Sách giáo khoa địa lí 10

BO GIAO DUC VA OAO TAO DIALI y JHA XUAT BAN GIAO DUC VI^T NAM ^ BO GIAO DUC VA OAO TAO LE THONG (Tong Chti bien) TRAN TRONG HA - NGUYfiN MINH TUE (dong Chti bien) NGUYfiN TRONG HIEU - PHAM THU PHUONG D N G O C T I E N - NGUYfiN VIET THINH DIALI 10 (Tdi bdn ldn thit tu) NHA XUAT BAN GIAO DUC VIET NAM Chill trdeh nhiem xuat hdn : Chu tich HDQT kiem Tong Giam ddc NGO TR-\N \l Pho Tdng Giam doc kiem long bien tap NGUYEN QUY TH.\0 Bien tgp ldn dan NGUYfiN DINH T.AM - TRAN NGOC DIE? Bien tup tdi hdn : TRAN NG(X: DIEP Bien tap mi tliiiat: T.A TRANH TL'NG 7;;;!/! bdy liia : NGUYfiN KEVI DUNG Thiet keideh NGUYfiN TRANH LONG Sira han in : TRAN NGOC DifiP Che han CONG T\ c PRAN MI THL.AT \ A TRUYEN THONG Ban quyen thuoc Niia xuat ban Giao duo Viet Nam - Bp Giao dye va Oao tao DjA U 10 Ma s o : CH016T0 In 90.000 cu6n (ST) ktid 17 x 24 cm In tai Cong ti co phan in Phiuc Yen So in ; 12 So X B : 01 - 2010/CXB/559 - 1485/GD In xong va nop ii/u cliieu thang 01 nam 2010 Phan mot DiA Ll TU* NHIEN M>^t' Chuong I BAN DO Chuang IL VU TRU HE QUA CAC CHUYEN DONG CUA TRAI DAT Chuong III CAU TRUC CUA TRAI DAT CAC QUYEN CUA LOP V DIA LI Chuong IV MOT SO QUY LUAT CUA L P V DIA LI BANDO Bai I CAC PHEP CHIEU HlNH BAN DO CO BAN Ban la hinh anh thu nho mot phan hay toan bp be mat Trai Dat len mat phang, tren ca so toan hoc nhat dinh nham the hien cac doi tucmg dia li tix nhien, kinh te - xa hoi va moi quan he giua chting ; thong qua khai quat hoa npi dung va duoc trinh bay bang he thong ki hieu ban Phep chieu hinh ban la each bieu thi mat cong ctia Trai Dat len mpt mat phang, de moi diem tren mat cong tuong ting vai mpt diem tren mat phang Do be mat Trai Dat cong nen the hien len mat phang, cac khu virc khae tren ban khong the hoan toan chinh xac nhu Vi vay, timg yeu cau sti diing ban do, tung khu vuc can the hien tren ban do, nguai ta dimg cac phep chieu hinh ban khae Khi chieu c6 the giii nguyen mat chieu ban la mat phang hoac cuon lai hinh non, hinh tni Mat chieu c6 the tiep xiic hoac cat be mat Dia Cau Sau day chi de cap tai nhimg truang hop mat chieu tiep xiic vai mat Dia Cau Hinh 1.1 - Mat chieu tiep xuc vori be mat Dia Cau Phep chieu phi/ang vj Phep chieu phuang vj la phuang phap the hien mang luai kinh, vT tuyen cua mat cau len mat phSng Theo phep chieu be mat Dia Cau dupc coi la be mat Trai Dat, mat chieu la mpt mat phlng tiep xiic vai mpt diem ciia Dia Cau Tuy theo vi tri tiep xtic cua mat chieu so vai true ciia Dia Cau se co cac phep chieu phuang vi khae a - Pliep chie'u phuang vi dung b - Phep chieu phuang vi ngang c - Pliep chie'u phuang vi nghien Hinh 1.2 -Ba vi tri cua mat chieu phep chieu phuang vi De tien hanh phep chieu phuang vi diing, nguai ta cho mat chieu (giay ve ban do) tiep xiic vai cue cua Dia Cau cho true cua Dia Cau vuong goc vai mat chieu Hinh 1.3a - Phep chieu phuang vi dimg Hinh 1.3b - Luai kinh, vT tuyen cua ban diing phep chieu phuang vi dung Vai nguon sang chieu tii tam qua Dia Cau, tren mat chieu cac kinh tuyen la nhimg doan thang dong quy a circ Cac vT tuyen la cac vong tron dong tam a cue Gang xa cue khoang each giiia cac vT tuyen cang dan Dii'a vdo liinli I ^h, em hdy cho hid theo phep cliicii hinh ndy khu vifc ndo ciia han cld chinh xdc khu vuc ndo kem chinh xdc '7 Phep chieu bao dam chinh xac a khu vuc trung tam ban do, cang xa trung tam cang kem chinh xac Cach chieu thuang dung de ve ban khu vuc quanh cue Phep chieu hinh noti Phep chieu hinh non la each the hien mang luai kinh, vT tuyen cua Dia Cau len mat chieu la mat hinh non, sau trien khai mat chieu hinh non mat phang ; thuoc vao vi tri cua true hinh non so vai true ciia Dia Cau se co cac phep chieu hinh non khae a) Phep chieii hinh non diing b) Phep chie'u hinh non ngang c) Phep chieu hinh non nghieng Hinh 1.4 -'Bz vi tri cua hinh non phep chieu hinh non De tien hanh phep chieu hinh non diing, nguai ta lay mat chieu la hinh non chup len mat Dia Cau cho true cua hinh non tning vdi true Dia Cau ; sau tu tam chieu (tam Dia Cau) ta ehieu cac diem tren Dia Cau len mat chieu hinh non (hinh 1.5a) Dua vdo hinh 1.5a, hdy cho hid the hien tren mat chidt : vT tuydt tiep xiic vdi hinh non vd cdc vi tuydt khdng tie'p xuc vdi hinh ndn, vi tiiydi ndo chinh xdc, Vl tuye'n ndo khdng chinh xdc ? Khi trien khai hinh non ta se dupe mpt ban hinh quat, cac kinh tuyen la nhung doan thang dong quy a cue, vT tuyen la nhirng cung tron dong tam (hinh 1.5b) Hinh 1.5a - Phep chie'u hinh non dimg Hinh 1.5b - Luai kinh, vi tuyen cua ban theo phep chieu hinh non dimg Chi CO vi tuyen tiep xiic giiia Dia Cau va mat non la chinh xac, cac vT tuyen khae deu dai ra, nen phep chieu khong dam bao dupc hinh dang va dien tich Phep chieu hinh non dung thuang diing de ve ban a cac vung dat thuoc vT dp trung binh (khu vuc on dai) va keo dai theo vT tuye'n nhu : Lien bang (LB) Nga, Trung Quoc, Hoa Ki Phep chieu hinh try Phep chieu hinh tru la each the hien luai kinh, vT tuyen ciia Dia Cau len mat chieu la mat hinh tru, sau trien khai mat tru mat phang Tuy theo vi tri ciia true hinh tru so voi true Dia Cau se c6 cac phep chieu hinh tru khae a) Phep chieu hinh tiu dting b) Phep chieu hinh tru ngang c) Phep chieu hinh tru nghieng Hinh 7.6 - Ba vi tri hinh tru phep chieu hinh tru Trong phep ehieu hinh tru diing, mat chieu la mpt hinh tru bao quanh qua Dia Cau Vong tron tiep xiic giiia Dia Cau va hinh tru la vong Xich dao (hinh 1.7a) Hinh 1.7a- Phep chie'u hinh tru dung Hinh 1.7b- Mot dang luai kinh, vT tuyen cua ban diing phep chieu hinh tru diing Theo phep chieu chi co duang Xich dao la giti nguyen dupc dp dai khoang each va dp dai cac vT tuyen khae deu bi dan ; cac vi tuyen a gan Xich dao bi dan it, cang xa Xich dao cang bi dan nhieu Kinh, vT tuyen deu la nhiing duong thang song song Ban chi chinh xac d vung Xich dao, cang xa Xich dao cang kem chinh xac Phep chieu thudng dupe diing de ve ban the gidi hoae cac khu vuc gan Xich dao Cau hoi va bai tgp I Ke lai bang \a dien nhiing noi dung thich hop \ao cac : The hien tren ban Phep chie'u hmh Cac kinh tuyen Cac vT tuyen Khu vuc chi'nh xac Khu Vtfc kem chinh xac Hinh non dimg Hinh try dimg Hii}- cho biet tirng phep chieu thirdng diing de \ e ban a kJiu vuc nao ? Theo em bid, tlii Internet cho phep ngudi ta cd the sif dung cdc dich vu thong tin lien lgc ndo '! - Dien bdo la he thdng phi thoai ddi hi nam 1844 Hien nay, dien bao cu dupc su dung rpng rai de cac tau dang di tren dai duong hay cac may bay c6 the lien lac thudng xuyen vdi cac tram mat da't - Dien thoai dung de chuyen tin hieu am giiia ngudi vdi ngudi, nhung hien nay, viec truyen dir lieu giira cac may tinh ciing dupc thuc hien qua dudng day dien thoai, nhd thiet bi gpi la mddem (modem) Viec thuc hien truyen tin hieu sd da cho phep thuc hien nhieu cupc gpi hon tren quang dudng dai Cac tram ve tinh thong tin duac cac mang ludi dien thoai su dung de truyen cac cupc gpi vien thong den cac vung xa xdi, vupt cac dai duong Hien viec sir dung dien thoai khdng day dang cang phd bien d cac nudc Binh quan sd may dien thoai tren 1000 dan da duac coi la mpt tieu chi de so sanh su phat trien cua nganh thdng tin lien lac giiia cac nudc, cac vung B -i c K V c D C a N c; ^^-'% DVOSC S D I $ N THOAI TINH T R E N 1000 DAN I I I I I I I I • >500 301 - 500 101-300 30-100