GIÁO TRÌNH NGỮ PHÁP cơ bản (dùng cho hệ đại học ngôn ngữ anh)

TRƢỜNG ĐẠI HỌC QUẢNG BÌNH KHOA NGOẠI NGỮ GIÁO TRÌNH (Lƣu hành nội bộ) NGỮ PHÁP CƠ BẢN (Dành cho sinh viên Đại học Ngôn ngữ Anh) Tác giả: Nguyễn Thị Hồng Thắm Năm 2014 MỤC LỤC UNIT SUBJECT AND VERB AGREEMENT UNIT VERB PATTERNS 10 UNIT PASSIVE VOICE 18 UNIT REPORTED SPEECH 27 UNIT CONDITIONAL SENTENCES 35 UNIT COMPARISION 43 UNIT RELATIVE CLAUSE 51 UNIT PREPOSITIONS AND ARTICLES 59 LỜI NÓI ĐẦU Ngữ pháp giáo trình biên soạn theo khung chương trình giáo dục đại học ngành Ngôn ngữ Anh Giáo trình biên soạn theo hướng cung cấp cho sinh viên vốn ngữ pháp tiếng Anh: hòa hợp chủ ngữ động từ, hình thức động từ, câu bị động, câu gián tiếp, câu điều kiện, câu so sánh, mệnh đề quan hệ, giới từ mạo từ Kết thúc học phần, sinh viên hệ thống hóa ngữ pháp tiếng Anh làm tảng để học học phần hiệu Qua đó, sinh viên có khả vận dụng hệ thống cấu trúc giới thiệu để làm tập ngữ pháp với cấp độ khó tăng dần, tích lũy kiến thức tạo tiền đề cho học phần ngữ pháp nâng cao Ngoài ra, sinh viên phát triển kĩ nói viết đoạn văn tiếng Anh thông qua tập vận dụng UNIT SUBJECT AND VERB AGREEMENT I Basic rules Singular subjects need singular verbs; plural subjects need plural verbs E.g My brother is a nutritionist My sisters are mathematicians As a general rule, use a plural verb with two or more subjects when they are connected by and E.g A car and a bike are my means of transportation Exceptions: Breaking and entering is against the law The bed and breakfast was charming In those sentences, breaking and entering and bed and breakfast are compound nouns II Special cases The indefinite pronouns anyone, everyone, someone, no one, nobody are always singular and, therefore, require singular verbs  Everyone has done his or her homework  Somebody has left her purse Some indefinite pronouns — such as all, some — are singular or plural depending on what they're referring to (Is the thing referred to countable or not?) Be careful choosing a verb to accompany such pronouns  Some of the beads are missing  Some of the water is gone On the other hand, there is one indefinite pronoun, none, that can be either singular or plural; it often doesn't matter whether you use a singular or a plural verb — unless something else in the sentence determines its number (Writers generally think of none as meaning not any and will choose a plural verb, as in "None of the engines are working," but when something else makes us regard none as meaning not one, we want a singular verb, as in "None of the food is fresh.")  None of you claims responsibility for this incident?  None of you claim responsibility for this incident?  None of the students have done their homework (In this last example, the word their precludes the use of the singular verb Some indefinite pronouns are particularly troublesome Everyone and everybody (listed above, also) certainly feel like more than one person and, therefore, students are sometimes tempted to use a plural verb with them They are always singular, though Each is often followed by a prepositional phrase ending in a plural word (Each of the cars), thus confusing the verb choice Each, too, is always singular and requires a singular verb Everyone has finished his or her homework You would always say, "Everybody is here." This means that the word is singular and nothing will change that Each of the students is responsible for doing his or her work in the library Don't let the word "students" confuse you; the subject is each and each is always singular — Each is responsible Phrases such as together with, as well as, and along with are not the same as and The phrase introduced by as well as or along with will modify the earlier word (mayor in this case), but it does not compound the subjects (as the word and would do)  The mayor as well as his brothers is going to prison  The mayor and his brothers are going to jail The pronouns neither and either are singular and require singular verbs even though they seem to be referring, in a sense, to two things  Neither of the two traffic lights is working  Which shirt you want for Christmas? Either is fine with me In informal writing, neither and either sometimes take a plural verb when these pronouns are followed by a prepositional phrase beginning with of This is particularly true of interrogative constructions: "Have either of you two clowns read the assignment?" "Are either of you taking this seriously?" Burchfield calls this "a clash between notional and actual agreement."