Kiến tạo bản sắc thông qua diễn ngôn của một ứng cử viên tổng thống một nghiên cứu trường hợp cụ thể

VIETNAM NATIONAL UNIVERSITY OF HANOI THE UNIVERSITY OF LANGUAGES AND INTERNATIONAL STUDIES FACULTY OF GRADUATE STUDIES MAI VĂN KẾT THE DISCURSIVE CONSTRUCTION OF IDENTITY OF A PRESIDENTIAL CANDIDATE: A CASE STUDY (KIẾN TẠO BẢN SẮC THÔNG QUA DIỄN NGÔN CỦA MỘT ỨNG CỬ VIÊN TỔNG THỐNG:MỘT NGHIÊN CỨU TRƯỜNG HỢP CỤ THỂ) Major master thesis Major: English linguistics Code: 60220201 HANOI - 2017 VIETNAM NATIONAL UNIVERSITY OF HANOI THE UNIVERSITY OF LANGUAGES AND INTERNATIONAL STUDIES FACULTY OF RADUATE STUDIES MAI VĂN KẾT THE DISCURSIVE CONSTRUCTION OF IDENTITY OF A PRESIDENTIAL CANDIDATE: A CASE STUDY (KIẾN TẠO BẢN SẮC THÔNG QUA DIỄN NGÔN CỦA MỘT ỨNG CỬ VIÊN TỔNG THỐNG:MỘT NGHIÊN CỨU TRƯỜNG HỢP CỤ THỂ) Major master thesis Major: English linguistics Code: 60220201 Supervisor: Professor Nguyễn Hoà HANOI - 2017 DECLARATION OF AUTHORSHIP I hereby state that I, Mai Van Ket, a student of the Faculty of Graduate Studies, University of Languages and International Studies, Vietnam National University, Hanoi, certify with my signature that my thesis entitled „The Discursive Construction of Identity of a Presidential Candidate: A Case Study‟ is entirely the result of my own work I have faithfully and accurately cited all my sources, including books, journals, newspaper articles, generics, doctoral dissertations, and online resources I declare that I understood the concept of plagiarism and I acknowledge that my thesis will be rejected in case of plagiarism The thesis contains no materials that has been submitted previously, in whole or in part, for the award of any other academic degree or diploma Supervisor‟s signature Student‟s signature GS NguyễnHoà Mai VănKết i ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS I would like to thank my thesis supervisor Professor Nguyen Hoa at University of Languages and International Studies, Vietnam National University, Hanoi for his thoughtful andfruitful series of lectureson discourse analysis, which led and shed light to this present study I gratefully owed him the introduction to Hillary Clinton and the speech, to the issue of identity in sociolinguistics Especially, I wish to thank him for his constant guidance, dedication and professionalism which helped me to complete the final report of this study project My sincere gratitudes go to the lecturers at the Faculty of Postgraduate Studies, University of Languages and International Studies, Vietnam National University, Hanoi for their interesting lectures, suggestions and scientific research, which inspired me to go in the journey of academics I cannot express enough thanksto Doctor Huynh Anh Tuan, Dean ofthe Faculty of Graduate Studies,for providing me with an opportunity to the project work and providing me with such a nice support and encourgagement, although he had busy schedule managing the corporate affairs Last but not least, I must express my very profound gratitudes to my family and friends for providng me with unfailing support and comfort throughout my years of study Thank you! ii ABSTRACT In the last decades, the focus on identity in social sciences has increased enormously Identity construction appears to be practices that sometimes escape our attention in teaching practices but they exert an enormous influence on education Though much research has been undertaken on identity, there exist gaps that need further theoretical and practical advancements Most importantly, a critical review suggests that there is an absence of identity research in Vietnam In order to address such gaps, the present thesis explores the discursive construction of identity ina presidential campaign speech This study employs critical discourse analysis as an interdisciplinary approach to reality and representation of social actors and language styles are synthesized as an analytical framework The study takes a special interest in the way Hillary Clinton discursively projects and negotiates identity to communicate in her campaign in a discursive process The key findings of the study indicate that collective and personal identity was discursively constructed in the strategic choice of language The results of the study contribute to an understanding of identity construction in political campaign discourses Practical suggestions for successful language communication and further research were also identified Keywords:personal