GIÁO TRÌNH NGỮ PHÁP cơ bản (dùng cho hệ đại học ngôn ngữ anh)

Because a sentence like "Neither my brothers nor my father is going to sell the house" sounds peculiar, it is probably a good idea to put the plural subject closer to the verb whenever t

TRƯỜNG ĐẠI HỌC QUẢNG BÌNH

KHOA NGOẠI NGỮ

GIÁO TRÌNH (Lưu hành nội bộ) NGỮ PHÁP CƠ BẢN (Dành cho sinh viên Đại học Ngôn ngữ Anh)

Tác giả: Nguyễn Thị Hồng Thắm

Năm 2014

MỤC LỤC

UNIT 1 SUBJECT AND VERB AGREEMENT 4

UNIT 2 VERB PATTERNS 10

UNIT 3 PASSIVE VOICE 18

UNIT 4 REPORTED SPEECH 27

UNIT 5 CONDITIONAL SENTENCES 35

UNIT 6 COMPARISION 43

UNIT 7 RELATIVE CLAUSE 51

UNIT 8 PREPOSITIONS AND ARTICLES 59

LỜI NÓI ĐẦU

Ngữ pháp cơ bản là giáo trình được biên soạn theo khung chương trình giáo

dục đại học ngành Ngôn ngữ Anh Giáo trình được biên soạn theo hướng cung cấp cho sinh viên vốn ngữ pháp cơ bản trong tiếng Anh: sự hòa hợp giữa chủ ngữ và động từ, các hình thức động từ, câu bị động, câu gián tiếp, câu điều kiện, câu so sánh, mệnh đề quan hệ, giới từ và mạo từ Kết thúc học phần, sinh viên được hệ thống hóa ngữ pháp tiếng Anh cơ bản làm nền tảng để học các học phần tiếp theo hiệu quả hơn Qua đó, sinh viên có khả năng vận dụng hệ thống cấu trúc được giới thiệu để làm các bài tập ngữ pháp với cấp độ khó tăng dần, tích lũy kiến thức tạo tiền đề cho học phần ngữ pháp nâng cao Ngoài ra, sinh viên còn phát triển được kĩ năng nói và viết đoạn văn trong tiếng Anh thông qua các bài tập vận dụng

UNIT 1 SUBJECT AND VERB AGREEMENT

I Basic rules

1 Singular subjects need singular verbs; plural subjects need plural verbs

E.g My brother is a nutritionist

My sisters are mathematicians

2 As a general rule, use a plural verb with two or more subjects when they are

connected by and

E.g A car and a bike are my means of transportation

Exceptions:

Breaking and entering is against the law

The bed and breakfast was charming

In those sentences, breaking and entering and bed and breakfast are compound nouns

II Special cases

1 The indefinite pronouns anyone, everyone, someone, no one, nobody are always

singular and, therefore, require singular verbs

 Everyone has done his or her homework

 Somebody has left her purse

Some indefinite pronouns — such as all, some — are singular or plural depending on

what they're referring to (Is the thing referred to countable or not?) Be careful choosing a verb to accompany such pronouns

 Some of the beadsaremissing

 Some of the waterisgone

On the other hand, there is one indefinite pronoun, none, that can be either singular or

plural; it often doesn't matter whether you use a singular or a plural verb — unless something else in the sentence determines its number (Writers generally think

of none as meaning not any and will choose a plural verb, as in "None of the engines are working," but when something else makes us regard none as meaning not one, we

want a singular verb, as in "None of the food is fresh.")

 None of youclaimsresponsibility for this incident?

 None of youclaimresponsibility for this incident?

 None of the studentshave donetheir homework (In this last example, the wordtheirprecludes the use of the singular verb

2 Some indefinite pronouns are particularly troublesome Everyone and everybody

(listed above, also) certainly feel like more than one person and, therefore, students

are sometimes tempted to use a plural verb with them They are always singular,

though Each is often followed by a prepositional phrase ending in a plural word

(Each of the cars), thus confusing the verb choice Each, too, is always singular and

requires a singular verb

Everyone has finished his or her homework

You would always say, "Everybody is here." This means that the word is singular and

nothing will change that

Each of the students is responsible for doing his or her work in the library

Don't let the word "students" confuse you; the subject is each and each is always

singular — Each is responsible

3 Phrases such as together with, as well as, and along with are not the same as and The phrase introduced by as well as or along with will modify the earlier word (mayor in this case), but it does not compound the subjects (as the word and would

do)

 The mayor as well as his brothers is going to prison

 The mayor and his brothers are going to jail

4 The pronouns neither and either are singular and require singular verbs even though

they seem to be referring, in a sense, to two things

 Neither of the two traffic lightsisworking

 Which shirt do you want for Christmas? Eitherisfine with me

In informal writing, neither and either sometimes take a plural verb when these pronouns are followed by a prepositional phrase beginning with of This is particularly

true of interrogative constructions: "Have either of you two clowns read the assignment?" "Are either of you taking this seriously?" Burchfield calls this "a clash between notional and actual agreement."*

5 The conjunction or does not conjoin (as and does): when nor or or is used the

subject closer to the verb determines the number of the verb Whether the subject comes before or after the verb doesn't matter; the proximity determines the number

