e n Bac nuoc ta d u p e giai p h o n g , c h u y e n sang giai Jap chii q u y e n , t h o n g nhat va toan v?n lanh tho ciia ba nuoc D o n g D u o n g 3SidLf&n0HSO irhSCr 12 - Ths Trtrang Ngpc men cAu Hbi Cdu T u sau riit khoi thi den truoc chien dich Viet Bac thu - dong O N T(=IP Cau Tinh hinh nude ta sau Cach mang thang Tarn c6 nhung thuan M va kho khan gi? Neu kho khan Ion nha't dua nuoc ta dung truoc tinh the nhu "ngan can treo sgi toe" Cdu Vai tro cua quan chiing nhan dan dupe the h i f n nhu the nao vi?c giai quyet nhung kho khan ve do'i npi sau Cach mang thang Tarn Cdu Phan tich tinh diing dSn va sang tao ve duong loi doi ngoai cua Dang ta sau Cach m^ng thang Tarn nam 1945 Cdu Dang va Chinh phii each mang da thuc hi|n chii truong, sach lug-c nhu the nao doi voi Phap hai thoi k i : truoc - - 1946 va t u nam 1947, ta da lam gi dechuan bi cho cuoc khang chien lau dai? |i,, Cdu 10 So sanh chien thang Viet Bac thu - dong 1947 va chien djch Bien gidi thu - dong 1950, theo cac tieu chi sau: Tieu chi so sanh 1) Chii dong Chien dich Vi^t Bic Chien dich bien gioi tan c6ng dich 2) Quan djch bi loai khoi vung chien 3) Qiai phong da't dai - -1946? Cdu Y nghia thang Igi va bai hpc kinh nghi?m cua CUQC dau tranh bao v^ chinh quyen thoi ki t u thang -1945 den thang 12 nam 1946? Cdu CUQC khang chien toan quoc chong thuc dan Phap biing no 19 - 12 - 1946 hoan canh nhu the nao? Phan tich npi dung co ban ciia duong 161 khang chien chong Phap ciia Dang ta Cdu Phan tich duong 161 khang chien chong thyc dan Phap ciia Dang ta Duong 161 khang chien toan dan va toan di^n duoc the hien nhu the nao qua trinh khang chien Cdu Lap bang thong ke ve duong 161 khang chien chong Phap cua Dang ta theo yeu cau duoi day: Cac van ki?n 1) Nghj quyet Hpi nghj Ban Thuong vy Trung uong Dang 18 va 19 - 12 - 1946) 2) Loi keu gQi toan quoc khang chien ciia Chii tjch Ho Chi Minh dem 19 - -1946 3) Thu cua Ho Chi Minh 21 - -1946 4) Tac pham Khang chien nhat djnh thing Npi dung 4) Y nghla quan nhat ciia thang loi Cdu 11 Tai noi sau chien thing Bien gidi thu - dong nam 1950 cupc khang chien ciia ta budc sang giai doan phat trien Cdu 12 T u sau chien thang Bien gidi thu - ddng nam 1950 den truoc dong xuan 1953 - 1954, hau phuong khang chien da phat trien nhu the nao tren cac m^t chinh tri, kinh te^ van hoa, giao due, y te? Cdu 13 Chung minh the chii dpng danh dich tren chien truong rhinh Bac Bp cua quan ta van dupe giir vung sau chien thang Bien gidi thu - dong nam 1950 den trudc dong - xuan 1953 - 1954 Cdu 14 Lap nien bieu nhung thang Ipi tieu bieu aia nhan ta tren cac mat tran quan su, chinh tri - ngoai giao, kinh te - tai chinh khang chien chong thye dan Phap tir sau thu - dong n3m 1950 den trudc ddng - xuan 1953 - 1954 theo bang thdng ke Thai gian Tu cu61 nam Quan syt 1950 den giua nam 1951 Igi ciia Truong Chinh vao 3-1947 Tu giiia thang 11 - Npi dung va phuong cham 1951 den cuol thang cua cupc khang chien -1952 Chinh tri - K i n h te - tai ngoai giao chinh T u 14 - 10 - 1952 den 10-12 -1952 T u - - 1953 den 18 - - 1953 Tit CAuyen de 4: VIET NAM T U 1954 D^N NAM 1975 I C A C H M A N G M I E N B A G T l / N A M 1954 D E N N A M 1975 T h a i k i - : H o a n t h a n h cai each r u p n g dat, k h o i phue k i n h te, h a n g i n vet t h u o n g c h i e n t r a n h * Hoan cai each ruong dat Can c u vao hoan canh thuc te'mien Bac va nham dap u n g yeu cau ve q u y e n nam 1951 den n a m 1953 Igi k i n h te, c h i n h t r i ciia n o n g dan, cung co khoi lien m i n h cong nong, m o rgng mat tran dan tgc t h o n g nha't D a n g va C h i n h p h u quyet d j n h "Day m a n h phat d g n g quan c h i i n g thuc hien cai each r u g n g dat" Cau 15 T i n h bay dien bie'n cupc tien cong chien \\xqic D o n g - Xuan 1953 1954 ciia q u a n dan ta Cdu 16 Chien d j c h lich sir D i e n Bien Phii d u g c chuan bj va gianh thang Igi n h u the'nao? Y nghla cua chien thang Dien Bien P h i i Cau 17 H a y c h u n g m i n h : D i f n Bien Phii la thang Igi quan sy Ion nha't cua ta khang chien chong Phap va la thang Igi quyet d i n h bugc thuc dan Phap phai cha'm d u t chien tranh xam luge D o n g D u o n g Cau 18 N e u d i e m khac co ban gii>a H i e p d j n h So bg (6 - - 1946) v o i H i e p d j n h G i o n e v o (21 -7 -1954 ) de thay buoc tien ciia ta t r o n g da'u tranh ngoai giao? Cau 19 Phan tich boi canh Ijch su cac giai doan phat trien cua cugc khang chien chong Phap ciia nhan dan ta tir nam 1946 den nam 1954 Cdu 20 Cugc da'u tranh tren ITnh vuc ngoai giao d u g c the h i ^ n n h u the'nao t r o n g cugc khang chien chong Phap t u nam 1946 den n a m 1954? Cdu 21 N e u n h i r n g th^ng i g i ve quan su ciia quan dan ta t r o n g cugc khang chien chong Phap (1946 - 1954) Phan tich mot th^ng Igi quyet d j n h nha't Cdu 22 V a n de r u g n g dat cho dan cay d u g c D a n g ta de va thuc h i ^ n n h u the'nao t r o n g cugc khang chien chong Phap (1946 - 1954)? Tac d u n g cua vi^c thuc hi^n van de r u g n g dat dan cay d o i v o i cugc khang chien Thuc hi^n chu t r u o n g cua T r u n g uong, hai nam (1954 - 1956), mien Bac tien hanh cai each rugng dat 3314 xa thugc 22 tinh dong b5ng va trung d u Q u a d g t cai each r u g n g dat, da tjch thu t r u n g inua khoang 81 van hecta r u g n g dat, 10 v a n n g h i n trau bo, 1,8 trieu nong cu t u tay giai cap dja ehii d e m cho tren trieu hg n o n g dan lao d g n g Ke't qua: Giai cap dja ehii can ban bj xoa bo N o n g dan da lam chu nong thon, nguyen vgng lau d o i ciia nong dan la "ngifffi cay co riion;^" da dugc thuc hien Sai l a m : Da'u to ea nhOng n g u o i co cong v o i each m a n g , q u y n h a m m o t so' nong dan, can bg, d a n g vien dja c h i i * Khoi phuc kinh te, han gan vet thuong chien j• tranh Cong cugc k h o i phuc k i n h te d u g c toan dan tich cue h u o n g l i n g va trien khai t r o n g ta't ca cac nganh T r o n g n o n g nghiep, nong dan hang hai khai khan r u g n g dat bo hoang, bao d a m cay cay he't r u g n g dat vang chu, tang t h e m dan trau bo, sam them cong cu H e thong de dieu da d u g c tu bo N h i e u cong t r i n h t h u y n o n g m o i d u g c xay d y n g , CO tac d y n g m o rgng dien tich t u o i va tieu nuoc i , T r o n g cong nghiep, giai cap cong n h a n da nhanh chong k h o i phuc va m o hau he't cac co so cong nghiep D e n c u o i n a m 1957, mien B^c co ta't ca 97 nha may, x i nghiep Ion nho N h a nuoc quan l i Cac nganh thu cong nghiep m i e n Bac cung dugc k h o i phuc nhanh chong Den n a m 1957, nganh t h i i cong nghiep da cung cap gan 59% so hang hoa cong nghiep t r o n g ca nuoc, giai quyet phan nao vi^c l a m cho n g u o i lao d g n g T r o n g t h u o n g nghiep, he t h o n g m a u djch quoc d o a n h va h g p tac xa mua ban d u g c m o rgng, da cung cap cang nhieu mat hang cho nhan dan; giao l u u hang hoa giira cac dia p h u o n g cang phat trien; hoat d g n g ngoai t h u o n g dan dan tap t r u n g vao tay N h a nuoc Den cuoi nam 1957, mien Bac dat quan he b u o n ban v o i 27 nuoc Giao t h o n g van tai duoc chii trong, k h o i phuc gan 700km d u o n g sat, sua chua va l a m m o i hang n g h i n kilomet d u a n g to, xay d u n g va m a r p n g them m p t so cang n h u H a i Phong, C a m Pha, Ben T h u y ; d u o n g hang k h o n g dan d y n g quoc teduQC k h a i thong Van hoa giao due d u g c day m a n h N e n giao due d u g c phat t r i e n theo h u o n g xa h o i c h i i nghla He t h o n g giao due t h o n g theo c h u o n g t r i n h 10 n a m da d u g c k h a n g d i n h , giao due dai hoc dugc ehii y phat t r i e n T h o i k i 1961 - 1965: Xay dung buoc dau co so vat chat, k l thuat ciia chu nghia xa hpi • * D a i hpi dai bieu toan quoc Ian thu I I I ciia D a n g (thang - 1960) - Hoan earth: Gi&a liic each m a n g hai m i e n N a m - Bac co n h i r n g b u o c tien quan t r g n g D a n g Lao d g n g Vi#t N a m to chiic D a i h g i dai bieu toan quoc Ian t h u I I I D a i hgi h g p t u den 10 - -1960 H a N o i - Noi dung Dai hpi H e t h o n g y te eham soc sue koe cho nhan dan d u g c N h a nuoe q u a n t a m xay Dai hgi de n h i e m v u chien luge ciia each m a n g ca nuoe va n h i e m v y ciia d y n g N e p song lanh m a n h , g i i i g i n v ^ sinh dugc van d g n g thue hien khap each m a n g t u n g m i e n ; chi ro v j t r i , vai tro ciia each m a n g t u n g m i e n , m o i quan mgi noi h? givea each m a n g hai m i e n Cach m a n g xa hgi chii nghla m i e n Bac co v a i tro T r o n g giai doan nay, c h i n h q u y e n va quan d g i d u g c eiing co, tang cuong quye't d j n h nhat d o i v a i s u phat trien ciia each m a n g ca nuoe Cach m a n g dan kha nang phong t h u dat nuac, m o rgng quan he ngoai giao M a t tran To quoc tgc dan chii nhan dan m i e n N a m co vai tro quye't d i n h true tiep d o i v o i s u lap thang -1955 da tang cuong khoi dai doan ket dan tgc xay d u n g dat nuoe nghiep giai p h o n g m i e n N a m T h a i k i 1958 - 1960: C a i tao quan h f san xuat, b u o c dau phat trien k i n h te van hoa T r o n g n a m tiep theo (1958 - 1960), m i e n Bae lay cai tao xa h g i chii nghla Cach m a n g hai m i e n co quan h ^ mat thie't, gan bo va tac d g n g Ian n h a m hoan t h a n h cugc each m a n g dan tgc dan chii nhan d a n t r o n g ca nuoe, thue h i ^ n hoa b i n h t h o n g nhat dat nuoe l a m t r g n g t a m : cai tao d o i v a i eong nhiep, t h i i eong nghiep, t h u a n g nghiep D a i hgi t h o n g qua Bao cao c h i n h t r i , bao cao sua chira d o i D i e u 1^ D a n g nho, eong t h u o n g nghiep t u ban t u doanh, t r o n g d o k h a u c h i n h la h g p tac hoa va t h o n g qua ke'hoaeh N h a nuoe n a m t h i i nhat (1961 -1965) n h a m xay d u n g n o n g nghiep buoc dau CO so vat chat - k l thuat eiia chii nghla xa h g i , thue h i ^ n m g t buoc Thue hien chii t r u o n g tren, k h a p n o i soi noi p h o n g trao t h i d u a xay d u n g h g p tac xa Cugc van d g n g h g p tac xa nong nghiep d u g c tien hanh theo n g u y e n tac t u n g u y e n , eung co Igi va quan l i dan chii; t u n g b u o c d u a n g u o i n o n g dan vao l a m an tap the d i tir to d o i eong len h g p tac xa bac thap, den bac cao, t u quy m o nho den q u y m o Ion Do'i v o l t u san d a n toe, cai tao hang p h u a n g phap hoa b i n h , s u d u n g mat eong nghiep hoa xa h g i chii nghla am * n D a i hgi bau Ban Chap hanh T r u n g u o n g m o i eiia D a n g H o C h i M i n h dugc bau l a m C h i i tjch Dang, Le D a n giu chiic Bi t h u t h i i nhat ciia D a n g - Y nghla: D a i hgi dai bieu toan quoc Ian t h i i I I I eiia D a n g " n g u o n anh sang m o i , luc l u g n g m o i cho toan D a n g va toan dan ta xay d u n g thang Igi chii nghla xa hgi a m i e n Bac va da'u tranh thue hien hoa b i n h tho'ng nhat nuoe nha" tieh eye eiia t u san dan toe, d u a hg vao l a m an tap the d u o i h i n h thue eong t u * M i e n O i c thue h i ? n ke hoach Nha nuoe nam (1961 -1965) hgp doanh N h i ^ m v u co ban ciia ke'hoaeh n a m la sue phat trien eong nghiep va D o i v o i l u c l u g n g tieu t h u o n g , tieu chii, t h g t h i i eong, d u a vao eon d u o n g lam an tap the t r o n g cac h g p tac xa t h i i eong nghiep, h g p tac xa m u a ban Ket qua cai tao la da xoa bo co ban che'dg n g u o i boc lot n g u o i , co tac d u n g thiie day san xuat phat trien, nhat la dieu kien ehie'n tranh, h g p tac xa da bao d a m d o i song vat chat, t i n h than cho nhtrng n g u o i d i chien da'u, phyc v u chien d a u D o n g t h o i v a i n h i e m v u cai tao xa hgi chii nghTa, eong nghiep quoc doanh d u g c u u tien dau t u xay d u n g D e n n a m 1960, m i e n Bac co 172 xf nghiep Ian d o t r u n g u o n g q u a n l i , tren 500 x i nghiep d o dja p h u o n g q u a n l i n o n g nghiep, tiep tuc eong cugc cai tao xa hgi chu nghla, c i i n g co va tang c u o n g p h a n k i n h te'quoc doanh, cai thien mot buoc d o i song vat chat va van hoa ciia nhan d a n lao d g n g , eiing c o q u o c p h o n g , tang c u o n g trat t u va an n i n h xa h g i T r o n g k i n h te^ nganh eong nghiep d u g c u u tien dau t u xay d u n g T r o n g n o n g nghiep, sau k h i dua dai bg phan n o n g dan vao cac h g p tac xa n o n g nghiep, t u n a m 1961, cac dja p h u a n g thue hien chii t r u o n g xay d u n g h g p tac xa san xuat n o n g nghiep bac cao '' ' T h u o n g nghiep quoc doanh d u g c N h a nuoe u u tien phat trien nen da chiehi * iTnh t h i t r u o n g , gop p h a n phat trien k i n h te C l i n g co quan h? san xuat m o i , on d j n h va cai t h i ^ n d o i song nhan dan 134 135 thong giao thong ctuang bq>, duong sat, duong lien tinh, lien huy?n, duong song, duong hang khong dug-c cung co Vi^c di lai nuoc va giao thong quoc tethuan Igi hon thong giao due tu thong den dai hoc phat trien manh thong y te, cham lo sue khoe dugc dau tu phat trien Nhiing loai dich b^nh a mien Bac co ban dugc xoa bo Quan doi nhan dan Viet Nam dugc xay dung tung buoc quan dgi chinh quy va buoc dau dugc trang bj hien dai, du sue bao ve vung chic mien Bac va dap ung nhu cau cang tang cua each mang mien Nam Nhi>ng tuu dat dugc viec thuc hien ke hoach nam (1961 1965) va noi chung 10 nam (1954 - 1964) da thay doi bg mat xa hgi mien Bic Tai Hoi n;^hi Chinh tri dqc biet thcin^ - 3964, Chu tjch Ho Chi Minh noi: "Trong 10 nam qua, mien BMc nuoc ta da tien hanh buoc dai chua tung thay Ijch su dan tgc Dat nuoc, xa hgi va nguoi deu doi moi" Thai ki 1965 - 1968: Mien BIC vira san xuat vira chien dau chong chien tranh pha hoai Ian thu nhat cua M i SO kinh te^ cong trinh van hoa, giao due, y te ma nhan dan ta da tao nen hon 10 nam truoc co CO * M i e n BSc vvra san xuat, vira chien dau chong chien tranh pha hoai Mien Bac chuyen mgi hoat dgng sang thoi chien, thuc hien quan sii hoa toan dan Mien Bic vua san sang chong lai hanh dgng danh pha ciia MT vua lao dgng san xuat i Trong chien dau, mien Bac da ban roi va pha huy 243 may bay MT; ban chay va chim 143 tau chien MT Ngay - 11 - 1968, MT tuyen bo ngung h l n chien tranh pha hoai mien Bac Trong san xuat, mien Bic lap dugc nhi>ng tich quan trgng: Trong nong nghifp, dien tich canh tac mo rgng, nang sua't lao dgng khong ngung tang len Trong cong nghi^p, nang luc san xuat mot so nganh dugc giO vOng cac CO so cong nghiep Ion kjp thoi so tan Cong nghiep dja phuong va cong nghiep quoc phong deu phat trien * Mien Bac thuc h i ^ n nghia vu hau phuong Ion La hau phuong Ion cua khang chien chong mT cuu nuoc, mien Bic luon * M l tien hanh chien tranh khong quan va hai quan pha hoai mien Bac huong ve mien Nam Vi mien Nam rugt thjt, mien Bic phah dau "Moi n^u&i Cuoi nam 1964 dau nam 1965, dong thoi voi day manh chien tranh xam lam vice bang hai" Vi tien tuyen keu ggi, hau phuong san sang danh dap lai luge mien Nam MT mo rgng chien tranh khong quan va hai quan pha hoai "Thoc khong thieu mot can, quan khong thieu mot ngitvi" mien BSc Ngay - - 1964 sau dung len "sic kicn Vinh BSc Bo", MT cho may Tuyen duong van chuyen chien luge Bic - Nam mang ten Ho Chi Minh tren bay nem bom bSn pha mot so noi mien Bac, nhu cua song Gianh (Quang bp (dgc day nui Truong Son) va tren bien (dgc theo bo bien) b i t dau khai thong h> Binh), Vinh - Ben Thuy (Nghf An), Lach Truong (Thanh Hoa), thj xa Hon Gai thang -1959, dai hang nghin cay so, da noi lien hau phuong voi tien tuyen (Quang Ninh) Ngay 7-2 Qua hai tuyen duong van chuyen chien luge do, nam (1965 - 1968) - 1965, lay co "tra dua" viec quan giai phong mien Nam tien cong mien Bac da dua hon 300.000 can bg, bg dgi vao mien Nam tham gia chien doanh trai quan M i Playku, MT cho may bay nem bom b i n pha thj xa Dong dau, phuc vu chien dau, xay dung kinh te^ van hoa tai cac vung giai phong, va Hoi, dao Con Co (Quang Binh) , chinh thi>c gay cugc chien tranh bSng cijng da gui vao Nam hang chuc van tan vu khi, dan dugc, quan trang, quan khong quan va hai quan pha hoai mien Bac (Ian thu nhat) Tien hanh chien tranh pha hoai, M I am muu pha tiem luc kinh te, quoc dyng, xang dau, luong thuc, thuc pham, thuoc men va nhieu vat dung khac Tinh chung site nguoi, sue cua t u mien Bac chuyen vao Nam nam da phong, pha cong cugc xay dung chu nghai xa hgi mien Bac; ngan chan nguon tSng gap 10 Ian so voi thoi ki truoc chi vi^n tu ben ngoai vao mien BSc va tu mien Bac vao mien Nam; uy hiep tinh Thoi k i 1969 - 1973: Mien Bic khoi phuc va phat trien k i n h te - xa hpi, than, lam lung lay y chi chong M I cua nhan dan ta hai mien dat nuoc May bay, tau chien MT nem bom, b i n pha lien tuc, k h i p mgi noi, mgi liic, mgi thoi tiet, voi cuong cang tang Trung binh moi co 300 Ian chie'c may bay di gay tgi ac voi 1600 tan bom dan trut xuong cac lang mac, chien dau chong chien tranh pha hoai Ian t h u hai ciia M i * Mien Bic khoi phuc va phat trien kinh te - xa hgi Tren khap mien Bac day len phong trao thi dua hgc tap, cong tac, lao dgng in xuat, n h i m truoc het khoi phyc va phat trien kinh te - xa hgi xa, Bom dgn cau chiing ta da cuop di biet bao sinh mang va gay thuong Trong nong nghiep, ta co mgt so chu truong khuyen khich san xua't Chan tich cho bao nhieu nguoi khac Bom dan cua chiing da tan pha biet bao cua cai f i i o i dugc dua len nganh chinh Cac hop tac xa tich cue ap dung tieh bg «^oa hgc kT thuat, nhieu bifn phap tham canh tang vu Nho do, nhieu hgp tac xa dat duQc m u c tieu tan, m o t so h o p tac xa dat tir den tan San luQng l u o n g thuc n a m 1970 tang Hon 60 van tan so v o i nam 1968 T r o n g Cong nghiep, nhieu ca so cong nghiep t r u n g u o n g va dja p h u o n g tar, * So sanh hai cupc chien tranh pha hoai cua MT mien BSc T i e u c h i so sanh C h i e n t r a n h pha hoai Ian C h i e n t r a n h p h a h o a i Ian t h u nhat t h u hai pha dugc k h o i p h y c nhanh chong N h i e u cong t r i n h dang l a m dang d o duoc UTJ tien dau t u xay d u n g tiep, d u a vac heat d o n g danh pha -1968 Q u y m o danh D a n h pha m g t so' n o i pha m i e n B^c, He thong giao thong van tdi, nha't la cac tuyen giao t h o n g chien lup-c, h\a hoai nang ne d u g c k h a n t r u a n g k h o i phuc Van hod, giao due, y te, cung nhanh chong d u g c k h o i phuc va phat trien D6i Thai gian song nhan dan o n d j n h M o t so kho khan sai lam k h u y e t d i e m cua ta chi dao, quan l i k i n h te - xa hoi buoc dau dugc khac phuc Tu - - I V cu N g a y 16 - - 1972, N i c h - x o n tuyen bo'chinh thuc gay cugc chien tranh k h o n g q u a n va hai quan pha hoai m i e n Bac (Ian t h u hai); den - - 1972, 1973 m g t so' n o i thugc k h u I V cu - Ben Den - - 1972, t u y e n Thuy (Ngh^ An), Truong thi