identity, collective identity, critical discourse analysis, discursive, interconnectedness, social actors, weapon iii TABLE OF CONTENTS DECLARATION OF AUTHORSHIP i ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ii ABSTRACT iii TABLE OF CONTENTS iv LIST OF FIGURES vi LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS vii CHAPTER ONE: INTRODUCTION CHAPTER TWO: LITERATURE REVIEW .6 2.1 Critical Discourse Analysis .6 2.2 Identity .8 2.2.1 Identity 2.2.2 Identity Research 2.2.3 Identity as a Discursive Work .17 CHAPTER THREE: 22 THEORETICAL BACKGROUND AND METHODOLOGY 22 3.1 The Context of the Study .22 3.2 The Data 25 3.3 Analytical Framework 26 3.3.1 Representing social actors .29 3.3.2 Modality 36 3.3.3 Intertextuality and Interdiscursivity .38 3.3.4 Analyzing Identity 40 3.4 Discussion of Validity and Reliability 46 CHAPTER FOUR: FINDINGS 48 4.1 Social Group Struggles and Collective Identity 48 4.1.1 Social grouping 48 4.1.2 Exclusion 49 4.1.3 Activation and passivation .51 iv 4.1.4 Genericization and specification 52 4.1.5 Individualization and assimilation 53 4.1.6 Association and disassociation .53 4.1.7 Determination and indetermination .54 4.1.8 Nominalization and categorization 55 4.1.9 Impersonalization 56 4.2 Language Styles and Personal Identity 57 4.2.1 Role allocation in process types .57 4.2.2 Modality 67 4.2.3 Intertextuality and interdiscursivity .70 CHAPTER FIVE: DISCUSSION .74 5.1 Collective Identity 74 5.2 Personal Identity 77 CHAPTER SIX: CONCLUSION .82 6.1 Summary of the Findings .82 6.2 Implications of the Study .85 6.3 Limitations and Further Research 86 REFERENCES 88 APPENDICES I Appendix 1: The data I Appendix 2: Coded data XVI Appendix 3: Impersonalization XXXII v LIST OF FIGURES Figure 1: A framework for critical discourse analysis of communication event 16 Figure 2: A working analytical framework 29 Figure 3: The grammar of experience: Types of process in English 31 Figure 4: The representation of social actors: Activation and Passivation 33 Figure 5: Coding as a cyclical act in qualitative inquiry 47 Figure 6: Activation and passivation of social actors 51 Figure 7: Nomination 56 Figure 8: Spatialization 56 Figure 9: Process frequencies with the in-group and out-group representation of social actors 58 Figure 10: Epistemic modalizer „will‟ 67 Figure 11: Epistemic modalizer „would‟ 68 Figure 12: Deontic modalizer „should‟ 69 Figure 13: Deontic modalizer „must‟ 69 Figure 14: Deontic modalizer „have to‟ 69 Figure 15: Discursive construction of identity 80 Figure 16: Interconnectedness of levels of identity analysis 84 vi LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS CDA Critical discourse analysis GOP Grand Old Party ISIS Islamic State of Iraq and Syria LGBT Lesbian, gay, bisexual and transgender NATO The North Atlantic Treaty Organization RQ Research question SFG Systemic functional grammar UN United Nations vii CHAPTER ONE: INTRODUCTION Language is a primary means through which the social world is constructed It is here to say that the way we view the world and ourselves is constructed by language use, for that reason language use can be considered as the process of constructing and maintaining relations, values and identities, or participating in social change De Fina(2011) states that human communication mainly aims at exchanging information, getting things done or expressing feelings and emotions or conveying the idea of what kind of people we are or we are not The use of language can reveal the geographical, ethnic social communities we are in, can reveal the images about ourselves and people Therefore, through language use, similarities and differences can be analyzed and categorized De Fina(2011)concludes language and discourse are central to the construction and negotiation of identities The present study is concerned with the analysis of one of Hillary Clinton‟s speeches in her presidential campaign The choice of Hillary Clinton is due to a number of reasons Firstly, she is a well-known and prominent political figure The 2016 election marked an important historical moment in America when Hillary Clinton was the first woman nominee of a major party to run for president Secondly, she was a presumptive nominee of the Democratic Party and the only candidate from the party who was actively campaigning Thirdly, previous analyses of her discourse was all conducted for different purposes rather than revealing the discursive construction of her identity