* The conjunction or does not conjoin (as and does): when nor or or is used the subject closer to the verb determines the number of the verb Whether the subject comes before or after the verb doesn't matter; the proximity determines the number  Either my father or my brothers are going to sell the house  Neither my brothers nor my father is going to sell the house  Are either my brothers or my father responsible?  Is either my father or my brothers responsible? Because a sentence like "Neither my brothers nor my father is going to sell the house" sounds peculiar, it is probably a good idea to put the plural subject closer to the verb whenever that is possible The words there and here are never subjects  There are two reasons [plural subject] for this  There is no reason for this  Here are two apples With these constructions (called expletive constructions), the subject follows the verb but still determines the number of the verb Sometimes modifiers will get betwen a subject and its verb, but these modifiers must not confuse the agreement between the subject and its verb The mayor, who has been convicted along with his four brothers on four counts of various crimes but who also seems, like a cat, to have several political lives, is finally going to jail Sometimes nouns take weird forms and can fool us into thinking they're plural when they're really singular and vice-versa Words such as glasses, pants, pliers, and scissors are regarded as plural (and require plural verbs) unless they're preceded the phrase pair of (in which case the word pair becomes the subject)  My glasses were on the bed  My pants were torn Some collective nouns, such as family, couple, staff, audience, etc., may take either a singular or a plural verb, depending on their use in the sentence Examples: The staff is in a meeting Staff is acting as a unit The couple disagree about disciplining their child The couple refers to two people who are acting as individuals NOTE Anyone who uses a plural verb with a collective noun must take care to be accurate— and also consistent It must not be done carelessly The following is the sort of flawed sentence one sees and hears a lot these days: The staff is deciding how they want to vote Careful speakers and writers would avoid assigning the singular is and the plural they to staff in the same sentence Consistent: The staff are deciding how they want to vote Rewriting such sentences is recommended whenever possible The preceding sentence would read even better as: The staff members are deciding how they want to vote 10 Some words end in -s and appear to be plural but are really singular and require singular verbs  The news from the front is bad  Measles is a dangerous disease for pregnant women On the other hand, some words ending in -s refer to a single thing but are nonetheless plural and require a plural verb  My assets were wiped out in the depression  The average worker's earnings have gone up dramatically  Our thanks go to the workers who supported the union The names of sports teams that not end in "s" will take a plural verb: the Miami Heat have been looking … , The Connecticut Sun are hoping that new talent … 11 Fractional expressions such as half of, a part of, a percentage of, a majority of are sometimes singular and sometimes plural, depending on the meaning (The same is true, of course, when all, any, more, most and some act as subjects.) Sums and products of mathematical processes are expressed as singular and require singular verbs The expression "more than one" (oddly enough) takes a singular verb: "More than one student has tried this."  