GIÁO TRÌNH NGỮ PHÁP cơ bản (dùng cho hệ đại học)

TRƯỜNG ĐẠI HỌC QUẢNG BÌNH KHOA NGOẠI NGỮ GIÁO TRÌNH (Lưu hành nội bộ) NGỮ PHÁP CƠ BẢN (Dùng cho hệ đại học) Lecturer: Nguyen Thi Mai Hoa, Ph.D 2016 - 2017 Introduction Practical English Grammar is a book for students of English who want to study and practice the grammar of the language There are many grammatical problems are put and resolved in this book with the hope of helping students of English to study English better Practical English Grammar is printed based mainly on some original English Grammar Books of many famous researchers of English Grammar Teachers may also find it useful as additional course book which can be useful flexibility either with the whole class or individual students When using this book with the whole class, it is suggested that the teacher, teaches the grammar point concerned in whatever way he/she wants The exercises can be done in class or as homework if the limit time isn’t permitted Table of contents Introduction Tables of contents .2 Unit Parts of speech .3 Unit Tenses .6 Unit The passive voice 13 Unit Indirect Speech 16 Unit The Participles…… .20 Unit The Infinitive… 24 Unit 7The Gerund…………………………………… ………… 30 Unit Relatives pronouns and clauses 33 Unit The Subjunctive……………………………………………………….45 Unit 10 Conditional sentences……………………………………………….50 Exercises 52 References .56 Chapter I Parts of speech Parts of speech are the smallest grammatical units: noun, pronoun, adjective, adverb, verb, preposition, and conjunction They are shown below conj noun pre art verb adv adj conj Although each language in the world may have a very distinct sets of words and pro adj noun grammar, all of them have similar “parts of speech” Nouns 1.1 Introduction to nouns A noun may be a person, a place, an object, an activity, an idea or emotion or a quantity A noun may be concrete (physical or tangible) or abstract (nonphysical or intangible) Both abstract and concrete nouns can be classified into two types: count nouns and non-count nouns 1.2 Count nouns Count nouns are nouns that may be counted (cats, houses) They have both singular and plural forms Most count nouns are concrete; some are abstract, however a Singular count nouns must be preceded by an article (a, an, or the) or an adjective (his, my, one, there) Example: I have a car The car is small but comfortable I bought my car last year b The or an adjective (may, some, two) is sometimes used with plural count nouns, depending on the meaning of the sentence Example: Bicycles are much less expensive than cars Some bicycles are made for racing The bicycles that are made for races are usually quite expensive 1.3 Non- count nouns Non- count nouns are usually mass nouns (butter, oil, water) or abstract nouns (honesty, love) that we don’t normally count Non- count nouns are always singular a A and an are never used with non- count nouns The may be used in specific cases Example: Air is essential for moving living things b Adjectives (any, our, some) and other quantifiers (a lot of, plenty of) may be used with non- count nouns Example: We all need a little love and consideration c Most activities and studies are non-count nouns, even though some end in –s Example: Mathematics is a very difficult subject 1.4 Nouns that are both count and non- count Some nouns can be count or non- count, depending on the context Compare: a Experience is a good teacher (experience= an idea with no specific limits) b She’d had many good experiences and some bad ones (experience= specific actions or situations) Pronouns Adjectives 3.1 Kinds of adjectives: a Demonstrative: this, that, these, those b Distributive: each, every, either, neither c Quantitative: some, any, no, little, few, much, many d Interrogative: which, what, whose e Possessive: my, your, his, her, our f Of quality: clever, dry, flat, heavy, fat 3.2 Participles used as adjectives Both present and past participles are used as adjectives Care must be taken not to confuse them Present participle adjectives, amusing, interesting, boring v.v are active and mean “having this effect” Past participle adjectives, amused, interested, bored, excited v.v are passive and mean “affected in this way” Example: The play was boring ( The audience was bored.) The work was tiring (The workers were soon tired.) An infuriated woman (something had made her furious.) 