REDUCED RELATIVE CLAUSES PARTICIPLE CLAUSESWe can give information about someone or something using an “ing”, “past participle -ed” or “being+ past participle-ed clause after a noun.. ‘-
Trang 1REDUCED RELATIVE CLAUSES (PARTICIPLE CLAUSES)
We can give information about someone or something using an “ing”, “past participle (-ed)” or “being+ past participle(-ed) clause after a noun These clauses are often similar to “defining relative clauses” beginning
“which, who, that”
- We stood on the bridge connecting the two halves of the building (or…which connects/connected the two halves…)
- The weapon used in the murder has now been found (or The weapon that was used…)
- The prisoners being released are all women (or…who are being released…)
A ‘-ing” clauses
We often use an “ing” clause instead of a defining relative clause with an “active verb”:
- The man driving the bus is my brother (or The man who is driving the bus….)
- The land stretching away to left all belongs to Mrs Thompson (or The land which stretches away to
the left….)
- Police took away Dr Li and items belonging to him (or…items which belong/belonged to him.)
Sometimes, however, we can’t use an “ing” clause For example:
- When there is a noun between the relative pronoun and the verb in the defining relative clause
+ The man who Tim is meeting for lunch is from Taiwan (not…the man Tim meeting…)
- When the event or action talked about in the defining relative clause comes before the event or action talked about in the rest of the sentence, except when the second event or action is the result of the
first Compare:
+ The snow which fell overnight has turned to ice (not The snow falling overnight )and
+ The snow which fell overnight has caused traffic chaos (or The snow falling overnight has caused traffic chaos.)
- When we talk about a single, completed action in the defining relative clause, rather than a continuous action Compare:
+ The girl who fell over the ice broke her arm (not The girl falling over…) and
+ I pulled off the sheets which covered the furniture (or…sheets covering the furniture )
B “past participle (-ed) and “being + past participle (-ed) clauses”
We often use a past participle or “being + past participle” clause instead of a defining relative clause with a
“passive verb”
+ The book published last week is his first written for children (or The book that was published last week…) + The boys being chosen for the team are under 9 (Or The boys who are being chosen…)
Sometimes, however, we can’t use a “past participle” or “being+ past participle” clause For example:
- When there is a noun between the relative pronoun and the verb is the defining relative clause:
+ The speed at which decisions are made in the company is worrying (not The speed at which decisions made…)
+ The issue that club members are being asked to vote on at tonight’s meeting is that of a free increase… (not The issue being asked to vote on…)
- When the defining relative clause includes a modal verb other than “will”:
+ There are a number of people who should be asked (not…people should be asked.)
C We can use an “ing” form of a verb or the ‘past participle” in a clause which has an adverbial meaning A clause like this often gives information about TIME or REASONS and RESULTS:
+ Opening her eyes, the baby began to cry (= When she opened her eyes…)
+ Faced with a bill of $ 10.000, John has taken an extra job (= Because he is faced )
D They are often similar to “non-defining relative clauses” with “which, who, that”
+ Feeling tired, Louise went to bed early (or Louise, who was feeling tired, went…)
+ Having been hunted close to extinction, the rhino is once again common in this area
E In negative forms of sentences like this, “not” usually comes before the “ing” form or “past participle” However, “not” can follow the “ing” form or the “past participle”, depending on meaning:
+ Not wanting to wake her, Steve left the house silently (= He didn’t want to…)
+ Preferring not to go out that night, I made an excuse (+ I preferred not to…)
F The implied subject of a clause like this is usually the same as the subject of the main clause
+ Arriving at the party, we saw Ruth standing alone (= When we arrived… we saw…)
G However, sometimes the implied subject is not referred to in the main clause:
+ Having wanted to drive a train all his life, this was an opportunity not to be missed
H In more formal English, the “ing” or “past participle” clause sometimes has its own subject:
Trang 2+ The score being level after 90 minutes, a replay will take place
I Some clauses like this are used to give information about TIME:
+ Glancing over his shoulder, he could see the dog chasing him (= As he glanced … )
+ Having completed the book, he had a holiday (= After he had completed the book….)
J We use an “ing” clause to talk about something that takes place at the same time or very close in time to the action in the main clause:
+ Putting on a serious face, she began to tell the story
K We often used an “ing” clause in written narrative after quoted speech, when we want to say what someone was doing while they were talking:
+ “Wait a minute,” said Frank, running through the door
L If the action described is relatively long compared with the one described in the main clause, we use a clause beginning “having + past participle”
+ Having driven five hours to the meeting, Don learnt that it had been postponed
M Sometimes we can use either an “ing” clause or a “having + past participle” clause with similar meanings, although using a “having + past participle” clause emphasizes that something is completed before the action in the main clause begins Compare:
+ Taking off/Having taken off his shoes, Ray walked into the house
N Some clauses like this are used to talk about REASONS and RESULTS
+ Knowing exactly what I wanted, I didn’t spend much time shopping
+ Being slim, he could squeeze through the opening in the fence
+ Having been invited to the party we could hardly refuse to go
I Choose the word with different stress
1. A exhaustion B assistance C evidence D equipment
2. A valuable B parachuting C temperature D oce’anic /ou/
3. A environmental B attention C adaptable D ‘auditory
4. A dangerous B examine C gracefully D journalist
5 A indulgence : Đam mê B oxygen C botanist D primitive/pri/
II Choose the word whose underlined part is pronounced differently
4. A exhaust B oxen /s/ C extravagant D fax
III Read the text and choose the best answer
Scientists in the United States have found that hibernating bears manage to keep fit in their sleep The discovery that over 130 days of winter hibernation bears (1.) only a quarter of their muscle power was made by (2.) from the University of Wyoming The scientists took samples from black bears at the start and finish of the hibernation The researchers had to (3.) attach devices to the bears and this meant creeping into the caves (4.) the autumn and spring They attached a machine to the bears’ legs for (5.) muscles strength The devices was connected to a computer and very small electric (6.) were sent to the bears’ nerves causing the legs to move suddenly and the measurement was then taken The scientists are (7.) that their research will enable them to help humans that are confined (8.) bed for a long time Human beings that are (9.) for 130 days lose an estimated 90% their body strength Furthermore, in the future there might be long-distance space (10.) and the effects of the lack of muscle movement will need to be considered
2. A investigators B detectives C researchers D discoveries
3. A accurately B steadily C slowly D carefully
5 A measuring B guessing C adding D estimating
7 A optimistic B enthusiastic C sympathetic D pessimistic
8 A to B in C at D with
9 A inactive B unenergetic C lazy D unmovable
IV Choose the best answer
1 People in large cities don’t know the pleasure of the life in the country
Trang 3A live B to live C living D lived
2 All the volunteers of the Go Green, the environmental protection program, must and must have a clean criminal report
3 The light in her room is on, Hoa got up
A must get B must have C must be getting D must have been
4 There was a great earthquake, but fortunately there were no
5 Those snakes won’t cause you even if they bite you They are completely harmless
6 Madeleine struggle for a long time before she finally to free herself
7 Anyone to join the environmental protection club must be over 15 and submit the required forms
8 Scientists argue that the rainforests will cause unpredictable changes in the weather
A destroying B destructions C destroyed D destruction
9 It has been estimated last month’s hurricane damage will cost insurance companies $500 million
10 Ms Julie Kaye, work has contributed largely to the ecological subsystem in Amazon National Park, died of heart attack last week
11 Everyone in my class now very excited about the trip to the Science Center tomorrow
A is B are C was D were
12 Students late will not be permitted into the classroom
13 You be hungry when you’ve just had your dinner
14 Ken tried to deny it, but he red when he was angry
A had always gone B has always gone C always goes D always went
15 Kim afraid of the dark ever since she was a little girl
16 Hippopotamuses in Africa, where they live in herds near the rivers
17 They nearly all day in the river with only their eyes and nostrils above the water
A spend B are spent C are spending D were spending
18 Their very big nostrils allow them to breathe even when their bodies by water (Choose 2 answers)
A covering completely B are completely covered C covered completely D are covered completely
19 They come out of the water at night and on grass and marsh plants
20 Hippos are not dangerous animals, but they other animals if they are annoyed
21 No one liked the fried rice very much, so there was still left in the pan
22 There can’t be a boy in the world than my brother Jim
23 Take off your shoes before you come in you won’t dirty the floor
24 The travelers continued walking across the desert they were very tired
A even though B where C ever since D unless
25 Did you see in direction the plane was flying before it crashed?
26 Patrick looked at in the mirror and found that he had grown a mustache (Choose 2 answers)
27 My little sister was too scared the horror movie on TV last night
A to watch B watch C watches D watched
28 She stared at the dead kitten with tears her eyes
Trang 4A in B over C on D around
29 The natives are very good at balancing pots and baskets their heads
30 He couldn’t find the letter because it was a pile of books
31 We felt the boat violently when the shark bumped on its side
A rock B to rock C was rocked D was rocking
32 Sheila hasn’t spoken to me I laughed at her new hairstyle
33 We don’t like to be with grownups They’re always talking about subjects
34 I prefer walking to school; the bus is slower because of rush-hour traffic
35 He was stopped by the police for through a red light
A going B went C was going D had gone
36 Our bus was caught in traffic jam and got to school twenty minutes late
37 Forty percent of amphibian species are now safe in national parks (Choose 2 answers)
38 The society was set up to preserve endangered species from
A extinction B collection C rainfall D reservation
39 They took immediate action to the forest fire from spreading
40 These should be more areas for rare species of tropical plants
V Find the mistake and correct
1 The article provides(A) general informations(B) about animals and tells why(C) animals are important to(D)
human beings information
2 The mining of minerals(A) often bring about(B) the destruction(C) of landscapes and wildlife habitats(D)
brings about
3 To building(A) their nests, tailor birds(B) use(C) their bills as(D) needles To build
4 Alike(A) all mammals(B), human beings have(C) relatively constant body temperature(D) Like
5 Mohandas K Gandi, calling(A) Mahatma, lived a noble life(B) of fasting(C) and poverty in order to work for(D) peace and independence called
6.The trees blowing down(A) in(B) last night’s(C) storm have been(D) moved off the road blown
7 The boy ran after(A) the ball through(B) the crowd of people hurried(C) to get to work(D) hurrying
8 I thought it(A) was waste(B) of money to throw(C) away the food(D) throwing
9 The teacher told us to do(A) the test by ourselves(B) and don’t(C) copy each other’s work(D) not to copy
10 As early as(A) the 1940s, scientist(B) understood that many species of wildlife(C) faced(D) extinction
scientists
VI Read the passage and choose the best answer for each question
CONSERVATION
Until the start of farming, about 10.000 years ago, humans had only a tiny impact on the natural world Even 300 years ago, large parts of the planet were natural grassland or dense forest Today that has changed
We now affect almost every habitat on Earth, and threaten the lives of many of their wild inhabitants
Unlike people, most plants and animals depend on one particular kind of habitat If that habitat disappears, they can’t survive This is exactly what has happened in many parts of the world Forests and woods have been chopped down, and grassland has been plowed up This has resulted in fewer places for plants and
animals to live
Efforts are now being made to reduce our harmful impact on the natural world and to protect endangered species This is called conservation By using a range of conservation methods, we can give wildlife
a better chance of survival
1 Paragraph 1 provides information about the topic of the passage
2 The word “impact” in paragraph 1, is closest in meaning to
A strong effect B living space C dangerous action D suitable location
Trang 53 The word “habitat” in paragraph 1 means
A the natural environment on Earth B the natural world in which we live
C the natural home of an animal or plant D the natural living conditions on our planet
4 Which of the following is the main point in paragraph 2?
A Habitat type B Habitat importance C Habitat protection D.Habitat destruction
5 The word “chopped” in paragraph 2, could best be replaced by
A cut B broken C brought D fallen
6 According to this passage, many species of plants and animals
A can’t travel as far as people do B will die if their habitat are destroyed
C may live well in any environment D can’t survive if they live in one habitat too long