 Either my father or my brothers are going to sell the house

 Neither my brothers nor my father is going to sell the house

Because a sentence like "Neither my brothers nor my father is going to sell the house" sounds peculiar, it is probably a good idea to put the plural subject closer to the verb whenever that is possible

6 The words there and here are never subjects

 There are two reasons [plural subject] for this

 There is no reason for this

 Here are two apples

With these constructions (called expletive constructions), the subject follows the verb but still determines the number of the verb

7 Sometimes modifiers will get betwen a subject and its verb, but these modifiers must not confuse the agreement between the subject and its verb

The mayor, who has been convicted along with his four brothers on four counts of various crimes but who also seems, like a cat, to have several political lives, is finally

going to jail

8 Sometimes nouns take weird forms and can fool us into thinking they're plural when they're really singular and vice-versa Words such as glasses, pants, pliers, and scissors

are regarded as plural (and require plural verbs) unless they're preceded the phrase pair

of (in which case the word pair becomes the subject)

 My glasses were on the bed

 My pants were torn

9 Some collective nouns, such as family, couple, staff, audience, etc., may take either

a singular or a plural verb, depending on their use in the sentence

Examples:

The staff is in a meeting

Staff is acting as a unit

The couple disagree about disciplining their child

The couple refers to two people who are acting as individuals

NOTE

Anyone who uses a plural verb with a collective noun must take care to be accurate—and also consistent It must not be done carelessly The following is the sort of flawed sentence one sees and hears a lot these days:

The staff is deciding how they want to vote

Careful speakers and writers would avoid assigning the singular is and the plural they to staff in the same sentence

Consistent: The staff are deciding how they want to vote

Rewriting such sentences is recommended whenever possible The preceding sentence would read even better as:

The staff members are deciding how they want to vote

10 Some words end in -s and appear to be plural but are really singular and require

singular verbs

 The news from the front is bad

 Measles is a dangerous disease for pregnant women

On the other hand, some words ending in -s refer to a single thing but are nonetheless

plural and require a plural verb

 My assets were wiped out in the depression

 The average worker's earnings have gone up dramatically

 Our thanks go to the workers who supported the union

The names of sports teams that do not end in "s" will take a plural verb: the Miami Heat have been looking … , The Connecticut Sun are hoping that new talent …

11 Fractional expressions such as half of, a part of, a percentage of, a majority of are

sometimes singular and sometimes plural, depending on the meaning (The same is

true, of course, when all, any, more, most and some act as subjects.) Sums and

products of mathematical processes are expressed as singular and require singular verbs The expression "more than one" (oddly enough) takes a singular verb: "More than one student has tried this."

 Some of the voters are still angry

 A large percentage of the older population is voting against her

 Two-fifths of the troops were lost in the battle

 Two-fifths of the vineyard was destroyed by fire

 Forty percent of the students are in favor of changing the policy

 Forty percent of the student body is in favor of changing the policy

 Two and two is four

 Four times four divided by two is eight

12 If your sentence compounds a positive and a negative subject and one is plural, the other singular, the verb should agree with the positive subject

 The department members but not the chair have decided not to teach on

Valentine's Day

 It is not the faculty members but the president who decides this issue

 It was the speaker, not his ideas, that has provoked the students to riot

13 A subject will come before a phrase beginning with of This is a key rule for

understanding subjects The word of is the culprit in many, perhaps most, subject-verb

mistakes

Incorrect: A bouquet of yellow roses lend color and fragrance to the room

Correct: A bouquet of yellow roses lends (bouquet lends, not roses lend)

14 Use a singular verb with distances, periods of time, sums of money, etc., when considered as a unit

Three miles is too far to walk

Five years is the maximum sentence for that offense

Ten dollars is a high price to pay

BUT

Ten dollars (i.e., dollar bills) were scattered on the floor

III Exercises

Exercise1: Choose the correct form of the verb that agrees with the subject

1 Annie and her brothers (is, are) at school

2 Either my mother or my father (is, are) coming to the meeting

3 The dog or the cats (is, are) outside

4 Either my shoes or your coat (is, are) always on the floor

5 George and Tamara (doesn't, don't) want to see that movie

6 Benito (doesn't, don't) know the answer

7 One of my sisters (is, are) going on a trip to France

8 The man with all the birds (live, lives) on my street

9 The movie, including all the previews, (take, takes) about two hours to watch

10 The players, as well as the captain, (want, wants) to win

11 Either answer (is, are) acceptable

12 Every one of those books (is, are) fiction

13 Nobody (know, knows) the trouble I've seen

14 (Is, Are) the news on at five or six?

15 Mathematics (is, are) John's favorite subject, while Civics (is, are) Andrea's favorite subject

16 Eight dollars (is, are) the price of a movie these days

17 (Is, Are) the tweezers in this drawer?

