Logic học phật giáo

PH M QU NH Logic học Phật giáo NH XU T B N I H C QU C GIA H N I Logic h c Ph t giỏo Logic học Phật giáo M cl c M cl c Trang L I GI I THI U Chng LOGIC HC PHT GIO - NGUN GC HèNH THNH V S PHT TRIN 11 1.1 Nhng t tng Logic hc Pht giỏo thi kỡ tin Dignga 17 1.2 Thc ti lun v nhn thc lun trit hc Pht giỏo 63 1.3 Cuc canh tõn Logic hc c n ca Dignga v Dharmkirti 70 Chng NHNG NI DUNG C BN CA LOGIC HC PHT GIO 89 2.1 Mc ớch, phm vi ca Logic hc Pht giỏo 89 2.2 Hin lng v cỏc loi hin lng 99 2.3 T lng v cỏc loi t lng 110 2.4 Phi lng v cỏc loi phi lng 149 Chng GI TR NHN THC CA LOGIC HC PHT GIO 161 3.1 Giỏ tr ca Logic hc Pht giỏo nhỡn t gúc nhn thc lun 161 3.2 Giỏ tr ca Logic hc Pht giỏo nhỡn t gúc Logic hỡnh thc 175 KT LUN PH LC DANH MC TI LIU THAM KHO Logic h c Ph t giỏo L i gi i thi u LờI GiớI THIệU Logic hc Pht giỏo (cũn cú tờn gi theo õm Hỏn - Vit l Nhõn Minh hc Pht giỏo, ) l mt ni dung ln h thng trit hc Pht giỏo Logic hc Pht giỏo va cú s phỏt trin ni ti nhu cu truyn giỏo cú phng phỏp, va cú s k tha nhng phng phỏp lp lun sn cú ca n c i Nhng phng phỏp lp lun y l tinh hoa ca trit hc n , n Pht giỏo nú li c chng ct mt ln na ri cú sc lan ta khp lc a chõu Logic hc Pht giỏo cng l mt nhng phng phỏp t logic ca ngi phng ụng Vỡ vy, nghiờn cu Logic hc Pht giỏo gúp phn lm sỏng t mt nhng phng thc t ca ngi phng ụng Hn na, nghiờn cu Logic hc Pht giỏo gúp phn hiu mt cỏch sõu sc hn trit hc Pht giỏo Vit Nam l mt nc cú s dõn tin v theo Pht giỏo chim t l khỏ ln Trong lch s cng nh hin ti v tng lai, Pht giỏo cũn cú nh hng lõu di v sõu sc Nhng cụng trỡnh nghiờn cu tip cn Pht giỏo vi t cỏch mt tụn giỏo, mt h thng trit hc nc ta ó cú khỏ nhiu, nhng nhng cụng trỡnh nghiờn cu v Logic hc ca Pht giỏo thỡ ch cú th m trờn u ngún tay Phi chng ngi phng ụng khụng cú Logic hc? Hay l vỡ nú l chuyờn ngnh hp khụng ỏng quan tõm nghiờn cu? Hay l ch cú Logic hc chõu u mi l nht ỳng n cũn nhng phng thc suy lun khỏc thỡ khụng cú giỏ tr gỡ ỏng k? S thc khụng phi nh vy Trong sut nhng nm u ca th k XX n nay, trờn th gii ó cú rt nhiu Logic h c Ph t giỏo cụng trỡnh nghiờn cu v Logic hc Pht giỏo Trc chõn lý, mi ngnh khoa hc mi chõu lc u bỡnh ng ú l s bỡnh ng v mt giỏ tr Vỡ vy, nghiờn cu tỡm giỏ tr ca Logic hc Pht giỏo l mt nhu cu cp thit Trong lch s, trc cú s xõm lc ca thc dõn Anh vo n , Trung Quc thỡ Logic hc Pht giỏo n v Trung Quc, Nht Bn, ó cú lch s hng nghỡn nm nghiờn cu, chỳ gii Sau Dignga (phiờn õm Hỏn Vit l Dignga , khong 450 520) nh hỡnh c cỏi gi l Logic hc Pht giỏo hai tỏc phm Pramasamuccaya, Hetu-cakra-hamaru thỡ cỏc th h hc trũ ca ụng liờn tc nghiờn cu v phỏt trin mụn khoa hc ny Trong ú phi k n Dharmakrti (phiờn õm Hỏn Vit l Phỏp Xng , khong 635 695), hc trũ xut sc giỏn tip ca Dignga, ngi c cỏc hc gi phng Tõy vớ nh Aristotle ca n ó cú cụng hon thin Logic hc Pht giỏo ễng khụng nhng hiu thu ỏo v chỳ gii hu ht cỏc tỏc phm ca Dignga m cũn ch c nhng hn ch v khụng