3.3 Positions of adjectives: a Adjectives in 3.1 above come before their nouns: this car that girl our teacher b Adjective of quality can come either before their nouns or after verbs such as be, become seem, feel, appear, look, keep, make, smell, sound, taste, turn: He became sick Anna seem unhappy He made Anna sad The food smells delicious 3.4 Order of adjectives of quality: a size (except little) b general description (excluding adjectives of personality, emotion,etc) c age, and the adjective little d shape e color f material g origin h purpose (these are really gerunds used to form compound nouns: walking stick, riding boots) a big green plastic American lorry Notes: a Little, old and young are often used, not to give information, but as part of an adjective-noun combination They are often placed next to their nouns: A little old lady but little +young is not A nice little boy A beautiful young girl Adverbs 4.1 Kinds of verbs: Manner: bravely, fast, happily, well, quickly Place: here, near, up, down Time: soon, still, today, yet Frequency: usually, often, sometimes, never Sentence: definitely, luckily, hardly, Degree: quite, too, rather, hardly Interrogative: when? Where? Why? Relative: who, that which 4.2 Positions of adverbs: a Adverbs of manner: - come after the verb: She dance beautifully - or after the object when there is one: He gave her the money reluctantly > Do not put an adverb between verb and object - If the object is short, we often put verb + object + adverb, but if the object is long, we often put adverb before verb: She carefully picked up all the bits of broken glass They secretly decided to leave the town - come after the verb or after verb + object, but the meaning then changes: + He spoke kindly = His voice and words were kind Is not the same as It was kind of him to speak to us + He answered the questions foolishly (His answers were foolish) and He foolishly answered the questions (Answering was foolish./ It was foolish of him to answer the questions.) b Adverb of place: - If there is no subject, these adverbs are usually placed after verbs: She went away Tom is upstairs - Adverbs phrases, formed of preposition + noun/ pronoun/ adverb, follow the above preposition rules: He stood in the doorway c Adverbs of time: Afterwards, eventually, lately, now, soon, then, today, tomorrow, at once, since, then There are usually placed at the very beginning or at the very end of the clause, i.e in front position or end position, or after the auxiliary: Alice came eventually We’ll soon be there d Adverbs of degree: absolutely, almost, completely, enough, entirely, extremely, fairly, hardly, nearly, barely - An adverb of degree modifiers an adjective or another adverb It is placed before the adjective or the adverb: You are absolutely right - But enough follows its adjectives or adverb: The box isn’t big enough He didn’t work quickly enough e Adverbs with the inversion of the verb: Certain adverbs and adverb phrases, mostly with a restrictive or negative sense, can for emphasis be placed first in a sentence or clause and are then followed by the inverted form of the verb Hardly ever on no account Hardly when only by In no circumstances only in this way Neither/nor only then/when Never scarely ever No sooner than scarely when Not only seldom Not only they rob you, they smash everything too On no account must this switch be touched Only by shouting was he able to make himself heard Chapter ii articles I Articles: a/ an/ the We use a/ an when the listener doesn’t know which thing we mean We use the when it is clearer which thing we mean: Tom sat down on a chair (We don’t know which chair.) Tom sat down on the chair near the door (We know the chair) We use the when it is clear in the situation which thing or person we mean For example, in a room we talk: - Can you turn off the fan, please? (= The fan in this room) - Where is the fridge? (= The fridge in this room) *** We also say the doctor, the dentist: Alex isn’t very well He’s going to the doctor (= his doctor) The difference between a/an and the: a We use the when there is only one of something: - The only T.V programme he watches is the news - Paris is the capital of France - The earth goes round the sun b We say the sea the sky the ground the countryside/ the country - Don’t sit on the ground It’s wet - We looked up at all the starts in the sky We say go to sea/ at sea when the meaning is go/ be on a voyage: - Ken is a seaman He spend most of his life at sea But: - I love to live near the sea We say space, not the space when we mean space in the universe: There’re millions of starts in space But: He tried to park his car but the space wasn’t very big c Cinema theatre radio television - Do you often go to the theater? - We often listen to the radio d Meals are not used with the: - I often have breakfast at - What does she often have for lunch? But we can use a when there is an adjective before dinner/ lunch - That’s was a very lovely dinner e The + nationality words: - You can use the with some nationality adjectives when you mean “the people of that country”, for example: The French are famous for their food (= the French people.) - With these nationality words: The French the British The Dutch f We don’t use the before a noun when we man something in general: She loves flowers (not the flowers) His favorite subject at school was history g We say the when we mean something in particular: I like your garden The flowers are beautiful Salt is used to flavor food.