7 The word “reduce” in paragraph 3 is closest in meaning to
8 The phrase “a range of” in paragraph 3 could best be replaced by
A a number of different B a long list of C a large number of D control
9 Which of the following is NOT a result of conservation?
A Less destruction of the natural environment B Better protection of wildlife
C A higher quality of life for humans D More endangered species are safe from extinction
VII Fill in each blank with one suitable word
SAVING THE TIGER
In 1973 when the tiger appeared to (0.)be facing extinction, the World Wide Fund for Nature and (1.)the Indian Government agreed to set (2.)up “Operation Tiger” – a campaign (3.)to save this threatened creature They started by creating nine special parks (4.) so that tigers could live in safety The first was at Ranthambhhore, a region (5.)which was quickly turning into a desert (6.) because/as/since too much of the grass was being eaten by the local people’s cattle At the time there (7.) were just fourteen tigers left there The government had to clear twelve small villages, which mean moving nearly 1.000 people and 10.000 cattle so the land (8.) could be handed back to nature
Today, Ranthambhhore is a very different place, with grass tall (9.) enough for tigers to hide in, and
there are now at (10.) least forty of them (11.) in the park, wandering freely about Other animals have also benefited For example, there are many (12.)more deer and monkeys than before The people (13.) who were moved are now living in better conditions They live in new villages away (14.) from the tiger park, with schools,
temples and fresh water supplies There are now sixteen such tiger parks in India and the animals’ future looks (15.)a little safer
VIII Read the passage and choose the best answer for each blank
ZOOS
Many people remember being taken to the zoo as a child They remember especially the excitement of (1.) seeing animals for the first (2.) , when before they had only read about them in books or seen them on television However, there is (3.) discussion today about future of zoos and what their role should be
Supporters of zoos claim that they have an educational (4.) and represent a good way for people of (5.) ages to learn more about the natural world Also, zoos provide (6.) for
important research and frequently (7.) scientists to help save those animals which are becoming (8.) rare in the wild
Opponents, however, criticize zoos for a number of reasons Firstly, they say that it is (9.) to keep animals in cages Even in the best zoos, animals may (10.) because the places in which they have to live are both restricted and (11.) This can cause them to (12.) stress and can affect their health Secondly, they believe that money would be (13.) spent on protecting animals in their (14.) environment Finally, opponents (15.) out that most people nowadays can see well-made nature documentaries on television and that this is a much more valuable experience than going to a zoo
1 A actually B genuinely C positively D truly
4. A activity B function C situation D occupation
8. A completely B increasingly C totally D greatly
Trang 69. A violent B severe C heavy D cruel
10 A suffer B injure C fail D hurt
11.A designed B manufactured C artificial D false
12 A experience B have C create D bear
IX Five sentences have been removed from the article below Choose from the sentences A – F the one which fits each gap There is an unnecessary sentence
YOSEMITE NATIONAL PARK
What exactly is Yosemite? Is it Bridalveil Fall thundering and pouring in early June? Is it a long summer’s day at Tuolumne Meadows? Is it the ice-carved rocky world of the high Sierra seen from Glacier Point?
(1.)F It is an energetic walk over the Four Mile Trail It is the smell of pine trees at Hogdon Meadow camp-ground It might also be a walk among some of the largest trees in the world Our list could go on and on
(2.)C Roaring waterfalls Falling hundreds of feet fascinate even the most bored traveler Shining walls of towering rockface challenge the skills of hundreds of mountain climbers and capture the eyes and minds of thousands of visitors Yosemite’s rushing mountain streams, alpine landscape, forests and all the rest of its natural features combine to make this national park unique in the opinion of nearly every observer
(3.)E These earlier inhabitants of the region left traces of a lifestyle which depended upon the use of local plants and animals Remains of that culture, on display in museums and books sometimes seen in the surfaces of rock, recalled manly in names upon the land, show us people’s lives which were directly connected to this region (4.)A From the earliest Spanish explorers who gave names to the genera, to the fur trappers, miners and others who came seeking paths through the Sierra Nevada or hoping for personal gain Yosemite displays an exciting past which helps us understand the present It is a story filled with characters who were impressive enough to stay, advertise, exploit and preserve
(5.D.While preserved for all to enjoy, perhaps not everyone can enjoy it at once Occasionally crowed conditions disturb many first-time visitors Yosemite Valley does not seem like the quiet place generally shown in photographs An ever-increasing, demanding public raises the questions –can any national park be all things to all people?
A Yosemite recalls a history, rich with colorful personality and filled with dramatic events.
B Because of that, Yosemite is more than a park, it is an ideal.
C Yosemite contains natural features which can’t fail to attract human attention.
D Yosemite might also be an example of a national park that is too successful, that has become too popular.
E Yosemite also shows us how the original native American people lived.
F Obviously, Yosemite is all of these things and much, much more
X If possible, change the relative clauses in these sentences to an “-ing”, “past participle” or “being + past participle” clause If not possible, write (x) after the sentence
1 The people who are being asked to take early retirement are all over the age of 60
→The people being asked to take early retirement are all over the age of 60
2 The book that she wanted to borrow wasn’t available in the library X (noun between)
→
3 The eye hospital has recently obtained new equipment which will allow far more patients to be treated
→The eye hospital has recently obtained new equipment allowing far more patients to be treated
4 The children who are being moved to another school all have learning difficulties
→The children being moved to another school all have learning difficulties
5 The man who died in the accident came from Bulgaria X (completed action)
→
6 An agreement has been signed to protect the forests which are being cut down all over the world
→An agreement has been signed to protect the forests being cut down all over the world
7 I ran through the crowd of people who were hurrying to get to work
→I ran through the crowd of people hurrying to get to work
8 If you know of anyone who would like to buy Maggie’s car, let me know X (modal verbs)
→
9 The trees that were blown down in last night’s storm have been moved off the road
Trang 7→The trees blown down in last night’s storm have been moved off the road
10 The woman who visited us last week has sent us a present X (action happens first )
→
XI Rewrite the sentences beginning with an “ing” or “past participle” clause (or Not + ing/past participle)
1 Marie left work early because she didn’t feel too well
→Not feeling too well, Marie left work early
2 The manager was impressed by Jo’s work so he extended her contract for a year
→Being impressed by Jo’s work, the manager extended her contract for a year
3 He had acquired the money through hard work, so he was reluctant to give it away
→Having acquired the money through hard work, he was reluctant to give it away
4 Because he had started the course, Alan was determined to complete it
→Having started the course, Alan was determined to complete it
5 As we didn’t want to offend him, we said nothing about his paintings
→Not wanting to offend him, we said nothing about his paintings
6 As I haven’t seen all the evidence, I am reluctant to make a judgement
→Not having seen all the evidence, I am reluctant to make a judgement
XII Rewrite the sentences Put the quoted speech first, and use an “ing” clause.
1 As I grabbed Don by the arm, I said, “Look, it’s Tim’s car.”
→”Look, it’s Tim’s car,” I said, grabbing Don by the arms
2 As she pointed to the empty table, Sandra said, “It was here a moment ago.”
→”It was here a moment ago,” Sandra said, pointing to the empty table
3 As she turned over in bed, Helen groaned, “I’ll get up in an hour or so.”
→”I’ll get up in an hour or so,” Helen groaned, turning over in bed
4 As Mark smiled cheerfully at them, he exclaimed , “Well, I’m back.”
→”Well, I’m back,” Mark exclaimed, smiling cheerfully at them
(in stories and novels, the reporting verb is often placed before the subject when the reporting clause comes after the quotation, except when the subject is a pronoun)
XIII Complete the sentences with the “having + past participle” form of one of these verbs In which is
it also possible to use an “ing” form with a similar meaning.?
1 Having taken the wrong bus, Tony found himself in an unfamiliar town (Not taking)
2 Having climbed a tree, Lee was able to see a way out of the forest (Climbing)
3 Having worked as a clerk, painter and bus driver, Neil decided to go back to university (Not working)
4 Having spent all morning working in the garden, Betty took a short lunch break (Not spending)
5 Having arrived early for his appointment, Ron spent time looking at the magazines (Arriving)
XIV Match the sentences halves and write new ones beginning with an “ing”, “having been +past participle) or “being + past participle” clause (or Not + ing)
1 She was a doctor a she knew how to keep children interested
2 I didn’t expect anyone to be in the house b I found life in Sicily difficult
3 The room had been painted in dark colors c I walked straight in
4 Dave was unemployed d she knew what side effects the medicine could have
5 I don’t speak Italian e he had time to consider what job he really wanted
6 Barbara had been a teacher for 14 years f the room needed some bright lights
1 Being a doctor, she knew what side effects the medicine could have
2 Not expecting anyone to be in the house, I walked straight in
3 Having been painted in dark colors, the room needed some bright lights
4 Being unemployed, Dave had time to consider what job he really wanted
5 Not speaking Italian, I found life in Sicily difficult
6 Having been a teacher for 14 years, she knew how to keep children interested