nht quỏn ca Dignga Trong khong thi gian t th k th V n th k th XIV, ti n liờn tc xut hin cỏc tỏc phm nghiờn cu, chỳ gii ca cỏc lun s Pht giỏo, c bit l cỏc lun s ca phỏi M Vng Pht giỏo Tõy Tng, in hỡnh l Tsong-kha-pa (Tng Khỏch Ba 1357 1419), ngi ó cú cụng tỡm thy v chỳ gii mt tỏc phm c bit quan trng ca Dharmakrti ú l tỏc phm Prama-varttika, mt nhng tỏc phm cú trt t kt cu trỏi ngc hon ton vi quan im chung ca trit hc n , gõy nờn s chỳ ý ln cho cỏc nh bỡnh lun v chỳ gii thi by gi Ti Trung Quc, nhng nghiờn cu v Logic hc Pht giỏo khụng c phong phỳ bng nhng nghiờn cu thuc v cỏc lnh vc tụn giỏo Sau chuyn Tõy du kộo di gn 17 nm, phỏp s Huyn Trang ( 600 664) ó mang v Trung Quc mt s lng kinh in Pht giỏo s, nhng khụng hiu vỡ lý gỡ, ụng ch t chc dch hai tỏc phm khụng my c bn ca Logic hc Pht giỏo, ú l Nyya-pravesa L i gi i thi u (Chớnh lý mụn lun bn) ca Dignga v Hetuvidya nyya-pravesa-stra (Nhõn minh nhp chớnh lý lun) ca Sankara Svmin (khong 550 SCN), m khụng t chc dch cỏc tỏc phm quan trng hn Hai tỏc phm ny thụng qua ng Hỏn dch li tr nờn rt ni ting Trung Quc, Nht Bn v Vit Nam Nhng ngi tip bc Huyn Trang dch v chỳ gii Logic hc Pht giỏo phi k n hai hc trũ kit xut ca ụng l Khuy C, Hu Chiu Trong sut chng ng lch s hng nghỡn nm ú, nhng nghiờn cu ch yu l ca cỏc nh s v u cú chung mt c im l mang tớnh chỳ gii, hun h, cn c vo tng cõu, tng ch ca tỏc phm bn ch cha vt ngoi tỏc phm ỏnh giỏ, nhn xột V mt iu rt d nhn l ngụn ng m h s dng ó quỏ c, mang c thự Pht giỏo, khin ngi c, ngi hc, ngi nghiờn cu rt khú khn tip cn Song song vi vic ỏp t ỏch thc dõn n , thc dõn Anh tớch cc t chc nghiờn cu húa n Hng lot cỏc hc gi, vi phng phỏp khỏ mi ó tỡm thy ni õy mnh t vt cũn nguyờn s, cú y cỏc t cht trờn cỏc lnh vc hc, trit hc, tụn giỏo, v.v Logic hc n , ú cú Logic hc Pht giỏo cng l mt nhng i tng c quan tõm nghiờn cu khỏ k Cỏc tờn tui nh TH Stcherbatsky, G Tucci, E Steikellner, Rhys Davis, Pussin de Valeộ l nhng ngi u tiờn gii thiu Logic hc Pht giỏo sang chõu u v ó gõy c ting vang rt ln iu ú cng kớch thớch cỏc hc gi chõu u, M, sau ny l cỏc hc gi Trung Quc, n nghiờn cu sõu rng hn v Logic hc Pht giỏo Mt cỏch khỏi quỏt nht, chỳng tụi cú th phõn nhúm cỏc lnh vc m h ó nghiờn cu vi nhng tỏc phm tiờu biu nh sau Nhúm th nht l nhng tỏc gi cú tỏc phm nghiờn cu v lch s Logic hc Pht giỏo ú l cỏc cụng trỡnh nghiờn cu ca: 1/ H Ngu: Gin thut quỏ trỡnh phỏt trin ca Nhõn minh hc, Hin i Pht hc, 1958, k 1-2; 2/ Ló Trng: Nhng bc phỏt trin u tiờn ca Nhõn minh hc ti Logic h c Ph t giỏo Trung Quc, Giang Hi Pht San, 1962, k 3; 3/ Chu Vn Anh: Lc s Logic hc n , Giang Tõy th vin hc bỏo, Trit xó bn, k th nm 1981 v k th nm 1982; 4/ Thm Kim Anh: Gin lun v ụng trit v quỏ trỡnh phỏt sinh, phỏt trin ca Nhõn minh hc, Khoa hc xó hi xut bn xó, 1982; 5/ G Tucci: Nhng bn logic Pht giỏo tin Dignga t ngun Trung Quc, GOS, N0 XLIX, 1929; 6/ G Tucci: Logic Pht giỏo tin Dignga (Asaga, Vasubandhu, Tarka-stra), JRAS, 