(= salt in general) But: Can you pass the salt, please? (= the salt on the table) h We not use the with names of continents, countries or sates,lakes and the names of the cities/ towns/ villages Asia Europe Australia New York Paris Hanoi Madrid Cairo Vietnam Japan America West Lake Hoan Kiem Lake But we use the with the names of countries and states like “republic”, “states”, or “kingdom” The Unites States The United Kingdom i Use the with islands, regions, mountains, oceans, seas, rivers: the Middle East the British Isles the north of Vietnam the Everest the Thames the Indian Ocean II Articles with countable and uncountable nouns Countable nouns a Countable nouns are, for example: dog book hat house project Countable nouns are things we can count We can make them plural: dogs books hats houses projects b Before singular countable nouns, we can use a/ an: - That’s a good suggestion - Do you need an umbrella? You cannot use singular countable nouns alone (without a/ an/ the): - She’s looking for a job (not - She’s looking for job.) - Be careful of the dog (Be careful of dog.) c We often use a/ an + noun when we say what something/ someone is, or what something/ someone is like: - A dog is an animal - This is a really beautiful house + Remember to use a/ an for jobs: Tom’s father is a doctor d We also use some with plural countable nouns, some = a number of/ a few of (but we don’t know or say exactly how many): - I’ve seen some good films recently (not I’ve seen good films.) + Do not use some when we are talking about things in general: - I love chickens (not I love some chickens.) + We have to use some when you mean some but not all/ many: - Some policemen in Britain carry guns but most of them don’t Uncountable nouns a Uncountable nouns are, for example: music rice beer blood Uncountable nouns are things we cannot count They have no plural You can not say “musics”, “bloods”, or “rices”, etc b Before uncountable nouns you can use the/ some/ any/ much/ this/ her, etc: the music some rice her blood much beer But you can use a/ an before an uncountable noun Or you can use uncountable nouns alone, for example: This ring is made of gold Blood is red c Many nouns can be used as countable or as uncountable nouns Usually there is a difference in meaning For example: - paper I bought a paper ( = a newspaper- countable noun) I bought some paper (= material for writing on – uncountable) - hair There’s a hair in my soup (= one single hair- countable) She has beautiful hair (= hair on her head- uncountable) - experience We had many interesting experiences during our holiday (= things that happened to us – countable) You need experience for this job (= knowledge of something because you have done it before- uncountable) d Some nouns are usually uncountable in English but often countable in other languages Here are the most important of these: accommodation behavior furniture news scenery trouble advice bread traffic weather baggage chaos luggage progress travel work information permission - You can not use a/an before them or use them as plural nouns: I’m looking for accommodation (not an accommodation.) Tom gave him some good advice (not “some good advices.) - Do not use travel to mean journey/ trip: They had a good journey (not” a good travel”) Unit tenses I The present continuous tense Form The present continuous tense is formed with the present of the auxiliary verb be + the present participle: 10 Exercises Articles Unit I Insert a/ an/ the if necessary There was knock on door, I opened it and found small man in blue overcoat and woolen cap He said he was employee of gas company and had come to read meter But I had suspicion that he wasn’t speaking .truth because meter reader usually wears .peaked caps However, I took him to meter, which is in dark corner under stairs I asked if he had torch Are John and Mary cousins? I can’t remember exact date of storm, but I know it was Sunday because everybody was at church 43 On Monday .post didn’t come because roads were block by fallen trees My mother goes to church on morning, and in afternoon goes to visit friends During meal he talks about garden and she tells him .village gossip 10 I have .little money left; let’s have dinner in restaurant 11 I am on night duty When you go to bed, I go to work 12 She lives on top floor of .old house When .wind blows, all windows rattle II Singular and Plural Choose the correct completion 1.One of the dinner broken a plate is b plates are c plate are d plates is Most hard a of