18 Your pants (is, are) at the cleaner's

19 There (was, were) fifteen candies in that bag Now there (is, are) only one left!

20 The committee (debates, debate) these questions carefully

Exercise 2: Supply the correct form of verbs in brackets

1 The use of vitamin supplements and herbs (be) _ becoming increasingly popular among Americans

2 While many studies claim that vitamins and herbs can improve health, there (be) _ a lot of controversy about their safety

3 The Food and Drug Administration (FDA) (do) _ not regulate vitamins and herbs

4 Most experts (believe) _ that herbal supplements are mild and somewhat harmless

5 Still, anyone who (take) _ too much of a vitamin or herb could suffer negative side effects

6 For example, some medical problems (have) _ been linked to overuse of ephedra,

an herb taken by people to lose weight

7 Some research (suggest) _ that Vitamin C may help prevent cancer

8 People who (take) _ more than 1,000 miligrams of vitamin C daily may experience diarrhea or kidney stones

9 Advertisers say that the herb "kava kava" (reduce) _ anxiety and insomnia

10 Using large amounts of kava kava (be) _ not wise as muscle, eye or skin problems could result

11 The danger of long-term use of vitamins and herbs (be) _ still unknown

12 There (be) _ a lot of evidence that vitamin-rich foods are beneficial

13 However, whether the use of supplements (be) _ helpful or not is still being debated

14 Most people (be) _ able to get all the vitamins they need in the foods they eat

15 A daily diet that (contain) _ foods from the 4 groups should supply all the nutrients a person needs

UNIT 2 VERB PATTERNS

I The infinitive

What is the infinitive?

The infinitive of a verb is its basic form with or without the particle to:

Examples:

 'do' or 'to do'

 'be' or 'to be'

The infinitive without to is called bare infinitive ('do', 'be')

The infinitive with to is called full infinitive ('to do', 'to be')

The bare infinitive

1 The bare infinitive is used as the main verb after the dummy auxiliary verb do, or most modal auxiliary verbs (such as will, can, orshould )

Examples:

I do know him

I do like you

I can do it

2 Several common verbs of perception, including see, watch, hear, feel,

and sense take a direct object and a bare infinitive

Examples:

I saw it happen

I watched it happen

3 The bare infinitive is also used with several common verbs of permission or

causation, including make, bid, let, and have

Example:

I made/bade/let/had him do it

(However, make takes a to-infinitive in the passive voice

I was made to do it

4 The bare infinitive is also used after the following expressions

had better You had better clean up your room

would rather Susan would rather study for her exam tomorrow

would sooner I would sooner read a book than watch this film

why not Why not ask your neighbour for help?

why should we Why should we go by car?

why should we not Why should we not go by car?

5 The verb help is followed by the bare infinitive

Example:

He helped them do it ("He helped them to do" it is also possible)

6 With the word why

Example:

Why say it?

The full infinitive

The full infinitive is used as follows:

1 The full infinitive can function as a noun phrase In this case it is used as follows

I intended to marry her

He wanted to know the whole truth

2 It can also be used like an adjective or adverb

Examples:

This is the game to watch (to watch functions as an adjective, modifying

the noun game)

This is the problem to think about (to think about functions as an adjective

modifying the noun 'the problem')

He went to his friend's house to study (to study functions as an adverb answering the

question why he went to his friend's house)

He is ready to go (to go functions as an adverb, modifying the adjective 'ready'.)

3 It is used to mean "in order to" to express purpose

Examples:

You need to exercise regularly to lose weight ( in order to lose weight)

He works hard to earn a lot of money ( in order to earn a lot of money)

4 We use the to-infinitive after a number of common main verbs These include:

Agree demand long pretend

Aim fail love promise

Arrange forget manage propose

Ask hate mean Refuse

Begin help need remember

Choose hope offer Try

Claim intend plan Want

Continue learn prefer Wish

Decide like prepare

We arranged to see the bank manager and applied for a loan

Mrs Harding asked us to call in on our way home

Did you remember to post the letter to your mother?

He just wants everyone to be happy

Some of these verbs are also often followed by -ing

5 We can use the to-infinitive in a clause with a verb that has no subject (a non-finite clause) The to-infinitive focuses on the idea of an action or the results of an action,

rather than the action in itself:

To work in a developing country had always been her ambition

To get there before lunch, you would have to take the seven o’clock train

II The gerund

The gerund looks exactly the same as a present participle, but it is useful to understand the difference between the two The gerund always has the same function as a noun (although it looks like a verb)

1 The gerund as the subject of the sentence

2 The gerund as the complement of the verb "TOBE"

 One of his duties is attending meetings

 The hardest thing about learning English is understanding the gerund

 One of life's pleasures is having breakfast in bed

3 The gerund after prepositions

The gerund must be used when a verb comes after a preposition This is also true of

certain expressions ending in a preposition, for example the expressions in spite

of & there's no point in

 Can you sneeze without opening your mouth?

 She is good at painting

 She avoided him by walking on the opposite side of the road

 We arrived in Madrid after driving all night

 My father decided against postponing his trip to Hungary

 There's no point in waiting

 In spite of missing the train, we arrived on time

4 The gerund after phrasal verbs

Phrasal verbs are composed of a verb + preposition or adverb

 When will you give up smoking?

 She always puts off going to the dentist

 He kept on asking for money

 Jim ended up buying a new TV after his old one broke

There are some phrasal verbs that include the word "to" as a preposition for example to

look forward to, to take to, to be accustomed to, to get around to, & to be used to It is

important to recognise that the word "to" is a preposition in these cases because it must

be followed by a gerund It is not part of the infinitive form of the verb You can check whether "to" is a preposition or part of the infinitive If you can put the pronoun "it" after the word "to" and form a meaningful sentence, then the word "to" is a preposition and must be followed by a gerund

 I look forward to hearing from you soon

 I look forward to it

 I am used to waiting for buses

 I am used to it

 She didn't really take to studying English

 She didn't really take to it

 When will you get around to mowing the grass?