1929, p.451-488; 7/ S.C Vidyabhusana: Lch s logic n (c i, trung i, hin i), Motilal Banarsidass, 1984, Delhi; 8/ Alex Wayman: Mt thiờn niờn k Logic hc Pht giỏo, Motilal Banarsidass, 2002, Delhi. Ni dung ca nhng tỏc phm ny trung gii thiu cỏc tỏc gi, tỏc phm Logic hc Pht giỏo, ú ớt nhiu cú s ỏnh giỏ, nhn nh so sỏnh Logic hc Pht giỏo vi logic phng Tõy ỏng chỳ ý nht l tỏc phm ca S.C Vidyabhusana1, õy l mt nhng tỏc phm mang tớnh kinh in cho nhng quan tõm n Logic hc n núi chung v Logic hc Pht giỏo núi riờng Tỏc phm ny khụng nhng l mt kho cu sõu rng v tt c cỏc trng phỏi Logic hc n t c i n hin i, m nú cũn cú nhng gi ý quan trng giỳp ngi nghiờn cu i sõu hn v tng lnh vc ca Logic hc n , c bit l Logic hc so sỏnh Chng hn, Ph lc B, ụng ó a mt s lun im cho rng Logic hc n chu nh hng Logic hc ca Aristotle2 Nhúm th hai l nhng tỏc gi cú tỏc phm nghiờn cu bn cht ca Logic hc Pht giỏo v so sỏnh nú vi Logic hc phng Tõy H l nhng tỏc gi cú tỏc phm nghiờn cu v tng khớa cnh hoc tng tỏc phm riờng l ca cỏc lun s Logic hc Pht giỏo, ch yu l cỏc tỏc phm ca Dignga v Dharmakrti Bờn cnh ú, h cũn l nhng dch gi chuyn ng ln lt cỏc tỏc phm quan trng ca Logic hc Pht Tỏc phm mt bn c ln u tiờn vo nm 1920, ti Calcutta Vidyabhusana, S.C., A History of Indian Logic (Ancient, Mediaeval and Modern Schools), Motilal Banarsidass, Delhi, Indian, (1988), p.497 L i gi i thi u giỏo sang ting Anh, ting c, ting Phỏp, ting Nga, ting Trung Quc H l nhng nh ụng phng hc ni ting nh: Stcherbatsky (Nga), Pussin de Vallee (Phỏp), v chng ụng b Rhys Davids (Anh), E Steikellner (c), Ló Trng (Trung Quc), Thỏi H (Trung Quc) Nhng hc gi ny ó thc hin c nhng nghiờn cu quan trng nh sau: Mt l, tng quan v Logic hc Pht giỏo ú l cụng trỡnh Buddhist logic ca Stcherbatsky Trong hai s, ụng khụng nhng gii thiu mt cỏch sõu rng v Logic hc Pht giỏo m cũn ch tng quan ca nú vi cỏc trng phỏi trit hc khỏc ca n lỳc by gi ễng khụng nhng so sỏnh Logic hc Pht giỏo vi mt s t tng Logic hc phng Tõy m cũn cung cp cho bn c mt cụng trỡnh dch thut xut sc tỏc phm Nyya-bindu-tikka, mt tỏc phm quan trng ca Dharmakrti c Dhamottara chỳ gii, thờm vo ú l trớch dch mt s bn trit hc Pht giỏo cú liờn quan n Logic hc Pht giỏo ú l cụng trỡnh ca: 1/Thỏi H: Nhõn minh khỏi lun, phỏp tng thc hc, Thng v n th quỏn, 1936; 2/ Ló Trng: Nhõn minh cng yu, Nhõn minh nhp chớnh lý lun ging gii,in Tuyn cỏc lun trc Pht hc ca Ló Trng, 1998; 3/ Thch Thụn: Nhõn minh thut yu, Trung Hoa th cc, Bc Kinh, 1981; Hai l, nghiờn cu riờng tng tỏc phm ca cỏc lun s Logic hc Pht giỏo Cỏc tỏc gi thuc nhúm ny hu ht l cỏc gi tng i thnh thc phng phỏp nghiờn cu khoa hc phng Tõy, c bit l Logic hc Vỡ vy, h cú nhiu kin gii, ỏnh giỏ khỏ sõu sc giỏ tr ca Logic hc Pht giỏo in hỡnh cho vic ỏp dng logic mnh , logic v t nghiờn cu khớa cnh logic hỡnh thc ca Logic hc Pht giỏo phi k n cụng trỡnh ca Giỏo s R.S.Y Chi: Buddhist Formal logic, Motilal Banarsidass, Delhi, India, 1990 