Michael Porter bàn tính cạnh tranh Việt Nam Michael Porter Michael Porter ñược xem “nhà chiến lược” xuất sắc hàng loạt bình chọn uy tín Sau thành công việc tư vấn cho Thái Lan nhiều quốc gia châu Á khác, cách ñây lâu ông Michael Porter ñã trình bày với nguyên Thủ tướng Phan Văn Khải yếu tố cấu thành sức mạnh cạnh tranh Việt Nam Dưới ñây ñoạn trích giới thiệu viết ông ñăng tải website thức ðại học Harvard “Chỉ có doanh nghiệp tạo cải, phủ Tôi nhìn thấy Việt Nam lực sản xuất môi trường làm việc tốt Sự phát triển trình nâng cấp kinh tế, ñó môi trường kinh doanh nơi ủng hộ khuyến khích cách thức mẻ hiệu ñể tạo sức cạnh tranh doanh nghiệp nói riêng tổng thể doanh nghiệp toàn quốc nói chung thương trường quốc tế ðể nói giản ñơn lực cạnh tranh doanh nghiệp, kinh tế quốc gia Việt Nam, cần thấu hiểu vài vấn ñề tính cạnh tranh ðiều ñầu tiên , cần phải vượt lên dựa dẫm vào tăng trưởng xuất Những tín hiệu ban ñầu cho thấy tham vọng xây dựng Việt Nam trở thành ñịa ñiểm suất cao nâng cấp khu vực nội ñịa Thứ ñến, nhìn thấy, báo cáo quốc tế khẳng ñịnh vậy, Việt Nam ñang phát triển khu vực cá nhân nước mạnh mẽ ñộc lập ðó ñồng nghĩa với việc phát triển trình tư hữu hoá quản lý Chính phủ, phát triển thị trường tài Một ñiều tối quan trọng cần phải giải ñiểm yếu chủ chốt môi trường kinh doanh, tính quan liêu tệ tham nhũng, với yếu sở hạ tầng Sau ñó, cho Việt Nam cần phải tập trung vào ngành kinh tế chủ chốt có ưu thế, du lịch, dệt may, giày dép, thuỷ hải sản dầu khí Có ñiều cuối mà muốn người lưu ý cần phải thúc ñẩy phát triển theo mức khác nhau: tỉnh nước Việt Nam, khu vực ðông Dương sau ñó phải lấn dần sang khu vực ðông Nam Á ðó ñường quan trọng cần theo” Theo Kiến Phước Báo Sài Gòn Tiếp thị National Competitiveness: Issues for Vietnam Meeting with Prime Minister Phan Van Khai and his delegation Professor Michael E Porter Institute for Strategy and Competitiveness Harvard Business School Cambridge, Massachusetts June 24, 2005 This presentation draws on Michael Porter, Klaus Schwab: The Global Competitiveness Report 2004-2005, Oxford University Press, 2004 and other sources For further information on the Report and on the Institute for Strategy and Competitiveness see www.isc.hbs.edu 200506 GCR Vietnam – KC 2005.06.24.ppt Copyright 2005 © Professor Michael E Porter Topics for Discussion • National competitiveness: essential concepts • Competitive assessment of Vietnam • Key issues for Vietnamese policy • Profile of the Institute for Strategy and Competitiveness 200506 GCR Vietnam – KC 2005.06.24.ppt Copyright 2005 © Professor Michael E Porter What is Competitiveness? • Competitiveness is determined by the productivity (value per unit of input) with which a nation, region, or cluster uses its human, capital, and natural resources Productivity sets a nation’s or region’s standard of living (wages, returns on capital, returns on natural resources) – Productivity depends both on the value of products and services (e.g uniqueness, quality) as well as the efficiency with which they are produced – It is not what industries a nation or region competes in that matters for prosperity, but how firms compete in those industries – Productivity in a nation or region is a reflection of what both domestic and foreign firms choose to in that location The location of ownership is secondary for national prosperity – The productivity of “local” industries is of fundamental importance to competitiveness, not just that of traded industries – Devaluation and revaluation not make a country more or less “competitive” • Nations or regions compete in offering the most productive environment for business • The public and private sectors should play different but interrelated roles in creating a productive economy 200506 GCR Vietnam – KC 2005.06.24.ppt Copyright 2005 © Professor Michael E Porter Determinants of Competitiveness Macroeconomic, Macroeconomic, Political, Political, Legal, Legal, and and Social Social Context Context Microeconomic Microeconomic Foundations Foundations The TheSophistication Sophistication of ofCompany Company Operations Operationsand and Strategy Strategy The TheQuality Qualityof ofthe the Microeconomic Microeconomic Business Business Environment Environment • A sound macroeconomic, political, legal, and social context creates the potential for competitiveness, but is not sufficient • Only firms can create wealth, not government 200506 GCR Vietnam – KC 2005.06.24.ppt Copyright 2005 © Professor Michael E Porter Productivity and the Business Environment Context Context for for Firm Firm Strategy Strategy and and Rivalry Rivalry z Factor Factor (Input) (Input) Conditions Conditions z z Presence of high quality, z specialized inputs available to firms – Human resources – Capital resources – Physical infrastructure – Administrative infrastructure (e.g business registration, rules, licensing, property rights) z – Information infrastructure – Scientific and technological z infrastructure – Natural resources A local context and rules that encourage investment and sustained productivity improvement Demand Demand –e.g., Intellectual property Conditions protection Conditions Meritocratic incentive systems across all major institutions z Sophisticated and demanding Open and vigorous local local customer(s) competition z Local customer needs that anticipate those elsewhere Related and Related and z Unusual local demand in Supporting Supporting specialized segments that can be Industries served nationally and globally Industries Access to capable, locally based suppliers and firms in related fields Presence of clusters instead of isolated industries • Successful economic development is a process of successive economic upgrading, in which the business environment in a nation evolves to support and encourage increasingly sophisticated ways of competing 200506 GCR Vietnam – KC 2005.06.24.ppt Copyright 2005 © Professor Michael E Porter Clusters and Competitiveness Cairns (Australia) Tourism Public Public Relations Relations && Market Market Research Research Services Services Travel Travel agents agents Tour Tour operators operators Restaurants Restaurants Attractions Attractions and and Activities Activities Food Food Suppliers Suppliers e.g., e.g., theme theme parks, parks, casinos, casinos, sports sports Property Property Services Services Maintenance Maintenance Services Services Airlines, Airlines, Cruise Cruise Ships Ships Hotels Hotels Local Local retail, retail, health health care, care, and and other other services services Local Local Transportation Transportation Souvenirs, Souvenirs, Duty Duty Free Free Banks, Banks, Foreign Foreign Exchange Exchange Government Government agencies agencies Educational Educational Institutions Institutions Industry Industry Groups Groups e.g e.g Australian Australian Tourism Tourism Commission, Commission, Great Barrier Reef Authority Great Barrier Reef Authority e.g e.g James James Cook Cook University, University, Cairns College of Cairns College of TAFE TAFE e.g e.g Queensland Queensland Tourism Tourism Industry Council Industry Council Sources: HBS student team research (2003) - Peter Tynan, Chai McConnell, Alexandra West, Jean Hayden 200506 GCR Vietnam – KC 2005.06.24.ppt Copyright 2005 © Professor Michael E Porter Influences on Competitiveness Multiple Geographic Levels World Economy Broad Economic Areas ASEAN Groups of Neighboring Nations Indochina Nations Vietnam States, Provinces Cities 200506 GCR Vietnam – KC 2005.06.24.ppt Copyright 2005 © Professor Michael E Porter Specialization of Regional Economies Select U.S Geographic Areas Seattle-BellevueSeattle-BellevueEverett, Everett,WA WA Aerospace AerospaceVehicles Vehicles and andDefense Defense Fishing Fishingand andFishing Fishing Products Products Analytical AnalyticalInstruments Instruments Denver, Denver,CO CO Leather Leatherand andSporting SportingGoods Goods Oil and Gas Oil and Gas Aerospace AerospaceVehicles Vehiclesand andDefense Defense Chicago Chicago Communications CommunicationsEquipment Equipment Processed ProcessedFood Food Heavy HeavyMachinery Machinery Wichita, Wichita,KS KS Aerospace AerospaceVehicles Vehiclesand and Defense Defense Heavy HeavyMachinery Machinery Oil and Oil andGas Gas Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh,PA