 When will you get around to it?

5 The gerund in compound nouns

In compound nouns using the gerund, it is clear that the meaning is that of a noun, not

of a continuous verb For example, with the word "swimming pool" it is a pool for swimming in, it is not a pool that is swimming

 I am giving Sally a driving lesson

 They have a swimming pool in their back yard

 I bought some new running shoes

6 The gerund after some expressions

The gerund is necessary after the expressions can't help, can't stand, to be worth, & it's no use

 She couldn't help falling in love with him

 I can't stand being stuck in traffic jams

 It's no use trying to escape

 It might be worth phoning the station to check the time of the train

III Exercises

Exercise 1: Complete the following sentences with Infinitive without to

1 Peter is very funny He makes me ……… (laugh) a lot

2 Did you see that lovely old car ……… (go) past a moment ago?

3 Do you think her parents will let her ……… (go) for a picnic

4 I heard them ……… (talk) in the next room

5 He saw them ……… (arrive) home late

6 They made her ……… (stay) there for the weekend

Exercise 2: Complete the following sentences with Gerund

1 We spend most of my time (read) ……… science book

2 I didn’t like (work) ………… so I suggested (spend) ………… the day in the garden

3 Why do you keep (look) ………… back? Are you afraid of (be) ………… followed?

4 Does your sister mind (cook) ………… everyday?

5 Have you ever considered (go) …………to live in another country?

6 He tried to avoid (answer) ………… my questions

7 When I’m tired, I enjoy (watch) ………… TV It’s relaxing

8 When I was a child, I hated (go) ………… to bed early

9 He left the hotel without (pay) ………… his bill

10 Are you looking forward to (see) ………… Ann again?

Exercise 3: Complete the following sentences with Infinitive with to

1 They decide ……… ( receive) these works

2 She wants ……… (drink) coffee

3 He asks carefully ……… (repair) this machine

4 She agrees ……… (go) picnic with us

5 John arranged ……… (help) Sally

6 She expects……… (receive) a phone call from her boyfriend

7 He offers ……… (stay) at home

8 Linda refused ……… (lend) him her money

9 Jone manages ……… (get) marriage with his girlfriend

10 They don’t allow people ……… (smoke)

11 He asked me ……… (operate) this machine

12 Daisy invites her friends ……… (come) back her house

13 She reminded him ……… (close) the door carefully

14 My parents permit me ……… (go) camping with my classmates

15 My grandmother tells me ……… (do) good things

16 I’m pleased ……… (see) you

17 They were brave ……… (tell) him

18 Be careful ……… (not wake) the children

19 I need the money……… (pay) the phone bill

20 I’d like something ……… (stop) my toothache

Exercise 4: Choose and underline the correct option in follow sentences

1 Sorry, I can’t go with you I have a lot of work to do/ do

2 Elton John is said have/ to have millions of clothes

3 The shop assistant seems be/ to be very helpful

4 I had my friend repair/ to repair the bike for me

5 Our teacher made us work/ to work hard every day

6 It was great hear/ to hear from Mai and Hanh again

7 Jim was made do/ to do the assignment again

8 Paul and Jean said they saw you borrow /to borrow the book yesterday

9 It’s useful know/ to know a foreign language

10 We decide learn/ to learn English instead of French

Exercise 5: Choose the correct word to complete each sentence

1 Are we allowed……… dictionaries in the exam room?

1 I didn’t have enough time…………(finish) my homework yesterday

2 As she drove past his house, she noticed him……….(run) away from home

3 Did you remember (lock)……the car? – No, I didn’t I’d better (go)………back and (do)…….it now

4 She made her son………(wash) the windows before he could go outside… …(play) with his friends

5 She lets her children………… (stay) up very late

6 We had nothing………(do) except look at the cinema posters

7 We both heard him………(say) that he was leaving

8 They let us( park)…… motorbike here but they don’t allow us (park)…… cars

9 If you want the milkman (leave)……… ….you milk in the morning, don’t forget (put)………….a milk bottle outside

10 It’s important……….(start) the meeting on time

11 There are too many people here for me………… (talk) to all of them

12 I saw Tom (enter)…… ….the office

13 Nothing will make me (change)……… ….my mind

14 She send me an email (inform)………… me that the meeting had been canceled

15 Does she want (become)……… a singer?

16 It was a thrill……….(see) my brother……… (win) the chess tournament last year

17 It took ages………… (download) the picture from Internet

18 Whenever I have free time, I like ………( watch) the basketball team…… (practice)

19 I couldn’t understand what the passage said, so I had my friend………(translate) it for me

Exercise 7: Write the correct form of a verb from the box in each blank

help learn work take play

use operate switch off bring not cry

1 Do you like……….in a team

2 When did you start……….French?

3 I’ve decided……….a temporary job at a supermarket

4 I don’t mind……….you if you’re tired

5 Lam enjoys……….for his school’s soccer team

6 I could see she was very sad When talking to me, she tries………

7 Why did your uncle stop……….his business?

8 Don’t forget……….your dictionary to our English class tomorrow

9 Remember……….the lights before you leave the classroom

10 Teacher to students: You are not allowed……….this door

More exercises:

http://www.ego4u.com/en/cram-up/grammar/infinitive-gerund/exercises?02

UNIT 3 PASSIVE VOICE

I Forms of Passive voice

S + [aux] + V m(động từ chính) + O

S + [aux] + Be + V-ed/3 + [by + O]