Some of the voters are still angry  A large percentage of the older population is voting against her  Two-fifths of the troops were lost in the battle  Two-fifths of the vineyard was destroyed by fire  Forty percent of the students are in favor of changing the policy  Forty percent of the student body is in favor of changing the policy  Two and two is four  Four times four divided by two is eight 12 If your sentence compounds a positive and a negative subject and one is plural, the other singular, the verb should agree with the positive subject  The department members but not the chair have decided not to teach on Valentine's Day  It is not the faculty members but the president who decides this issue  It was the speaker, not his ideas, that has provoked the students to riot 13 A subject will come before a phrase beginning with of This is a key rule for understanding subjects The word of is the culprit in many, perhaps most, subject-verb mistakes Incorrect: A bouquet of yellow roses lend color and fragrance to the room Correct: A bouquet of yellow roses lends (bouquet lends, not roses lend) 14 Use a singular verb with distances, periods of time, sums of money, etc., when considered as a unit Three miles is too far to walk Five years is the maximum sentence for that offense Ten dollars is a high price to pay BUT Ten dollars (i.e., dollar bills) were scattered on the floor III Exercises Exercise1: Choose the correct form of the verb that agrees with the subject Annie and her brothers (is, are) at school Either my mother or my father (is, are) coming to the meeting The dog or the cats (is, are) outside Either my shoes or your coat (is, are) always on the floor George and Tamara (doesn't, don't) want to see that movie Benito (doesn't, don't) know the answer One of my sisters (is, are) going on a trip to France The man with all the birds (live, lives) on my street The movie, including all the previews, (take, takes) about two hours to watch 10 The players, as well as the captain, (want, wants) to win 11 Either answer (is, are) acceptable 12 Every one of those books (is, are) fiction 13 Nobody (know, knows) the trouble I've seen 14 (Is, Are) the news on at five or six? 15 Mathematics (is, are) John's favorite subject, while Civics (is, are) Andrea's favorite subject 16 Eight dollars (is, are) the price of a movie these days 17 (Is, Are) the tweezers in this drawer? 18 Your pants (is, are) at the cleaner's 19 There (was, were) fifteen candies in that bag Now there (is, are) only one left! 20 The committee (debates, debate) these questions carefully Exercise 2: Supply the correct form of verbs in brackets The use of vitamin supplements and herbs (be) _ becoming increasingly popular among Americans While many studies claim that vitamins and herbs can improve health, there (be) _ a lot of controversy about their safety The Food and Drug Administration (FDA) (do) _ not regulate vitamins and herbs Most experts (believe) _ that herbal supplements are mild and somewhat harmless Still, anyone who (take) _ too much of a vitamin or herb could suffer negative side effects For example, some medical problems (have) _ been linked to overuse of ephedra, an herb taken by people to lose weight Some research (suggest) _ that Vitamin C may help prevent cancer People who (take) _ more than 1,000 miligrams of vitamin C daily may experience diarrhea or kidney stones Advertisers say that the herb "kava kava" (reduce) _ anxiety and insomnia 10 Using large amounts of kava kava (be) _ not wise as muscle, eye or skin problems could result 11 The danger of long-term use of vitamins and herbs (be) _ still unknown 12 There (be) _ a lot of evidence that vitamin-rich foods are beneficial 13 However, whether the use of supplements (be) _ helpful or not is still being debated 14 Most people (be) _ able to get all the vitamins they need in the foods they eat 15 A daily diet that (contain) _ foods from the groups should supply all the nutrients a person needs UNIT VERB PATTERNS I The infinitive What is the infinitive? The infinitive of a verb is its basic form with or without the particle to: Examples:  'do' or 'to do'  'be' or 'to be' The infinitive without to is called bare infinitive ('do', 'be') The infinitive with to is called full infinitive ('to do', 'to be') The bare infinitive The bare infinitive is used as the main verb after the dummy auxiliary verb do, or most modal auxiliary verbs (such as will, can, orshould ) Examples: I know him I like you I can it Several common verbs of perception, including see, watch, hear, feel, and sense take a direct object and a bare infinitive Examples: I saw it happen I watched it happen The bare infinitive is also used with several common verbs of permission or causation, including make, bid, let, and have Example: I made/bade/let/had him it (However, make takes a to-infinitive in the passive voice I was made to it The bare infinitive is also used