PA Construction ConstructionMaterials Materials Metal Manufacturing Metal Manufacturing Education Educationand andKnowledge Knowledge Creation Creation San San FranciscoFranciscoOakland-San Oakland-San Jose Jose Bay Bay Area Area Communications Communications Equipment Equipment Agricultural Agricultural Products Products Information Information Technology Technology Los Los Angeles Angeles Area Area Apparel Apparel Building Building Fixtures, Fixtures, Equipment Equipment and and Services Services Entertainment Entertainment Boston Boston Analytical AnalyticalInstruments Instruments Education Educationand andKnowledge KnowledgeCreation Creation Communications Equipment Communications Equipment Raleigh-Durham, Raleigh-Durham,NC NC Communications CommunicationsEquipment Equipment Information InformationTechnology Technology Education Educationand and Knowledge KnowledgeCreation Creation San SanDiego Diego Leather Leatherand andSporting SportingGoods Goods Power PowerGeneration Generation Education Educationand andKnowledge Knowledge Creation Creation Houston Houston Heavy HeavyConstruction ConstructionServices Services Oil and Oil andGas Gas Aerospace AerospaceVehicles Vehiclesand andDefense Defense Atlanta, Atlanta,GA GA Construction ConstructionMaterials Materials Transportation Transportationand andLogistics Logistics Business Services Business Services Note: Clusters listed are the three highest ranking clusters in terms of share of national employment Source: Cluster Mapping Project, Institute for Strategy and Competitiveness, Harvard Business School 200506 GCR Vietnam – KC 2005.06.24.ppt Copyright 2005 © Professor Michael E Porter Stages Of Competitive Development Factor -Driven Factor-Driven Economy Economy Investment Investment-Driven Driven Economy Economy Innovation Innovation-Driven Driven Economy Economy Input Cost Efficiency Unique Value • Macro, political, and legal stability • Efficient basic infrastructure • Lowering the regulatory costs of doing business • Local competition • Market openness • Incentives and rules encouraging productivity • Cluster development • Advanced skills • Advanced infrastructure • Incentives and rules encouraging innovation • Cluster upgrading Source: Porter, Michael E., The Competitive Advantage of Nations, Macmillan Press, 1990 200506 GCR Vietnam – KC 2005.06.24.ppt Copyright 2005 © Professor Michael E Porter Factor Factor (Input) (Input) Conditions Conditions Corruption Asian countries Rank in Global Corruption Index, 2003 Vietnam 80 -15 -10 -5 10 15 Change in Rank, Global Corruption Report, 2003 versus 2001 Source: Global Corruption Report, 2003 200506 GCR Vietnam – KC 2005.06.24.ppt 20 Copyright 2005 © Professor Michael E Porter Factor Factor (Input) (Input) Conditions Conditions Communication Infrastructure Vietnam’s Relative Position Per 1,000 inhabitants, 2002 1000 900 800 700 600 Phonelines Cell phones Internet users 500 400 300 200 100 Ho ng Ko ng SA Si R Ko nga po re a, r Re e p of Ja p M an al ay s Th ia la nd C Ph hin ilip a pi In nes ne s Vi ia et na m In di a Ba Lao s ng la de s M ya h nm ar Source: Human Development Report (2004) 200506 GCR Vietnam – KC 2005.06.24.ppt 21 Copyright 2005 © Professor Michael E Porter Context Contextfor for Firm Strategy Firm Strategy and andRivalry Rivalry Context for Firm Strategy and Rivalry Vietnam’s Relative Position Competitive Advantages Relative to GDP per Capita Competitive Disadvantages Relative to GDP per Capita Country Ranking, Arrows indicate a change of or more ranks since 1998 Country Ranking, Arrows indicate a change of or more ranks since 1998 Cooperation in labor-employer relations 33 Hidden trade barrier liberalization 91 Decentralization of corporate activity 39 Prevalence of mergers and acquisitions 88 Extent of locally based competitors 40 Foreign ownership restrictions 86 Centralization of economic policy-making 41 Effectiveness of anti-trust policy 84 Favoritism in decisions of government officials 50 Intellectual property protection 84 Regulation of securities exchanges 75 Protection of minority shareholders’ interests 52 Business costs of corruption 69 Tariff liberalization 53 Intensity of local competition 66 Efficacy of corporate boards 61 Note: Rank versus 93 countries; overall, Vietnam ranks 73rd in Business Competitiveness and 83rd in 2003 PPP adjusted GDP per capita Source: Global Competitiveness Report 2004-2005 200506 GCR Vietnam – KC 2005.06.24.ppt 22 Copyright 2005 © Professor Michael E Porter Taxation Context Contextfor for Firm Strategy Firm Strategy and andRivalry Rivalry Selected Asian Countries Positive Incentive Effect Complexity an Ja p m Vi et na s Ph ili pp in e ea Ko r es h gl ad Ba n C hi na d Th la n di a In a al ay si M Ta iw an ap Si ng H on g K on g SA or e R Negative Source: Global Competitiveness Report 2004 200506 GCR Vietnam – KC 2005.06.24.ppt 23 Copyright 2005 © Professor Michael E Porter Context Contextfor for Firm Strategy Firm Strategy and andRivalry Rivalry Labor Market Regulation Selected Asian Countries Stringency of Labor Market Regulation*, (0-100) 70 Restrictive 60 50 OECD 40 30 20 Liberal 10 Ko Ind ia re a, R ep C am bo di a La os Vi et na m In ne si a Ta iw Ph a ilip n pi ne Th s la nd C hi Ba na ng la de sh Si ng ap or e M al ay H on sia g Ko ng Ja pa n Note: Average of values for hiring, firing, and employment condition regulations Source: World Bank (2005) 200506 GCR Vietnam – KC 2005.06.24.ppt 24 Copyright 2005 © Professor Michael E Porter Demand Demand Conditions Conditions Demand Conditions Vietnam’s Relative Position Competitive Advantages Relative to GDP per Capita Competitive Disadvantages Relative to GDP per Capita Country Ranking, Arrows indicate a change of or more ranks since 1998 Country Ranking, Arrows indicate a change of or more ranks since 1998 Government procurement of advanced technology products 32 Sophistication of local buyers' products and processes 51 Buyer sophistication 60 Stringency of environmental regulations 89 Laws relating to ICT 85 Presence of demanding regulatory standards 79 Note: Rank versus 93 countries; overall, Vietnam ranks 73rd in Business Competitiveness and 83rd in 2003 PPP adjusted GDP per capita Source: Global Competitiveness Report 2004-2005 200506 GCR Vietnam – KC 2005.06.24.ppt 25 Copyright 2005 © Professor Michael E Porter Related Relatedand and Supporting Supporting Industries Industries Related and Supporting Industries Vietnam’s Relative Position Competitive Advantages Relative to GDP per Capita Competitive Disadvantages Relative to GDP per Capita Country Ranking, Arrows indicate a change of or more ranks since 1998 Local availability of process machinery Country Ranking, Arrows indicate a change of or more ranks since 1998 63 State of cluster development 80 Local availability of specialized research and training services 75 Local availability of components and parts 69 Extent of collaboration among clusters 68 Local supplier quantity 67 Note: Rank versus 93 countries; overall, Vietnam ranks 73rd in Business Competitiveness and 83rd in 2003 PPP adjusted GDP per capita Source: Global Competitiveness Report 2004-2005 200506 GCR Vietnam – KC 2005.06.24.ppt 26 Copyright 2005 © Professor Michael E Porter Vietnam’s Goods Export Portfolio Exports by Cluster, 1997-2002 8.00% Average Change in Vietnam’s Total World Export Share: +0.100% 7.00% Footwear World Export Share, 2002 6.00% 5.00% Fishing and Fishing Products 4.00% 3.00% 2.00% Apparel Vietnam’s Overall World Export Share: 0.280% 1.00% Furniture 0.00% -0.50% 0.00% 0.50% 1.00% 1.50% 2.00% 2.50% Change in Vietnam's World Export Share, 1997-2002 Source: Prof Michael E Porter, International Cluster Competitiveness Project; UN Comtrade 200506 GCR Vietnam – KC 2005.06.24.ppt 27 3.00% 3.50% 4.00% Exports of = $500 million Copyright 2005 © Professor Michael E Porter Vietnam’s Goods Export Portfolio Exports by Cluster, 1997-2002 (continued) 1.00% Average Change in Vietnam’s Total World Export Share: +0.100% Coal and Briquettes 0.80% World Export Share, 2002 Leather and Related Products Oil and Gas Products 0.60% Sporting, Recreational and Children’s Goods Agricultural Products 0.40% Building Fixtures and Equipment Processed Food 0.20% Vietnam’s Overall World Export Share: 0.280% Textiles Plastics Information Technology Motor Driven Products Lighting and Electrical Equipment Construction Materials Communications Equipment Power Generation and Equipment 0.00% -0.15% -0.10% -0.05% 0.00% 0.05% 0.10% 0.15% Change in Vietnam's World Export Share, 1997-2002 Source: Prof Michael E Porter, International Cluster Competitiveness Project; UN Comtrade 200506 GCR Vietnam – KC 2005.06.24.ppt 28 0.20% 0.25% 0.30% Exports of = $500 million Copyright 2005 © Professor Michael E Porter Leading Vietnam Export Industries, 2002 Industry 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 Crude petroleum oils Miscellaneous footwear with leather soles Crustaceans, mollusks, and aquatic invertebrates Other footwear, rubber plastics Coffee, coffee substitute Gym, training shoes and the like rubber or plastics soles Miscellaneous prepared or preserved fish, crustaceans and the like Men’s or boys’ overcoats, outerwear and similar articles Rice, milled or semi-milled Jerseys, pullovers, cardigans, waistcoats, knitted Fish, fresh, chilled, or frozen Other wooden furniture Other travel bags, sets Fruit, nuts excluding oil nuts Women’s or girls’ overcoats, other coats Footwear, with textile uppers and rubber soles Natural rubber, balata and similar natural gums Men’s or boys’ trousers, breeches and shorts Insulted wire, cable and conductors Women’s or girls’ trousers, breeches and shorts Printed circuits Men’s or boys’ shirts Coal, not agglomerated Convertible seats and parts Other garments, not knitted Cluster Oil and Gas Products Footwear Fishing and Fishing Products Footwear Agricultural Products Footwear Fishing and Fishing Products Apparel Agricultural Products Apparel Fishing and Fishing Products Furniture Leather and Related Products Agricultural Products Apparel Footwear Plastics Apparel Communications Equipment Apparel Information Technology Apparel Coal and Briquettes Building Fixtures and Equipment Apparel World Change in Share Export Share 1997-2002 1.17% 1.03% 6.52% 2.28% 7.09% 3.53% 17.04% 8.86% 4.92% 3.39% 19.24% 14.33% 3.99% 0.85% 7.21% 5.63% 8.26% 9.14% 1.36% 0.42% 1.29% 0.63% 2.19% 0.74% 9.99% 9.67% 0.85% 0.23% 5.55% 4.99% 13.32% 10.92% 8.69% 1.43% 1.47% 0.61% 0.64% 0.08% 1.20% 0.33% 1.30% 1.17% 2.27% 1.55% 0.83% 0.73% 0.68% 0.42% 2.74% 1.81% Export Value in $thousands $ 3,076,200 $ 1,236,530 $ 999,876 $ 822,703 $ 406,669 $ 318,736 $ 304,603 $ 299,509 $ 285,029 $ 276,026 $ 272,800 $ 253,093 $ 244,351 $ 238,336 $ 234,641 $ 227,098 $ 214,343 $ 210,394 $ 210,329 $ 178,695 $ 172,631 $ 168,757 $ 168,194 $ 167,583 $ 136,924 Source: Prof Michael E Porter, International Cluster Competitiveness Project; UN Comtrade 200506 GCR Vietnam – KC 2005.06.24.ppt 29 Copyright 2005 © Professor Michael E Porter Leading Vietnam Export Industries, 2002 (continued) 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 Industry Other sports shoes with leather uppers Spices Ornamental ceramic articles Bicycles and other cycles, non-motorized Brassieres, corsets, braces, suspenders, garters Baskets, brooms, brushes, paint rollers and mops Children's toys Women’s or girls’ suits, dresses, skirts, trousers, knitted Other sports shoes with rubber, plastics uppers and soles Men’s or boys’ shirts, knitted Garments made of felt, miscellaneous nonwoven or coated fabrics Parts for telecommunication equipment Fans, cooker hoods with fan Oxygen-function amino-compounds T-shirts, other vests, knitted Household linens Electric motors[...]... Apparel Vietnam’s Overall World Export Share: 0.280% 1.00% Furniture 0.00% -0.50% 0.00% 0.50% 1.00% 1.50% 2.00% 2.50% Change in Vietnam's World Export Share, 1997-2002 Source: Prof Michael E Porter, International Cluster Competitiveness Project; UN Comtrade 200506 GCR Vietnam – KC 2005.06.24.ppt 27 3.00% 3.50% 4.00% Exports of = $500 million Copyright 2005 © Professor Michael E Porter Vietnam’s Goods... 43,821 $ 43,615 Top 50 Industries as % of Vietnam’s total goods exports: 82.7% Source: Prof Michael E Porter, International Cluster Competitiveness Project; UN Comtrade 200506 GCR Vietnam – KC 2005.06.24.ppt 30 Copyright 2005 © Professor Michael E Porter Key Issues for Vietnamese Competitiveness • Move beyond reliance on low wage-based export growth – Make Vietnam a more productive location – Upgrade domestic... Equipment 0.00% -0.15% -0.10% -0.05% 0.00% 0.05% 0.10% 0.15% Change in Vietnam's World Export Share, 1997-2002 Source: Prof Michael E Porter, International Cluster Competitiveness Project; UN Comtrade 200506 GCR Vietnam – KC 2005.06.24.ppt 28 0.20% 0.25% 0.30% Exports of = $500 million Copyright 2005 © Professor Michael E Porter Leading Vietnam Export Industries, 2002 Industry 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13... 167,583 $ 136,924 Source: Prof Michael E Porter, International Cluster Competitiveness Project; UN Comtrade 200506 GCR Vietnam – KC 2005.06.24.ppt 29 Copyright 2005 © Professor Michael E Porter Leading Vietnam Export Industries, 2002 (continued) 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 Industry Other sports shoes with leather uppers Spices Ornamental ceramic articles Bicycles... 200506 GCR Vietnam – KC 2005.06.24.ppt 15 Copyright 2005 © Professor Michael E Porter Vietnam’s Export Performance World export share in % World Export Market Shares 0.30% 0.25% 0.20% goods services total 0.15% 0.10% 0.05% 0.00% 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 Source: WTO (2005) 200506 GCR Vietnam – KC 2005.06.24.ppt 16 Copyright 2005 © Professor Michael E Porter Comparative... geography – Regions within Vietnam – Indochina – ASEAN 200506 GCR Vietnam – KC 2005.06.24.ppt 31 Copyright 2005 © Professor Michael E Porter Institute for Strategy and Competitiveness Intellectual Agenda Competition and Firm Strategy Competition and Economic Development Competition Competition and Society 200506 GCR Vietnam – KC 2005.06.24.ppt 32 Copyright 2005 © Professor Michael E Porter Institute for Strategy... Note: Rank versus 93 countries; overall, Vietnam ranks 73rd in Business Competitiveness and 83rd in 2003 PPP adjusted GDP per capita Source: Global Competitiveness Report 2004-2005 200506 GCR Vietnam – KC 2005.06.24.ppt 26 Copyright 2005 © Professor Michael E Porter Vietnam’s Goods Export Portfolio Exports by Cluster, 1997-2002 8.00% Average Change in Vietnam’s Total World Export Share: +0.100% 7.00%... competitiveness 200506 GCR Vietnam – KC 2005.06.24.ppt 10 Copyright 2005 © Professor Michael E Porter Vietnamese Competitiveness Accomplishments • Strong GDP growth record; economic growth has been resilient during the Asian Crisis and SARS • The poverty rate has fallen from 58% to 29% from 1992 to 2002 • Solid labor productivity growth • Strong export growth • Strong FDI inflows 200506 GCR Vietnam – KC 2005.06.24.ppt... versus 93 countries; overall, Vietnam ranks 73rd in Business Competitiveness and 83rd in 2003 PPP adjusted GDP per capita Source: Global Competitiveness Report 2004-2005 200506 GCR Vietnam – KC 2005.06.24.ppt 19 Copyright 2005 © Professor Michael E Porter Factor Factor (Input) (Input) Conditions Conditions Corruption Asian countries 1 Rank in Global Corruption Index, 2003 Vietnam 80 -15 -10 -5 0 5 10 15... Rank versus 93 countries; overall, Vietnam ranks 73rd in Business Competitiveness and 83rd in 2003 PPP adjusted GDP per capita Source: Global Competitiveness Report 2004-2005 200506 GCR Vietnam – KC 2005.06.24.ppt 25 Copyright 2005 © Professor Michael E Porter Related Relatedand and Supporting Supporting Industries Industries Related and Supporting Industries Vietnam’s Relative Position Competitive Advantages ... Source: Prof Michael E Porter, International Cluster Competitiveness Project; UN Comtrade 200506 GCR Vietnam – KC 2005.06.24.ppt 29 Copyright 2005 © Professor Michael E Porter Leading Vietnam Export... Vietnam – KC 2005.06.24.ppt 11 Copyright 2005 © Professor Michael E Porter Vietnamese Competitiveness Issues • Prosperity remains at a low level • Labor productivity remains very low • Vietnam’s... upgrading Source: Porter, Michael E., The Competitive Advantage of Nations, Macmillan Press, 1990 200506 GCR Vietnam – KC 2005.06.24.ppt Copyright 2005 © Professor Michael E Porter Shifting Responsibilities