xa (Thanh Hon Hai - 1965, Bac danh pha thj xa Co N g a y 14 - 12 - Nichxon hoach phe ma 1972, chuan cugc tap ke kich k h o n g quan bang m a y bay B52 vao Ha N g i va Hai Phong A m m u u Pha tiem luc k i n h te^ N i c h - x o n phe chuan ke'hoach m o cugc tap kich k h o n g quan bang may bay B52 quoc vac H a N g i va H a i Phong bat dau t u chieu toi 18 den het 29 - -1972 cugc xay d u n g chii nghai Q u a n dan ta m i e n B3c da danh tra djch n h i i n g d o n d i c h dang t u tran dau phong, pha cong xa h g i m i e n Bac va da danh bai hoan toan cugc tap kich k h o n g quan cua M I , lam nen tran Dicii M l (trong c6 61 may bay B52, 10 may bay F i l l ) , ban c h i m 125 tau chien loai chien tranh pha hoai Ian t h u nha't C u u nguy cho chien luge G i a n h thang Igi quye't d j n h ve quan su, bugc ta phai m i e n Bac va t u m i e n Bac chap nhan d a m phan h g i vao m i e n N a m n g h i Pari theo n h i r n g dieu t u ben ngoai U y hie'p t i n h than, lam k h o i v o n g chien dau hang t r a m p h i cong M i cugc vao vifn Nhu " V i ^ t N a m hoa chien tranh" N g a n chan n g u o n chi hoai Ian t h u hai ( t u - - 1972 den 15 - - 1973), m i e n Bac ban r o i 735 may bay khoan c6 Igi cho M I l u n g lay y chi chong M I Dien Bien Phu tren khong la tran thang quye't d j n h cua ta, da bugc M i phai cua t u y e n b o ' n g i r n g han cac hoat d o n g chong pha m i e n Bac (15 - - 1973) va H i # p djnh Pari ve cham d u t chien tranh, lap lai hoa b i n h o V i ^ t N a m (27 - -1973) cang l u o n g lach, v i i n g bien mien N g a y 14 - 12 - 1972, gan thang sau k h i tuyen b o ' n g u n g nem b o m ban pha bay F i l l ) , bat song 43 p h i cong M I T i n h chung, t r o n g ca cugc chien tranh pha toa (Quang N i n h ) N g a y - Bac da c6 the chu d o n g , k j p t h o i chong tra djch t u tran d a u Bien Phu tren khong Ta da ban r o i 81 may bay (trong 34 may bay B52, may phong Phong cung cac cua song, N h o d u g c chuan bj t r u o c va v a i t u the l u o n l u o n san sang chien d a u , mien m i e n Bac t u v i t u y e n 20 t r o ra, de ho t r g cho m u u c h i n h trj - ngoai giao m o i , bo Gai (Quang Binh) m i e n Bac N g a y - - 1972, M I cho may bay n e m b o m ban pha D o n g H a i , dao Con t u y e n bo p h o n g toa cang H a i Phong ciing cac cua song, l u o n g lach, v i i n g bien T u - - 1972 den 15 - - Gianh (Quang Binh), V i n h Hoa), N g a y - - 1972, MT cho may bay nem b o m ban pha m g t so' n o i thugc khu 1-11 n h u cua song Lach * M i e n Bac vvra chien dau chong chien tranh pha hoai vira san xuat 1964 den nhan dan ta a hai m i e n dat nuac * M i e n Bac thyc h i ^ n nghia vu hau phuong Ion Ket qua chien T r o n g d i e u k i ^ n t u o n g doi hoa b i n h , ca chien t r a n h pha hoai, mien dau T r o n g nam ( t u - - Da ban r o i 81 may bay den - 11 - 1968), (trong d o 34 may bay B52, m i e n Bac ban r o i va pha may bay F i l l ) , bat song 43 t h o i hau qua cua n h i i n g tran danh pha ac l i ^ t , v u g t qua n h u n g cugc bao vay h u y 3243 may bay, p h i cong M I T i n h chung, p h o n g toa gat gao ciia djch, bao d a m tiep nhan tot hang vien t r g t u ben ngoai k h o i v o n g chien dau hang t r o n g ca cugc chien va chi v i ^ n theo yeu cau cua tien t u y e n mien N a m , c6 ca chien t r u a n g Lao va n g h i n p h i cong M i , ban pha hoai Ian t h u hai ( t u 6-4- Bac da tap t r u n g I a n kha nang ve luc l u g n g va p h u o n g t i ^ n de khac phuc kjp cua quan dan m i e n Bac 1964 loai tranh Campuchia I-JO Cupc tien con^ chien luoc nam 1972 da ^^idn;^ don nqng nevao chien luge "Viet Nam hod chien tranh", buoc Ml phdi tui/en bo "Mi hod" tra lai chien tranh xdm luge (tiec thim nhqn that bqi cua "Vict Nam hod chien tranh") d Tinh dodn kit chien dau cua quan dan Viet Nam, Ve q u y m o Lao va Campuchia Vua gay tranh cue "chien bp" m i e n N a m , vira gay chien Lao, Campuchia Voi Chien dau chong chien \ugc " V i ^ t N a m hoa chien t r a n h " la chong lai cuoc tranh pha tranh xam luge la D u g c tien hanh bSng v u a tieu di?t quan luc l u g n g quan d g i Sai G o n la ehu ye'u, c6 chien tranh x a m luge toan dien d u g c tang c u o n g va m o rgng toan D o n g Khac ehu D u o n g , v u a chien dau chong chien djch tren chien t r u o n g , v u a dau tranh v o l djnh muc luc tieu vua binh mien pha hoai mien djch tren ban d a m phan Luc T r o n g hai n a m 1970 - 1971, nhan dan ta cung v o i nhan dan hai nuoc T r o n g hai 24 va 25 - - 1970, H o i nghj cap cao ba nuoc V i ^ t N a m tranh chien hod chien tranh" cua Mi quan sy va c h i n h t r j V u a gay chien Vi$t N a m , vu-a m o rpng hpai a m i e n Bac chien dau chong chien luge "Vi(t Nam hod chien tranh" va "Dong Duong Campuchia va Lao gianh n h u n g thang Igi c6 y nghia chien luge tren mat tran lugng su Nam, phoi h g p ve hoa luc va Bac k h o n g quan MT, va van tham d o MT chi h u y bang h f chien dong, g o m ca tho'ng CO van Ve am m u u , MT, ehu hau, nguy, - Riit dan quan MT va t h u doan quan MT quan giir chien - Lao -Campuchia h o p nham bieu thj quyet tam ciia nhan dan ba nuoc D o n g vai trpng D u o n g doan ke't chien dau chong M l T u 30 - den 30 - - 1970, quan d p i Viet N a m c6 su p h o l h g p ciia quan dan Campuchia da dap tan cupc hanh quan x a m luge Campuchia va quan d p i Sai Gon, loai k h o i v o n g chien dau 17.000 djch, giai p h o n g nhieu v u n g r p n g Ian dat dai v o i 4,5 trieu dan tro va quan d u o n g - N a m Lao cua 4,5 van quan M I va quan d p i Sai Gon, loai k h o i vong minh khoi de giam x u o n g m a u Tang c u o n g n g u n g tang len ve luc l u g n g quan d g i Sai so' l u g n g va trang Gon n h ^ m thuc hi^n am bj C h u n g sir d u n g m u u " D u n g nguoi Vi^t v u k h i hi^n dai, hoa danh nguoi Viet" tren quan dan Lao da tap tan cupc hanh quan m a n g ten " L a m Son -719" chiem g i i i tranh khong lye m a n h ca tren bp, T u 12 - den 23 - - 1971, quan d p i Viet N a m c6 s u p h o i h g p cua dong khong, - D u n g luc l u g n g quan tren d g i Sai G o n de thuc hien bien, toe d p nhanh " D o n g D u o n g hoa chien va m o lien tue nhieu chien dau 22.0000 djch, d u o i het quan M i va quan d p i Sai G o n k h o i d u o n g t r a n h " Thoa t h u a n v o i chien N a m Lao, g i u hanh lang chien luge each m a n g D o n g D u o n g T r u n g Quoc, " t i m diet" va "binh v o i Lien X6 n h a m han Nhung diem giong va khac giua hai chien luge " C h i e n tranh eye bp" d j n h " vao "Dat che s u g i u p d o ciia cac (1965 -1968) va " V i ? t Nam hoa chien tranh" (1969 -1973) cua M I mien Nam Vi^t cpng" nuoc T i e u chi so sanh N h u n g diem giong va khac C h i e n tranh cue bp djch nham khang V i ? t N a m hoa hoa hoan do'i v o i euge chien ciia nhan dan ta chien tranh Bj bai, phai That bai, phai chap nhan chap nhan ngoi vao ki m o i cua MT nham chong lai each m a n g va nhan dan V i ^ t N a m ban d a m phan v o i eong nhan doc lap, ehii - Deu su d u n g co van MT, v u k h i va p h u o n g tien chien tranh cua MT ta H p i nghj Pari quyen, de giai quyet van de toan Vif t Nam Viet N a m G i o n g nhau: - D e u la chien luge chien tranh xam luge theo kieu thuc dan - Deu d u n g luc l u g n g quan d p i nguy, nguy quyen de l a m tay sai dac luc eho chiing IS-? Ke't qua that ke't H i e p d j n h thong v?n nha't lanh tho Pari, va cua T h a i k i tvr nam 1969 den nam 1973: Mien Nam dau tranh chong chinh sach " b i n h dinh, laun chiem", tao the va Ivc tien toi giai phong hoan toan mien Nam L a m cho t i n h than chien d a u cua quan d p i Sai G o n them hoang m a n g , mat t i n h than chien d a u V o l H i ^ p d i n h Pari n a m 1973, ta "ddnh cho Mi cut" N g a y 29 - - 1973, toan C h u n g to kha nang m o i cua quan dan ta co the gianh thang Igi Ion t r o n g l i n h M l cuoi c i i n g da r u t k h o i nuoc ta N h u n g M I van giO lai h o n van co van thoi gian ngan v o i toe d g nhanh Chien thang Phuoc L o n g la co so de Bg C h i n h quan su, lap Bp chi h u y quan su, tiep tuc v i e n t r o quan su, k i n h t e c h o chinh tri quyet d i n h giai p h o n g m i e n N a m n a m 1975 Sau chien thang eiia ta, chinh quyen Sai G o n p h a n u n g m a n h va d u a q u y e n Sai Gon D u g c CO v a n M i chi h u y va n h ^ n v i ^ n trq cua MT, c h i n h q u y e n Sai Gon ngang nhien pha hoai H i e p d j n h Pari, chung h u y d o n g gan n h u toan bo l u t l u g n g tien hanh chien djch "tran ngap lanh tho", lien tiep m o n h i r n g cuoc hanh quan "Binh dinh - Ian chiem" v i i n g giai p h o n g Day thuc chat la hanh d p n g tiep tyc chien l u o c "Viet N a m hoa chien tranh" cua N i c h x o n Ve phia ta, vi^c k i H i e p d j n h Pari ve cham d u t chien tranh Viet N a m , viec quan d p i x a m lupc M i r i i t k h o i nuac ta, da tao nen su thay d o i can ban t r o n g so sanh luc l u g n g gii>a each m a n g va phan each m a n g c6 I g i cho CUQC d a u tranh cua nhan dan m i e n N a m T r o n g cuoc dau tranh chong djch "hinh dinh - Ian chiem", chong am m u u "tran ngap lanh tho" cua c h i i n g vao n h i i n g thang dau n a m sau k i h i ^ p d j n h , quan dan ta da dat d u o c m o t so ket qua nha't d j n h N h u n g d o k h o n g d a n h gia het am m u u pha hoai H i e p d j n h ciia dich, d o qua nhan m a n