as a presidential candidate Scholars either looked into Hillary Clinton‟s speeches and focusing on the construction or performance of her voice, femininity, gender, racism, sexism (Anderson, 2002; Bligh, Merolla, Schroedel, & Gonzalez, 2010; Campbell, 1998; Gervais & Hillard, 2011; Templin, 1999; Uscinski & Goren, 2011)in the light of critical discourse analysis Or scholars focusedon the study of her identity construction from be -9- the ones making the decisions about your lives and jobs and safety - and trust me [2], the choices they [4] make -7- will not be to our benefit That is not an outcome we [1] can live -1- with As I [1] see -2- it, there are some important things our next President [1] must 1- to secure American leadership and keep us [2] safe and our economy [2] growing in the years ahead These are all areas in which Donald Trump [4] and I [1] profoundly -2- disagree And they are all critical to our future First, we [1] need to be -3- strong at home That means investing in our infrastructure [2], education and innovation - the fundamentals of a strong economy We [1] need to reduce -1- income inequality, because our country [1] can‟t lead -1- effectively when so many [1] are struggling 1- to provide the basics for their families [3] And we [1] need to break down -1- the barriers that hold Americans [2] back, including barriers of bigotry and discrimination [Applause] Comparethat with what Trump [4] wants -8- to His economic plans [5] would add -7- more than $30 trillion - that‟s trillion with a „t‟ - $30 trillion to our national debt [6] over the next 20 years He [4] has -9- no ideas on education No ideas on innovation He [4] has -9- a lot of ideas about who [5] to blame, but no clue about what to None of what Donald Trump [4] is offering -7- will make America [2] stronger at home And that would make us [2] weaker in the world Second, we [1] need to stick -1- with our allies [2] America‟s network of allies [2] is part of what makes us [2] exceptional And our allies [1] deliver -1- for us [2] every day [Applause] Our armed forces [1] fight -1- terrorists [5] together; our diplomats [1] work -1side by side Allies [1] provide -1- staging areas for our military [3], so we [1] can XXI respond -1- quickly to events on the other side of the world And they [1] share -1intelligence that helps us [2] identify and defuse potential threats Takethe threat posed by North Korea [4]- perhaps the most repressive regime on the planet, run by a sadistic dictator [4] who [4] wants -8- to develop long-range missiles that could carry a nuclear weapon to the United States [3] When I [1] was -3- Secretary of State [2], we [1] worked -1- closely with our allies [2]Japan [2] and South Korea [2] to respond to this threat, including by creating a missile defense system that stands ready to shoot down a North Korean warhead [5], should its leaders [4] ever be -9- reckless enough to launch one at us [3] The technology is ours [2] Key parts of it are located on Japanese ships All three countries [1] -1- contributed to it And this month, all three of our militaries [1] will run -1- a joint drill to test it That‟s the power of allies [2] [Applause] And it‟s the legacy of American troops [2] who [1] fought -1- and died -1- to secure those bonds, because they [1] knew -2- we [1] were -3- safer with friends [2] and partners [2] Now Moscow [4] and Beijing [4] are -9- deeply envious of our alliances [2] around the world, because they [4] have -9- nothing to match them [2] They‟d [4] love -8for us [2] to elect a President [5] who [4] would jeopardize -8- that source of strength If Donald [4] gets -7- his way, they‟ll [4] be celebrating -7- in the Kremlin We [1] cannot let -1- that happen [Applause] That‟s why it is no small thing when he [4] talks -10- about leaving NATO [2], or says -10- he‟ll [4] stay -9- neutral on Israel‟s security [2] It‟s no small thing when he [4] calls -10- Mexican immigrants [3] rapists [6] and murderers [6] We‟re [1] -3- lucky to have two friendly neighbors [2] on our land borders Why would he [4] want -8- to make one of them [3] an enemy [5]? [Applause] XXII And it‟s no small thing when he [4] suggests -8- that America [1] should withdraw 1- our military support [2] for Japan [3], encourage -2- them [2] to get nuclear weapons, and said -10- this about a war between Japan [2] and North Korea [5] and I [1] quote -4- – „If they [4] -7- , they [4] -7- Good luck, enjoy yourself [5], folks [5].