students work b students work c students works d of students works Can you help me? I need information a a little b little c a few d few All of the athletes who took part in the international games should be very proud of a himself b oneself c themselves d yourself Snow and rain .of nature a are phenomenon b are phenomena c is phenomenon d is phenomena I accidentally broke the by stepping on it I apologized to them for my carelessness Our weather is cloudy in the winter We don’t have a many sunshines b many sunshines c much sunshines d much sunshine Several of my friends are reporters a newspaper b newspaper c newspaper’s d newspapers Construction workers need to build a highway a an heavy equipment b a heavy equipment c heavy equipments d heavy equipment 10 Our classroom is supplied with a plenty of chalks b plenty of chalk c several chalks d several chalk 11 Two-third of my from the Middle East a classmate is b classmate are c classmate is d classmates are 44 12 Winning a lottery is a rare occurrence very small a a number of winner is b The numbers of winners is c A number of winners are d The number of winners are 13 I really need Can we talk? a some advice b an advice c some advices d advices 14 Several sleeping under a tree a of lions were b lion was c of the lion was d lions were 15 What you used in picking a winner in the art concert? a is the criteria b are the criteria c are the criterion d are the criterion Unit tenses I Put the verbs in brackets into the correct tenses; present perfect or simple past I (buy) a new house last year; but (not sell) my old house yet, so at the moment I have two houses She (catch) the next train but it (not get) in till 9.00, so she (arrive) at her office ten minutes late Her boss (look) up as she (come) in “You (be) late every morning this week,” he (growl) Mary (be) in Japan for two years now She is working there and likes it very much How she (go)? She (go) by air When you (start) school? I (start) school when I (be) five I (go) to a primary school first I (stay) there for six years and then I (go) a comprehensive school I can’t find my gloves You (see) them? Yes, you (leave) them in the car yesterday I (put) them back in your drawer You (see) Phillip lately? I (ring) his flat several times last week but (get) no answer Oh, he (be) in America for the last month He (fly) out on the first for a conference and then (decide) to stay for six weeks You (hear) from him? Yes, I (get) a letter shortly after he (arrive) II Put the verbs in brackets into the correct tenses; be going to and will + inf Why you want all the furniture out of the room? 45 Because I (shampoo) the carpet It’s impossible to it unless you take everything off it first I’m afraid I ‘m not quite ready Never mind I (wait) Why have you brought your camera? You (try) to take photos? It’s not allowed, you know No, I (try) to sell the camera That’s not allowed either If a policeman sees you, he (confiscate) the camera There’s someone at the door I (go) But I expect it’s someone for you Leave a note for them on the table and they see (it) when they come in No, I’m not going away for the weekend I’m staying at home I (start) building my garage The bricks have come at last You (do) it by yourself? No, my nephew (help) me I suggested to him yesterday and he was quite enthusiastic III Review tenses Choose the correct answers for the following sentences I’ve been in the city for a long time, I .here sixteen years ago a have come b was coming c came d had come “Robert is going to be famous someday He in three movies already” “I’m sure he’ll be sure a start.” a has been appearing b had appeared c has appeared d appeared “Where’s Polly?” “She .” a in her room studying b in her room is studying c studies in her room d has in her room studied “Hello, Alice” This is Jeff How are you?” “Jeff? What a coincidence I about you when the phone rang.” a was just thinking b just thought c has just been thinking d was just thought “What about the new simplified tax law?” “It’s more confusing than the old one.” a are you thinking b you think c have you thought d have you been thinking “When is Mr Field planning to retire?” “Soon I think He .here for a long time He’ll probably retire either next year or the year after that.” a worked b had been working c has been working d is working 46 “Why did you buy all this sugar and chocolate?” “I .a delicious dessert for dinner tonight.” a make b will make c am going to make d will have made “Let’s go What’s taking you so long?” “I’ll be there as soon as I my keys.” a found b will find c find d am finding Next week when there a full moon, the ocean tides will be higher a is being b is c will be d will have been 10 While I T.V last night, a mouse ran across the floor a watch b watched c was watching d am