h den hoa binh, hoa h g p dan tpc nen tren m o t so dja ban quan trong, ta bj m a t dat, mat dan Thang - 1973, Ban Chap hanh T r u n g u o n g D a n g h o p H o i nghj Ian t h u 21 H p i nghj neu ro n h i e m v u co ban cua each m a n g m i e n N a m t r o n g gia doan h i ^ n tai la tiep tuc cuoc each m a n g dan toe dan ehii nhan d a n H o i n g h i nhan m a n h t r o n g bat eu t i n h h i n h nao c i i n g phai tiep tuc d u o n g each mang bao lire, phai nim vCrng chien luge tien cong, kien quyet dau tranh tren ca ba mat tran quan su, c h i n h t r i , ngoai giao quan chiem lai, n h u n g da that bai C o n M i chi phan u n g yeu 6t, chu ye'u d i i n g ap luc t u xa de doa Phoi h g p v o i d a u tranh quan su, nhan dan ta m i e n N a m day m a n h dau tranh c h i n h t r i , ngoai giao nhSm to cao hanh d g n g eiia M i va chinh q u y e n Sai Gon v i p h a m H i ^ p d j n h , pha hoai hoa b i n h , hoa h g p dan toe, neu cao tinh chat chinh nghla cupe chien dau eiia nhan dan ta; d o i lat d o c h i n h q u y e n N g u y e n Van Thi$u, t h u c hien cae q u y e n t u do, dan chii H i ? p dinh Pari ve vi|c cham dut chien tranh lap lai hoa b i n h d V i | t N a m a Dau tranh doi Mixudng thang chien tranh va thuong lumg a Hoi nghi Pari D a u 1967, sau thang Igi t r o n g hai m u a kho 1965 -1966 va 1966 -1967, ta ehu t r u o n g m o t h e m m a t tran tien cong ngoai giao, nhSm to cao tgi ac eiia bgn xam luge M l , vach tran l u a n d i e u hoa b i n h b j p b p m cua ehiing, neu t i n h chat c h i n h nghla, lap t r u o n g d i i n g din ciia ta, tranh t h i i r p n g rai s u d o n g t i n h l i n g hp eiia d u luan quoc te M u e tieu dau tranh ngoai giao trude mat eiia ta la d o i M i cham d u t k h o n g dieu ki?n chien tranh pha hoai m i e n Bae, coi d o la d i e u ki?n tien quyet de d i den t h u o n g l u p n g ban hpi n g h j N g a y 31 - - 1968, sau d o n bat ngo ciia cupe Tong tien cong va noi day Tet M a u Than eiia quan ta, G i o n x o n tuyen bo n g i r n g nem b o m ban pha m i e n Bae tir VI t u y e n 20 t r o va bat dau noi den t h u o n g l u p n g v o i V i ^ t N a m Thue h i ^ n N g h j quyet H o i nghj T r u n g u o n g Ian t h u 21 eua D a n g , t u cuoi N g a y 13 - - 1968, cuoc t h u o n g l u p n g c h i n h thue hai ben, giua dai d i f n n a m 1973 quan dan ta m i e n N a m v u a kien quyet d a n h tra quyet d a n h djch, C h i n h p h i i Viet N a m D a n chii Cong hoa va dai d i ^ n C h i n h p h i i H o a K i a Pari bao v ^ v i i n g giai p h o n g , vua chii d o n g m o n h i r n g euge tien cong d j c h , m o rgng hpp phien d a u tien v u n g giai p h o n g N g a y - 11 - 1968, G i o n x o n tuyen b o ' n g u n g nem b o m ban pha tren toan C u o i n a m 1974, d a u n a m 1975, ta m o d o t boat d o n g quan s u D o n g - Xuan m i e n Bac T u day, dau tranh g i u a ta va M i chii yeu xoay q u a n h van de h i n h vao h u o n g N a m Bg, t r g n g tarn la d o n g bang song C u u L o n g va D o n g N a m Bg thuc, phan h p i n g h i va da d i den thong nha't ve h i n h thuc H p i nghj Bon Q u a n ta da gianh thang Igi vang d p i chien djch D u o n g 14 - Phuoc L o n g ben giCra Viet N a m D a n chii Cpng hoa M a t tran dan toe giai p h o n g m i e n N a m * Y nghia cua chien thang Phieac Long: Viet N a m (sau d o la C h i n h p h i i each m a n g lam t h o i C p n g hoa m i e n N a m Vi?t V o i chien thang Phuoc L o n g c h u n g to quan chu luc Sai G o n da den luc N a m ) Hoa K i va Viet N a m Cpng hoa (Chinh quyen Sai Gon) k h o n g d u kha nang chiem g i i i n h i i n g v i m g dat quan t r g n g tren dien rgng H p i nghj b o n ben ve Viet N a m chinh thue hpp phien dau tien 25 - 1969 tai Pari 154 Cty TNHH MTV DWH KhaPi^lW b Hiep dinh Pari 1973 ve chant dut chien tranh, lap lai hoa binh d Viet Nam * Y nghia: Q u a n d i e m cua ta: d o i M7 rut het quan ciia m i n h va quan d o n g m i n h ia bon Bp t r u o n g dai di?n eho cac chinh p h i i t h a m d u hoi nghi tai Pari H i e p d i n h Pari bat daiu c6 hien luc tu m o i ciia cupc k h a n g chien ehong M i c u u nuoc eiia dan toe V o i H i e p d j n h Pari, MT phai cong nhan cac quyen dan toe co ban ciia nhan dan ta, phai r i i t het quan ve nuoc D o la t h ^ n g Ipi Ijch su quan t r p n g , tao thoi CO thuan Ipi de nhan dan ta tie'n len giai p h o n g toan m i e n N a m c Nhung diem giong vd khdc giica Hiep dinh Gianevo veDong Duong nam 1954 vd Hiep dinh Pari ve Viet Nam nam 1973 Nhung Tieu chi diem giong so sanh va khac H i f p dinh G i o n e v a Hoan Giong Ca H i e p d j n h G i o n e v o va H i e p d j n h Pari deu dien canh liic ta lien tie'p gianh d u p e n h i i n g t h i n g Ipi ve q u a n sy, tao nen the ap dao, buoc ke thii phai k i chinh thue chap nhan d a m phan * Noi dung Hiep dinh goni nhimg dicu khodn ca ban: Khac H o a K i va cac nuoc cam ke't ton t r p n g doe lap, chii q u y e n , t h o n g nha't va toan v?n lanh tho cua Viet N a m Cupc n g u n g ban m i e n N a m V i ^ t N a m d u p e thue hi?n vao 24 g i o 27 - - 1973 H o a K i cam ke't eha'm d u t m p i hoat d p n g q u a n s u ehong m i e n Bac Viet N a m H o a K i r u t het quan d p i ciia m i n h va quan d o n g m i n h t r o n g t h o i han 60 ke t u k h i k i hiep d j n h , huy bo cac can c u quan s u M i , cam ke't k h o n g tie'p tue d i n h liu quan su hoac can thiep vao cong viee noi bp ciia mien N a m Viet N a m N h a n dan mien N a m Viet N a m t u quye't d j n h t u o n g lai c h i n h t r j t h o n g qua Hiep Gionevo H i e p d j n h Pari d u p e k i d u p e k i ke't liic djnh ke't t r o n g liic M i m o i chi t h y c dan Phap bj that bj that bai t r o n g chien bai hoan toan lupc chien N a m va chien tranh pha thyc cong hoai Ian t h u hai m i e n nhan cac quyen dan toe Bac Ta k i H i e p d i n h de CO buoc M l r i i t q u a n M l va ban Phap ciia ba nuoc Dong Duong nhan dan V i ^ t N a m t y quye't d j n h t u o n g lai chinh t r j eiia m i n h H a i ben tie'n hanh trao tra tu b i n h va dan t h u o n g bj bat H o a K i cam ke't gop phan vao vi^c han gan vet t h u o n g chien tranh Viet mien quan d o n g m i n h eiia MT ve nuoc, de eho k h o n g co sy can thiep cua nuoc ngoai lye l u p n g hoa b i n h t r u n g lap va lye l u p n g chinh quyen Sai Gon) hoa chien dan tranh" Nam ki H i e p d j n h de buoc H a i m i e n N a m - BSc Viet N a m se t h u o n g l u p n g ve v i f c t h o n g nha't da't nuoc quan d p i , hai v i m g k i e m soat va ba luc l u p n g chinh trj (luc l u p n g each mang, "Viet djeh D i e n Bien Phii Ta tong tuyen c u t u do, k h o n g co su can t h i ^ p ciia nuoc ngoai Cac ben cong nhan thue te mien N a m Viet N a m co hai c h i n h quyen, hai H i ^ p d i n h Pari Npi Giong - D e u buoc ke t h u pha cong nhan cac q u y e n dan dung toe CO ban ciia nuoc ta - Ca hai Hi?p dinh deu dat vari de n g u n g b i n de giai quye't cac van de khac bang d u o n g hoa binh N a m va D o n g D u o n g tie'n toi thie't lap quan he m o i , b i n h d a n g va cung co Ipi - Deu dat van de thong nha't da't nuoc thong qua viee gii>a hai nuoc thuong l u o n g khong co su can thiep ciia nuoc ngoai Khac n h a u n g h i cam ket t o n t r p n g cam ket t o n t r p n g cac a Chu truang, kehoach cac q u y e n d a n tpc co ban * Thai ca chien luge xuat hien: quyen dan tpc ca ban cua ba nuoc D o n g ciia Vi?t N a m Duong - H a i ben tien h a n h trao - Cac ben t h a m chien tra til binh va d a n thuc hi?n cupc tap ket t h u o n g bi b3i chuyen - Cac ben cong quan, chuyen nhan Sau H i ^ p d i n h Pari n a m 1973, trudc n h i i n g a m m u u v a h a n h d p n g m o i ciia jvC va c h i n h q u y e n Sai Gon, each m a n g m i e n N a m van tie'p t y c d u o n g each iri?ng bao luc, g i i i v i i n g va phat trien the tien cong d j c h C u o i n a m 1974 d a u n a m 1975, quan ta m o nhieu cupc t a n cong d i c h , tao the'ap dao djch, dac bi§t la chien djch D u o n g 14 - Phuac L o n g v a o - 1975 V o i chien thang Phuoc L o n g l a m cho quan d p i Sai G o n cang bat l y e thuc te m i e n N a m V i ^ t chien dau va kha nang can thiep bang quan s u ciia M I rat han che D o la - Quan dpi nhan dan Vi?t N a m CO hai chinh quyen, dieu k i ^ n de q u a n ta tien len gianh thang I p i cuoi c i i n g t r o n g s u n g h i ^ p chong N a m va quan vien chinh hai q u a n d p i , h a i v u n g M l c i i u nuoc Phap tap ket hai mien kiem N a m - BSc Sau do, quan lupng chinh trj soat » Chii truang, kehoach giai phong mien Nam: v a ba l y e K h i t h o i CO xuat h i ^ n Bp C h i n h t r j T r u n g u o n g D a n g q u y e t d i n h giai p h o n g mien N a m t r o n g hai n a m 1975 va 1976 Giong - L a phap l i quoc te'cong n h a n cac q u y e n d a n tpc co ban ciia nhan dan Vi?t N a m - D e u la ket qua cua qua t r i n h d a u t r a n h va gianh thang Ipi tren mat tran quan sir ciia q u a n dan ta Khac n h a u giai phong mien Nam giao k h u v y c Phap n i t ve nuoc Y nghia , G i i i p h o n g h o a n toan m i e n N a m , g i a n h toan v?n l a n h t h o - Cac ben t h a m d y h p i - H o a K i va cac n u o c "' T u y n h i e n Bp C h i n h t r i nhan m^inh "ca nam 1975 la thai ca" v a c h i ro "neu thai ca den vao dau hoac cuoi nam 1975 thi lap tiec giai phong mien Nam nam 1975" Bp