When rewriting active sentences in passive voice, note the following:

+ the object of the active sentence becomes the subject of the passive sentence

+ the finite form of the verb is changed (to be + past participle)

+ the subject of the active sentence becomes the object of the passive sentence (or is dropped)

S + V (s, es) + O S + am / is/ are + p.p

S + V(ed) + O S + was / were + p.p

S + am/ is /are/ was/ were +

V-ing

S + am/ is / are/ was/ were + being + p.p

S + have / has / had + p.p S + have / has / had + been + p.p

S + modal verb + V S + modal verb + be + p.p

II Use of Passive

Passive voice is used when the focus is on the action It is not important or not known, however, who or what is performing the action

Example: My bike was stolen

In the example above, the focus is on the fact that my bike was stolen I do not know, however, who did it

Sometimes a statement in passive is more polite than active voice, as the following example shows:

Example: A mistake was made

In this case, I focus on the fact that a mistake was made, but I do not blame anyone (e.g You have made a mistake.)

III Passive Sentences with Two Objects

Rewriting an active sentence with two objects in passive voice means that one of the two objects becomes the subject, the other one remains an object Which object to transform into a subject depends on what you want to put the focus on

Subject Verb Object 1 Object 2

Active: Rita wrote a letter to me

Passive: A letter was written to me by Rita

Passive: I was written a letter by Rita

As you can see in the examples, adding by Rita does not sound very elegant That’s

why it is usually dropped

IV Passive voice with Gerund and Infinitive

* To –inf -> To be V3/ ed

* V-ing -> Being V3/ ed

Ex : We dislike being cheated

I don’t want to be laughed at

Personal and Impersonal Passive

Personal Passive simply means that the object of the active sentence becomes the

subject of the passive sentence So every verb that needs an object (transitive verb) can form a personal passive

Example: They build houses – Houses are built

Verbs without an object (intransitive verb) normally cannot form a personal passive sentence (as there is no object that can become the subject of the passive sentence) If you want to use an intransitive verb in passive voice, you need an impersonal

construction – therefore this passive is called Impersonal Passive

Example: he says – it is said

Impersonal Passive is not as common in English as in some other languages (e.g

German, Latin) In English, Impersonal Passive is only possible with verbs of

perception (e g say, think, know)

Example: They say that women live longer than men – It is said that women live longer than men

Although Impersonal Passive is possible here, Personal Passive is more common

Example: They say that women live longer than men – Women are said to live

longer than men

The subject of the subordinate clause (women) goes to the beginning of the sentence; the verb of perception is put into passive voice The rest of the sentence is added

using an infinitive construction with 'to' (certain auxiliary verbs and that are dropped) Sometimes the term Personal Passive is used in English lessons if the indirect object

of an active sentence is to become the subject of the passive sentence

VI Causative

Ex : We had them paint our house / We got them to paint our house

We had our house painted / We got our house painted

VII Exercises

Exercise 1: Change these sentences into the passive voice

1 No one has used that door for 20 years

2 Someone stole my watch this morning

3 They are searching the truck

4 My wife will write the report for me

5 Lan had broken the glass when I came

Exercise 2: Change these sentences into the active voice

1 The class is taught by Mr Brown

2 The truck was being loaded at 6.00 p.m last Sunday

3 Will dinner be cooked?

4 The thief has been caught by the police

5 The book was published in 1997

Exercise 3 Change into passive voice

1 They built this school in 1997

2 The students in my class are going to organize a surprise party tomorrow evening

3 We will speak English at the conference

4 They are painting the kitchen now

5 Shakespeare wrote ―Romeo & Juliet ― in 1605

6 They have translated Shakespeare’s tragedies into many languages

7 They have just built a new primary school in my village

8 They believed that the earth stood still

9 Jane hasn’t cleaned the floor yet

10 They should repaint their house soon

Have + sb + Bare Get + sb + to-inf Have + sth + V3/ ed = Get + sth + V3/ ed

11 People say that John is the brightest student in class

12 They reported that the President had suffered a heart attack

Exercise 4 Choose the best answer

1 These trees everyday in summer

A should be watered B should water

C should be water D is watered

2 The floor by Jane yet

A have cleaned B have been cleaned

C has been cleaned D has been clean

3 The kitchen now

C are painting D are being painted

4 This machine mustn’t after 5:30 p.m

5 Toothpaste at the drug store

A can be bought B can bought

6 We can’t go along here because the road

A is repairing B is repaired

C is being repaired D repairs

7 The story I’ve just read Agatha Christie

A was written B was written by

C was written from D wrote by

8 I’m going to go out and

A have cut my hair B have my hair cut

C cut my hair D my hair be cut

9 Something funny in class yesterday

A happened B was happened

C happens D is happened

10 Many US automobiles in Detroit, Michigan

A manufacture B have manufactured

C are manufactured D.are manufacturing

11 A lot of pesticide residue can unwashed produce

A find B found

C be finding D be found

12 We by a loud noise during the night

A woke up B are woken up

C were woken up D were waking up

13 Some film stars difficult to work with

A are said be B are said to be

C say to be D said to be

14 Why did Tom keep making jokes about me? – I don’t enjoy at

A be laughed B to be laughed

C laughing D being laughed

15 Today, many serious childhood diseases by early immunization

A are preventing B can prevent

C prevent D can be prevented

16 Do you get your heating every year?

A checking B check

C be checked D checked

17 Bicycles in the driveway

A must not leave B must not be leaving

C must not be left D must not have left

18 Beethoven’s Fifth Symphony next weekend

A is going to be performed B has been performed

C will be performing D will have perform

19 All bottles before transportation

A frozen B were froze

C were frozen D are froze

20 .yet?

A Have the letters been typed B Have been the letters typed

C Have the letters typed D Had the letters typed

21 English has become a second language in countries like India, Nigeria or

Singapore where for administration, broadcasting and education

A is used B it is used

C used D being used

22 The telephones by Alexander Graham Bell

A is invented B is inventing

C invented D was invented

23 Lots of houses by the earthquake

A are destroying B destroyed

C were destroyed D is destroyed

24 Gold in California in the 19th century

A was discovered B has been discovered

C was discover D they discover

25 The preparation by the time the guest

A had been finished- arrived B have finished- arrived

C had finished-were arriving D have been finished- were arrived

Exercise 5 Choose the best answer

1 They were doing the bedroom on Friday

A) The bedroom were being done on Friday

B) The bedroom is done on Friday

C) The bedroom was being done on Friday

D) The bedroom are done on Friday

2 They’re painting the living room now

A) The living room is painting now

B) The living room is painted now

C) The living room is being painting now

D)The living room is being painted now

3 Martha was delivering the documents to the department

A) The document was being delivered to the department by Martha

B) The document was delivered to the department by Martha

C) The document was being delivering to the department by Martha

D) The document is being delivered to the department by Martha

4 The mayor is going to open a new airport

A) A new airport is going to opened by the mayor

B) A new airport is going to open by the mayor

C) A new airport is going to be opened by the mayor

D) A new airport is going to be open by the mayor

5 If you can’t drive, who is going to drive your car?

A) If you can’t drive, who is going to be driven your car?

B) If you can’t drive, by whom is your car going to be driven?

C) If you can’t drive, whom is your car going to be driven?

D) If you can’t drive, who your car is going to drive?

6 The police are interviewing all the witnesses

A) All the witnesses are interviewing the police

B) All the witnesses are being interviewed by the police

C) All the witnesses is interviewed the police

D) All the witnesses were being interviewed by the police

7 We’re going to give David a big surprise

A) A big surprise is going to give David

B) A big surprise is going to be given to David

C) David is going to give a big surprise

D) David is going to be given to a big surprise

8 They have painted the walls green

A) The walls has painted green

B) The green has been painted walls

C) The walls have been painted green

D) The walls have painted to green

9 They will finish the work next week

A) The work will be finish next week

B) The work will be finishing next week

C) The work will finish next week

D) The work will be finished next week

10 The delegates had received the information before the recess

A) The information had received the delegates before the recess

B) The information had been received before the recess the delegates

C) The information had been received before the recess by the delegates

D) The information had received before the recess the delegates

11 The teacher should buy the supplies for this class

A) The supplies should buy the teacher for this class

B) The supplies should buy this class for the teacher

C) The supplies should be bought for this class by the teacher

D) The supplies should be bought for the teacher by this class

12 Somebody will call Mr Watson tonight

A) Mr Watson will call somebody tonight

B) Mr Watson will be call tonight

C) Mr Watson tonight will call somebody

D) Mr Watson will be called tonight

13 The fire has caused a considerable damage

A) A considerable damage been has caused the fire

B) A considerable damage has caused the fire

C) A considerable damage has been caused by the fire

D) A considerable damage has caused by the fire

14 John will have received the papers by tomorrow

A) The papers will have been received by tomorrow by John

B) The papers will have received John by tomorrow

C) The papers will have been received John by tomorrow

D) The papers will have received tomorrow by John

15 They haven’t decided anything yet

A) Nothing has been decided yet

B) Anything haven’t been decided yet

C) Nothing has decided yet

D) Anything have decided yet

16 Your hair is long You ought to get it cut

A) Your long hair needs cutting

B) You ought to have your long hair cut

C) Your long hair should be cut

D) All are correct

17 The medical profession borrowed the technology from the other fields

A) The technology borrowed the medical profession from the other fields

B) The technology was borrowed from the other fields by the medical profession C) The technology were borrowed from the other fields the medical profession

D) The technology from the other fields borrowed by the medical profession

18 The surgeons arranged for the installation of a TV screen in the operating theatre

A) The installation of a TV screen in the operating theatre arranged the surgeons B) The installation of a TV screen in the operating theatre arranged by the surgeons C) The installation of a TV screen in the operating theatre were arranged by the

C) Emergency plans are first drawn up and later abandoned to build new cities

D) Emergency plans is first drawn up and later abandoned to build new cities

20 They had to make plans for extra places in schools in the 1990s

A) Extra places in schools had to be made plans in the 1990s

B) Extra places in schools in the 1990s had to make plans

C) Extra places in schools were had to make plans in the 1990s

D) Extra places in the 1990s in schools had to make plans

21 We gave the first scheme as their approval

A) The first scheme gave as their approval

B) The first scheme were given as their approval

C) The first scheme was given as their approval

D) The first scheme is given as their approval by us

22 I think Alfred Nobel invented dynamite

A) It is think that Alfred Nobel invented dynamite

B) It is thought that Alfred Nobel invented dynamite

C) Alfred Nobel was invented dynamite by me

D) Alfred Nobel was thought to invent dynamite by me

23 People thought at first that the Crown Prince had been attacked

A) People were thought at first that the Crown Prince had been attacked

B) It was thought at first that the Crown Prince had been attacked

C) People are thought at first that the Crown Prince had been attacked

D) It is thought at first that the Crown Prince had been attacked

24 People consider that his speech was one of the best

A) It was considered that his speech was one of the best

B) People are considered that his speech was one of the best

C) It is considered that his speech was one of the best

D) People were considered that his speech was one of the best

25 Police reported that a man had been helping them with their investigation A) Police reported that a man had been being helped with their investigation by them B) Police was reported that they had been being helped with their investigation by a

man

C) Police reported that they had been helped with their investigation by a man

D) It was reported that a man had been helping them with their investigation

UNIT 4 REPORTED SPEECH

I How to change into reported speech

When do we use reported speech? Sometimes someone says a sentence, for example

"I'm going to the cinema tonight" Later, maybe we want to tell someone else what the first person said

We use a 'reporting verb' like 'say' or 'tell' If this verb is in the present tense, it's easy

We just put 'she says' and then the sentence:

 Direct speech: ―I like ice cream‖

 Reported speech: She says she likes ice cream

We don't need to change the tense, though probably we do need to change the 'person' from 'I' to 'she', for example We also may need to change words like 'my' and 'your'

But, if the reporting verb is in the past tense, then usually we change the tenses in the

reported speech:

 Direct speech: ―I like ice cream‖

 Reported speech: She said she liked ice cream

past simple ―I bought a car‖ She said she had bought a car OR She

said she bought a car

Will ―I'll see you later‖ She said she would see me later

would* ―I would help,

but ‖ She said she would help but

can ―I can speak perfect

I was four‖ four

shall ―I shall come later‖ She said she would come later

should* ―I should call my

mother‖ She said she should call her mother might* "I might be late" She said she might be late

must "I must study at the

weekend"

She said she must study at the weekend

OR She said she had to study at the weekend

* doesn't change

Occasionally, we don't need to change the present tense into the past if the information

in direct speech is still true (but this is only for things which are general facts, and even then usually we like to change the tense):

 Direct speech: ―The sky is blue‖

 Reported speech: She said that the sky is/was blue

Reported Questions

 Direct speech: "Where do you live?"

In fact, it's not so different from reported statements The tense changes are the same, and we keep the question word The very important thing though is that, once we tell the question to someone else, it isn't a question any more So we need to change the grammar to a normal positive sentence

Direct speech: "Where do you live?"

Reported speech: She asked me where I lived

Direct speech: "where is Julie?"

Reported speech: She asked me where Julie was

The direct question is the present simple of 'be' We make the question form of the present simple of be by inverting (changing the position of)the subject and verb So,

we need to change them back before putting the verb into the past simple

Here are some more examples:

―Where is the Post Office,

―What are you doing?‖ She asked me what I was doing

―Who was that fantastic man?‖ She asked me who that fantastic man had

been

Yes / no' question

 Direct speech: "Do you like chocolate?"

 Reported speech: She asked me if I liked chocolate

―Do you love me?‖ He asked me if I loved him

―Have you ever been to

Mexico?‖

She asked me if I had ever been to Mexico

―Are you living here?‖ She asked me if I was living here

Time Expressions with Reported Speech

today yesterday / that day / Tuesday / the 27th of June

yesterday the day before yesterday / the day before / Wednesday / the 5th of

December last night the night before, Thursday night

last week the week before / the previous week

tomorrow today / the next day / the following day / Friday

II Special cases

Reported Requests

There's more! What if someone asks you to do something (in a polite way)? For

example:

 Direct speech: "Close the window, please"

 Or: "Could you close the window please?"

 Or: "Would you mind closing the window please?"

All of these requests mean the same thing, so we don't need to report every word when

we tell another person about it We simply use 'ask me + to + infinitive':

 Reported speech: She asked me to close the window

Here are a few more examples:

Direct Request Reported Request

―Please don't smoke‖ She asked me not to smoke

―Could you bring my book tonight?‖ She asked me to bring her book that

night

―Could you pass the milk, please?‖ She asked me to pass the milk

―Would you mind coming early

tomorrow?‖

She asked me to come early the next day

To report a negative request, use 'not':

 Direct speech: "Please don't be late."

 Reported speech: She asked us not to be late

Reported Orders

And finally, how about if someone doesn't ask so politely? We can call this an 'order'

in English, when someone tells you very directly to do something For example:

 Direct speech: "Sit down!"

 Reported speech: She told me to sit down

―Go to bed!‖ He told the child to go to bed

―Don't worry!‖ He told her not to worry

―Be on time!‖ He told me to be on time

―Don't smoke!‖ He told us not to smoke

III Exercises

Exercise 1: Complete the sentences in reported speech

1 He said, "I like this song." → He

4 "I never make mistakes," he said.→ He said………

5 "I was very tired," she said → She said

………

Exercise 2: Complete the sentences in reported speech

1 "Where is your sister?" she asked me.→ She asked

me………

2 "Where have you spent your money?" she asked him.→ She asked

him…………

3 "What's the time?" he asked.→ He wanted to know ………

4 "When will we meet again?" she asked me.→ She asked me ………

5 Where did they live?" he asked.→ He wanted to

know………

Exercise 3: Complete the sentences in reported speech

1 He asked, "Do I have to do it?" → He asked ………

2 Are you going to the cinema?" he asked me.→ He wanted to know………

3 "Has Caron talked to Kevin?" my friend asked me → My friend asked me ……

4 ―Can you meet me at the station?" she asked me.→ She asked me …………

5 "Are you crazy?" she asked him → She asked him

………

Exercise 4: Rewrite the following sentences in reported speech with infinitives

1 ―Remember to write to me soon,‖ she said to me  She reminded

5 ―Open the safe,‖ the robber said to the bank clerk  The robber ordered

6 ―I’ll wait for you I promise,‖ he said to me. He promised

7 ―I thought you took a holiday last summer,‖ Tom said to Sophia

 John expected Sophia

8 ―Carol, speaking English,‖ he said  He told

9 ―Fill in the form, sir‖ the receptionist said to the guest

 The receptionist asked

10 The teacher said to us , ―Do all your homework before you go to class‖

 The teacher told ……… …

Exercise 5: Rewrite the following sentences in reported speech with Gerund

1 ―Why don’t we organize an English competition for our student?‖ said Ms Lien

 Ms Lien suggested ………

2 ―I’m sorry I’m late,’ said Mr Thanh  Mr Thanh apologized ………

3 ―Me? No, I didn’t take Sue’s calculator,‖ Said Bob

 Bob denied ………

4 ―You took my pencil,‖ said David to Henry  David accused ………

5 ―I must see the manager,‖ he cried  He insisted ………

6 ―If you wanted to take my bike, you should have asked me first,‖ said Mike to his brother  Mike criticized ……….…

7 ― You won the scholarship Congratulation!‖ Mary told me

 Mary congratulated ………

8 ―It was kind of you to help me with my homework,‖ Lan said to Hoa

 Lan thanked ………

9 ―Turn off the computer You are not allowed to play game now,‖ Dick’s

mother said to him  Dick’s mother prevented ………

10 ―I only borrowed your car for some hours,‖ the man said

 The man admitted ………

Exercise 6: Turn into reported speech, using the verbs in brackets

1 He said to her, ―Come to the party You’ll enjoy it‖ (persuade)

2 ―I haven’t done anything wrong,‖ Tom said (deny)

3 ―No, I won’t talk to the lawyer,‖ Tom said (refuse)

4 ―Yes, I did drive too fast through the town,‖ she said (admit)

5 ―You damage my sweater, Tom,‖ said Ben (accuse)

6 ―Stop speeding or you will get a ticket,‖ said the traffic warden to the driver (warn)

7 ―Why don’t we work and keep ourselves from starving?‖ said Mike (suggest)

8 ―Go on holiday when the weather gets warmer,‖ she told him (advise)

9 ―Remember to post those letters,‖ he said to me (remind)

10 ―If you can’t find anyone else, I’ll drive you to the airport,‖ he said to me (volunteer)

11 ―If you don’t give me a pay rise, I’ll resign,‖ he said to me.(threaten)

12 ―I saw Megan in town,‖ he said (mention)

13 ―Nam, you shouldn’t spend so much money on gambling‖ (advise)

14 ―Would you like to have lunch with me today‖ (invite)

15 ―Why don’t you open a bank account‖ (encourage)

16 ―Remember to book a table in advance‖ (remind)

17 ―Fasten your seat belts‖ (tell)

18 ―I’ll offer you some more wine tomorrow‖ (promise)

19 ―Ok, I’ll carry some of these parcels for you‖ (offer)

20 ―Could you possibly give me a lift to the next village‖ (ask)

Exercise 7: Change the sentences into reported speech

1 "I want to go on holiday but I can’t afford it"

 She said………

2 ―You mustn’t get into this area,‖ the policeman said to them

 The policeman stopped …………

3 ―No, I’m sorry, I won’t work on Saturday,‖ said Victoria

 Victoria refused

4 "I’ll tell Ann I saw you."  Peter said………

5 ―If only I had told him the true!‖ Jane said  Jane regrets ………

6 "Why didn’t Kay come to the party?" I asked  I asked………

7 ―What I always want is to become a doctor,‖ she said

 She dreamt ………

8 "I work for a small publishing company"  Nam said

9 ―I like this car I’ll buy it,‖ Christina said  Christina thought

………… ……

10 "I’m their marketing manager"  I said………

11 ―I feel like going to America next month,‖ Margaret said

 Margaret looked forward to ………

12."Do you have to pay to park here?" She asked him  She asked

him………

13 "Who is that woman?" He asked  He asked………

14 ―If you don’t pay the ransom, we’ll kill your son,‖ the kidnappers said to them

The kidnappers threatened …………

15."I don’t have much time to enjoy myself."  He said………

16 ―Taking a holiday would be a good idea,‖ George said

 George proposed

17 "I haven’t had lunch with a friend for ages."  He said

18 ―Would you like me to help you with the cooking, Tom?‖ Laura said

 Laura offered

19 ―I won’t answer any questions,‖ Paul said  Paul agreed

20 "How far is it to the airport?" The man asked the woman

 The man asked the woman………