Tỏc gi dng trit cỏc kin thc logic toỏn, s Venn lun gii tớnh hp lý cng nh khụng hp lý ca lý thuyt Logic hc ca Dignga Di gúc Logic hc hỡnh thc, nghiờn cu Logic hc hỡnh thc Pht giỏo cha cú tỏc phm no vt c tỏc phm ny Ngoi ra, cũn cú mt s cụng trỡnh nh ca M.R Logic h c Ph t giỏo 10 Chinchore: Lý thuyt Hetu - trung tõm phộp suy lun ca Dharmakrti, Delhi, 1989; B.K Matilal: c trng ca Logic hc n , Oxford University press, 1999; V Peckhaus: Logic phỏt minh ca Dignga, I.N.S.A, University of Delhi, New Delhi, 2001; G Tucci: Ghi chỳ v tỏc phm Nyya-pravesa ca Sankara Svmin, J.R.A.S April 1931, p 81-413; S.C.Vidyabhushana Hetu-cakra-hamaru hay nhõn luõn lun ca Dignga, J.A.S, vol 3, 1907; K.K.Chakrabarti: Vn t nhõn Logic hc ca Dharmakrti, Philosophy East & West, vol 41, No 4, p 477491, 1991; Ló Trng: Bn v Nhõn minh ca Phỏp Xng (Dharmakrti), Nhõn luõn lun gii, Nhõn luõn lun quyt trch, Tp lng lun yu gii in Tuyn lun trc Pht hc ca Ló Trng, 1998; Riờng Vit Nam, theo nh tỏc gi tỡm hiu, hin cú mt s tỏc phm vit v Logic hc Pht giỏo, nh: Thớch Thin Siờu: Li vo Nhõn minh, Vin Nghiờn cu Pht hc Vit Nam, 1994; Thớch ng Quỏn: Nhõn minh lun, Thnh hi Pht giỏo H Chớ Minh, 1996; Thớch Trớ v Tụ Duy Hp: Nhõn minh hc, Giỏo hi Pht giỏo H Tõy, 1997; Nht Hnh: Lun lý hc ụng phng, Hng Quờ xut bn, 2000; Minh Chi: Nhõn minh hc Pht giỏo, Nxb Tụn giỏo, 2005; Thớch Kiờn nh: Kho sỏt lch s v t tng Nhõn minh lun Pht giỏo, Nxb Thun Hoỏ, Hu, 2012; Nguyn Khuờ: Lun Lý hc Pht giỏo, Nxb Hng c, 2013 Cỏc tỏc gi ny hu nh ch cn c vo mt tỏc phm nht ca Sankara Svmin (phiờn õm Hỏn-Vit l Thng Yt La Ch) Nhõn minh nhp chớnh lý lun, mt tỏc phm túm tt, mang tớnh nhp mụn ca Logic hc Pht giỏo Nh vy, Logic hc Pht giỏo ó c nghiờn cu khỏ nhiu v nhng mc khỏc trờn th gii, t gúc lch s n ni dung, t ni dung khỏi quỏt n ni dung chi tit Cun sỏch nh ny l nhng n lc u tiờn ca tỏc gi quỏ trỡnh tỡm hiu giỏ tr ca Logic hc Pht giỏo Pht phỏp mờnh mụng nh bin, nhng kin gii ca tỏc gi cú iu gỡ cha c chớnh xỏc, xin c gi ch giỏo thờm Logic h c Ph t giỏo 230 Kt Lng cõu Statement of the conclusion Nigamana Both untrue Ubhayasiddha bt thnh Ly, gi thuyờn Mt na thc Nng bit bt Negation of the opposite Apoha Manas-consciousness Mano-vijnana Unaccepted predicate Aprasiddhavisesana Unexcluded middle cc thnh Nng lp bt khin Nng lp phỏp Sadhanadharmavyavrtta Undemonstrated middle Sadhanadharma Siddha Inference for other Svarthanumana Syllogisms Pancavayava bt thnh Ng tha t lng Ng chi tỏc phỏp Ng minh Nhón thc Nhõn Nhõn minh Nhõn tam tng Panca-vidya Ocular consciousness Casu-vijnana Reason Hetu Buddhist logic Hetu-vidya Three formal condition Tri-rupa-linga hetu reason Nh thc Ni minh Phỏn oỏn Phỏp Phỏp sai bit [] tng vi Phỏp t tng tng vi Phi lng Phi tn ti Qu nhõn S bit bt cc thnh / Auditory consciousness Srotra-vijnana Udhyatuma judgmental awareness adhyavasaya Object Dharmas Contradicting implied- Dharma-visesapaviparita- predicate