‟ I [1] wonder -2- if he [4] even realizes -8- he‟s [4] talking -10- about nuclear war Yes, our friends [1] need to contribute -1- their fair share [2] I [1] made that point -4- long before Donald Trump [4] came onto -7- the scene - and a number of them [1] have increased -1- their defense [2] spending The real debate here is whether we [1] keep -1- these alliances [2] strong or cut -1- them [2] off What he [4] says 10- would weaken our country [2] Third, we [1] need to embrace -1- all the tools of American power [2], especially diplomacy and development, to be on the frontlinessolving problems before they threaten us [2] at home Diplomacy is often the only way to avoid a conflict that could end up exacting a much greater cost It takes patience, persistence and an eye on the long game - but it‟s worth it Take the nuclear agreement with Iran [5] When President Obama [1] took -1office, Iran [4] was racing -7- toward a nuclear bomb Some [4] called for -1military action But that could have ignited a broader war that could have mired our troops [2] in another Middle Eastern conflict President Obama [1] chose -1- a different path And I [1] got to work -1- leading the effort to impose crippling global sanctions We [1] brought -1- Iran [5] to the table We [1] began -1- talks And eventually, we [1] reached -1- an agreement that should block every path for Iran [5] to get a nuclear weapon Now we [1] must enforce -1- that deal vigorously And as I‟ve [1] said -4- many times before, our approach [2] must be -3- „distrust and verify.‟ The world [1] must understand -2- that the United States [1] will act -1- decisively if necessary, including with military action, to stop Iran [5] from getting a nuclear weapon In XXIII particular, Israel‟s security [2] is non-negotiable They‟re [1] -3- our closest ally [2] in the region, and we [1] have -3- a moral obligation to defend them [2] [Applause] But there is no question that the world [1] and the United States [1], we [1] are -3safer now than we [1] were -3- before this agreement And we [1] accomplished -1it without firing a single shot, dropping a single bomb or putting a single American soldier in harm‟s way [Applause] Donald Trump [4] says -10- we [1] shouldn‟t have done the deal We [1] should have walked away -1- But that would have meant no more global sanctions, and Iran [4] resuming -7- their nuclear program and the world [1] blaming -1- us [2] So then what? War? Tellingthe world [2], good luck, you [1] deal with -1- Iran [5] ? Of course Trump [4] doesn‟t have -9- answers to those questions Donald Trump [4] doesn‟t know -8- the first thing about Iran [5] or its nuclear program Ask him [5] It‟ll become very clear, very quickly There‟s no risk of people [2] losing their lives [2] if you [4] blow up -7- a golfcourse deal [Laughter] But it doesn‟t work like that in world affairs Just like being interviewed on the same episode of „60 Minutes‟ as Putin [4] was -9-, is not the same thing as actually dealing with Putin [5] So the stakes in global statecraft are infinitely higher and more complex than in the world of luxury hotels We [1] all know -2- the tools Donald Trump [4] brings -7- to the table - bragging, mocking, composing nasty tweets - I‟m [1] -3- willing to bet he‟s [4] writing -7- a few right now [Applause] But those tools won‟t the trick Rather than solving global crises, he [4] would create -7- new ones XXIV He [4] has -9- no sense of what it takes to deal with multiple countries [5] with competing interests and reaching a solution that everyone [4] can get behind -7- In fact, he [4] is -9- downright contemptuous of that work And that means he‟s [4] -9much more likely to end up leading us [2] into conflict Fourth, we [1] need to be -3- firm but wise with our rivals [5] Countries [4] like Russia [5] and China [5] often work -7- against us Beijing [4] dumps -7- cheap steel in our markets That hurts American workers [2] Moscow [4] has taken aggressive military action -7- in Ukraine, right on NATO‟s doorstep [2] Now I‟ve [1] gone toe-to-toe -1- with Russia [5] and China [5], and many other different leaders [5] around the world So I [1] know -2- we [1] have to be able to both stand -1- our ground [2] when we [1] must, and find -1- common ground when we [1] can That‟s how I [1] could work -1- with Russia [5] to conclude the New START treaty to reduce nuclear stockpiles, and with China [5] to increase pressure on North Korea [5] It‟s how our diplomats [2] negotiated -1- the landmark agreement on climate change, which Trump [4] now wants -8- to rip up [Applause] The key was never forgetting who[2]we [1] were dealing with -1- - not friends [2] or allies [2], but countries [2] that share some common interests with us [2] amid many disagreements Donald [4] doesn‟t see -8- the complexity He [4] wants -8- to start a trade war with China [5] And I [1] understand -2- a lot of Americans [1] have -3- concerns about our trade agreements - I [1] too But a trade war is something very different We [1] went down -1- that road in the 1930s It made the Great Depression longer and more painful Combine that with his comments about defaulting on our debt [2], and it‟s not hard to see how a Trump presidency could lead to a global economic crisis And I [1] have to say -4-, I [1] don‟t understand -2- Donald‟s bizarre [5] fascination with dictators [5] and strongmen [5] who [4] have -9- no love for America [2] XXV He[4] praised -8- China [5] for the Tiananmen Square massacre; he [4] said -10- it showed strength He [4] said -10- , „You‟ve [4] got to give -7- Kim Jong Un [5] credit‟ for taking over North Korea [5] - something he [4] did -7- by murdering everyone [5] he [4] saw -8- as a threat, including his own uncle [5], which Donald [4] described -10- gleefully, like he [4] was recapping -7- an action movie And he [4] said -10- if he [4] were grading -7- Vladimir Putin [5] as a leader [5], he‟d [4] give -7- him [5] an A Now, I‟ll [1] leave -1- it to the psychiatrists [2] to explain his affection for tyrants [5] [Applause] I [1] just wonder -2- how anyone [4] could be -9- so wrong about who [2] America‟s real friends [1] are -3- Because it matters If you [4] don‟t know -8exactly who [5] you‟re [4] dealing with -7-, men [4] like Putin [5] will eat -7yourlunch [2] Fifth, we [1] need -2- a real plan for confronting terrorists [5] As we [1] saw -2- six months ago in San Bernardino, the threat is real and urgent Over the past year, I‟ve laid out -1- my plans [2] for defeating ISIS [5] We [1] need to take out -1- their strongholds [5] in Iraq and Syria by intensifying the air campaign and stepping up our support [2] for Arab and Kurdish forces [2] on the ground We [1] need to keep -1- pursuing diplomacy to end Syria’s civil war [2] and close Iraq’s sectarian divide [2], because those conflicts are keeping ISIS [5] alive We [1] need to lash up -1- with our allies [2], and ensure -2- our intelligence services [2] are working -1- hand-in-hand to dismantle the global network [5] that supplies money, arms, propaganda and fighters [5] to the terrorists [6] We [1] need to win -1- the battle in cyberspace [Applause] And of course we [1] need to strengthen -1- our defenses [2] here at home That - in a nutshell - is my plan [2] for defeating ISIS [5] XXVI What‟s Trump‟s [5]? Well he [1] won‟t say -10- He [1] is literally keeping -7- it a secret The secret, of course, is he [4] has no idea -8- what he‟d [4] -7- to stop ISIS Just look at the few things he‟s [4] actually said -10- on the subject He‟s [4] actually said -10- - and I [1] quote -4- – „maybe Syria [1] should be -3- a free zone for ISIS [4].‟ Oh, okay - let a terrorist group [5] have control of a major country in the Middle East Then he [4] said -10- we [1] should send -1- tens of thousands of American ground troops [2] to the Middle East to fight ISIS [5] He [4] also refused -8- to rule out using nuclear weapons against ISIS [5], which would mean mass civilian casualties It‟s clear he [4] doesn‟t have -9- a clue what he‟s [4] talking about -10- So we [1] can‟t be -3- certain which of these things he [4] would -7- But we [1] can be -3certain that he‟s [4] -9- capable of doing any or all of them Letting ISIS [5] run wild Launching a nuclear attack Starting a ground war These are all distinct possibilities with Donald Trump [5] in charge And through all his loose talk, there‟s one constant theme: demonizing Muslims [2] and playing right into the hands of ISIS [5].‟ His proposal to ban 1.5 billion Muslims [2] from even coming to our country [2] doesn‟t just violate the religious freedom our country [2] was founded on It‟s also a huge propaganda victory for ISIS [6] And it alienates the very countries [2] we [1] need to actually help -1- us [2] in this fight A Trump Presidency would embolden ISIS [4] We [1] cannot take -1- that risk This isn‟t reality television - this is actual reality [Applause] And defeating global terrorist networks and protecting the homeland takes more than empty talk and a handful of slogans It takes a real plan, real experience and real leadership Donald Trump [4] lacks -9- all three XXVII And one more thing A President [1] has -3- a sacred responsibility to send our troops [2] into battle only if we [1] absolutely must, and only with a clear and wellthought-out strategy Our troops [1] give -1- their all [2] They [1] deserve -2- a commander-in-chief [2]who [1] knows -2- that I‟ve [1] worked -1- side-by-side with admirals [2] and generals [2], and visited -1our troops [2] in theaters of war I‟ve [1] fought -1- for better health care for our National Guard [3], better services for our veterans [3], and more support for our Gold Star families [3] We [1] cannot put -1- the lives of our young men [2] and women [2] in uniform in Donald Trump‟s hands [5] Sixth, we need to stay true to our values Trump [4] says -10- over and over again, „The world [1] is laughing -6- at us [2].‟ He‟s been saying -10- this for decades, he [4] didn‟t just start -10- this year He [4] bought -7- full-page ads in newspapers across the country back in 1987, when Ronald Reagan [1] was -3- President [2], saying -10- that America [1] lacked -3- a backbone and the world [1] was -3- - you [4] guessed -8- it - laughing -6- at us [2] He [4] was -9- wrong then, and he‟s [4] -9- wrong now - and you‟ve [1] got to wonder -2- why somebody [4] who [4] fundamentally has -9- so little confidence in America, and has felt -8- that way for at least 30 years, wants -8- to beour President [2] The truth is, there‟s not a country [5] in the world that can rival us [2] It‟s not just that we [1] have -3- the greatest military [2], or that our economy [2] is -3- larger, more durable, more entrepreneurial than any in the world It‟s also that Americans [1] work -1- harder, dream -1- bigger - and we [1] never, ever stop -1- trying to make our country [2] and world [2] a better place [Applause] So it really matters that Donald Trump [4] says -10- things that go against our deepest-held values [2] It matters when he [4] says -10- he‟ll [4] order -10- our military [2] to murder the families of suspected terrorists [2] During the raid to kill bin Laden [5], when every second counted, our SEALS [1] took -1- the time to XXVIII move the women [2] and children [2] in the compound to safety Donald Trump [4] may not get -8- it, but that‟s what honor looks like [Applause] And it also matters when he [4] makes -7- fun of disabled people [2], calls -10women [3] pigs [6], proposes -7- banning an entire religion from our country [2], or plays -7- coy with white supremacists [5] America [1] stands up -1- to countries [6] that treat women [2] like animals [6], or people of different races, religions or ethnicities [2] as less human [Applause] What happens to the moral example we [1] set -1- - for the world [3] and for our own children [3] - if our President [1] engages -1- in bigotry? And by the way, Mr Trump [4] - every time you [4] insult -8- American Muslims [2] or Mexican immigrants [2], remember -8- that plenty of Muslims [2] and immigrants [2] serve and fight in our armed forces [2] [Applause] Donald Trump [4], Donald Trump [4] could learn -7- something from them [1] That brings me [2] to the final point I [1] want -2- to make today - the temperament it takes to be Commander-in-Chief [2] Every President [1] faces -1- hard choices every day, with imperfect information and conflicting imperatives That‟s the job A revolution [4] threatens -8- to topple a government [2] in a key region, an adversary [4] reaches out -7- for the first time in years - what you [4] -7-? Making the right call takes a cool head and respect for the facts It takes a willingness to listen to other people‟s points of view [2] with a truly open mind It also takes humility - knowing you [4] don‟t know -8- everything - because if you‟re [4] -9- convinced you‟re [4] always -9- right, you‟ll [4] never ask -10- yourself [5] the hard questions I [1] remember -2- being in the Situation Room with President Obama [2], debating -1- the potential Bin Laden operation The President‟s advisors [1] XXIX were -3- divided The intelligence [1] was compelling -1- but far from definitive The risks of failure were daunting The stakes were significant for our battle against al Qaeda [2] and our relationship with Pakistan [2] Most of all, the lives of those brave SEALs [1] and helicopter pilots [1] in the balance