watching 11 Fish were among the earliest forms of life Fish on earth for ages and ages a existed b are existing c exist d have existed 12 The earth .on the sun for its heat and light a is depend b depending c has depend d depends 13 I don’t feel good I home from work tomorrow a am staying b stay c will have stayed d stayed 14 At one time, huge prehistoric reptiles dominated the earth This age of Dinosaurs much longer than the present Age of Mammals has lasted to date 15 Jim, why don’t you take some time off? You .too hard lately Take a short vacation a worked b work c were working d have been working 16 According to research reports, people usually in their sleep 25 to 30 times each night a turn b are turning c have turned d turned 17 If coastal erosion continues to take place at the present rate, in another fifty years this beach anymore a doesn’t exist b isn’t going to exist c isn’t existing d won’t be existing 18 “I once saw a turtle that had wings The turtle flew into the air to catch insects.” “Stop kidding I you!” a don’t believe b am not believing c didn’t believe d wasn’t believing 19 Yesterday I to my daughter’s dance recital I never to a dance before 47 a went had been b went has been c went was d had gone had been 20 The apartment was hot when AI got home, so I .the air conditioner a had turned on b turn on c turned on d has turned on Unit the Passive voice I Complete the sentences with the given words Some of the sentences are passive and some are active Use any appropriate tense a The examination papers are scored by machine The students (tell) will be told their results next week b The project got finished early The committee (complete) its work three weeks ahead of schedule The teacher (assist) by two graduate students during exam yesterday During the family celebration, the little boy was crying because he (ignore) He needed some attention, too A: Where (buy, you) that beautiful necklace? B: I (buy, not) it It (give) to me for my birthday (like, you) it? Soon after I (apply0 for a job with the United Nations two years ago I (hire) The crocodiles at the zoo look like statues They (lie) perfectly still for house at a time They have no need to move because they don’t have to hurt for their food They (feed) regularly by the shopkeepers This lovely beach won’t exist forever Eventually, it (erode, probably) away by the sea, and there will be nothing left but bedrock The geologic forces natures never stop Yesterday we went to look at an apartment I really liked it, but by the time we got there, it (rent already) 10 There‘s going to be a story in the local newspaper about my neighbor, Mrs Morris Tomorrow she (interview) by one of the local reporters about her doll collection Over the years, she (collect) more than 400 dollars from all over the world II In the following, active sentences are changed to passive sentences Complete the passive sentences with the appropriate verb form Keep the same tense Use question and negative forms as necessary Did Ann discover the mistake? A famous author wrote that book Jack won’t pay the bill The water refilled my glass Did Sue knock that vase to the floor? Tommy didn’t break the chair 48 Had a special messenger delivered the package before you got to the office? The pollution in the city was affecting Tim’s breathing IS a student pilot flying that airplane? 10 How people make candles? III Complete the sentences with the given words Some of the sentences are passive and some are active Use any appropriate tense The examination papers are scored by machine The students (tell) their result next week The project got finished early The committee (complete) it work three weeks ahead of schedule The teacher (assist) by two graduate students during the exam yesterday During the final celebration, the little boy was crying because he (ignore) He needed some attention, too A: Where (buy, you) that beautiful necklace? B: I (buy, not) it It (give) to me for my birthday (like, you) it? Soon after (I apply) for a job with the United Nations two years ago I (hire) The crocodiles at the zoo look like statues They (lie) perfectly still for hours at a time They have no need to move because they don’t have to hurt for their food They (feed) regularly by the zookeepers Unit Relative pronouns and clauses I Combine the following pairs or groups of sentences by means of relative pronouns, making any changes necessary You sent me a present Thank you very much for it Thank you very much for sending me a present She was dancing with a student He had a slight limp (two ways) I am looking for some children They are terribly spoilt (two ways) The bed has no mattress I sleep on this bed The bed I This is Mrs Jones Her son won the championship last year I was sitting in a chair It suddenly collapsed The man