sadhana Contradicting expressed- Dharmasvarupaviparita- predicate sadhana Invalid knowledge Abhava-prama non-existence absence abhava Relation of effect Karya-hetu Unaccepted subject Aprasiddhavisesya Ph l c S duyờn S lp bt khin S lp phỏp 231 objective basis alambana Unexcluded predicate Sadyadharma- vyavrtta Undemonstrated predicate Sadhya-dharma-siddha Objects of valid knowledge Anumeya Being unfounded Asraya-siddha expressee; that which is abhidheya bt thnh S t / s lng S y bt thnh S thuyờn vt / expressed Suy thc Thanh lng, / Inference Anumana Verbal testimony Sabda Thỏnh giỏo lng Thanh minh Thõn thc Th gian tng vi Thit thc Tớnh cnh Sabda-vidya Tactual consciousness Kaya-vijnana Contradicting convention Loka-viruddha Gustatory consciousness Jiha-vijnana The realm of things in themselves Tụn Tri thc Tựy nht bt thnh T chng Thesis Pratijna Knowledge Pramanga-vada Either untrue Anayatarasiddha Intropection Svasamredana- hin lng T d phỏp d Pratyaka-prama (t phỏp d) T d T ng phỏp d (t ng d) T giỏo tng vi T hin lng T nhõn Fallacious negative Vaidharmya - exemplification drstantabhasa Fallacious exemplification Drstanta-bhasa Fallacious positive Sadharmya - exemplification drstantabhasa Contradicting testimony Agama-viruddha Fallacious direct perception Pratyaka-bhasa Fallacious reasons Hetvabhasa Logic h c Ph t giỏo 232 T ng t lng T ng tng vi T tớnh nhõn T tụn T t lng Tng phự Inference for oneself Parathanumana Contradicting one self Svavacana-viruddha Relation of identity Svabhava-hetu Fallacious probandum Paksa-bhasa Fallacious inference Anumana-bhasa Being pre-estaplished Prasiddhasampandha Being counterbalanced Viruddhavyabhicari Contradicting reason Paviparitasadhana Comparison Upamana Inference Anumana-prama Contradicting inference Anumanviruddha Olfactory consciousness Grana- vijnana cc thnh Tng vi quyt nh Tng vi nhõn T d lng T lng T lng tng vi T thc Y phng minh Y tha tớnh í hin lng Sikitsa Dependent nature Paratantra-svabhava Mental sensation Manasa-pratyakaprama í thc Viờn thnh Mental consciousness Mano-vijnana Ultimated reality Parinis-panna non-perception anupalabdhi Lacking connection Ananvaya non-erroneous abhranta thc tớnh Vụ c lng Vụ hp Vụ thỏc lon Danh m c ti li u tham kh o 233 DANH MC TI LIU THAM KHO Ti li u ti ng Vi t Nam Bareau, A (2003), Cỏc b phỏi Pht giỏo Tiu tha, Nxb Tụn giỏo, H Ni, bn dch t ting Phỏp ca Phỏp Hin Capra, F (2001), o ca vt lý, Nxb Tr, Tp H Chớ Minh Bn dch 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LOGIC HC PHT GIO 161 3.1 Giỏ tr ca Logic hc Pht giỏo nhỡn t gúc nhn thc lun 161 3.2 Giỏ tr ca Logic hc Pht giỏo nhỡn t gúc Logic hỡnh thc 175 KT LUN PH LC DANH MC TI LIU THAM KHO Logic. .. giỏo in hỡnh cho vic ỏp dng logic mnh , logic v t nghiờn cu khớa cnh logic hỡnh thc ca Logic hc Pht giỏo phi k n cụng trỡnh ca Giỏo s R.S.Y Chi: Buddhist Formal logic, Motilal Banarsidass, Delhi,