c h i n h t r j c u n g n h a n m a n h s y can thie't tranh t h i i t h a i co d a n h thang nhanh de d o t h i ^ t hai ve n g u o i v a ciia cho nhan dan, giu g i n t o t co so k i n h te, cong t r i n h v a n hoa g i a m bot s u tan pha ciia chien tranh - D e u la thMng Ipi to I o n n h u n g chua t r p n v?n, v i b CuQC Tong tien cong vd noi day Xudn 1975 v a n tie'p tuc dau tranh chong ke t h u Cupc t o n g t i e n cong v a n o i d a y X u a n 1975 d a d i l n t r o n g g a n t h a n g - D a n h d a u budc thang - D a y la thSng I p i lich s i i (tu - den - 5) q u a chien d i c h I o n : Tay N g u y e n , H u e - D a N a n g va chien Ipi ciia cupc khang chien q u a n t r p n g , tao t h o i djch H o C h i M i n h chong Phap, m i e n B3c CO t h u a n I p i de nhan * Chien dich Tay Nguyen (tif 3-4 den 24 - 3) hoan toan giai p h o n g dan Tay N g u y e n la dia b a n chie'n lupc het sue q u a n t r p n g , ca ta v a d i c h deu co ta tien len giai p h o n g toan m i e n N a m - Bupc Phap phai chain - M i r i i t q u a n M i va dut quan d o n g m i n h ciia M i chien tranh x a m lupc, n i t het quan d p i ve ve nuoc nuoc chap nhung nhan chua v i ^ c cham d u t chien t r a n h V i | t N a m , M i v a n tie'p t y c v i ? n t r p cho n g y y tie'p tyc chien tranh nim giir N h u n g d o nhan d i n h sai h u d n g tien cong ciia quan d a n ta, djch cho't g i u o d a y m p t l y c l u p n g m o n g , bo p h o n g co nhieu co so Can c i i vao Bp C p\inh t r j T r u n g u o n g D a n g ta quyet d j n h chpn Tay N g u y e n l a m h u o n g tien g chii yeu t r o n g n a m 1975 r h y c h i ^ n ke hoach, ta tap t r u n g chii l y c m ^ n h v a i v u k h i k i thuat h i ^ n d g i , chien d j c h q u y m o I o n Tay N g u y e n Tran then chot m o m a n Buon M e Thupt 10 - -1975 da gianh thang I g i , (truac do, - 3, quan ta danh f h i b i n h P l a y k u va K o n T u m n h a m t h u h i i t quan djch v a o h u o n g do) N g a y - -1975, d j c h p h a n cong chiem lai Buon M e T h u p t n h u n g k h o n g 159 17 g i o nj;,i\6 - 4, q u a n ta d u p e l#nh t o n g n o s i i n g m o dau ehien d j c h , Sau hai d o n Buon M a ThuQt (vac cac 10 va 12 - 3), h$ t h o n g p h o n g thu cua djch Tay N g u y e n r u n g chuyen, quan djch mat tinh than, hang ngO ro'i loan anh q u a n v u p t qua tuyen phong t h i i v o n g ngoai cua d j c h tien vao t r u n g tarn i Gon, danh chiem cac co quan dau nao ciia chung 10 g i o 45 p h u t 30 - 4, xe tang ciia ta tien thang vao D i n h Dpc Lap, bat N g a y 14 - - 1975, N g u y e n Van T h i ^ u lenh r u t toan bg quan Tay N g u y e n song toan bp C h i n h p h i i T r u n g u o n g Sai Gon, ( D u o n g V a n M i n h v u a len chue ve g i u vCrng d u y e n hai m i e n T r u n g Tren d u o n g riit chay, c h i i n g b i quan truy Tong thong C h i n h p h u Sai Gon 28 - 4) da phai t u y e n bo d a u hang k h o n g kich tieu d i ^ t D e h 24 - - 1975, Tay N g u y e n r p n g Ion v o i 60 van dan dieu ki?n 11 g i o 30 p h i i t cung ngay, la co each m a n g t u n g bay tren noc D i n h Dpc Lap bao hi?u sy toan thang Chien d i c h H o C h i M i n h lich su hoan toan giai p h o n g Chien dich Tay Nguyen thang lai da chiiycn awe khdng chien chong Ml ci'ni nteac sang giai dean mai: tit tien cong chien luge a Tay Nguyen phdt trien Tdhg tien cong chien lime tren toan chien truvng mien Nam * Chien dich Hue- Da Nhg (tir 21-3 N g h ? t h u a t xay d u n g the t r a n c h i e n l u g e t r o n g T o n g t i e n cong va n o i day mua Xuan 1975 T h o i C O de quan va dan ta m o cupe T o n g tien cong chien l u p c nam 1975 la den 29 - 3) tren co so thMng I p i ciia cupc tien cong chien lupc n a m 1972 chien t r u o n g N h a n tha'y t h o i co chien luge den nhanh, het sue t h u a n I g i , k h i chien mien N a m , b u o c dau ta da tieu d i ^ t luc l u p n g Ion quan djch va giai p h o n g m p t d j c h Tay N g u y e n d a n g tiep dien Bp C h i n h trj co quyet d i n h k j p t h o i ke hoach so v u n g dat dai c i i n g v o i d o n d a n h bai cupc chien tranh pha hoai bang k h o n g giai p h o n g Sai G o n va toan m i e n N a m , truoc tien tien hanh chien d j c h giai quan ciia djch m i e n Bac, bupe M i phai ngoi vao d a m phan v o i ta tai H p i p h o n g H u e - Da N a n g nghi Pa-ri (27-1-1973) Ngay 21 - 3, q u a n ta danh thang vao can c i i djch, chan cac d u o n g riit chay Sau that bai nang ne do, djch da suy yeu toan d i ^ n ca ve luc l u p n g , the tran ciia chung, h i n h t h e b a o vay c h u n g t r o n g p h o H u e D i i n g 10 gio va t i n h than So sanh luc l u p n g tren chien t r u o n g co Ipi cho ta va bat Ipi cho 30 25 - 3, quan ta tien vao co Hue^ den horn sau (26 - 3) t h i giai phong djch, n h u n g n g u y q u a n Sai G o n van co s u vien t r p ve v u k h i va g i i i p d o va toan t i n h Thua Thien ciia C O van q u a n sy d u o i dang co van hanh chinh ciia M i C h i n h q u y e n n g y y Da N i n g , p h o Ion t h u hai a m i e n N a m , m o t can c u quan s u lien hop Ion nha't ciia M I va quan d p i Sai G o n roi vao t h e c o lap H o n 10 van djch don u Sai G o n sue pha hoai H i e p d i n h Pa-ri, tang c u o n g m o cac cupc hanh quan Ian chiem v u n g giai p h o n g ciia ta ve day t r o nen h o n loan, mat kha nang chien dau Sang 29 - 3, quan ta t u ba T r u o c t i n h h i n h Bp C h i n h t r j Ban Chap hanh T r u n g u o n g D a n g phia BSc, Tay, N a m tien thang vao pho, den g i o chieu thi chiem toan quyet tarn l i c h s u giai p h o n g hoan toan m i e n N a m t r o n g n a m 1975-1976, ne'u b p Da N a n g t h o i C O den som thi giai p h o n g hoan toan m i e n N a m n a m 1975 T r o n g cung t h o i gian tren, t u cuoi thang den thang 4, nhan dan cac tinh Dong thoi, nha't t r i phe chuan p h u o n g an ciia Bp Tong tham m u u la chpn N a m Tay lai ven bien m i e n T r u n g , N a m Tay N g u y e n va m o t so'tinh N a m Bp, co N g u y e n lam h u o n g tien cong chien lupc chii yeu, day la h u o n g djch ; s u ho t r p cua luc l u p n g v u trang dja p h u o n g va quan c h i i luc, da n o i day gianh m a n h n h u n g co nhieu so ho va la n o i co t i n h chat hiem yeu, se gay bat ngo Ion, quyen lam chu cSt d o i chien t r u o n g toan m i e n N a m , l a m dao Ipn the chien l u p c ciia djch * Chien dich Ho Chi Minh (tie 26 - den 30 - 4) T r o n g cupc T o n g tien cong va noi day m i i a Xuan 1975, ta tien hanh chien Sau thang Ipi Chien d j c h Tay N g u y e n va H u e - D a N a n g , Bp C h i n h tri T r u n g u o n g D a n g ta nhan d j n h "Thai ca chien luge da den, ta co dieu kien hoan sam quyel tarn giai phong mien Nam"; t u d i den quyet d i n h "Phdi tap trung nhanh nhd't luc lugng, binh kt thuat va vat chat giai phong mien Nam truac miia mua (truac thdng - 1975)" Chien djch giai p h o n g Sai G o n d u p e Bp C h i n h trj quyet d i n h m a n g ten Chien dich Ho Chi Minh (14 - -1975) T r u o c k h i bat dau chien djch giai p h o n g Sai G o n , q u a n ta tien cong Xuan Lpc va Phan Rang - N h i i n g can c u p h o n g t h i i t r p n g yeu cua d j c h bao v ^ Sai Gon t u phia D o n g ich Ion Day la ba d o n tien cong chien lupc, the hi?n ro ngh^ t h u a t chi dao tac ie'n chien lupc, dac b i ^ t la nghe thuat xay d u n g the tran chien l u p c T r u o c het, la the tran d i i n g chan ciia cac b i n h doan chii luc The tran ciia ta the tran ciia chien tranh nhan dan da dupe xay d u n g tir daiu cupc chien tranh, chien tranh nhan dan phat trien cao, nen cac binh doan chii luc ciia ta da d i r n g chan phia N a m vT tuyen 17, lap the tien cong phia tay chien tuyen ciia djch, tir v l t u y e n 17 den Sai Gon, den d o n g b3ng song Ciru L o n g Cac b i n h 161 doan chu li^c ciia ta k h o n g tie'n cong djch t u phia BSc vT t u y e n 17, k h o n g d a n h ac v u n g , m i e n va s y n o i day ciia quan c h i i n g Xay d y n g the tr|in chien l u p c vao chieu dpc chien t u y e n cua djch Boi v i , neu ta m o cupc t o n g tie'n cong t u n h u the, bupc djch p h a i p h a n tan d o i de ta c6 d i e u k i ^ n tap t r u n g l y c phia B3c vT t u y e n 17 d a n h theo chieu doc chien t u y e n cua djch, c6 d p day va chieu sau i o n t u Q u a n g T r i den H u e - Da N a n g - N h a T r a n g t h i kha nang va sue dpt pha k h o n g d u m a n h de tieu di?t djch, pha v o cac t u y e n p h o n g n g u cua chung D o do, cac b i n h doan chu l y c cua ta trien k h a i d u n g chan phia tay chien t u y e n cua d i c h , chi each H u e - Da N a n g khoang t u 30 den 40km, tham chi cung d u n g chan a sat nach Sai Gon, chi each phia Tay Bae Sai G o n khoang 60km, thue h a n h tien cong djch la h g p l i , de choc t h i i n g va chia eat cac tuyen p h o n g n g v ciia d i c h , gianh thang Ipi nhanh chong The tran trien khai t u phia tay danh vao chieu ngang d p i h i n h m o n g ye'u cua d i c h , k h o n g eo chieu sau, t h i ta c6 the nhanh chong d a n h ehiem chien l u p n g d a n h cac d o n chien lupc quye't d i n h Tay N g u y e n , H u e - Da N a n g , r o i phat trien thang Ipi giai p h o n g N a m T r u n g Bp Tren da thang Ipi, ta d i i n g tat ca lyc l u p n g , ca q u a n doan tong d y bi chien lupc va l y c l u p n g D o n g bang song C u u L o n g , c u n g