It was a decision only the President [1] could make -1- And when he [1] did -1-, it was as crisp and courageous a display of leadership as I‟ve [1] ever seen -2- Now imagine Donald Trump [5] sitting -9- in the Situation Room, making -7- lifeor-death decisions on behalf of the United States Imagine him deciding -7whether to send your spouses [2] or children [2] into battle Imagine if he [4] had 9- not just his Twitter account at his disposal when he‟s [4] -9- angry, but America‟s [1] -3- entire arsenal Do we [1] want -2- him [6] making those calls - someone [4] thin-skinned and quick to anger, who l4 ashes out -8- at the smallest criticism? Do we [1] want -2- his finger [5] anywhere near the button? I [1] have -3- a lot of faith that the American people [1] will make -1- the right decision This is a country [2] with a deep reservoir of common sense and national pride We‟re [1] all counting on -2- that [Applause] Because making Donald Trump [6] our commander-in-chief [2] would be a historic mistake It would undo so much of the work that Republicans [1] and Democrats [1] alike have done -1- over many decades to make America [2] stronger and more secure It would set back our standing [2] in the world more than anything in recent memory And it would fuel an ugly narrative about who [2] we [1] are -3- that we‟re [1] -3- fearful, not confident; that we [1] want -2- to let others [5] determine our future for us [3], instead of shaping our own destiny [2] That‟s not the America [2] I [1] know -2- and love -2- So yes, we [1] have -3- a lot of work to to keep our country secure And we [1] need to -1- better by American families [3] and American workers [3] - and we [1] will But don‟t let anyone [5] tell -10- you [3] that America [1] isn‟t -3- great XXX Donald Trump‟s [4] got -8- America [2] all wrong We [1] are -3- a big-hearted, fair-minded country [2] [Applause] There is no challenge we [1] can‟t meet -1-, no goal we [1] can‟t achieve -1- when we [1] each -1- our part and come together -1- as one nation Every lesson from our history [2] teaches -1- us [2] that we [1] are -3- stronger together We [1] remember -2- that every Memorial Day This election is a choice between two very different visions of America [2] One that‟s angry, afraid, and based on the idea that America [1] is -3- fundamentally weak and in decline The other [1] is -3- hopeful, generous, and confident in the knowledge that America [1] is -3- great - just like we [1] always have been -3- [Applause] Let‟s [2] resolve -2- that we [1] can be -3- greater still That is what I [1] believe -2in my heart I [1] went -1- to 112 countries [2] as your Secretary of State [2] And I [1] never lost -1- my sense of pride [2] at seeing our blue-and-white plane lit up on some faroff runway, with „The United States of America‟ emblazoned on the side That plane - those words - our country [2] represents something special, not just to us [2], to the world [2] It represents freedom and hope and opportunity I [1] love -2- this country [2] and I [1] know -2- you [2] -2- too It‟s been an honor and a privilege to serve America [2] and I‟m [1] going to -1- everything I [1] can to protect -1- our nation [2], and make -2- sure we [1] don‟t lose -1- sight of how strong we [1] really are -3- Thank you [2] all very much XXXI Appendix 3: Impersonalization This appendix contains underlined and numbered impersonalization Thank you, San Diego(1) for that warm, warm welcome and thanks to Ellen for those moving words, her introduction … It‟s a choice between a fearful America(2) that‟s less secure and less engaged with the world (3), and a strong, confident America (4) that leads to keep our country safe and our economy growing As Secretary of State, Senator and First Lady, I had the honor of representing America(5) abroad and helping shape our foreign policy at home I‟ve offered clear strategies for how to defeat ISIS (6), strengthen our alliances, and make sure Iran(7) never gets a nuclear weapon This is a man who said that more countries should have nuclear weapons, includingSaudi Arabia (8) He also said, „I know more about ISIS(9) than the generals do, believe me.‟ You know what? I don‟t believe him And to top it off, he believes America(10) is weak Those are the words my friends of someone who doesn‟t understandAmerica(11) or the world (12) Because if you really believe America(13) is weak - with our military, our values, our capabilities that no other country comes close to matching - then you don‟t knowAmerica (14) 10 I wrestled with the Chinese over a climate deal in Copenhagen, brokered a ceasefire between Israel(15) and Hamas (16), negotiated the reduction of nuclear weapons with Russia (17), twisted arms to bring the world(18) together in global sanctions against Iran (19) … XXXII 11 Takethe threat posed by North Korea(20)- perhaps the most repressive regime on the planet … 12 When I was Secretary of State, we worked closely with our allies Japan(21) and South Korea(22) to respond to this threat … 13 Now Moscow(23) and Beijing(24) are deeply envious of our alliances around the world, because they have nothing to match them 14 encourage them to get nuclear weapons, and said this about a war between Japan(25) and North Korea(26)- and I quote … 15 We brought Iran(27) to the table We began talks 16 The world(28) must understand that the United States(29) will act decisively if necessary, including with military action, to stop Iran(30) from getting a nuclear weapon 17 But there is no question that the world(31) and the United States (32), we are safer now than we were before this agreement 18 Donald Trump doesn‟t know the first thing about Iran(33) or its nuclear program 19 Countries like Russia(34) and China(35) often work against us Beijing(36) dumps cheap steel in our markets That hurts American workers Moscow(37) has taken aggressive military action in Ukraine, right on NATO‟s doorstep Now I‟ve gone toe-to-toe with Russia(38) and China (39), and many other different leaders around the world 20 That‟s how I could work with Russia(40) to conclude the New START treaty to reduce nuclear stockpiles, and with China(41) to increase pressure on North Korea (42) 21 Donald doesn‟t see the complexity He wants to start a trade war with China(43) 22 Over the past year, I‟ve laid out my plans for defeating ISIS (44) XXXIII 23 We need to keep pursuing diplomacy to end Syria‟s civil war and close Iraq‟s sectarian divide, because those conflicts are keeping ISIS(45) alive 24 That - in a nutshell - is my plan for defeating ISIS (46) 25 The secret, of course, is he has no idea what he‟d to stop ISIS (47) 26 He‟s actually said - and I quote – „maybe Syria should be a free zone for ISIS(48).‟ 27 Then he said we should send tens of thousands of American ground troops to the Middle East to fight ISIS (49) 28 He also refused to rule out using nuclear weapons against ISIS (50), which would mean mass civilian casualties 29 Letting ISIS(51) run wild Launching a nuclear attack Starting a ground war 30 And through all his loose talk, there‟s one constant theme: demonizing Muslims and playing right into the hands of ISIS (52).‟ 31 It‟s also a huge propaganda victory for ISIS (53) 32 A Trump Presidency would embolden ISIS (54) We cannot take that risk 33 … when Ronald Reagan was President, saying that America(55) lacked a backbone and the world was - you guessed it - laughing at us 34 America(56) stands up to countries that treat women like animals, or people of different races, religions or ethnicities as less human 35 The stakes were significant for our battle against al Qaeda and our relationship with Pakistan (57) 36 It would undo so much of the work that Republicans and Democrats alike have done over many decades to make America(58) stronger and more secure XXXIV 37 But don‟t let anyone tell you that America(59) isn‟t great Donald Trump‟s got America(60) all wrong 38 This election is a choice between two very different visions of America (61) 39 One that‟s angry, afraid, and based on the idea that America(62) is fundamentally weak and in decline 40 The other is hopeful, generous, and confident in the knowledge that America(63) is great - just like we always have been 41 It‟s been an honor and a privilege to serve America(64) and I‟m going to everything I can to protect our nation … XXXV ... IDENTITY OF A PRESIDENTIAL CANDIDATE: A CASE STUDY (KIẾN TẠO BẢN SẮC THÔNG QUA DIỄN NGÔN CỦA MỘT ỨNG CỬ VIÊN TỔNG THỐNG:MỘT NGHIÊN CỨU TRƯỜNG HỢP CỤ THỂ) Major master thesis Major: English linguistics... in Chapter These include results based on the use of qualitative research techniques and the findings were presented both qualitatively and quantitatively Chapter includes a detailed account and... representation of social actors: Activation and Passivation 33 Figure 5: Coding as a cyclical act in qualitative inquiry 47 Figure 6: Activation and passivation of social actors 51 Figure 7: