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Nghiên cứu ảnh hưởng của chế độ xử lý thủy nhiệt đến chất lượng gỗ bạch đàn (eucalyptus urophylla s t, blake)

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B GIO DC V O TO B NễNG NGHIP V PTNT TRNG I HC LM NGHIP NGUYN VN DIN NGHIấN CU NH HNG CA CH X Lí THY - NHIT N CHT LNG G BCH N (Eucalyptus urophylla S.T Blake) LUN N TIN S SN XUT V CH BIN H Ni 2016 B GIO DC V O TO B NễNG NGHIP V PTNT TRNG I HC LM NGHIP NGUYN VN DIN NGHIấN CU NH HNG CA CH X Lí THY - NHIT N CHT LNG G BCH N (Eucalyptus urophylla S.T Blake) Chuyờn ng nh: K thut Ch bin Lõm sn Mó s: 62 54 03 01 LUN N TIN S SN XUT V CH BIN Ngi hng dn khoa hc: GS.TS Phm Vn Chng PGS.TS Lờ Xuõn Phng H Ni - 2016 i LI CAM OAN Tụi xin cam oan Lun ỏn Tin s sn xut v ch bin mang tờn Nghiờn cu nh hng ch x thy - nhit n cht lng ca g Bch n (Eucalyptus urophylla S.T Blake), mó s 62 54 03 01 õy l cụng trỡnh nghiờn cu ca riờng tụi Tụi xin cam oan s liu v kt qu nghiờn cu Lun ỏn l hon ton trung thc v cha tng c cụng b bt k cụng trỡnh no khỏc di mi hỡnh thc Tụi xin chu trỏch nhim trc Hi ng Bo v Lun ỏn Tin s v li cam oan ca mỡnh H Ni, ngy 18 thỏng nm 2016 Tỏc gi lun ỏn Nguyn Vn Din ii LI CM N Nhõn dp hon thnh lun ỏn, u tiờn cho phộp tụi by t lũng bit n sõu sc ti GS.TS Phm Vn Chng, PGS.TS Lờ Xuõn Phng ó tn tỡnh giỳp v hng dn tụi quỏ trỡnh hc tp, nghiờn cu v hon thnh lun ỏn Tụi xin by t lũng bit n ti B Giỏo dc v o to, B Nụng nghip v Phỏt trin nụng thụn ó giỳp tụi v c s phỏp tụi hon thnh lun ỏn Tụi xin chõn thnh cm n ng y, Ban giỏm hiu Trng i hc Lõm nghip, th cỏn b giỏo viờn Khoa Ch bin Lõm sn (nay l Vin Cụng nghip g), Trung tõm Thớ nghim v Phỏt trin Cụng ngh, Phũng o to Sau i hc, Th vin, cỏc Phũng chc nng thuc Trng i hc Lõm nghip ó giỳp tụi v c s vt cht, trang thit b thớ nghim v cụng sc tụi hon thnh lun ỏn ny Tụi xin chõn thnh cm n B mụn Cụng ngh giy, xenlulo - Vin K thut húa hc ca Trng i hc Bỏch khoa - H Ni, Phũng thớ nghim trng im quc gia vt liu v linh kin in t - Vin Hn lõm Khoa hc v Cụng ngh Vit Nam, Phũng thớ nghim ca Vin v sinh dch t Trung ng ó to mi iu kin thun li giỳp tụi hon thnh lun ỏn ny Tụi cng xin by t lũng bit n ti cỏc thy cụ giỏo, bn bố ng nghip ca tụi, nhng ngi cựng cụng tỏc ó tn tỡnh giỳp , to mi iu kin, mụi trng lm vic tt nht tụi thc hin lun ỏn Cui cựng, tụi xin g i li cm n sõu sc ti gia ỡnh, bn bố v ng nghip ó dnh cho tụi nhng li ng viờn, khớch l giỳp tụi hon thnh lun ỏn ny./ H Ni, ngy 18 thỏng nm 2016 Nghiờn cu sinh Nguyn Vn Din iii MC LC Trang Trang ph bỡa Li cam oan i Li cm n ii Mc lc iii Danh mc cỏc ký hiu, cỏc ch vit tt vi Danh mc cỏc hỡnh v vii Danh mc cỏc bng x M U Chng TNG QUAN VN NGHIấN CU 1.1 Khỏi nim v bin tớnh g v x thy - nhit 1.1.1 Khỏi nim bin tớnh g 1.1.2 Khỏi nim x thu - nhit .4 2.2 Tng quan nghiờn cu v x nhit v thy - nhit 2.2.1 Tỡnh hỡnh nghiờn cu ngoi nc .6 2.2.1.1 Cỏc phng phỏp x nhit hin 2.2.1.2 Cỏc cụng trỡnh nghiờn cu v x nhit v thy - nhit .11 2.2.2 Tỡnh hỡnh nghiờn cu ti Vit Nam 16 1.3 ỏnh giỏ u nhc im ca cỏc phng phỏp bin tớnh g v phõn tớch ỏnh giỏ cụng ngh v x nhit 20 1.3.1 u nhc im ca cỏc phng phỏp bin tớnh g 20 1.3.2 Phõn tớch, ỏnh giỏ cụng ngh v x nhit 22 1.4 nh hng s dng sn phm x nhit 24 1.5 Nhn xột kt qu v nh hng nghiờn cu ca lun ỏn 25 Chng I TNG, PHM VI, MC TIấU, NI DUNG V PHNG PHP NGHIấN CU 28 2.1 i tng nghiờn cu .28 2.1.1 i tng nghiờn cu tng quỏt .28 2.1.2 i tng nghiờn cu c th 28 iv 2.2 Phm vi nghiờn cu 28 2.2.1 Cỏc yu t c nh 28 2.2.2 Cỏc yu t thay i 29 2.3 Mc tiờu ca lun ỏn 29 2.3.1 Mc tiờu thuyt 29 2.3.2 Mc tiờu thc ti n 30 2.4 Ni dung nghiờn cu 30 2.5 Phng phỏp nghiờn cu 31 2.5.1 Phng phỏp k tha .31 2.5.2 Phng phỏp thc nghim 31 2.5.3 Phng phỏp ỏnh giỏ cht lng v s dng tiờu chun kim tra 36 2.6 í ngha ca Lun ỏn 46 2.6.1 í ngha khoa hc 46 2.6.2 í ngha thc ti n .47 2.7 Nhng úng gúp mi ca Lun ỏn 47 Chng C S Lí THUYT .48 3.1 C s khoa hc ca x g 48 3.2 thuyt v x thy - nhit 51 3.3 C ch bin i tớnh cht g x thu- nhit .53 3.3.1 Quỏ trỡnh bin i ca g x thy - nhit 53 3.3.2 C ch bin i lng th tớch g 54 3.3.3 C ch bin i tớnh n nh kớch thc g 55 3.3.4 C ch bin i tớnh cht c hc ca g 56 3.3.5 Tớnh thm t v kh nng dỏn dớnh 60 3.3.6 Mu sc b mt 61 3.4 Cỏc yu t nh hng n cht lng g x thu - nhit 61 3.4.1 nh hng ca nhit x n cht lng g x thu - nhit 62 3.4.2 nh hng ca thi gian x n cht lng g x thu - nhit 63 3.4.3 nh hng ca mt s yu t khỏc n cht lng g x thu - nhit63 3.5 Gii thiu chung v cõy g Bch n 65 3.5.1 Ngun gc v phõn b .65 v 3.5.2 c im, cu to ca g Bch n 65 3.5.3 Tớnh cht ca g Bch n 66 3.5.4 Cụng dng ca g Bch n 67 Chng KT QU NGHIấN CU 68 4.1 a im, thụng s u vo nguyờn liu 68 4.2 Quỏ trỡnh thc nghim x thy nhit g Bch n 68 4.2.1 S thc nghim cụng ngh x thy - nhit 68 4.2.2 X thy - nhit cho g Bch n 68 4.3 Thit b x thy nhit v dng c thớ nghim 70 4.4 Quỏ trỡnh ly mu v kim tra 71 4.4.1 Phng phỏp ly mu thớ nghim 71 4.4.2 Kim tra mu thớ nghim 72 4.5 Phõn tớch v ỏnh giỏ kt qu nghiờn cu 79 4.5.1 nh hng ca ch x thy - nhit n lng th tớch g Bch n 79 4.5.2 nh hng ca ch x thy - nhit n H s chng trng n ASE g Bch n 82 4.5.3 nh hng ca ch x thy - nhit n hiu sut chng hỳt nc (WRE) g Bch n 85 4.5.4 nh hng ca ch x thy - nhit n bn un tnh g Bch n 88 4.5.5 nh hng ca ch x thy - nhit n bn nộn dc th g Bch n 91 4.5.6 nh hng ca ch x thy - nhit n bn nộn ngang th theo chiu xuyờn tõm v tip tuyn g Bch n 94 4.5.7 nh hng ca ch x thy - nhit n nhỏm b mt g Bch n 99 4.5.8 nh hng ca ch x thy - nhit n bn kộo trt mng keo v bong tỏch mng keo g Bch n .102 4.5.9 nh hng ca ch x thy - nhit n s thay i mu sc v bn mu t nhiờn g Bch n 110 vi 4.5.9.1 S thay i mu sc ca g Bch n trc v sau x thy nhit .110 4.5.9.2 Bin mu t nhiờn ca g Bch n sau x thy - nhit .113 4.5.10 nh hng ca ch x thy - nhit n cu to g Bch n 115 4.5.11 nh hng ca ch x thy - nhit n thnh phn hoỏ hc c bn g Bch n 118 4.5.12 nh hng ca ch x thy - nhit n cu trỳc húa hc g Bch n phõn tớch bng FTIR .123 4.5.12.1 Cu trỳc húa hc ca g phõn tớch bng ph hng ngoi (FTIR)123 4.5.12.2 Cu trỳc hoỏ hc ca g Bch n phõn tớch bng FTIR 126 4.5.13 nh hng ca ch x thy - nhit n cu trỳc húa hc ca g Bch n bng phõn tớch ph nhi u x tia X (XRD) 129 4.5.13.1 Khỏi nim v ph nhi u x tia X (XRD) 129 4.5.13.2 Tớnh toỏn kt tinh ca xenlulo .130 4.5.13.3 Kt qu phõn tớch cu trỳc húa hc ca g Bch n bng phõn tớch ph nhi u x tia X (XRD) 131 4.6 Vựng phự hp ca thụng s cụng ngh x thy - nhit cho g Bch n 133 4.6.1 Xỏc nh vựng phự hp cỏc tớnh cht c hc, vt v cụng ngh ca g Bch n x thy - nhit 133 4.6.2 Phõn tớch ỏnh giỏ ch tiờu nh mu sc, thnh phn húa hc c bn, cu to v cu trỳc g Bch n c x thy - nhit 139 KT LUN V KIN NGH 140 5.1 Kt lun 140 5.2 Kin ngh 142 DANH MC CC CễNG TRèNH CễNG B KT QU NGHIấN CU TI LIU THAM KHO PH LC vii DANH MC CC Kí HIU, CC CH VIT TT Stt 10 11 12 13 Ký hiu ASE WRE T ms mo T1 T2 ac(v) a1(v) Vs Vo K 14 m0 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 Din gii H s chng trng n Hiu sut chng hỳt nc ca g Nhit Thi gian Khi lng mu sau ngõm Khi lng mu khụ kit Hỳt nc trung bỡnh ca mu i chng Hỳt nc trung bỡnh ca mu x Trng n th tớch trung bỡnh ca mu i chng Trng n th tớch trung bỡnh ca mu x Th tớch mu sau ngõm Th tớch mu sau sy Khi lng th tớch g khụ kit Khi lng g khụ kit Th tớch g khụ MOR bn un tnh COM// Cng nộn dc th COM R bn nộn dc th theo chiu xuyờn tõm COM T bn nộn dc th theo chiu tip tuyn COM// bn nộn dc th Rmax nhỏm b mt V0 k -OH TCVN X S SEM FTIR XRD n v % % C Gi g g % % % % cm3 cm3 g/cm3 g cm3 MPa MPa MPa MPa MPa àm bn kộo trt mng keo MPa Hydroxyl Tiờu chun Vit Nam Giỏ tr trung bỡnh mu Sai s ca s trung bỡnh mu Kớnh hin vi in t quột Ph hng ngoi bin i Fourier ph nhi u x tia X SEM FTIR XRD viii DANH MC CC HèNH V H nh 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 2.1 2.2 2.3 3.6 3.7 3.8 4.1 4.2 4.3 4.4 4.5 4.6 4.7 4.8 Tờn h nh v , th Bin tớnh g tỏc ng n cu trỳc t bo g Quỏ trỡnh bin tớnh thy - nhit Thit b x nhit v thy - nhit ng dng g x thy - nhit dựng ni ngoi tht S tng quỏt quỏ trỡnh nghiờn cu thc nghim ca Lun ỏn Mỏy o nhỏm b mt mu V trớ o mu trờn b mt g Bch n Uro 2.4a Mỏy tớnh Lenovo Y410; 2.4b Mỏy Scaner Epson 1670; 2.4c Quột mu g Bch n Mỏy quột SEM S-4800 Cỏc thnh phn húa hc cu to nờn g Hp cht cao phõn t xenlulo di dng 3D Si hemicellulo vỏch t bo g V trớ ca lignin vỏch t bo g S thay i ca liờn kt hydro gia cỏc phõn t xenlulo quỏ trỡnh x nhit Quỏ trỡnh nhit gii ca hemixenlulo g Quỏ trỡnh nhit gii ca xenlulo C ch phn ng ca g quỏ trỡnh x nhit S thc nghim x thu - nhit Thit b x thu nhit Biu quan h gia ch x vi lng th tớch Biu quan h gia ch x vi ASE Biu quan h gia ch x vi WRE Biu quan h gia ch x vi bn un tnh Biu quan h gia ch x vi bn nộn dc th (COM//) Biu quan h gia ch x vi COM R 4.9 4.10 4.11 Biu quan h gia ch x vi COM T Biu quan h gia ch x vi nhỏm b mt (Rmax) Biu quan h gia ch x vi bn kộo trt mng keo 2.4 2.5 3.1 3.2 3.3 3.4 3.5 Trang 5 25 32 39 40 42 43 48 49 50 50 56 57 59 60 68 70 80 83 86 89 92 95 97 100 104 139 th hỡnh 4.32 T ú, xõy dng c biu biu di n vựng phự hp ca thụng s cụng ngh phự hp vi cỏc bin s lun ỏn 4.6.2 Phõn tớch ỏnh giỏ ch tiờu nh mu s c, thnh ph n húa hc c bn, cu to v cu trỳc g Bch n c x thy - nhit S dng phng phỏp chuyờn gia phõn tớch ỏnh giỏ kt qu nghiờn cu i vi cỏc ch tiờu nh mu sc, thnh phn húa hc c bn, cu to v cu trỳc g Bch n x thy nhit, c th nh sau: - i vi s bin i mu sc v bn mu t nhiờn g Bch n x thy nhit: cn c vo kt qu nghiờn cu v s bin i mu sc (bng 4.13) v bin mu t nhiờn (bng 4.14) cho thy cỏc ch nhit v thi gian (160-3; 160-5; 180-2; 180-4; 200-3) thỡ khụng bin mu t nhiờn (E* 3) - i vi cu to siờu hin vi (SEM) thỡ ch 200-3 ó cú s thay i v hỡnh dng ca t bo, l thụng ngang ó b phỏ hy (hỡnh 4.18) - i vi thnh phn húa hc c bn: cỏc nhit 1200C n 1800C hm lng xenlulo khụng gim v gim khụng ỏng k Nhng ch nhit 2000C v thi gian gi thỡ hm lng xenlulo gim rừ rt nh hng mnh n tớnh cht c hc, vt v cụng ngh - Cu trỳc húa hc ca g Bch n sau x thy - nhit ó cú s thay i thụng qua kim tra ph hng ngoi FTIR (hỡnh 4.26, hỡnh 4.27 v hỡnh 4.28) c trng cho nh peak ca nhúm OH lm tng tớnh n nh kớch thc Bờn cnh ú, phõn tớch ph nhi u x tia X (XRD) cỏc ch khỏc ó lm thay i cu trỳc húa hc ca xenlulo s nh hng n kt tinh ca xenlulo g (hỡnh 4.31), theo kt qu cho thy kt tinh nh hng khụng nhiu c bit l ch 160 0C v thi gian gi thỡ kt tinh nh hng thp nht T kt qu gii ti u ca cỏc tớnh cht vt lý, c hc v cụng ngh mc 4.6.1, chng v nhng lun c phõn tớch kt qu mc 4.6.2, chng 4, tỏc gi xut bin s phự hp ca thụng s cụng ngh x thy - nhit cho g Bch n phm vi nghiờn cu ca lun ỏn l nhit (T = 1600C) v thi gian ( = gi) 140 KT LUN V KIN NGH 5.1 Kt lun Qua cỏc kt qu nghiờn cu ca Lun ỏn v nh hng ch x thu - nhit n cht lng ca g Bch n (Eucalyptus urophylla S.T Blake) thụng qua thụng s ch x nhit v thi gian, chỳng tụi i n mt s kt lun nh sau: Xỏc nh c s nh hng ca thụng s cụng ngh (nhit v thi gian) cụng ngh x thy - nhit n mt s tớnh cht vt g Bch n: Khi lng th tớch g Bch n sau x thu - nhit gim so vi g cha x lý; H s chng trng n (ASE) v hiu sut chng hỳt nc (WRE) sau x thy - nhit tng Xỏc nh c s nh hng ca thụng s cụng ngh cụng ngh x thy - nhit n mt s tớnh cht c hc ca g Bch n: bn un tnh, bn nộn dc th, bn nộn ngang th theo chiu xuyờn tõm v nộn ngang tip tuyn ca g Bch n x thy - nhit gim so vi g cha x Xỏc nh c s nh hng ca thụng s cụng ngh cụng ngh x thy - nhit n tớnh cht cụng ngh ca g Bch n: nhỏm b mt (Rmax) g Bch n x gim tc l nhn b mt g x tng, bn kộo trt g Bch n x gim so g cha x v bong tỏch mng keo g Bch n x tng so g cha x lm cho cht lng dỏn dớnh gim x thy - nhit lm cht lng dỏn dớnh gim nh hng ca thụng s cụng ngh (nhit v thi gian) cụng ngh x thy - nhit n s thay i mu sc v bn mu t nhiờn ca g Bch n: - Mu sc thay i v cú xu hng ti dn ( sỏng mu L*, cỏc ch s a*,b* v lch mu E*) theo s tng ca nhit v thi gian x thy - nhit - Mc bin mu t nhiờn (sau 60 ngy) ca g x thy - nhit gim nhit v thi gian tng cỏc ch 1600C-3 gi, 1600C-5 gi, 1800C-2 gi, 1800C-4 gi v 2000C-3 gi mu sc g khụng thay i hay cú th núi g sau x thy nhit khụng bin mu (E* t 2,86 xung 1,65) 141 nh hng ca thụng s cụng ngh (nhit v thi gian) cụng ngh x thy - nhit n s bin i v cu to (SEM), thnh phn húa hc c bn v cu trỳc húa hc (XRD, FTIR) ca g Bch n sau x thu - nhit * S thay i cu to v thnh phn húa hc c bn ca g Bch n - Cu to hin vi ca g Bch n quan sỏt bng kớnh hin vi in t quột (FESEM) cho thy, sau x thy - nhit thnh phn b nh hng ln nht l h thng l thụng ngang trờn vỏch t bo v h thng mch g - Trong quỏ trỡnh x thy - nhit ch x (nhit v thi gian) thay i thỡ thnh phn húa hc ca g Bch n thay i, c th: hemixenlulo phõn gii lm gim hm lng tuyt i ca xenlulo tng dn n hm lng tng i ca lignin (n nh nhit ln) tng lờn Cỏc cht chit sut cng b hũa tan v a t bi s tng nhit v thi gian x * S thay i cu trỳc ca g Bch n - Qua phng phỏp phõn tớch ph hng ngoi (FTIR) ó tỡm c s thay i cu trỳc húa hc ca g Bch n, ú l: Hm lng nhúm thõn nc (-OH) gim xung tng nhit v thi gian x lý, ng thi cỏc cht chit xut b dch chuyn b mt g lm cho mu sc ca g m hn - Kt qu phõn tớch nhi u x tia X (XRD) cho thy kt tinh ca xenlulo g sau x nhit tng lờn, iu ny ó gõy nh hng n dai ca g Vựng phự hp ca thụng s cụng ngh (nhit v thi gian) x thy - nhit cho g Bch n Cn c vo kt qu nghiờn cu, thụng qua h cỏc phng trỡnh ca tớnh cht vt lý, tớnh cht c hc, tớnh cht cụng ngh v phõn tớch ỏnh giỏ s bin i cu to, thnh phn húa hc c bn v cu trỳc húa hc Tỏc gi xut bin s phự hp ca thụng s cụng ngh x thy - nhit cho g Bch n phm vi nghiờn cu ca lun ỏn l nhit (T = 1600C) v thi gian ( = gi) 142 5.2 Kin ngh Kt qu ca lun bc u cho thy sau x thu - nhit mt s tớnh cht vt theo hai chiu khỏc (tt v cha tt) Tuy vy, cn cú nhiu cỏc cụng trỡnh c tip tc nghiờn cu theo cỏc hng sau: - Cn cú nhiu nghiờn cu s nh hng ca ch x thu - nhit n s thay i (xỏc nh) thnh phn hoỏ hc cỏc cht g gõy phn ng lm nh hng n cht lng dỏn dớnh v nhn b mt ca nhiu loi g khỏc - Nghiờn cu ỏnh giỏ bn sinh hc ca g x thu - nhit v kh nng khỏng nm (nm mc, mt, nm bin mu,) v cỏc vi sinh vt cú hi cho bn ca g mc nhanh rng trng - Nghiờn cu nh hng ca ch x thu - nhit ca cỏc cht chit xut g lm thay i mu sc ca g - Nghiờn cu nh hng ca ch x thu - nhit n c tớnh õm ca g - ỏnh giỏ kh nng chng chu cỏc iu kin mụi trng ngoi tri ca g c x thu - nhit - Nghiờn cu x thu - nhit i vi cỏc loi g khỏc rỳt quy lut chung v s bin i cỏc tớnh cht ca g x thu - nhit - Trong quỏ trỡnh thc hin mi ch x cho g cú kớch thc nh, nhng thc t thng cn x thu - nhit vi phụi g kớch thc ln Vỡ vy phự hp vi thc ti n sn xut, cn cn c vo kt qu nghiờn cu ca Lun ỏn tin hnh kho nghim iu chnh thụng s cụng ngh cho phự hp vi kớch thc g ln theo yờu cu ca sn xut thc t - nh hng gii phỏp gia cụng phự hp cho g x thu - nhit sn xut g cn nghiờn cu kh nng gia cụng ca g x thu - nhit trờn cỏc mỏy thụng dng DANH MC CC CễNG TRèNH CễNG B KT QU NGHIấN CU Nguy n Vn Di n, Phm Vn Chng, nh hng ca x thu nhit n tớnh cht vt ca g Bch n (Eucalyptus urophylla S.T Blake) Tp Khoa hc v Cụng ngh Lõm nghip, s 01-2014, trang 56-64 Nguy n Vn Di n, Phm Vn Chng, Lờ Xuõn Phng nh hng ca x thy - 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N CHT LNG G BCH N (Eucalyptus urophylla S. T Blake) Chuyờn ng nh: K thut Ch bin Lõm sn Mó s: 62 54 03 01 LUN N TIN S SN XUT V CH BIN Ngi hng dn khoa hc: GS.TS Phm Vn Chng PGS.TS Lờ Xuõn Phng H... cỏc si, dn n mt s suy gim tớnh cht c hc ca g [71] Francisco Burgos, Aldo Rolleri (2012), nh hng ca nc v x lý thy - nhit n mt s tớnh cht g Thụng (Pinus Radiata) v Pseudotsuga Menziesii X lý thy... Domingos and Helena Pereira (2008), nh hng ca nhit n s thay i mu sc ca g Thụng (Pinus pinaster) v g Bch n (Eucalyptus globulus) X lý nhit thi gian 2-24 gi 170 - 200 0C v bng hi nc, cỏc thụng s mu

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