after the following expressions had better You had better clean up your room would rather Susan would rather study for her exam tomorrow would sooner I would sooner read a book than watch this film why not why should we Why not ask your neighbour for help? Why should we go by car? why should we not Why should we not go by car? 10 The car which is parked next to mine is very expensive The car parked next to mine is very expensive Hamlet,which was written by Shakespeare sometime in the early 1600s, is among the classics Hamlet, written by Shakespeare sometime in the early 1600s, is among the classics We can use infinitive “to” in the cases below The only to Superlative to The first, last, second, next to John is the only person who understands me John is the only person to understand me Tom is the most handsome boy who came in this school Tom is the most handsome boy to come in this school Jack is the first person who has handed in this exam Jack is the first person to have handed in this exam IV Omission of relative pronouns In defining clauses, we can omit the relative pronoun in the position of object The boy who / whom / that you don’t like much wants to talk to you The boy you don’t like much wants to talk to you Note: In non-defining sentences you neither omit the relative pronoun nor use "that" My mother, who / whom that you met yesterday, wants to talk to you My mother you met yesterday Exercises Exercise 1: Complete with Relative Pronouns / Adverbs The book I need isn’t on the shelf Do you know that girl, name’s Katy? I met someone said he knew you That was the time he managed the company The teacher with we studied has just got married Our school doesn’t have a library we can read books He passed the exam, doesn’t make us surprised People and animals passed by in the street made such a terrible noise No one knows the reason they become so naughty 55 10 An old man bought the house is next door to my house 11 Mary is one of my friends, try hard to succeed 12 This is the school gate is pink 13 I saw some people and horses were moving to the market 14 I like the films have happy endings 15 Do you remember the people we met in Hanoi? 16 I lived in Dalat, is a beautiful city 17 I bought a computer screen was not very good 18 A café is a small restaurant people can get a light meal 19 Summer is the time of year the weather is the hottest 20 I have sent him two letters, neither of has arrived Exercise Use a relative clause to join each pair of sentences: The teacher punished the student This student was naughty  This is my beloved school I studied in this school when I was young  I have just received a letter of Sally She used to be my neighbor  We live in a village called Netherworld It has 150 inhabitants  They gave us a lot of information Most of it was useless  There was a time Dinosaurs dominated the earth then  Tony is the same age as me His parents both died in a car accident  The boy was paid $100 He took the photograph  Yesterday I met the girl on the street I used to go out with her  10 The thieves stole paintings from the art gallery They have been arrested in Paris  Exercise Reduce the following relative clauses: He was the first man that landed on the moon 56  She was the first woman who was elected to parliament  Harry isn’t the kind of person who gets on with everyone  There is only one Greek island that we can visit  The letter which arrived this morning contained bad news  The car which was bought in 1990 is a very reliable one  I live on a small road which leads to the river  Sue brought home a kitten which was found in the park  The man who comes from Australia teaches us English  10 I have got a lot of homework that I have to  Exercise 4: Choose the best options The man spoke to John is my brother A whom B who C whose D which I must thank the man from _ I got the present A who B whom C that D which C which D whose C who D whose It is a car I bought last year A whom B who He is the man _ son is a doctor A whom B which I come from a city _ is located in the southern part of the country A who B whom C that D whose The film about _ they are talking is fantastic A who B which C whom D that That’s the woman to _ Jim used to be married A who B whom C which D that The people who are waiting for the bus in the rain are getting well 57 A waiting B to wait C waited D wait C who D A& C He is the boy _ is my best friend A that B whom 10 I have a message for people by the traffic chaos A to delay B who delay C delayed D who delaying 11 I live in a pleasant room the garden A to overlook B overlooking C overlooked D which overlooking 12 Melanie was the only person a letter of thanks A wrote B written C to write D writing 13 The pilot was the only man after the crash A was rescued B rescued C rescuing D to be rescued 14 I met a lot of new people at the party names I can’t remember A whose B which C who D whom 15 I talked to a woman car had broken down on the way to the party A which B who C whose D whom 16 Vicky, name was missed off the list, wasn’t very pleased A which B whose C who D whom 17 The picture _is being shown in an exhibition was painted by Laura A which B whose C who D whom 18 The concert _ we are looking forward is next Saturday A which B that C whom D A & B 19 I’ll see you near the post office _ we met the other day A which B where C when D why 20 The success of shared holidays depends on you shared it with A whose B who C whom D which 58 UNIT PREPOSITIONS AND ARTICLES I Prepositions Prepositions after verbs  About agree about : đồng ý argue about : tranh cãi boast about : khoe khoang, khoác lác dream about : mơ think about : nghĩ talk about : nói, nói chuyện tell about : nói, kể complain about : than phiền, khiếu nại, kêu ca  At laugh at : cười nhạo, chế nhiễu look at : nhìn, ngắm, xem stare at : nhìn chằm chằm  For ask for : hỏi xin apply for : (nạp đơn) xin (một công việc, …) arrange for : thu xếp, chuẩn bị care for : trông nom, chăm sóc, nuôi nấng look for : tìm, tìm kiếm search for : khám xét, lục soát, tìm kiếm wait for : đợi, chờ đợi forgive someone for: tha thứ, dung tha cho thank someone for: cám ơn / pay for something: trả, toán  From prevent someone / something from: ngăn cản discourage someone from: làm nản lòng, làm ngã lòng stop someone / something from: chặn lại, làm dừng lại  In believe in : tin tưởng, tin cậy vào confide in : giải bày tâm với succeed in : thành công 59 take part in : tham gia vào participate in : tham gia vào specialise in : chuyên  Of die of : chết dream of : mơ think of : nghĩ remind someone of : gợi cho nhớ accuse someone of : buộc tội, kết tội (dis)approve of : (không) tán thành warn someone of : báo trước, cảnh báo  On concentrate on : tập trung vào congratulate someone on : chúc mừng depend on : phụ thuộc vào, lệ thuvộc rely on : tin vào, tin cậy vào insist on : khăng khăng đòi, cố nài blame something on someone : khiển trách, đổ lỗi  To add something to : thêm, làm tăng thêm be accustomed to : quen với be used to : quen với belong to : thuộc về, của, thuộc quyền sở hữu explain something to someone : giải thích điều cho listen to : nghe, lắng nghe reply to : trả lời, đáp lại talk to someone (about something) : nói, trò chuyện với (về điều gì)  With agree with : đồng ý với argue with : cãi vã với begin with : bắt đầu deal with : đối xử discuss something with someone : thảo luận, bàn bạc điều với provide someone with something : cung cấp cho share something with someone : chia sẻ / điều với 60  Prepositions of time  At at + a specific time on the clock (một điểm thời gian cụ thể) at + night Ví dụ: - We have class at one o’clock - I have an appointment with the doctor at o’clock - We sleep at night  In in + specific month / year (tháng / năm cụ thể) in + the morning / the afternoon / the evening Ví dụ: - My birthday is in October - I was born in 1980 - We have class in the morning  On on + a specific day of the week (ngày tuần) a specific date (ngày tháng năm) Ví dụ: - I have class on Monday I was born on October 31, 1975  From to: from + (a specific time) to + (a specific time) (từ … đến) Ví dụ: We have class from 1.00 to 2.00  For for + (a period of time) Ta dùng for + khoảng thời gian để nói diễn / hay người làm Ví dụ: - We watched TV for two hours last night Ann is going away for a week in September  By by + (a point of time) = not later than by + điểm thời gian có nghĩa ―trước, chậm là‖ Ví dụ: - Can you finish the work by five o’clock / tomorrow? - I posted this letter today, so they should receive it by 61 Monday  After “after + time” có nghĩa ―sau thời gian …‖ Ví dụ: - We’ll leave after lunch - I’ll wait for you in front of the cinema after shortly six  Between “between + (a point of time) + and + (a