was sitting at the desk I had come to see this man Romeo and Juliet were lovers Their parents hated each other 49 The firm is sending me to York I work for this firm 10 I was given this address by a man I met this man on a train 11 A man answered the phone He said Tom was out 12 He introduced me to his students Most of them were from abroad 13 We lit a fire It soon dried out our clothes 14 Tom had been driving all day He was tired and wanted to stop 15 Paul wanted to take the mountain road His tyres were nearly new II Circle Yes if the adjective clauses requires commas and add the commas in the appropriate places Circle No if the adjective clause doesn’t require commas Yes No The newspaper article was about a man who died two years ago of a rare tropical disease Yes No Pual O’Grady, who died two years ago, was a kind and loving man Yes No I made an appointment with a doctor who is considered an expert on eye disorders Yes No I made an appointment with Dr Raven who is considered an expert on eye disorders Yes No The car that Al bought had had three previous owners, but it was in excellent condition Yes No We thoroughly enjoyed the music which we heard at the concert last Sunday Yes No Bogota which is the capital of Colombia is a cosmopolitan city Yes No They climbed Mount Rainer which is in the State of Washington twice last year Yes No Emerals which are valuable gemstones are mined in Columbia 10 Yes No The company offered the position to John whose department performed best this year 11 Yes No Thirty people two of whom were members of the crew were killed in the ferry accident 12 Yes No I’m trying to convince my mother to buy a small car which has front- wheel drive instead of a large car with real- wheel drive 13 Yes No Tom is always interrupting me which makes me mad 14 Yes No The new supervisor was not happy with his work crew none of whom seemed interested in doing quality work 15 Yes No My oldest brother in whose house I lived for six months when I was ten has been a father to me in many ways Unit conditional sentences 50 I Complete the sentences with the words in parentheses If I (have) wings, I (have to, not) take an airplane to fly home This letter has got to be in Chicago in two days I’m sure if I (send) it today, it will arrive in time Hundreds of people became ill from eating contaminated meat during the last two weeks If the government had responded more quickly to the crisis, fewer people (suffer) food poisoning (People, be) able to fly if they (have) feathers instead of hair? What (we, use) .to look at ourselves when we comb our hair in the morning if we (have, not) .mirrors? A: I don’t understand anything in this class It’s boring And I’m getting a failing grade B: If I (feel) the way you sabout it, I (drop) the class as soon as possible It’s been a long drought It hasn’t rained for over a month If it (rain, not) soon, a lot of crops (die) If the crops (die) , many people (go) hungry this coming winter I didn’t know the Newtons were going to bring two other people to dinner last night If any one else (bring) .extra guests, we (have, not) .enough seats at the table If television (invent) .in the eighteenth century, George Washington (interview) regularly on the evening news 10 A: I’m exhausted, and we’re no closer to a solution to this problem after nine hours of work B: Why don’t you go home and get some sleep, and I’ll keep working If I (discover) a solution before morning, I (call) you immediately I promise 11 According to one scientific theory, an asteroid collied with the earth millions of years ago, causing great changes in the earth’s climate Some scientists believe that asteroid (collide, not) with the earth, the dinosaurs (become, not) extinct Can you imagine what the word (be) like today if dinosaurs (exist, still) ? Do you think it (be) .possible for dinosaurs and human being to coexist on the same planet? II Use the given information to make conditional sentences Use If 1.I was sick yesterday, so I didn’t go to class  If I hadn’t been sick yesterday, I would have gone to class Because Alan never eats breakfast, he always overeats at lunch  If Alan ate breakfast, he wouldn’t overeat at lunch Peter didn’t finish unloading the truck, because John didn’t help him 51 Jack was late to his own wedding because his watch was ten minutes late I don’t ride the bus to work every morning because it isn’t always so crowded I didn’t bring extra money with me because you didn’t tell me we were going to dinner after the movie Sam didn’t know that highway 57 was closed, so he didn’t take an alternative route Because I lost my key, I had to pound on the door to wake my roommate when I got home last night It is raining, so we won’t finish the game 10 I didn’t eat lunch and now I am hungry 11 Bob left his wallet at