tap doan chien l u p c phia N a m da d u n g chan san ngoai v i Sai G o n t h y e hi?n d o n chien lupe then chot quye't d j n h giai p h o n g Sai G o n m p t each n h a n h g p n N g h e thuat xay d y n g the tran chien lupe t r o n g cupc T o n g tien cong va n o i day m i i a X u a n 1975 la m p t nghe thuat dpc dao tai t i n h , day sang tao ciia chien tranh n h a n d a n Vi?t N a m , la bude phat trien r y e ro, la d i n h cao ciia nghe thuat quan s y chien t r a n h nhan dan Vi?t N a m t r o n g t h o i d a i H o C h i M i n h D o la bieu t u p n g sang n g o i ciia nghe thuat chi dao tac chien chien l u p c tai g i o i ciia t u y e n p h o n g n g u eo ban cua d i c h tren d u o n g so H u e , Da N a n g va T a m K i , Dang va t u t u o n g q u a n sy H o C h i M i n h ta chi can m p t Ian d p t pha chien djch la c6 the dat t o i chieu sau chien lupc 10 N h u n g t h i n g Ipi c6 y nghla chien lupc ciia quan dan ta mien N a m tren Thue t e t a d a n h t u phia Tay cac Hue^ Da N i n g va thj xa T a m K i thi cac m|t tran quan sy, chinh tri, ngoai giao khang chien chong MT, cuu t u y e n p h o n g n g u ciia djch k h o n g c6 chieu sau chien lupe ma chi c6 chieu sau nuorc (1954 - ) chien d i c h V i cac b i n h doan ehii l y c ciia ta d u n g san a phia Bac Sai Gon, nen T h a i gian Quan sy C h i n h tri Ngoai giao Phong trao " D o n g Phong trao dau T h y e hien n h i i n g k h o i " n a m 1959 - tranh hoa b i n h d i e u khoan ciia d i c h The tran chien l u p c ma ta tao dupe da chia cat the tran, pha d u p e the lien 1960, tieu bieu la n h a m g i i i g i n va HiQp d j n h hoan chien lupc eiia d i c h , c6 lap va chia eat cac tap doan lue l u p n g eiia d i c h eupe " D o n g k h o i bao v ^ lye l u p n g Gionevo nam t i m g c y m , k h o c6 the l i n g euu d u p e nhau, ta tie'n cong vao d a u c i i n g de gianh "dBe'nTre(17-l each m a n g D o i 1954 v e D o n g d u p e thang I p i , de phat trien tie'n cong, khue'ch t r u o n g thang Ipi t r u o e de gianh - ) da d a n h M l - Diem thi Duong thang I p i sau I o n h o n , thang I p i sau tao cho ta m p t the tran v i i n g chae h o n de bai chien tranh hanh H i e p d j n h tie'n cong de b?p d i c h nhanh chong Day la net dae sac t r o n g xay d y n g the tran IV m p t phia eiia M i Gionevo va d o i •1 Sai Gon gan n h u k h o n g eon chieu sau chien lupc, tao d i e u kien cho ta nhanh T u nam chong pha v o chien t u y e n , l a m syp d o nhanh chong the tran chien lupe ciia den n a m 1960 1954 chien l u p c ciia ta T r o n g chien djeh Tay N g u y e n , tran Buon M a T h u p t la tran h i ^ p t h u o n g tong then chot dau tien c6 y nghla quye't d j n h v i , giang m o t d o n sa'm set rat nhanh tuyen cii vao tran dja - t u y e n p h o n g n g y ciia d i c h , m o va thiic day s u phat trien Ion T u nam 1961 ve the'ehie'n lupe eiia ta, pha v o the chien lupc eiia d i c h T r a n t h i i H u e - Da den n a m 1965 Chien thang B i n h Phong trao dau Gia tranh c h i n h t r j eiia N a n g , ta da giang m p t d o n rat m a n h , rat nhanh cCing eo y nghla then chot (2-12-1964) quan c h i i n g nhan quye't d j n h , l a m dao Ipn the chien lupc eiia djch, tao eye d i ^ n chien tranh d a n h bai " C h i e n dan eae mod, gay d p t bien ehieh tranh, tao dieu k i ^ n v o cung t h u a n I p i cho d o n t h i i tranh dae b i ^ t " Sai Gon, Hue^ ba la chien djeh H o C h i M i n h m p t tran then chot quye't d j n h , ke't thiic ciia M l chien tranh The t r $ n ciia eupe t o n g tie'n cong va n o i day m u a Xuan 1975 la m p t the tran chien tranh n h a n dan, trien k h a i t u Q u a n g T r j qua Tay N g u y e n den Sai G o n , la m p t the t r a n d a n h tir phia tay sang phia d o n g , danh cat giao t h o n g , t h e k e t h p p 162 •f Da N a n g , noi bat la eupe dau tranh ciia d p i quan toe dai, eiia t i n d o i Phat giao 163 Tir nam 1965 den nam 1968 CuQC T o n g tien Phong trao da'u Ngay 13-5-1968, cong va n o i day tranh ciia cong cuoc t h u o n g lugng Tet M a u Tiian nhan, cac tang l o p chi'nh thuc hai ben, n a m 1968 d a n h nhan dan lao giu-a dai dien bai " C h i e n tranh d o n g , hoc sinh, ChinJi phii Vi^t cue b o " ciia M I sinh vien, Phat N a m Dan chii t i r d o i MT rut ve Cong hoa va dai nuoc, d o i t u d o dien Chinh phii dan chii Hoa KT o P a r i hop phien dau tien T u nam 1969 den n a m 1973 la: Phong trao " D o n g k h o i " (1959 - 1960) mien N a m gop phan quyet d j n h viec d a n h bai chien luoc chien tranh m p t phia ciia MT Cuoc T o n g tien cong va noi day Tet M a u Than n a m 1968 g o p phan quyet d i n h t r o n g viec d a n h bai chien luge " C h i e n tranh cue b p " ciia MT * N g u y e n nhan: chien iuac nam tranh ciia cac tang Viet N a m dugc k i 1972 d a n h bai l o p nhan dan ket va thuc hi^n vao chien l u a c " V i ^ t kh3p cac thj - - , N a m hoa chien lien tiep b u n g no buoc MT va cac t r a n h " ciia MT Dac biet la cac nuoc cam ket ton Sai doc lap chii C h i n h q u y e n N g o D i n h D i e m tang c u o n g d a n ap p h o n g trao da'u tranh ciia - Phong trao " D o n g k h o i " (1959 - 1960): Luc l u g n g each m a n g m i e n N a m d u g c giir g i n va phat trien qua thuc tien da'u tranh c h i n h t r j , hoa b i n h , d o i thi hanh H i e p d j n h Gianevo, tien len d i i n g bao luc, ket h g p da'u tranh c h i n h trj v o i da'u tranh v u trang, chuan bj cho su b i i n g no p h o n g trao each m a n g m o i G o n , Hue^ Da quyen, thong nhat nhan dan (1957 - 1959), lam cho mau t h u a n giira nhan d a n m i e n N a m v o i de N a n g , p h o n g trao va toan v?n lanh tho ciia V i ^ t N a m quoc MT xam luge va tay sai phat trien gay gat, d o i h o i phai co m o t bien phap hoc sinh, sinh vien no r a m ro, MT phai rut quan ve t h u hut d o n g dao n u o c d e c h o nhan g i o i tre t h a m gia dan mien N a m Viet quyet liet de d u a each m a n g v u g t qua k h o khan, thir thach H g i nghj Ian thir 15 Ban Chap hanh T r u n g u o n g D a n g (1 - 1959) khSng d j n h d u o n g each m a n g bao luc, xac d j n h p h u o n g h u o n g co ban ciia each m a n g mien N a m la k h o i nghTa gianh chinh quyen ve tay nhan dan bang eon d u o n g da'u tranh c h i n h t r j la chii ye'u, ket h g p v o i da'u tranh v i j trang, m o d u o n g cho each m a n g m i e n N a m tien len - Cuoc T o n g tien cong va noi day Tet M a u Than n a m 1968: Cuoc Tong tien Phong trao da'u Tiep tuc thuc h i ^ n cong va noi day tranh to cao hanh cac d i e u khoan Xuan nam 1975 v o i d o n g ciia MT va ciia H i e p d i n h ba chien djch: Tay chinh q u y e n Sai Pari n a m 1973 ve N g u y e n , H u e - Da Gon v i pham N a n g va chien H i e p d j n h Pari, dich H o C h i M i n h pha hoai hoa 12 So sanh thoi co Cach mang thang Tarn nam 1945 voi thoi co Ijch sir, ket thuc b i n h , hoa h o p cupc Tong tien cong va noi day mua Xuan nam 1975 Bai hpc k i n h nghif m ve thang igi CUQC khang chien chong MT cuu nuoc 164 * Hai sif kicn dime danh ^id la buac phat tricn nhay vat cua each mang mien Nam Hiep d j n h Pari ve ciia m i n h d e n nam 1975 Hai s u k i ^ n dugc danh gia la buoc phat trien nhay vpt cua each mang Phong trao da'u tuong lai chinh trj 1973 \\ m i e n Nam Nguyen nhan bung no Cuoc tien cong N a m t u quyet djnh T u nam CP/ TNHH MTYPVYH Khang Vift dan toe Viet N a m Qua hai euge phan cong chien luge miia k h o 1965 - 1966 va 1966 - 1967, quan dan ta lien tiep d a n h bai cac cuoc hanh quan " t i m d i e t " va " b i n h d j n h " ciia MT - nguy, gianh u u the'tren chien t r u o n g m i e n N a m N a m 1968 la nam bau cir T o n g thong MT, noi bg m a u t h u a n gay g3t, ta Igi d u n g C O hgi d o d e m o cuoc T o n g tien cong va n o i day thoi CO each mang ' * Thai ca trang Cdch mang thang Tdm: - Ve khach quan: Den thang - 1945, phat xit D u e b j tha't bai mat tran chau A u Den 14 - - 1945, phat xit N h a t bi quan D o n g m i n h d a n h bai, ke t h u c h u n g ciia nhan loai tien bg bi tieu d i ? t hoan toan K h i phat N h a t b j ttanh hai rr m S t trSn rh5n A _ Thii Rinh n.fr»ncr l , i m r h n bon N h a t n Dnnff 3Si dudng HSG L/ch St> 12 - Ths rrucng Ngpc Thoi Duong va bpn tay sai ciia chving hoang mang den cue Day la co hpi khach * Bat hoc kinh nghiem velhai ca each mang: Kien tri duong each mang lau dai, sue xay dyng va chuan bi luc quan thuan loi cho Cach mang thang Tam gianh dupe th^ng Ipi nhanh chong, lupng ve mpi mat cho that hiing hau, vung chic, theo su phat trien cua it mau tinh hinh khach quan va chii quan ma dua quan chung each mang dau tranh - Ve chii quan: Sau 15 nam ehuan bi ma true tiep la thoi k i t u nam 1941 tro de gianh thang Ipi t u nho den Ion, lam chuyen bie'n so sanh luc lupng co Ipi di, lye lupng each mang cua nhan dan ta da co quy mo toan quoc va toan cho each mang, chii dpng tao tinh the va thai co, loi dung tinh the va thoi co dan tpc, phong trao each mang cua quan ehiing da phat trien cao trao khach quan thi co the gianh thang Ipi co ban, thang Ipi quyet djnh hay hoan Dang tien phong da duoc toi luyen day dan, da san sang hoan su menh toan thoi gian ngan ma tiet ki^m dupe xuong mau phat dong va lanh dao nhan dan dung len dap tan che eia, gianh dpc lap dan tpc, lap chinh quyen nhan dan, xay dung che dp moi - Ve cac tang lop trung gian: Do bp mat cua phat xit Nhat va chinh phu b u Nho bie't ehu dpng tao tinh the'va thoi co each mang ma Dang ta da lam cho each mang phat trien voi toe dp "mpt bang hai muoi nam" III NHtyNG T H A N G LQI C H U N G CUA QUAN D A N HAI MIEN NAM T l / N A M 1954 D E N NAM 1975 nhin Tran Trpng K i m mpt phoi bay va vach tran; lai Dang Cong san BAC Vi?t Nam co duong loi each mang diing dSn, cho nen cac tang lop trung gian 1, Nhung thing Ipi ciia quan dan ta a hai mien dat nuoc tir nam 1954 den xa hpi deu nga h3n ve phia each mang nam 1960 N h u vay, thoi co Cach mang thang Tam la su ket hop giua cac ye'u to khach quan va ehu quan, do, ye'u to chu quan giu vai tro quyet djnh dua Cach mang thang Tam cong * Thai ca each mang mien Nam, ehu ye'u la cuoc Tong tien cong va noi day mita Xuan nam 1975: Trong each mang mien Nam, Dang ta su dung bao luc each mang voi hai luc lupng chinh tri va quan su, ket hop khoi nghla tung phan eiia quan chung nong thon voi chien tranh each mang, ket hpp dau tranh quan su, chinh tri voi ngoai giao, danh djeh tren ca ba vung chien lupc, bang ba niii giap cong, ket hpp giua danh Ion, danh vua va danh nho cot nham khong ngung phat trien lye lupng each mang de tao thoi co, cho den Hi#p djnh Pari ki ket, M l riit khoi mien Nam Hiep dinh Pari nam 1973 lai la mpt thai co de tien len thyc hi^n eupc Tong tien cong va noi day mua Xuan nam 1975 Ban than cupc Tong tien cong va noi day Xuan nam 1975 ciing la mpt chuoi nhung khau xuat hi^n thoi co va tao thoi co (thoi co chien lupc va thai co each mang) Nhieu sai lam eiia djch nam 1975 nhu Nguyen Van Thi^u cho so tan khoi Tay Nguyen cung la thai co thiie day each mang tien len Nhu vay, thoi co each mang mien Nam, nha't la cupe Tong tien cong va noi day miia Xuan nam 1975 ehu ye'u dua vao cac dieu k i f n ben trong, khong CO dieu kien khach quan thuan Ipi nhu Cach mang thang Tam N h u ye'u tochii quan do ta tao bang each tao luc, tao the'va tao thai co de tien len danh cho M I cut, nguy nhao, giai phong hoan toan mien Nam, thu giang son ve mpt moi * Otnien Bac: Tu nam 1954 den nam 1957, mien Bac da hoan cong cupc cai each rupng dat; khoi phuc kinh te^ han gan vet thuong chien tranh; t u nam 1958 den nam 1960 mien Bac thue hien cong cupc cai tao xa hpi chii nghla Thang Ipi eiia mien Bac nam cai each rupng dat, khoi phuc kinh te^ cai tao xa hpi chii nghla tao dieu ki^n cho mien Bac ve co ban xoa bo dupe che dp nguoi boc lot nguoi, xac lap dupe quan he san xuat moi; sue manh ciia mien Bac dupe tang cuong, la cho dya vi>ng chac cho cupc dau tranh ciia nhan dan mien Nam *0 mien Nam: Sau Hiep djnh Gionevo ki ket, nhan dan mien Nam dau tranh chong che dp M l - Diem de bao ve hoa binh, giir gin luc lupng each mang Tieu bieu la "phong trao hoa binh" cua tri thiie va ciia tang lap nhan dan Sai Gon - Chp Lon thang -1954 Den thang 11 - 1954 Tu cuoi nam 1957, cupe dau tranh eiia dong bao mien Nam cang tro nen quyet liet nham chong chinh sach dan ap, chinh sach "to cpng", " d i f t epng", chong Luat 10 - 59 ciia MT - Diem j-, ! , ; Ngay 15 - - 1959, co Nghj quyet 15 Ban Chap hanh Trung uong Dang, phong trao dau tranh ciia dong bao mien Nam no nhu nude va bo M o dau la cac cupc khoi nghla tiing phan nhu: cupe noi day Vinh Thanh (Binh Djnh), Bac Ai (Ninh Thuan) thang - 1959 Tra Bong (Quang Ngai) thang - 1959, roi Ian khap mien Nam cao trao each mang, tieu bieu voi cupe "Dong 3Si dirdn^ HC'C) I ich Oir 12 - Ths Tri/ang Ngpc Thai Cty TNHH MTV PWH Khan^ VIft khoi" Ben Tre 17 - - 1960 Tir Ben Tre phong trao nhanh chong Ian rpng khSp cac tinh Nam Bo, Nam Trung Bo va Tay Nguyen - Tren mat tran chong chinh sdch binh dinh: Cupc da'u tranh chong va pha "Ap chie'n lupc" dien gay go, quyet Met Phong trao "Dong khoi" thang Igi danh dau budc ngoat ciia each mang giCra ta va dich, co hang chijc trieu lupt nguoi tham gia pha "Ap chie'n lupc" di mien Nam, chuyen each mang tu the giii gin lye luong sang the tie'n eong (Joi voi xay dung lang chien tranh Voi quyet tam "mot ta'c dat khong di, mot li Cham dut thoi ki on dinh tam thoi che thuc dan moi ciia M i mien Nam, Ichong roi", nhan dan mien Nam kien quyet bam dat, gii> lang, pha de'kim k?p mo thoi ki khiing hoang ciia che Sai Gon ciia djch Nhung t h i n g Igi co ban cua quan dan ta a hai mien Nam - Bac t u nam 1961 M i va chinh quyen Sai Gon du tap trung sue vao don dan lap "Ap chie'n den nam 1965 lupc" nhung ciing chi thuc hien dupe mot phan ke'hoaeh Den cuoi nam 1962, * Mien Baa each mang kiem soat tren nua tong so voi gan 70% nong dan Trong nhi>ng nam 1961 - 1965, mien BMc thuc hi?n ke hoach Nha nuac - Tren mat tran quan siv: • nam Nhiem vu co ban ciia ke hoach nam la sue phat trien eong nghiep va Trong nhijng nam 1961 - 1962, quan giai phong da day liii nhieu cupe chien nong nghiep, tie'p tue eong euoe cai tao xa hoi chii nghia, ciing co va tang cong, dong thoi voi tie'n eong tieu diet nhieu don bot le ciia dich Nam 1962 cuong phan kinh te quoc doanh, cai thien mot buoc doi song vat chat va quan dan ta da tien hanh nhieu cupe can quet Ion ciia djch vao chie'n khu D, van hoa ciia nhan dan lao dong, ciing co quoc phong, tang cuong trat t u va an can cii U Minh, Tay Ninh va Tay B^c Sai Gon ninh xa hpi Chien thang Ap Bac danh dau buoc truong ciia luc lupng vii trang Qua viec thuc hien ke hoach nam, mien Bac dat dupe nhirng tuu co each mang mien Nam, da danh bai cac bien phap chie'n thuat: tri/c thang van", ban ve kinh te^ van hoa, giao due, y te, quan su "thici xa van" ciia djch, danh sap long tin ciia quan dpi Sai Gon vao trang bi vu Nhi>ng tuu dat dupe viec thuc hien ke hoach nam (1961 - hien dai ciia MT Chien thang ciing chung minh quan dan mien Nam 1965) va noi chung 10 nam (1954 - 1964) da thay doi bp mat xa hpi mien hoan toan co kha nang danh bai "Chien tranh dac biet" ciia M i va chinh quyen Bac Tai Hoi n^hi Chinh tri dac biet than;; - 1964, Chii tjch Ho Chi Minh noi: Sai Gon, sau tran Ap Bac, phong trao "thi dua Ap Biic gict giijc lap cong" day len "Trong 10 nam qua, mien Bic nuoc ta da tie'n hanh buoc dai chua tirng thay khap mien Nam Sau chie'n thang Ap Bac, quan giai phong nhanh chong truong va tie'n lich su dan tpc Dat nuoc, xa hp! va eon nguoi deu doi mai" * Mien Nam: len danh nhiing tran co quy mo Ion Cuoi nam 1964, quan va dan Dong Nam Tu nam 1961 den nam 1965, mien Nam chien dau chong "Chie'n tranh dac Bp mo chie'n djch tie'n cong Dong - Xuan 1964 - 1965 voi tran mo man danh vao a'p Binh Gia bif t" ciia MT - Tren mat tran chinh tri: Thua thang sau chie'n thang Binh Gia, quan giai phong va nhan dan mien Phong trao da'u tranh chinh trj ciia cac tang lop nhan dan cac thi, Nam day manh tie'n cong Xuan - He 1965 va gianh nhieu thang Ipi cac ca nhi>ng Ion nhu Sai Gon, Hue, Da Nang, co nhiing buoc phat chien djch An Lao (Binh Djnh), Ba Gia (Quang Ngai), Dong Xoai (Bien Hoa) trien manh me, noi bat la da'u tranh ciia "dpi quan toe dai" ciia cac ba m? va cac Nhxrng t h i n g Igi co b a n ciia quan dan h a i m i e n Nam - BSc n h u n g chj; ciia cac tin Phat giao chong lai su dan ap, ki thj ton giao ciia chinh ^ a m 1965 -1968 quyen Diem B Phong trao da'u tranh chinh trj thj ciing voi phong trao pha "Ap chien * O mien Bac: H | t Ngay t u dau M l mo rpng chien tranh, mien B3e chuyen m p i boat lupc" nong thon va nhung don tie'n cong lien tie'p ciia cac luc luong vu trang H j y n g sang thoi chie'n, thuc hi0n quan su hoa toan dan each mang da day nhanh qua trinh suy sup ciia chinh quyen Ngo Dinh Di?m H Phong trao da'u tranh chinh trj phat trien cac thi, nhat la cac thi Ion Sai Gon, Hue^ Da Nang, cang lam roi loan hau phuong ciia djch Phong trao dang cao, cang thu hiit nhieu nguoi tham eia i ; Mien BSc v u a san sang chong lai hanh dong danh pha ciia M7 vua lao dong ^ a n xua't 3Si difdng H5G Ljch SCr 12 - Ths Tnrone Ngpc Thai T r o n g chie'n da'u, m i e n Bac da ban r o i va pha b u y 3.243 m a y bay MT; ban chay va c h i m 143 tau chien M I N g a y - 11 - 1968, M i t u y e n bo n g u n g h5n chie'n tranh pha hoai m i e n Bac T r o n g san xuat, m i e n Bac lap d u o c n h i i n g tich q u a n t r p n g : Ve nong nghi^p, d i ^ n h'ch canh tac m o rong, nang suat lao d ^ n g khong ngurig tang len, cang c6 nhieu hop tac xa nhieu dia p h u o n g dat "3 muc t i e u " Cty TNHH MTV PWH Khang Vi^t Dink cao la cuoc Td'ng tien cong va noi day Te't Mau Than nam 1968 Cupc t o n g tien cong va n o i day d u p e m o dau bang cupc tap k i c h chie'n lupc ciia q u a n chu l y c vao hau k h a p cac d o t h i t r o n g d e m 30 rang sang 31 - 1968 (dem giao t h u a Te't M a u Than) Cupc T o n g tien cong va n o i day Te't M a u Than da d a n h d o n bat ngo, l a m cho djch choang v a n g Ve cong n g h i ^ p , nang l y e san xuat m p t so nganh d u g c g i i i v u n g , cac co so Cupc T o n g tien cong va noi day da l a m l u n g lay y chi x a m lupcc ciia quan cong n g h i ^ p I o n k i p t h a i so tan Cong n g h i ^ p dja p h u o n g va cong nghiep quoc M l , bupc M l p h a i t u y e n bo " p h i M i hoa" chien tranh x a m l u p c (tuc thua n h a n p h o n g deu phat trien that bai ciia "Chien t r a n h cue bp") M I phai t u y e n bocha'm d i i t k h o n g d i e u kien Ve giao t h o n g v a n tai la m p t t r o n g n h i r n g t r o n g d i e m ban pha cua djch, d u p e quan va dan bao d a m t h u o n g xuyen t h o n g suot Ve van hoa, giao due, y te deu phat trien m a n h me, phuc v u dac luc cho n h i ^ m v u chie'n da'u va san xuat M i e n Bac l a m n h i e m v u hau p h u o n g Ion cua khang chien chong M i ciiu nuoc, m i e n Bac l u o n h u o n g ve m i e n N a m V i m i e n N a m r u p t thjt, m i e n Bac p h a n da'u "Mm nguai lam viec bang hai" V i tien t u y e n keu g p i , hau p h u o n g sSn sang d a n h dap lai "Thoc khong thie'u mot can, quan khong thieu mot ngmi" Tuyen d u o n g v a n chuyen chien lupc Bac - N a m m a n g ten H o C h i M i n h tren bp (doc day n i i i T r u o n g Son) va tren bien (doc theo bo bien) bat d a u k h a i t h o n g tii thang - 1959, dai hang n g h i n cay so, da n o i lien hau p h u o n g v o i tien t u y e n * O mien Nam: Quan dan mien N a m Ian lupt danh bai chien lupc "Chien tranh cue b p " cua M I ; Ma dau la chie'n thang Van Twang (Quang Ngai) vao 18 - - 1965 Vol chie'n thang V a n T u o n g kha nang chie'n thang M i t r o n g "Chien t r a n h cue bo" cua q u a n d a n ta tiep tuc dupe c h i i n g m i n h t r o n g hai m i i a kho Tiep den la cuoc phan cong chie'n Urge hai mua kho: M u a k h o t h u nhat (1965 - 1966): Q u a n dan ta the tran chien tranh n h a n dan, v o i nhieu p h u o n g thuc tac chie'n, da chan d a n h djch tren moi h u o n g , chu d p n g tien cong djch tren khap m p i n o i Q u a n ta da loai k h o i vong chie'n da'u 104 000 djch, bSn r o i 430 may bay M u a k h o t h u hai (1966 - 1967): Quan ta m o hang loat tran phan cong danh bgi cac cupc h a n h quan " t i m d i ^ t " va " b i n h d j n h " cua djch Loai k h o i vong chien da'u 151 000 ten djch, ban r o i 231 may bay hau k h a p cac v u n g n o n g t h o n , quan c h i i n g pha t u n g m a n g " A p chie'n luge" T r o n g hau k h a p cac t h j , giai cap cong nhan, cac tang l o p nhan dan lao d p n g khac, hpc sinh, sinh v i e n , Phat t u , b i n h si Sat Gon da'u tranh d o i IVfi r i i t ve nuoc, d o i t y d o dan chu chien tranh pha hoai m i e n B5c, chju den ban d a m p h a n Pa r i de ban ve chain dirt chie'n tranh Cupc T o n g tie'n cong va noi day da m o b u o c ngoat cvia cupc k h a n g chie'n chong M I c i i u nuoc ciia q u a n dan ta N h u n g t h a n g I p i ciia q u a n dan ta d h a i m i e n N a m - B3c t r o n g v i f c d a n h b a i c h i e n l u p c " V i ? t N a m hoa chien t r a n h " cua M i * Thang led cua quan dan mien Nam: - Thang Igi chinh tri: S u d o i ciia C h i n h p h i i each m a n g l a m t h o i C o n g hoa m i e n N a m n g a y - -1969 D o la c h i n h p h i i ciia nhan dan m i e n N a m T h y c hien d i ehiic ciia C h i i tich H o C h i M i n h , n h a n dan hai m i e n d a y manh k h a n g chie'n chong M I c i i u nuoc O cac p h o l o n n h u Sai Gon, Hue^ Da N a n g , p h o n g trao hpc sinh, sinh vien no r a m r p da t h u h i i t d o n g dao g i o i tre t h a m gia Phong trao t u o i tre, hpc sinh, sinh v i e n c6 v a i tro quan trpng, t h u o n g la "Phong trao chdm ngdi no" cho p h o n g trao c h u n g ciia tang l o p nhan dan t h i - Thang Igi tren mat tran phoi hop: T r o n g hai n a m 1970 - 1971, nhan dan ta ciang v o i n h a n d a n hai n u o c Campuchia va Lao g i a n h n h i i n g t h i n g I p i c6 y nghia chien l u p c tren mat tran quan sy va c h i n h t r j T r o n g hai 24 va 25 - -1970, H o i n g h i cap cao ba n u o c V i ^ t N a m - Lao - Campuchia h o p n h l m bieu t h i quyet tam ciia n h a n d a n ba n u o c D o n g D u o n g doan ke't chie'n da'u chong M I T u 30 - den 30 - -1970, q u a n d p i Viet N a m c6 s u p h o i h p p ciia 0quan dan C a m p u c h i a da dap tan cupc hanh quan x a m l u p c Campuchia va quan d p i Sai Gon, loai k h o i v o n g chien da'u 17.000 djch, giai p h o n g n h i e u v i m g I ' n g Ion dat dai v o i 4,5 trieu dan Tir 12 - den 23 - - , quan d p i V i | t N a m c6 s u p h o i h p p ciia A quan d a n Lao da tap tan cuoc h a n h quan mane ten " L a m Son -719" chiem g i i i 3Si du&ng HSG Ljch Si} 12 - Ths Trucmg Ngoc Thai lien Bac ban roi 735 may bay MT, ban c h i m 125 tau chie'n loai k h o i v o n g chie'n d u o n g - N a m Lao cua 4,5 van quan M i va quan d o i Sai Gon, loni khoi vong a'u hang tram p h i cong MT chie'n da'u 22.0000 djch, d u o i hc't quan MT va quan d o i Sai G o n k h o i d u o n g N a m Lao, g i u hanh iang chien luge each m a n g D o n g D u o n g d j n h Pari ve cha'm d u t chie'n tranh, lap lai hoa b i n h d Viet N a m (27 - - 1973) - TMn^ hi trcn mat tran chon^ chinh sack "binh d'lnh": Tai cac v u n g n o n g thon, d o n g bang, r u n g n u i , ven thj, k h a p noi eo phong trao cua quan c h u n g noi day chong " b i n h d i n h " , pha "a'p chien luge" eua djch Den dau nam 1971, each mang gianh quyen lam chu them 3600 a'p v d i tri^u dan - Than^ Igi qui/c't dinh vcqiian sir Budc vao n a m 1972, quan ta m o cugc tien cong chie'n luge tix 30 - danh vao Q u a n g T r j , la'y Q u a n g Trj lam h u o n g tien cong chii ye'u, roi phat trien rgng khap chie'n t r u o n g mien N a m , keo dai t r o n g nam 1972 Q u a n ta tien cong djch v o i c u o n g m a n h , q u y m o Idn, tren hau khap cac dja ban chien luge quan Chi thai gian ngan (den cuoi thang - 1972), quan ta choc t h u n g ba p h o n g tuyen manh nhat cua djch, la Q u a n g T r j , Tay N g u y e n , D o n g N a m Bg, loai khoi v o n g chien dau hon 20 van djch, giai phong nhieu v u n g da't dai rgng Idn va d o n g dan Sau d o n m d dau bat n g d cua quan ta, quan d o i Sai C o n cd su y e m t r g cua MT da phan cong lai, gay cho ta nhieu theit hai; MT t r d lai chien tranh pha pha hoai m i e n Bac Cuoc tien con^ chien luxrc nam 1972 dil i^idn;^ don nijti^'^ ni}'vao chien litxrc "Viet Natn hod chien tranh", buoc Mi phdi tuyen bo "Ml hod" tra Iqi chien tranh xani liror (ti'fc thiea nhqn that bai ciia "Viet Nam hod chien tranh") C h i e n thang cua quan dan ta hai mien Nam - S i c buQc MT phai chap nhan k i ket H i ^ p d j n h Pari nam 1973 * Chien thang cua quan dan mien Nam: Thang Igi t r o n g viec danh bai chien luge " V i e t N a m hoa chien t r a n h " cua M l (1969 - 1973) Tieu bieu nha't la cugc tien cong chien luge nam 1972 T d m tat d i e n bien: Budc vao nam 1972, quan ta m d cugc tien cdng chien luge t u 30 - d a n h vao Quang T r j , lay Q u a n g T r j l a m h u d n g tien cdng chu ye'u, roi phat trien rgng khap chie'n t r u o n g m i e n N a m , keo dai nam 1972 Q u a n ta tien cdng djch v d i c u d n g manh, q u y m d Idn, tren hau khap cac dja ban chien luge quan C h i t h a i gian n g ^ n (den cud'i thang - 1972), q u a n ta chgc t h i i n g ba p h o n g tuyen m a n h nha't cua djch, la Quang T r j , Tay N g u y e n , D d n g N a m Bd, kiai khdi v o n g chien da'u hon 20 van djch, giai p h d n g nhieu v u n g da't dai rgng Idn va d d n g dan Sau d o n m d dau bat n g d cua quan ta, quan d d i Sai Gon cd s u y e m t r g cua MT da phan cdng lai, gay cho ta nhieu theit hai; MT t r d lai chien tranh pha pha hoai m i e n Bac Cugc tien cdng chien luge n a m 1972 da giang d o n nang ne vao chien luge "Vi^t N a m hoa chien tranh", budc MT phai tuyen bd'"MT hoa" t r d lai chien tranh xam luge (tiic thua nhan that bai cua "Viet N a m hoa chien tranh") * Thdng lot cua qtidtt dchi mien Bdc: N g a y - - 1972, MT cho may bay nem b o m ban pha m g t so'nai thugc khu I V c i i Ngay 16 - - 1972, N i c h x a n tuyen bo chinh thuc gay cugc chie'n tranh k h o n g quan va hai quan pha hoai mien B^c (Ian t h u hai); den - - 1972, tuyen bo p h o n g toa cang H a i Phong cung cac cua song, l u o n g lach, v u n g bien * Chien thdng ciia quan dan mien Bdc: Thang Igi t r o n g viec d a n h bai cugc chien tranh pha hoai Ian t h u hai ciia MT m i e n Bac (1969 - 1973) Tieu bieu la tran D i ^ n Bien Phii tren k h d n g n a m 1972 T d m tat d i e n bien: N g a y 16 - - 1972, N i c h x a n t u y e n bo c h i n h thuc gay cugc chien tranh k h d n g quan va hai quan pha hoai m i e n BSc Ian t h u hai N g a y mien Bac N h d d u g c chuan bj trudc va v d i t u the'luon l u o n san sang chie'n da'u, mien B3c da cd the chu d o n g , k j p thai chd'ng tra djch t u tran d a u N g a y 14 - 12 - 1972, gan thang sau k h i tuyen b d ' n g u n g nem b o m ban ph.i m i e n Bac t u vT t u y e n 20 t r d ra, de hd t r g cho m u u d o chinh trj - ngoai giao m d i , N i c h x a n phe chuan k e h o a c h m d cugc tap kich k h d n g quan b3ng may bay B52 vao Ha N g i va H a i Phong bat dau tu chieu td'i 18 den he't 29 - 12 - 1972 Q u a n dan ta d m i e n Bac da danh tra djch n h u n g d o n dich dang t u tran dau va da danh bai hoan toan cugc tap kich k h d n g quan cua MT, lam nen tran "Dieu Bien Phu tren khona" Ta da bin "Dien Bien Phii tren khCm^" la tran thang quye't d j n h cua ta, da budc MT phai tuyen b d ' n g u n g han cac boat d o n g chd'ng pha mien B^c (15 - - 1973) va H i e p r o i 81 mav h^v hit cA'r.,T AI ^U: — x^r T ^ - I - 14 - 12 - 1972, N i c h x a n phe c h u a n ke hoach m d cugc tap k i c h k h d n g q u a n bang m a y bay B52 vao H a N g i va H a i P h d n g bSt d a u tir chieu t o i 18 den he't 29 - 12 - 1972 Q u a n dan ta d mien BSc da danh tra djch nhCrng d o n d i c h