point of time)” có nghĩa ―trong khoảng từ … đến …‖ “between + events” có nghĩa ―trong khoảng thời gian phân cách kiện‖ Ví dụ: - It’s cheaper between pm and am - I’m usually free between Tuesday and Thursday - Children must attend school between and 16  Till / Until “till / until + a definite point of time” có nghĩa ―đến lúc, đến khi‖ Ví dụ: - We’ll wait for your answer untill / till tomorrow - It may last till Friday - Nothing happened until o’clock - He works in the fields from morning till night Prepositions of location / place  On Giới từ on có nghĩa: a (chạm vào, sát vào, bao phủ tạo thành phần bề mặt) Ví dụ: - There is a picture on the wall - Sit on the grass - Leave the glasses on the table b (một đại lộ, đường) Ví dụ: - He lives on Hill Street - She lives on Grove Boulevard c / vào phương tiện chuyên chở Ví dụ: - They are on the plane from London to New York - We will have lunch on the train d trên, dựa gắn vào người / vật Ví dụ: - He lies on his back on the grass sleeping well - He is riding on horseback - She’s wearing a ring on her thumb finger 62  At + address: (At + địa chỉ) Ví dụ: He lives at 10 Ngô Quyền street  In + a country / a city: (In P+ tên nước / thành phố) Ví dụ: - Tom lives in the United States - He lives in New York City  Một số giới từ vị trí khác: above: bên / around: xung quanh behind: đằng sau below: bên beside: bên cạnh between: far (away) from: xa in back of: sau in the back of: sau lưng (của) in front of: trước mặt in the front of: đằng trước (của) in the middle of: inside: bên near: gần next to: bên cạnh on top of: đỉnh outside: bên under: bên II Articles A / An The indefinite article is the a is the same for all genders a boy, a girl, a cat The indefinite article has no plural form a boy - boys We use an if the following word starts with a vowel the following word starts with a consonant the following word starts with a vowel a boy an aunt 63 a school an old school a girl an American girl Mind the pronunciation of the following word a unit an uncle This u sounds like a consonant, so we use a This u sounds like a vowel, so we use an Use of the indefinite article a/an - before phrases of time and measurements (per week/weekly) We have English times a week I go on holiday twice a year Our car can 220 kilometres an hour Tomatoes are $2 a kilo - before phrases of jobs My father is a car mechanic - with a noun complement He is a good boy - before phrases of nationality Bruce Springsteen is an American - half/quite We need half a pound of sugar This is quite a good story The The definite article the is the most frequent word in English We use the definite article in front of a noun when we believe the hearer/reader knows exactly what we are referring to • because there is only one: The Pope is visiting Russia The moon is very bright tonight The Shah of Iran was deposed in 1979 64 This is why we use the definite article with a superlative adjective: He is the tallest boy in the class It is the oldest building in the town • because there is only one in that place or in those surroundings: We live in a small village next to the church = (the church in our village) Dad, can I borrow the car? = (the car that belongs to our family) When we stayed at my grandmother’s house we went to the beach every day = (the beach near my grandmother’s house) Look at the boy in the blue shirt over there = (the boy I am pointing at) • because we have already mentioned it: A woman who fell 10 metres from High Peak was lifted to safety by a helicopter The woman fell while climbing The rescue is the latest in a series of incidents on High Peak In January last year two men walking on the peakwere killed in a fall We also use the definite article: • to say something about all the things referred to by a noun: The wolf is not really a dangerous animal (= Wolves are not really dangerous animals) The kangaroo is found only in Australia (= Kangaroos are found only in Australia) The heart pumps blood around the body (= Hearts pump blood around bodies) We use the definite article in this way to talk about musical instruments: Joe plays the piano really well.(= Joe can play any piano) She is learning the guitar.(= She is learning to play any guitar) • to refer to a system or service: How long does it take on the train I heard it on the radio You should tell the police • With adjectives like rich, poor, elderly, unemployed to talk about groups of people: 65 Life can be very hard for the poor I think the rich should pay more taxes She works for a group to help the disabled The definite article with names: We not normally use the definite article with names: William Shakespeare wrote Hamlet Paris is the capital of France Iran is in Asia But we use the definite article with: • countries whose names include words like kingdom, states or republic: the United Kingdom; the Kingdom of Nepal; the United States; the People’s Republic of China • countries which have plural nouns as their names: the Netherlands; the Philippines • geographical features, such as mountain ranges, groups of islands, rivers, seas, oceans and canals: the Himalayas; the Canaries; the Atlantic; the Atlantic Ocean; the Amazon; the Panama Canal • newspapers: The Times; The Washington Post • well known buildings or works of art: the Empire State Building; the Taj Mahal; the Mona Lisa; the Sunflowers • organisations: the United Nations; the Seamen’s Union • hotels, pubs and restaurants*: the Ritz; the Ritz Hotel; the King’s Head; the Déjà Vu *Note: We not use the definite article if the name of the hotel or restaurant is the name of the owner, e.g.,Brown’s; Brown’s Hotel; Morel’s; Morel’s Restaurant, etc • families: the Obamas; the Jacksons Exercise: Choose the best answer She is looking a new place to live because she does not want to depend _ her parents any more a for / on b after / with c up / forward d at / into 66 She intended to quit her job to stay _ home and look _ her sick mother a in / at b at / after c for / over d up / on He is very worried his new job because he is not quite prepared _working a on / over b to / off c about / for d in / at Instead _ petrol, cars will only run solar energy and electricity a of / on b for / by c in / over d from/ upon She has a promising future ahead _ her a for b from c on d of What are your plans for _ future? a a b an c the d Ø If you have ever watched television, you have seen plenty _ drug ads a with b of c for d about Elevators in tall building make the top floors accessible _ everybody a to b with c about d at While I am waiting _ my bus, I often listen _ music a on / at b for / to c toward / about d upon / in 10 Those spacecrafts are used taking photographs _ space a about / through b for / in c of / at d in / off 11 Will you take care _ my little dog when I am _ business? a through / away b about / at c for / over d of / on 12 According Bill, there's something wrong _ my computer a after / for b on / about c to / with d upon / at 13 He depends _ his sister _ assistance a to / from b from / in c on / for d at / with 14 He usually travels to _ Philadelphia by _ train a Ø / Ø b the / a c the / the d Ø / a 15 You frequently see this kind of violence on _ television a a b an c the d Ø 16 How we know what _ universe is supposed to look like? a a b an c the d Ø 17 They arrived _ that train station late because their taxi had broken _ a at / down b for / off c on / over d on / up 18 Those workers are in difficulty because wage increases cannot keep up _inflation 67 a with b for c over d on 19 They argued _us the problem last night, but we could not find _ the solution a with / about / out b on / for / off c upon / with / in d to / on I up 20 - Is Miss Wilson very fond _ French food? - No, she is not used _ having French food a over / with b of / to c off / for d in / about 68 REFERENCES Betty, S.& Donald, A (1990), Understanding and Using English Grammar, Prentice Hall Regents Murphy, R (2004), English Grammar in Use, Cambridge University Press Swan, M (2005), Practical English Usage, Oxford University Press Werner, P & Nelson, J (1996), A Content-based Grammar, Mc Graw Hill 69 ... NÓI ĐẦU Ngữ pháp giáo trình biên soạn theo khung chương trình giáo dục đại học ngành Ngôn ngữ Anh Giáo trình biên soạn theo hướng cung cấp cho sinh viên vốn ngữ pháp tiếng Anh: hòa hợp chủ ngữ động... quan hệ, giới từ mạo từ Kết thúc học phần, sinh viên hệ thống hóa ngữ pháp tiếng Anh làm tảng để học học phần hiệu Qua đó, sinh viên có khả vận dụng hệ thống cấu trúc giới thiệu để làm tập ngữ pháp. .. giới thiệu để làm tập ngữ pháp với cấp độ khó tăng dần, tích lũy kiến thức tạo tiền đề cho học phần ngữ pháp nâng cao Ngoài ra, sinh viên phát triển kĩ nói viết đoạn văn tiếng Anh thông qua tập