home this morning, and now he doesn’t hve any money for lunch 12 Carol didn’t answer the phone because she was studying 13 The sun was shining, so we went to the beach yesterday 14 Every muscle in my body aches today because I played basketball for three hours last night 14 Barry stops to shake everyone’s hand because he is running for political office 15 We didn’t eat all of the turkey at dinner last night, so we have to have turkey again tonight Indirect speech Unit I Indirect speech: statements “I have something to show you,” I said to her I’m going away tomorrow, mother,” he said We have a lift but very often it doesn’t work,” they said “I’ll come with you as soon as I am ready,” she replied “I was intending to it tomorrow, “he said, “but now I don’t think I’ll be able to do.” “I don’t think your father likes me,” said the young wife “If you leave home at six, you should be here by nine,” he said to me “Would you like me to go with you?” I said “I’d rather go alone,” he answered He said,” My wife wants to take a job but I’d rather she concentrated on our home 52 10 “It isn’t so foggy today as it was yesterday,” I remarked II Indirect speech: questions “What happened to Mr Budd?” said one of the men “Who is going to live in the big house?” asked someone else “Which team has won?” asked Ann When was the timetable changed?” I asked “How can I get from the station to the airport?” said Bill “Is a return ticket cheaper than two singles?” said my aunt “Can I bring my dog into the compartment with me?” she asked “Does this train stop at York?” asked Bill “Have you reserved a seat?” I asked him 10 “What country you come from?” said Alex 11 “How long have you been here?” said Ann 13 “Do you play rugby?” said Peter 14 Are you interested in acting?” asked Ann 15 “Would you like to join our Drama Group?” she aid 16 “Where were you last night, Mrs Jones,” he said 17 “What else did you see?” I asked the boy 18 “Do you see what I see, Mary?’ said a young man 19 “Are you going to see him off at the station?” I asked her 20 “Why you think it may be dangerous?” he asked her III Indirect speech: commands, requests, advice “Switch off the T.V”, he said to her “Shut the door, Tom”, she said “Lend me your pen for a moment,” I said to Mary “Don’t believe everything you hear,” he warned them “Don’t hurry,” I said “Don’t touch that switch, Mary”, I said “Look at the paper,” he said to her “Don’t drive too fast”, she begged him The notice said,” Leave this space clear.” 10 “Don’t argue with your father,” I said 11 “Wait for me at the bridge,” said the young man 12 “Write to me often as you can,” said his wife 13 “Don’t lend her anything,” he advised us 14 “Come to the cinema with me”, he asked her 15 “Help your mother, Peter”, Mr Pitt said Unit clauses of reason, result, concession, 53 Comparison, time I Choose the best completion It was cold and wet , Bob put on his swimming suit and went to the beach a Therefore b Despite c Although d Nevertheless I can’t ride my bicycle, .there isn’t any air in one of tires a despite b because c although d but I got to class on time I had missed my bus a even though b nevertheless c because d despite Brian used to be an active person, but now he has to limit his activities problems with his health a nevertheless b because of c although d in spite of It should be easy for Bob to find more time to spend with his children he no longer has to work in the evenings and on weekends a even though b now that c due to d but Jack is a very good students of languages His brother, Michael, , has never been able to master another language a therefore b even though c whereas d on the other hand The accident Aztecs of Mexico had no technology for making tools from meal, ., they had sharp knives and spears made from a stone called Obsidians a Whereas b Although c Nevertheless d Despite Roberta missed the meeting without a good reason .she had been told that it was critical that she would be there, I wouldn’t want to be in her shoes at work tomorrow a despite b despite the fact that c even d however I usual enjoy attending amateur productions in small community theaters The play we attended last night, , was so bad that I wanted to leave after the first act a therefore b however c whereas d even though 10 Some snakes are poisonous, , others are harmless a but b so c for d despite II Complete the sentences Places the letter of the completion in the blank space Use each completion only one time a its many benefits b its inherent dangers c it has been shown to be safe d his fear of heights e it has been shown to cause birth defects and sometimes death f he is afraid of heights g he had the necessary qualifications h he is normally quite shy and sometimes inarticulate i an inability to communicate well in any language besides