Phân tích diễn ngôn các bài phát biểu nhận thất bại của ứng cử viên tổng thống Mĩ khảo sát 20002016

ĐẠI HỌC QUỐC GIA THÀNH PHỐ HỒ CHÍ MINH TRƯỜNG ĐH KHXH & NV TPHCM KHOA VĂN HỌC Chuyên đề: PHÂN TÍCH DIỄN NGÔN VÀ DIỄN NGÔN NGHỆ THUẬT Đề tài: PHÂN TÍCH DIỄN NGÔN BÀI PHÁT BIỂU NHẬN THẤT BẠI CỦA CÁC ỨNG VIÊN TỔNG THỐNG MỸ (KHẢO SÁT TỪ 2000-2016) GVHD: TS HUỲNH THỊ HỒNG HẠNH HVTH: Nguyễn Thị Nhân Lớp: CH Lí luận Văn học 2016-1 THÀNH PHỐ HỒ CHÍ MINH, THÁNG 1/2017 MỤC LỤC MỞ ĐẦU………………………………………………………………………………… …… CHƯƠNG 1: VỀ KHÁI NIỆM DIỄN NGÔN VÀ PHÂN TÍCH DIỄN NGÔN……………….2 CHƯƠNG 2: PHÂN TÍCH DIỄN NGÔN LOẠT BÀI PHÁT BIỂU NHẬN THẤT BẠI CỦA CÁC ỨNG CỬ VIÊN TỔNG THỐNG MỸ (KHẢO SÁT TỪ 20002016)………………… 2.1 VÀI NÉT VỀ BẦU CỬ MĨ VÀ CÁC ỨNG CỬ VIÊN THẤT BẠI TỪ 2000-2016…… 2.2 PHÂN TÍCH DIỄN NGÔN CÁC BÀI PHÁT BIỂU NHẬN THẤT BẠI ………… 2.2.1 PHÂN TÍCH KHÁI QUÁT VỀ NGÔN VỰC……………………………………… 2.2.2 PHÂN TÍCH TÍNH LIÊN KẾT VÀ MẠCH LẠC CÁC DIỄN NGÔN……………… 2.3 ĐẶC ĐIỂM RIÊNG CỦA CÁC DIỄN NGÔN ………………………………… …… 12 KẾT LUẬN……………………………………………………………………………… … 13 TÀI LIỆU THAM KHẢO…………………………………………………………………… 14 PHỤ LỤC………………………………………………………………………………… … 15 MỞ ĐẦU Ngày tháng năm 1776, Hợp chúng quốc Hoa Kì thành lập Ngay ngưỡng cửa kỉ XX, Hoa Kì trở thành cường quốc công nghiệp hàng đầu giới Đến nay, vị lãnh đạo toàn cầu Mĩ khẳng định việc tiên phong hầu hết lĩnh vực Chính lẽ đó, tình hình trị mà đặc biệt bầu cử tổng thống xứ cờ hoa tâm điểm ý không cư dân mà dư luận quốc tế Phải nói rằng, hoạt động tranh cử ứng cử viên không gói gọn việc trở thành người quyền lực nước Mĩ mà qua thể rõ đặc điểm tính cách cá nhân riêng biệt ứng viên truyền thống ứng xử xã hội phương Tây Sau đua liệt giành vé vào Nhà Trắng, ứng cử viên thất bại phát biểu nhận thất bại, chúc mừng tân tổng thống, kêu gọi người ủng hộ ủng hộ người chiến thắng để xây dựng nước Mĩ phồn thịnh Phát biểu nhận thất bại ứng cử viên đặc điểm riêng bầu cử Mĩ Bài tiểu luận “PHÂN TÍCH DIỄN NGÔN LOẠT BÀI PHÁT BIỂU NHẬN THẤT BẠI CỦA CÁC ỨNG CỬ VIÊN TỔNG THỐNG MỸ”đi vào phân tích chi tiết phát biểu để từ khái quát điểm chung diễn ngôn này, qua làm rõ mối quan hệ diễn ngôn trị hệ tư tưởng CHƯƠNG 1: VỀ KHÁI NIỆM “DIỄN NGÔN” VÀ“PHÂN TÍCH DIỄN NGÔN” Cho đến hôm nay, có nhiều cách hiểu chưa thống diễn ngôn Cách hiểu thiên nhấn mạnh hình thức cho diễn ngôn “Một lớp phân chia thành khúc đoạn” [Hjelmslev, 1953]; “Phát ngôn có kết thúc có liên kết, có tính chất độc lập ngữ pháp” [W Koch, 1966]; “Bất kì ghi chữ viết kiện giao tiếp [Nunan, 1993] Cách hiểu thiên nhấn mạnh nội dung xem diễn ngôn “Điều thông báo viết có đặc trưng tính hoàn chỉnh ý, cấu trúc thái độ định tác giả điều thông báo (…) Một hợp thể gồm nhiều câu (có câu) liên kết với ý phương tiện từ vựng – ngữ pháp [Loseva, 1980] “Một đơn vị nghĩa: đơn vị hình thức mà ý nghĩa” [Halliday, 1976 1994] Cách hiểu theo hướng tổng hợp quan niệm diễn ngôn “Sản phẩm trình sáng tạo lời mang tính cách hoàn chỉnh, khách quan hóa dạng tài liệu viết, trau truốt văn chương theo loại hình tài liệu ấy, tác phẩm gồm tên gọi (đầu đề) loạt đơn vị riêng (những thể thống câu) hợp lại liên hệ khác từ vựng, ngữ pháp, logic, tu từ, có hướng định mục tiêu thực dụng [Galperin, 1981] “Một chỉnh thể ngôn ngữ với chức giao tiếp xác định được, ví dụ thoại, tờ áp phích [D Crystal, 1992] Cách hiểu theo hướng phân biệt diễn ngôn với văn nêu rõ “Tuy đối tượng nghiên cứu ngôn ngữ học, diễn ngôn (discourse) khách thể xuyên ngôn ngữ học (translinguistique) văn “một đoạn lời nói hữu tận bất kỳ, tạo thành thể thống xét từ quan điểm nội dung, truyền đạt với mục đích giao tiếp thứ cấp có tổ chức nội phù hợp với mục đích này”, “đoạn lời gắn bó với nhân tố văn hóa khác nữa, nhân tố có quan hệ đến thân ngôn ngữ” [Barthes, 1970]; “Văn “một chuỗi ngôn ngữ lý giải mặt hình thức, bên ngữ cảnh” diễn ngôn “những chuỗi ngôn ngữ nhận biết trọn nghĩa, hợp lại có mục đích” [Cook, 1989], “Văn “một sản phẩm diễn ngôn xuất cách tự nhiên dạng nói, viết biểu cử chỉ, nhận dạng mục đích phân tích; thường chỉnh thể ngôn ngữ với chức giao tiếp xác định được, ví dụ thoại, tờ áp phích” diễn ngôn “một chuỗi nối tiếp ngôn ngữ (đặc biệt ngôn ngữ nói) lớn câu, thường cấu thành chỉnh thể, có tính mạch lạc, kiểu thuyết giáo, tranh luận, truyện vui truyện kể” [Crystal, 1992] Về tên gọi phân tích diễn ngôn, có hai hướng định nghĩa sau Thứ nhất, “Phân tích diễn ngôn cách tiếp cận phương pháp luận việc phân tích ngôn ngữ bên bậc câu, gồm tiêu chuẩn tính kết nối, tượng hồi chiếu.” Trong phạm vi viết, tán thành với quan niệm cho “phân tích diễn ngôn đường hướng tiếp cận tài liệu ngôn ngữ nói viết bậc câu (diễn ngôn/ văn bản) từ tính đa diện thực nó, bao gồm mặt ngôn từ ngữ cảnh tình huống, với mặt hữu quan thể khái niệm ngôn vực (register) mà nội dung phong phú đa dạng (gồm tượng thuộc thể loại phong cách chức năng, phong cách cá nhân, tượng xã hội, văn hóa, dân tộc)” CHƯƠNG 2: PHÂN TÍCH DIỄN NGÔN LOẠT BÀI PHÁT BIỂU NHẬN THẤT BẠI CỦA CÁC ỨNG CỬ VIÊN TỔNG THỐNG MỸ (TỪ 2000-2016) 2.1 VÀI NÉT VỀ BẦU CỬ MĨ VÀ CÁC ỨNG CỬ VIÊN THẤT BẠI TỪ 2000-2016 Bốn năm lần, nước Mĩ lại bắt đầu chạy đua vào Nhà Trắng ứng cử viên Mặc dù Mĩ nước đa đảng lại, đấu vào chung kết với đại diện hai đảng lớn nhất: Cộng hòa Dân chủ Các vận động tranh cử thường bắt đầu vào tháng năm trước ứng viên để trở thành người đại diện cho đảng tham gia tranh cử Bầu cử tổng thống trình gián tiếp Theo hiến pháp, có Đại cử tri đoàn Hoa Kỳ có quyền bầu chọn tổng thống trực tiếp Các thành viên đại cử tri đoàn cho tiểu bang tiểu bang chọn, họ có quyền bầu cho cá nhân nào, họ bầu cho nhân vật khác người định Cuộc bầu cử diễn vào Ngày Bầu cử, ngày thứ tuần tháng 11 Chính quyền tiểu bang tổ chức bầu cử Số phiếu đếm chứng nhận vào đầu tháng Người giành nửa số phiếu người thắng Lễ nhận chức tân tổng thống vào trưa ngày 20 tháng năm sau Ngay sau Ngày Bầu cử, có kết Đại cử tri, ứng cử viên may mắn gọi gọi cho người thắng cuộc, thừa nhận thất bại, chúc mừng đối thủ trước người tân tổng thống phát biểu Hành động nhằm mục đích ổn định tình hình trị đất nước vốn căng thẳng suốt bầu cử Những diễn ngôn đặc biệt thông lệ bầu cử Mĩ năm 1952 Hoa Kì diễn lần bầu cử giai đoạn 2000-2016 Các ứng cử viên đối thủ với là:Al Gore- George W Bush (2000), John Kerry- George W Bush (2004), John McCain- Barack Obama (2008), Mitt Romey- Barack Obama (2012), Hillary Clinton- Donald Trump (2016) Mỗi bầu cử, bên cạnh không khí chung đua tranh liệt hai đối thủ đại diện cho hai đảng, có nét riêng tình hình cụ thể nước giới thời điểm Một điều không phần quan trọng tính cách riêng ứng cử viên Al Gore, John Kerry, John McCain, Mitt Romey, Hillary Clinton khách đầy kinh nghiệm Trước tham gia tranh cử, Al Gore Phó tổng thống nhiệm kì Bill Clinton, John Kerry Phó thống đốc bang Massachusetts, John McCain Thượng nghị sĩ thâm niên từ bang Arizona, Mitt Romey Thống đốc Massachusetts, Hillary Clinton Đệ phu nhân, Bộ trưởng ngoại giao Các phát biểu nhận thất bại họ số điểm chung nội dung qui định thể loại, bị quan chiếu ngôn cảnh mang đặc điểm riêng phong cách cá nhân tác giả 2.2 PHÂN TÍCH DIỄN NGÔN CÁC BÀI PHÁT BIỂU NHẬN THẤT BẠI: 2.2.1 PHÂN TÍCH KHÁI QUÁT VỀ NGÔN VỰC: - Trường: Các diễn ngôn thuộc trường trị Chủ đề diễn ngôn chấp nhận thất bại trước đối thủ, bày tỏ cảm ơn với người ủng hộ suốt chiến dịch Vì bên cạnh lớp từ vựng trị lặp lại với tần suất cao, lớp từ ngữ thuộc lĩnh vực khác (kinh tế, văn hóa, xã hội ) sử dụng linh hoạt - Thức: Các diễn ngôn chuẩn bị trước, ứng Do đó, nội dung, diễn ngôn thể trọn vẹn, rõ ràng ý định chủ thể phát ngôn Các diễn thuyết chăm chút kĩ nội dung, hướng đến đối tượng cần đề cập Tình phát ngôn kết đua vào Nhà Trắng vừa công bố không mong đợi Để nói thất vọng kết này, trị giachủ thể diễn ngôn hoàn toàn không hạn chế việc sử dụng phép tu từ từ vựng ẩn dụ, hoán dụ Dù soạn trước diễn ngôn diễn thuyết trước đám đông, yếu tố phi ngôn ngữ góp phần không nhỏ việc thể trọn vẹn nội dung - Không khí chung: Đây đối thoại người đồng quan điểm trị: người đại diện tranh cử người ủng hộ suốt chiến dịch Mối quan hệ họ trình kéo dài Họ chia sẻ kết không mong đợi thái độ chung thân mật, thông cảm Các vai xã hội thực người nghe- đám đông người ủng hộ với người nói- người đại diện cho đám đông Vị trí họ đồng quan điểm trị không bình đẳng vị Người nói không trình bày quan điểm kết bầu cử mà thường đóng thêm vai trò người dẫn dắt, truyền cảm hứng cho đám đông 2.2.2 PHÂN TÍCH TÍNH LIÊN KẾT VÀ MẠCH LẠC CÁC DIỄN NGÔN 2.2.2.1 VỀ MẶT NỘI DUNG: Trung bình phát biểu ứng cử viên khoảng 67 câu, gần 10 phút Thời lượng phát biểu phụ thuộc nhiều vào độ tương tác người nói người nghe Những phát biểu có thời gian nhiều người phát ngôn nhiều lần ngừng lại có chen ngang người tiếp ngôn Đó trường hợp John Kerry, John McCain Hillary Clinton Người phát biểu Tổng số câu Thời gian Al Gore 55 6’43 John Kerry 100 15’06 John McCain 65 10’03 Mitt Romey 48 5’19 Hillary Clinton 68 12’24 TRUNG BÌNH 67.2 9’54 Bảng Thống kê số câu thời lượng phát biểu Các phát biểu chia thành nhiều đoạn, bố cục thành ba phần: (1)chào hỏi,(2) Chấp nhận thất bại chúc mừng đối thủ; chia sẻ cảm giác thất vọng mình; cảm ơn người thân, phụ tá người ủng hộ; kêu gọi người ủng hộ tân tổng thống nước Mĩ hòa hợp (3) lời kết Phần chào hỏi ban đầu, trừ Al Gore, thường câu Thank you, Thank you so much để đáp lại tiếng vỗ tay người ủng hộ phía sâu khấu Thay lời chào khuôn sáo, trịnh trọng, câu cảm ơn khách mang hàm ý hội thoại diễn tả mối quan hệ thân thiết, gần gũi họ với người nghe (công chúng) Người nghe tuân theo quy tắc cộng tác tiếng vỗ tay hoan hô lời chào Hàm ý đồng thuận với lời chào người phát biểu Lời kết lời kết thường thấy phát ngôn khách Mỹ: God bless America Phần nội dung phát biểu bắt đầu việc: khẳng định việc chấp nhận thất bại thông qua việc thông báo với người nghe vừa gọi cho đối thủ để chúc mừng chiến thắng ông ta Điều quán tất phát biểu nhằm đảm bảo làm rõ mục đích phát ngôn Các khách giãy bày thất vọng kết bầu cử theo cách riêng Mitt Romey thể tiếc nuối “I so wish that I had been able to fulfill your hopes to lead the country in a different direction, but the nation chose another leader”(Tôi ước hoàn thành hi vọng bạn để lãnh đạo đất nước theo hướng khác biệt, quốc gia chọn nhà lãnh đạo khác) Với Al Gore nhân nhượng miễn cưỡng “Let there be no doubt, while 10 enough outstanding votes for us to be able to win Ohio.And therefore we cannot win this election My friends, it was here that we began our campaign for the presidency and all we had was hope and vision for a better America It was a privilege and a gift to spend two years traveling this country, coming to know so many of you I wish that I could just wrap you up in my arms and embrace each and every one of you individually all across this nation I thank you from the bottom of my heart.Thank you Thank you Thank you, man And I assure you, you watch, I'll still love yours So hang in there I will always be particularly grateful to the colleague that you just heard from who became my partner, my very close friend, an extraordinary leader, John Edwards And I thank him for everything he did Thank you, sir John and I would be the first to tell you that we owe so much to our families They're here with us today They were with us every single step of the way They sustained us.They went out on their own and they multiplied our campaign all across this country No one did this more with grace and with courage and candor, that I love, than my wife Teresa, and I thank her And our children were there every single step of the way It was unbelievable Vanessa, Alex, Chris, Andre and John from my family, and Elizabeth Edwards, who is so remarkable and so strong and so smart.And Johnny and Kate, who went out there on their own, just like my daughters did And also Emma Claire and Jack, who were up beyond their bedtime last night, like a lot of us I want to thank my crewmates and my friends from 35 years ago, that great band of brothers who criss-crossed this country on my behalf for 2004 They had the courage to speak the truth back then and they spoke it again this year And for that, I will forever be grateful 22 And thanks also, as I look around here, to friends and family of a lifetime, some from college, friends made all across the years, and then all across the miles of this campaign You are so special You brought the gift of your passion for our country and the possibilities of change And that will stay with us and with this country forever Thanks to Democrats and Republicans and independents who stood with us, and everyone who voted, no matter who their candidate was And thanks to my absolutely unbelievable, dedicated staff lead by a wonderful campaign manager, Mary Beth Cahill, who did an extraordinary job There's so much written about campaigns and there's so much that Americans never get to see I wish they could all spend a day on a campaign and see how hard these folks work to make America better It is its own unbelievable contribution to our democracy and it's a gift to everybody, but especially to me, and I'm grateful to each and every one of you And I thank your families and I thank you for the sacrifices you've made And to all the volunteers all across this country who gave so much of themselves You know, thanks to William Field (ph), a 6-year-old who collected $680 a quarter and a dollar at a time, selling bracelets during the summer to help change America Thanks to Michael Benson (ph) from Florida, who I spied in a rope line holding a container of money and it turned out he had raided his piggy bank and wanted to contribute And thanks to Ilana Wexler, 11 years old, who started Kids for Kerry all across our country I think of the brigades of students and people, young and old, who took time to travel, time off from work, their own vacation time, to work in states far and wide They braved the hot days of summer and the cold days of the fall and the winter to knock on door because they were determined to open the doors of opportunity to all Americans.They worked their hearts out And I wish, you don't know how much, that I could have brought this race home for you, for them And I 23 say to them now: Don't lose faith What you did made a difference.And building on itself, we go on to make a difference another day I promise you, that time will come, the time will come, the election will come, when your work and your ballots will change the world And it's worth fighting for.I want to especially say to the American people: In this journey, you have given me the honor and the gift of listening and learning from youI have visited your homes, I visited your churches, I visited your community halls, I've heard your stories I know your struggles, I know your hopes They are part of me now And I will never forget you and I'll never stop fighting for you You may not understand completely in what ways, but it is true when I say to you that you have taught me and you have tested me and you've lifted me up and you've made me stronger.I did my best to express my vision and my hopes for America We worked hard and we fought hard, and I wish that things had turned out a little differently But in an American election, there are no losers, because whether or not our candidates are successful, the next morning we all wake up as Americans.That is the greatest privilege and the most remarkable good fortune that can come to us on Earth With that gift also comes obligation We are required now to work together for the good of our country In the days ahead, we must find common cause We must join in common effort, without remorse or recrimination, without anger or rancor America is in need of unity and longing for a larger measure of compassion I hope President Bush will advance those values in the coming I pledge to my part to try to bridge the partisan divide I know this is a difficult time for my supporters, but I ask them, all of you, to join me in doing that Now, more than ever, with our soldiers in harm's way, we must stand together and succeed in Iraq and win the war on terror I will also everything in my power to ensure that my party, a proud Democratic Party, stands 24 true to our best hopes and ideals I believe that what we started in this campaign will not end here Our fight goes on to put America back to work and to make our economy a great engine of job growth Our fight goes on to make affordable health care an accessible right for all Americans, not privilege Our fight goes on to protect the environment, to achieve equality, to push the frontiers of science and discovery and to restore America's reputation in the world I believe that all of this will happen, and sooner than we may think, because we're America, and America always moves forward.I've been honored to represent the citizens of this commonwealth in the United States Senate now for 20 years And I pledge to them that in the years ahead, I'm going to fight on for the people and for the principles that I've learned and lived with here in Massachusetts I'm proud of what we stood for in this campaign and of what we accomplished When we began, no one thought it was possible to even make this a close race.But we stood for real change, change that would make a real difference in the life of our nation and the lives of our families And we defined that choice to America I'll never forget the wonderful people who came to our rallies, who stood in our rope lines, who put their hopes in our hands, who invested in each and every one of us I saw in them the truth that America is not only great, but it is good.So with a grateful heart, I leave this campaign with a prayer that has even greater meaning to me now that I've come to know our vast country so much better thanks to all of you and what a privilege it has been to so And that prayer is very simple: God bless America Thank you John McCain concession speech 2008/nov/05/ 25 Thank you Thank you, my friends Thank you for coming here on this beautifulArizona evening My friends, we have we have come to the end of a long journey The American people have spoken, and they have spoken clearly A little while ago, I had the honour of calling Senator Barack Obama to congratulate him.Please.To congratulate him on being elected the next president of the country that we both love In a contest as long and difficult as this campaign has been, his success alone commands my respect for his ability and perseverance But that he managed to so by inspiring the hopes of so many millions of Americans who had once wrongly believed that they had little at stake or little influence in the election of an American president is something I deeply admire and commend him for achieving This is an historic election, and I recognize the special significance it has for African-Americans and for the special pride that must be theirs tonight I've always believed that America offers opportunities to all who have the industry and will to seize it Senator Obama believes that, too But we both recognise that, though we have come a long way from the old injustices that once stained our nation's reputation and denied some Americans the full blessings of American citizenship, the memory of them still had the power to wound A century ago, President Theodore Roosevelt's invitation of Booker T Washington to dine at the White House was taken as an outrage in many quarters America today is a world away from the cruel and frightful bigotry of that time There is no better evidence of this than the election of an African-American to the presidency of the United States 26 Let there be no reason now Let there be no reason now for any American to fail to cherish their citizenship in this, the greatest nation on Earth Senator Obama has achieved a great thing for himself and for his country I applaud him for it, and offer him my sincere sympathy that his beloved grandmother did not live to see this day Though our faith assures us she is at rest in the presence of her creator and so very proud of the good man she helped raise Senator Obama and I have had and argued our differences, and he has prevailed No doubt many of those differences remain These are difficult times for our country And I pledge to him tonight to all in my power to help him lead us through the many challenges we face I urge all Americans I urge all Americans who supported me to join me in not just congratulating him, but offering our next president our good will and earnest effort to find ways to come together to find the necessary compromises to bridge our differences and help restore our prosperity, defend our security in a dangerous world, and leave our children and grandchildren a stronger, better country than we inherited Whatever our differences, we are fellow Americans And please believe me when I say no association has ever meant more to me than that It is natural It's natural, tonight, to feel some disappointment But tomorrow, we must move beyond it and work together to get our country moving again We fought we fought as hard as we could And though we fell short, the failure is mine, not yours (Crowd: "No!") I am so 27 (Crowd begins chanting) I am so deeply grateful to all of you for the great honour of your support and for all you have done for me I wish the outcome had been different, my friends The road was a difficult one from the outset, but your support and friendship never wavered I cannot adequately express how deeply indebted I am to you I'm especially grateful to my wife, Cindy, my children, my dear mother my dear mother and all my family, and to the many old and dear friends who have stood by my side through the many ups and downs of this long campaign I have always been a fortunate man, and never more so for the love and encouragement you have given me You know, campaigns are often harder on a candidate's family than on the candidate, and that's been true in this campaign All I can offer in compensation is my love and gratitude and the promise of more peaceful years ahead I am also, I am also, of course, very thankful to governor Sarah Palin, one of the best campaigners I've ever seen one of the best campaigners I have ever seen, and an impressive new voice in our party for reform and the principles that have always been our greatest strength her husband Todd and their five beautiful children for their tireless dedication to our cause, and the courage and grace they showed in the rough and tumble of a presidential campaign We can all look forward with great interest to her future service to Alaska, the Republican party and our country To all my campaign comrades, from Rick Davis and Steve Schmidt and Mark Salter, to every last volunteer who fought so hard and valiantly, month after month, 28 in what at times seemed to be the most challenging campaign in modern times, thank you so much A lost election will never mean more to me than the privilege of your faith and friendship I don't know, I don't know what more we could have done to try to win this election I'll leave that to others to determine Every candidate makes mistakes, and I'm sure I made my share of them But I won't spend a moment of the future regretting what might have been This campaign was and will remain the great honour of my life, and my heart is filled with nothing but gratitude for the experience and to the American people for giving me a fair hearing before deciding that Senator Obama and my old friend Senator Joe Biden should have the honour of leading us for the next four years (Crowd boos) Please Please I would not, I would not be an American worthy of the name should I regret a fate that has allowed me the extraordinary privilege of serving this country for a half a century Today, I was a candidate for the highest office in the country I love so much And tonight, I remain her servant That is blessing enough for anyone, and I thank the people of Arizona for it Tonight, tonight, more than any night, I hold in my heart nothing but love for this country and for all its citizens, whether they supported me or Senator Obama, whether they supported me or Senator Obama I wish Godspeed to the man who was my former opponent and will be my president And I call on all Americans, as I have often in this campaign, to not 29 despair of our present difficulties, but to believe, always, in the promise and greatness of America, because nothing is inevitable here Americans never quit We never surrender We never hide from history We make history Thank you, and God bless you, and God bless America Thank you all very much 30 Mitt Romney’s concession speech on Wednesday morning, Nov 7, 2012 Thank you Thank you Thank you.I have just called President Obama to congratulate him on his victory His supporters and his campaign also deserve congratulations His supporters and his campaign also deserve congratulations I wish all of them well, but particularly the president, the first lady and their daughters.This is a time of great challenges for America, and I pray that the president will be successful in guiding our nation I want to thank Paul Ryan for all that he has done for our campaign.And for our country Besides my wife, Ann, Paul is the best choice I’ve ever made.And I trust that his intellect and his hard work and his commitment to principle will continue to contribute to the good of our nation.I also want to thank Ann, the love of my life She would have been a wonderful first lady She’s she has been that and more to me and to our family and to the many people that she has touched with her compassion and her care I thank my sons for their tireless work on behalf of the campaign, and thank their wives and children for taking up the slack as their husbands and dads have spent so many weeks away from home.I want to thank Matt Rhoades and the dedicated campaign team he led They have made an extraordinary effort not just for me, but also for the country that we love.And to you here tonight, and to the team across the country the volunteers, the fundraisers, the donors, the surrogates I don’t believe that there’s ever been an effort in our party that can compare with what you have done over these past years Thank you so very much 31 Thanks for all the hours of work, for the calls, for the speeches and appearances, for the resources and for the prayers You gave deeply from yourselves and performed magnificently And you inspired us and you humbled us You’ve been the very best we could have imagined The nation, as you know, is at a critical point At a time like this, we can’t risk partisan bickering and political posturing Our leaders have to reach across the aisle to the people’s work.And we citizens also have to rise to the occasion We look to our teachers and professors, we count on you not just to teach, but to inspire our children with a passion for learning and discovery We look to our pastors and priests and rabbis and counselors of all kinds to testify of the enduring principles upon which our society is built: honesty, charity, integrity and family.We look to our parents, for in the final analysis everything depends on the success of our homes.We look to job creators of all kinds We’re counting on you to invest, to hire, to step forward.And we look to Democrats and Republicans in government at all levels to put the people before the politics I believe in America I believe in the people of America And I ran for office because I’m concerned about America This election is over, but our principles endure I believe that the principles upon which this nation was founded are the only sure guide to a resurgent economy and to renewed greatness Like so many of you, Paul and I have left everything on the field We have given our all to this campaign I so wish I so wish that I had been able to fulfill your hopes to lead the country in a different direction, but the nation chose another leader And so Ann and I join with you to earnestly pray for him and for this great nation Thank you, and God bless America You guys are the best Thank you so much Thank you Thanks, guys 32 Hillary Clinton (2016) Thank you Thank you Thank you so much Very rowdy group Thank you, my friends Thank you Thank you, thank you so very much for being here I love you all, too Last night, I congratulated Donald Trump and offered to work with him on behalf of our country I hope that he will be a successful president for all Americans This is not the outcome we wanted or we worked so hard for and I'm sorry that we did not win this election for the values we share and the vision we hold for our country But I feel pride and gratitude for this wonderful campaign that we built together, this vast, diverse, creative, unruly, energized campaign You represent the best of America and being your candidate has been one of the greatest honors of my life I know how disappointed you feel, because I feel it, too And so tens of millions of Americans who invested their hopes and dreams in this effort This is painful and it will be for a long time, but I want you to remember this Our campaign was never about one person or even one election It was about the country we love and about building an America that's hopeful, inclusive and bighearted We have seen that our nation is more deeply divided than we thought, but I still believe in America and I always will If you do, then we must accept this result and then look to the future Donald Trump is going to be our president We owe him an open mind and the chance to lead Our constitutional democracy enshrines the peaceful transfer of power and we don't just respect that, we cherish it It also enshrines other things The rule of law, the principle that we are all equal in rights and dignity, freedom of worship and expression We respect and cherish these values, too, and we must defend them 33 And let me add, our constitutional democracy demands our participation, not just every four years, but all the time So let's all we can to keep advancing the causes and values we all hold dear Making our economy work for everyone, not just those at the top, protecting our country and protecting our planet, and breaking down all the barriers that hold any American back from achieving their dreams We have spent a year and a half bringing together millions of people from every corner of our country to say with one voice that we believe that the American dream is big enough for everyone, for people of all races and religions, for men and women, for immigrants, for LGBT people and for people with disabilities For everyone So now, our responsibility as citizens is to keep doing our part to build that better, stronger, fairer America we seek, and I know you will I am so grateful to stand with all of you I want to thank Tim kaine and Anne holden for being our partners on this journey It has been a joy getting to know them better and it gives me great hope and comfort to know that Tim will remain on the front lines of our democracy representing Virginia in the senate To Barack and Michelle Obama, our country owes you an enormous debt of gratitude We thank you for your graceful, determined leadership that has meant so much to so many Americans and people across the world And to bill and Chelsea, Marc, Charlotte, Aden, our brothers and our entire family, my love for you means more than I can ever express You crisscrossed this country on our behalf and lifted me up when I needed it most, even month old Aden who traveled with his mom I will always be grateful to the creative, talented, dedicated men and women at our headquarters in Brooklyn and across our country You poured your hearts into this campaign For some of you who are veterans, it was a campaign after you had done other campaigns Some of you, it was your first campaign I want each of you to know that you were the best campaign anybody 34 could have ever expected or wanted And to the millions of volunteers, community leaders, activists and union organizers who knocked on doors, talked to neighbors, posted on Facebook, even in secret private Facebook sites, I want everybody coming out from behind that and make sure your voices are heard going forward To everyone who sent in contributions as small as $5 and kept us going, thank you Thank you from all of us And to the young people in particular, I hope you will hear this I have, as Tim said, spent my entire adult life fighting for what I believe in I have had successes and I have had setbacks Sometimes really painful ones Many of you are at the beginning of your professional public and political careers You will have successes and setbacks, too This loss hurts but please never stop believing that fighting for what's right is worth it It is It is worth it And so we need―we need you to keep up these fights now and for the rest of your lives, and to all the women and especially the young women who put their faith in this campaign and in me, I want you to know that nothing has made me prouder than to be your champion Now, I know we have still not shattered that highest and hardest glass ceiling, but some day, someone will, and hopefully sooner than we might think right now And to all the little girls who are watching this, never doubt that you are valuable and powerful and deserving of every chance and opportunity in the world to pursue and achieve your own dreams Finally―finally, I am so grateful for our country and for all it has given to me I count my blessings every single day that I am an American, and I still believe as deeply as I ever have that if we stand together and work together with respect for our differences, strength in our convictions and love for this nation, our best days are still ahead of us Because, you know, I believe we are stronger together, and we will go forward together And you should never, ever regret fighting for that You know, scripture tells us, let us not grow weary in doing good, for in due season we 35 shall reap if we not lose heart So, my friends, let us have faith in each other Let us not grow weary Let us not lose heart, for there are more seasons to come, and there is more work to I am incredibly honored and grateful to have had this chance to represent all of you in this consequential election May god bless you, and may god bless the United States of America! 36 ... nước Mĩ phồn thịnh Phát biểu nhận thất bại ứng cử viên đặc điểm riêng bầu cử Mĩ Bài tiểu luận “PHÂN TÍCH DIỄN NGÔN LOẠT BÀI PHÁT BIỂU NHẬN THẤT BẠI CỦA CÁC ỨNG CỬ VIÊN TỔNG THỐNG MỸ”đi vào phân tích. .. DIỄN NGÔN VÀ PHÂN TÍCH DIỄN NGÔN……………….2 CHƯƠNG 2: PHÂN TÍCH DIỄN NGÔN LOẠT BÀI PHÁT BIỂU NHẬN THẤT BẠI CỦA CÁC ỨNG CỬ VIÊN TỔNG THỐNG MỸ (KHẢO SÁT TỪ 20002016) ………………… 2.1 VÀI NÉT VỀ BẦU CỬ MĨ... BẦU CỬ MĨ VÀ CÁC ỨNG CỬ VIÊN THẤT BẠI TỪ 2000-2016…… 2.2 PHÂN TÍCH DIỄN NGÔN CÁC BÀI PHÁT BIỂU NHẬN THẤT BẠI ………… 2.2.1 PHÂN TÍCH KHÁI QUÁT VỀ NGÔN VỰC……………………………………… 2.2.2 PHÂN TÍCH TÍNH LIÊN