English 54 j having excellent skills in the job category they were trying to fill In spite of ., nuclear energy is a clean and potentially inexhaustible source of energy In spite of , Carl enjoyed his helicopter trip over the Grand Canyon in Arizona Because of his age, John wasn’t hired even though Although , Mark rode an elevator to the top of the World Trade Center in New York for the magnificent view Although ., many people avoid using a microwave oven for fear of its rays Jack usually has little trouble making new friends in another country despite In spite of , the use of chemotherapy to treat cancer has many serve side effects Though , Bob managed to give an excellent presentation at the board meeting Jerry continued to be denied a promotion despite 10 DDT is still used in many countries as a primary insecticide even though The gerund Unit I Gerunds as objects of prepositions Complete the sentences with prepositions followed by Gerunds Use the verbs in the given list Use each verb only once ask break finish have kill lock make open practice see talk wash Instead of asking for help on earth arithmetic problem, you should use your book and try to figure out the answers yourself I look forward you the next time I’m in town I’ll be sure to let you know ahead of time so that we can plan to get together Alice told us that she was tired the dishes every night 55 The four-year- old was blamed the glass candy dish Because of the bombs scare, no one was allowed in the building People were prevented the front door by a guard who was stationed there You should listen to the other people instead .about yourself all the time What you feel for dinner? Does chicken and rice sound good? Frank is an environmental conversations who believes animals should be protected from hunters He objects wild animals for sport Please don’t argue your homework Just it 10 Marie is responsible all the doors and windows and sure all the lights are turned off before she leaves work in the evening 11 Mario spent all month preparing for the tennis match, but in spite .for many hours each day, he last the match to Ivan II Complete the sentences with the correct form, Gerund or Infinitive, using the words in parentheses The sort offered to refund the money I paid for the book T returned (refund) George is interested in an art class (take) I was furious I threatened never to him again (speak) My parents appreciated the thank- you note you sent them (receive) The committee is planning next Friday (meet) If I don’t leave on the 15th, I will miss home in time for my mother’s birthday party (get) I know you’re anxious to get out of here and get back home, but you should seriously consider in the hospital a few more days (stay) Alex refused for his rude behavior (apologize) When I was in the army, I had to swear my senior officers’ orders 10 I don’t recall .your dictionary anywhere in the apartment Maybe you left it in the classroom 11 Mr Lind required the children off their muddy boots before they came into the house III Choose the best answer or answers In some cases, BOTH answers are correct John was trying .the door with the wrong keys a unlocking b to lock The audience began before the curtain closed a clapping b to clap 56 The soccer teams continued even though it began to snow a playing b to play We like outside when the weather is warm and sunny a eating b to eat I really hate .late for appointments a being b to late She’s so impatient She can’t stand .in line for anything a waiting b to wait My boss regrets his secretary now that she is gone a firing b to fire I always try my bills on time, but sometimes I’m a little late a paying b to pay Alex will never forget his first helicopter ride a taking b to take 10 I remember .them away when I finished with them last night a putting b put TÀI LIỆU THAM KHẢO A.J Thomson & A.V Martinet - Practical English Grammar - Oxford University Press (Student’s book and Exercises) Betty Schrampfer Azar Donald A.Azar (1990) - Understanding and using English Grammar- Prentice Hall Regents.( Student’s book and Workbook) Patricia K.Werner & John P Nelson (1998) – A content- Based Grammar – Boston, Massachusetts, San Fanscisco, Calofornia St Louis , Missouri Raymond Murphy (1985) – English Grammar in Use- Cambridge University Press Sidney Green Baum & Randolph Quirk (2003) - A Student’s Grammar – Nha Xuat Ban Giao Thong Van Tai 57 ... when we man something in general: She loves flowers (not the flowers) His favorite subject at school was history g We say the when we mean something in particular: I like your garden The flowers... This tense can be used with a time expression for a definite future arrangement: The girls start school on Monday I leave tonight will + infinitive used to express intention at the moment of decision: