QUÂN VÀ DÂN NGHỆ AN VỚI VIỆC THỰC HIỆN NHIỆM VỤ QUỐC TẾ Ở LÀO TRONG KHÁNG CHIẾN CHỐNG THỰC DÂN PHÁP

OUAN VA DAN NGHE AN V6l VIEC THl/C HIEN NHIEM vy OUOC TE LAO TRONG KHANG CHIEN CHONG THl/C DAN PHAP (1945-1954) BUI VAN H A O ' T rong cudc khang chiln chd'ng thflc dSn Phap xam Ifldc (1945-1954), nha't 1^ chidn cudc Ddng Xuan 1953-1954 va chidn dich Uch s i Dien Bien P h i , quan va dan Nghd An da hoan xu&'t sic nhiem vu cung cfip sic ngfldi, sflc cua cho cac chidn trfldng nfldc, ddng thdi the hidn tinh th^n qud'c te' cao ca thdng qua vide ung hd, giip dd each m?ng Lao Vdi tinh t h i n "giip ban Ik giip minh", quHn va dSn Nghd An v i a phra hdp chat che vdi Iflc Ifldng vu trang each mang Lao chiln dfi^u vli phuc vu chidn dfiu, vfla tao moi dieu kien cho cac cd quan, don vi cia Pathit Llio sd tan sang hoat ddng Sfl phd'i hdp chiln d&'u, phuc vu chidn dfiu cua quan vli dan Nghd An vdi lfle Ifldng vu trang each m^ng Lao diln sau Cach m^ng thang Tam d Vidt Nam va Khdi nghia gilinh chinh quyln d Lao gianh thang ldi Trong nhan dan hai nudc dang han hoan m i n g ehid'n thfing, quan Phfip da quay trd lai chiem cac vi tri quan tren true dfldng noi liln Nghd An vdi eac tinh cua Lko M^c d i cdn nhieu khd khSn, gian kho, nhflng Chi ddi quan giai phdng Ddi Cung tinh Nghd An c i n g Iflc Iflpng tfl v$ cac huydn Thanh Chfldng, Anh Sdn, Con Cudng da phdi hqfp vdi quan va dan tinh Xieng Khoang tfi'n cdng quan Phap d ddn Noong Het Day lli sfl kien md * TS Dai hoc Vinh dau cho sfl phoi hdp ehid'n da'u c i a quan vli dan Nghe An vdi luc lUdng v i trang each mang Lao thdi ky khang chien chong thflc dan Phap (1945-1954) Khi mdi bfldc vao cudc khang chidn chdng thuc dan Phap xdm lUdc, Iflc Ifldng vu trang each mang Lao cdn non tre Vi vfiy, cud'i nam 1946, thuc hidn chu trUdng cua Trung fldng Dang Cdng san Ddng Dfldng, chi thi cia Bd tdng chl huy Quan dpi va theo ydu clu cua Pathet Llio, tinh Nghe An da lfip cfic ddi quan T^y tid'n, cac ddn vi lidn quan Vidt Lao dl giip dd, tao dilu kien cho cac tinh Sim Nua (tinh Hua Phan hiln nay), Xidng Khoang va Kham Mugn xfiy dung cd sd khfing chie'n Ddi qufin Tay tid'n da treo deo, vfldt sudi dd'n tfin cfic ban lang cua cac huydn Sam Td, Nopng Hit, Mfldng Mdc, Kham Cdt de tuyen truyin, vdn ddng ba nhan dfin i n g hd va tham gia each mang (2) Cac ddn vi lien quan Vidt • Lao boat ddng doc Qud'c Id dUdc giao nhidm vu "giip dd ddn vi v i trang tuyen truydn cua Lao cac dng Thao Bun, Thao Phan chi huy trd lai boat ddng d khu vuc Mudng Ngan, Mfldng Mdc" (3) Sang nam 1947, tinh Nghd An tich cue chuan hi hau cfl cho cd quan Dang, chinh quyln va Qufin dpi Pathet Lao sd tan sang hoat ddng Vdi sU giup dd cua chinh quyen Rghien cihi Lich s i s6 5.8015 va nhan dan cac huydn miln Tay Nghd An, Pathet Lao da td chic cdng Dai hdi lap Uy ban van ddng ddc lap Lao phfldng Ddng (Uy ban giai phdng Ddng Lao) (4) Thang 5-1948, dfldi su chi dao true tid'p cia Phdng Biln chinh Lidn khu IV, Tinh i y Nghd An lap Tnmg dpi di tham gia vao Dai dpi vu trang tuydn truyin ^ a i dpi 210 va Dai dpi 219) lam nhiem vu dam bao dfldng giao hen quoc te bi mat, xay dflng can cfl dia Ddng Nam Xieng Khoang vfi hoat ddng tuydn truyin d Mfldng Md, Mfldng Dfldng, Mfldng Bo, Mudng Nghia (5) Cung thdi gian nfiy, trln cd sd huy dpng nhan luc vfi vfit luc tai Thanh Hda, Nghp An, Ha "Hnh, Ban cfin sU Dang va Trung dofin Tnmg Lao dfldc lfip Trung doan nfiy sau dd da trd thfinh luc lUdng ndng cdt cac cudc chidn dfi'u tren chilh trfldng Lao sudt cudc khang chiln chd'ng thuc dan Phap Thflc hien c h i trfldng cua Dang va Bp Tdng chi huy Quan ddi, thang 5-1950, Lien khu i y IV td chflc hpi nghi ban cac bidn phap tang cfldng giup dd cfich mang Lfio Hdi nghi da thing nhat "Md rdng mat trfin Trung Lfio" nhiim tfip trung Iflc Ifldng de lam c h i cfic tuyen dudng giao thdng nd'i lien hai nfldc; tich cue chu^n bi vl mpi mat cho bd dpi chu Iflc di sau vao hoat ddng tai cfic tinh c i a Lfio; khan trUdng dfio tao cfin bd va phfit trien cfic cd sd Dang tai Lfio Tren tinh thfin cua Hdi nghi, Tinh uy, Uy ban khang chidn tinh Nghd An da huy dpng lUc Ifldng sang hoat ddng vfi chidn dfi'u tai Xidng Khoang, Kham Mudn, ddng thdi tao mpi dilu kien giup dd Uy ban Ddng Lfio xay dflng va cung cd" chinh quyln cfic cfi'p t i tinh (kbit), huydn (codng) dd'n cfic xa, ban (tfixeng) (6) Vdi tinh than quoc te vd san sang, can bd chiln si qufin tinh nguydn Nghd An khdng quan ngai gian kho, hy sinh, da tich cflc hoat ddng de xay dflng va phfit triln lien minh chie'n dfi'u Viet • Lfio tai tinh Xieng Khoang Tai khu vflc Long Md, cac can bp chidn Sl cua Nghe An da dfldc "Lao hda", ludn bam sfit dan, ndn da xay dung va phat trien dfldc nhilu can bd dia phUdng, to chflc dfldc mpt so' ddn vi dan quan Coong Thao Tu chi huy (gom 34 chidn si, boat ddng tai Xam Che) va ddi vu trang Xieng Xinh chi huy (gdm 20 chiln si, boat ddng d vung Nfim Ndn) Cung thdi gian nay, theo nhidm vu da dfldc phan cdng Ban chi huy Quan sfl Nghd An da td chic cfic ldp dao tao, boi dfldng v l chinh tri va quan sfl cho 87 can bp chiln si cua Pathet Lao (7) Sau thfi't bai nang n l d Hda Binh, Tay Bfic Viet Nam, thflc dan Phap tfip trung Iflc Ifldng phdng thu Thfldng Lfio Am mflu cua thuc dan Phfip lfi "bid'n Sdm Nfla thfinh mgt tap doan c i didm manh "kidu Nfi San" d Tfiy Bfic Vidt Nam nhfim ngan chan cac cupc tie'n cdng c i a qufin c h i Iflc Viet Nam tren chie'n trfldng Thfldng Lao va uy hilp v i n g tfl c i a cfich mang Vidt Nam" (8) Dd dfip tan am mUu c i a thflc dan Phap, dfla cugc khang ehid'n di din thfing lpi, Trung Udng Dang vfi Chinh phu Vidt Nam quyd't dinh phli hdp c i n g quan giai phdng Pathet Lfio md Chilh dich Thfldng Lao nhfim "tidu diit mpt bd phfin sinh Iflc dich, giai phdng mdt phan dfi't dai, giup Chinh p h i khfing chiln Lao md rpng vfi xay dflng can c i dia chinh, tao dieu kien day manh cupc khang chiln cua nhan dan Lfio", via de "ren luydn them cho c h i lfle ta vl chiln thufit va v l sfl chfi!'p hanh chinh sfich qudc t l cua Dang" (9) Dia ban tac chien ThUdng Lao d rfi't xa cfic can cfl hfiu phfldng c i a Viet Nam, nen "vfi'n d l cung cfi'p lfi khd khfin nhfi't^ (10) De lfim tdt nhidm vu nfiy, Trung fldng Dang vfi Chinh p h i Viet Nam tin cfiy giao cho Thanh Hda, Nghd An vfi Ha Tinh chiu QuAn dan Hghe Rn v6i vigc thue hian trach nhipm chinh vide huy ddng s i c ngfldi, sflc cua chi vidn cho chie'n dich Thflc hidn nhiem vu Trung fldng giao, 21-2-1953, Dang bd va Chinh quyln tinh Nghd An td chic Hdi nghi Qufin - Dan Chinh - Dang nhfim quan tridt ydu clu vfi nhi$m vu phuc vu chid'n dich Thfldng Lao Hdi nghi xac dinh nhidm vu c h i ylu cua qufin va dan Nghe An lfi 'T)am bao cung cfi'p diy du cho Udn quan Vidt - Lao va cfic luc lupng tham gia chiln dich Thfldng Lao" (11) Dd hofin thfinh nhiem vu dfldc giao, sau Hdi nghi, Uy ban Khang chien Hanh chinh tinh Nghd An da quyet dinh thfinh lfip Hdi ddng cung cfij) mat trfin vdi ten goi lfi "Ban kim thd san tinh Nghd An", mat danh la K31, tru sd ddng tai huydn Dd Lfldng, dong chi Le Ldc lam Chu tich (12) Tuye'n dfldng vfin chuydn t i Nghd An di Xidng Khoang dfii hdn 400 km, nhilu doan chfla cd dfi'u chan ngfldi, thdi tilt lai h i t s i c khfie nghidt D l hoan thfinh nhipm vu Trung fldng giao, tinh Nghd An da cfi'p tdc huy ddng 72.940 Ifldt dfin cdng s i a c h i a 170 km dudng, lam hdn 100 clu phao, clu tam trdn tuye'n dudng sd t i P h i Dien (Diln Chau) ldn Dd Lfldng, ldn Mfldng Xdn sang Lfio" (13) Sau tuyd'n Qud'c Id sang Lfio da dUdc khai thdng, dudi su chi dao trflc tie'p e i a Ban kim thd san tinh, 12.000 dfin cdng Nghe An, vdi 1.486 xe dap tho vfi 1.066 thuyin, ca nd, theo dfldng so va theo dpc sdng Lam v^n chuyin 740 tfi'n gao, hfing nghin trau bd, hang trfim tfi'n mudi, ca khd, nfldc mfim va cfic hang hda khfie phuc vu chie'n dich" (14) Ngay 20-51953, tinh Nghd An tie'p tuc huy ddng mdt dpt dfin cdng gfinh bd gdm 12.700 ngfldi Dofin dan cdng da phai xe nui, xuyen rflng, vflpt qua cac diem cao d Noong Hat, Ban Ban, Phu Qu^c, Hoi Ca Nhom, Pha Phien de vfin chuydn Ifldng thflc, thflc phfim vfi vu khi, dan dfldc sang Xidng Khoang Tilu dofin 195 va cfic Dai dpi 121, 123, bd dpi dia phUdng c i a tinh cung dflpc dieu ddng sang Xidng Khoang phuc vu vfi trflc tid'p chid'n da'u tren dfi't Lfio (15) Nghd An la mdt nhflng dia bfin hufi'n luydn vfi diem xua't phfit tid'n cdng dich cia cac ddn vi chu liic tham gia Chid'n dich Thfldng Lfio De chuan bi cho chiln dich, ngfiy 17-3-1953, Dai dofin 304 da md Hdi nghi qufin chinh tai xfi Dang Sdn, huydn Anh Sdn, tinh Nghi An Tham dfl hpi nghi cd ddng chi Nguyin Chi Thanh, dai diln Trung fldng Dang vfi Chinh p h i Viet Nam, ddng chi Phumi Vdngvichit, dai dien Dang, Chinh p h i va Mat trfin Lao Itxala De'n ngfiy 31-3-1953, Dai dofin 304 chia lam hai canh quan tid'n sang Lfio Dfldi sfl chi huy trflc tid'p cua Dai dofin trfldng Hofing Minh Thao, Trung dofin 99 vfi Trung doan 66 da vfldt doc Tadopficlac, tfi'n cdng vfio he thd'ng phdng ngfl cua dich t i Noong Het de'n Ban Ban, nham ngfin chfin khdng cho dich rut lui v l Canh ddng Chum Cung hfinh quan vdi cfinh qufin cd ddng chi Phumi Vdngvichit Sau tfip kit trdn dfi't Lao, canh nfiy phdi hdp vdi Tidu doan Pathet Lao ddng chi Thfio Tu chi huy dd tham gia Chien dich ThUdng Lao Dfldi sfl chi huy c i a Chinh i y Dai dofin 304 Ld Chfldng, Trung doan 57 da bi mat vfldt doc Phulaixileng, theo Mfldng Ngfin Mudng Ngan, dfinh thfing vfio Thi xa Phdnxavln Cling hfinh quan vdi cfinh quan cd dong chi NhflvU, Bi thfl Tinh uy Xidng Khoang Trong sudt qua trinh dien Chiln dich Thfldng Lfio, mac du dia hinh nui cao, suoi sau, mfla nfing thfi't thfldng, nhUng hfing van dfin cdng Nghe An van lidn tuc ngfiy dem gui, ganh gao, mudi, sung dan dd phuc vu bd dpi truy kich dich Nhilu ndi dfin cdng hda tuyen da phai trflc tilp chie'n dfi'u vdi phi dl bao vd hang hda va thfldng binh Sau g i n mdt thang chid'n dfi'u, ngfiy 3-51953, Chiln dich Thfldng Lfio kd't thuc nghign curu IJch s i sd 5.2Q15 thfing ldi Lien quan Viet - Lao da tidu diet gin 2.800 si quan vfi binh linh, giai phdng mpt v i n g rdng ldn khoang 35.000 km^ vdi hdn 40.000 dan, gdm tinh Sam Nua, phan ldn tinh Xidng Khoang vfi mdt p h l n tinh Ludng Phrabang, dd cd khu vflc Nam U, mdt khu vuc cd vi tri chie'n Ifldc quan trpng vfi giau cd bfic nhfi't Tay Bfic Lfio (16) Thing ldi c i a Chid'n dich Thfldng Lfio khdng chi gdp p h l n lam tidu hao sinh Iflc dich, md rdng can cfl dia cua khang chie'n cua Lfio, mfi cdn nra hen cfin c i nfiy vdi hfiu phfldng Thanh - Nghd - l l n h cia Viet Nam thfinh mdt dai Udn hofin, tao dieu kien thufin ldi cho cupc khfing chie'n ciia hai dfin tdc Dfinh gifi y nghia c i a chilh thang nay, ddng chi Phumi Vdngvichit da khfing dinh: "Thfing ldi cua chidn dich Thupng Lao la chien thang cia tinh than vd san qudc td'cao ca, thfing ldi cia tinh t h i n doan kd't gifla hai dfin tdc vfi hai quan dpi Vidt-Lfio" (17) Trong thang ldi ve vang dd cd si^ ddng gdp khdng nhd cia qufin va dfin tinh Nghd An Bi thfi't bai Udn tid'p tren cfic chie'n trfldng, Chinh p h i Phap budc phai xin them vi$n trd c i a My de ciu van tinh hinh vfi tim mdt "ldi thofit danh dfl" thdng qua viec thuc hidn Ke' hoach Nava D l dap tan ke' hoach nay, thfing 9-1953, Trung Udng Dang hpp bfin vfi quylt dinh md cupc tie'n cdng chie'n lupc Ddng Xufin 1953-1954 Mdt nhflng muc tidu quan trgng cua cudc tid'n cdng chie'n Ifldc la viing Trung, Ha Lao Muc dich cua Chie'n dich Trung, Ha Lao lfi "thu h i t quan cd ddng Phap, pha the' tap trung qufin cua Tudng Nava ddng bfing Bfic Bd; tidu diet mdt bd phfin sinh luc tinh nhue c i a dich, md rdng va cing cd' ving giai phdng Trung, Ha Lao, xfiy dflng cd sd khang chid'n lau dfii; thdng dudng hfinh lang Bfic - Nam, phdi hdp vdi chid'n trfldng chinh Tfiy Bfic va cfic chien trudng khac gifinh thfing ldi ldn Ddng Xufin 1953-1954" (18) De thuc hidn chu trfldng cia Trung Udng Dang, Bd Tdng tfl lenh Quan dpi nhan dfin Vidt Nam vfi Bd Chi huy cac lfle Ifldng vu trang yeu nfldc Lao, Bd chi huy chien dich Trung Lfio dfi dfldc lfip vdi mat danh la "Mat tran D" Ddng chi Hofing Sfim dupc c i lfim Tfl llnh trudng vfi ddng chi Trln Quy Hai dUdc c i lam Chinh uy mat trfin Luc Ifldng bp dpi tham gia chid'n dich gdm Trung doan 66 cua Dai doan 304, Trung dofin 101 va Trung doan 18 cua Dai doan 325, cung cfic ddn vi cua quan tinh nguydn Lidn khu va mdt bd phfin quan giai phdng Lfio Chid'n dich Trung, Ha Lfio diln trdn mdt dia bfin rdng, ydu clu v l hfiu cln rfi't ldn, thdi gian c i a chid'n dich phai kdo dfii tdi thang Trong dd, dl dam bao tinh "bi mat, bfi't ngd", Bd chi huy chie'n dich chu trUdng khdng td chic cac kho trung chuyan trUdc, ndn cdng tfic hfiu cln rfi't gfi'p vfi gap rfi't nhieu khd khfin De dam bao cdng tfic hfiu cln, Hdi ddng cung cfi'p mat trfin Lidn khu IV ddng chi Nguyin Vfin Thfin chi huy da dieu ddng Iflc Ifldng dfin cdng hoa tuyd'n Nghd An vfi Hfi Tinh tham gia phuc vu chid'n dich Dfldi sfl chi dao trflc tilp cua Hdi ddng cung cfi'p mat trfin, dofin Dan cdng Nghi An ddng chi Dfldng Vfin Dfit phu trfich dfi huy ddng 20.000 ngfldi, 1.500 xe dap thd, hdn 1.000 chile thuyin (19) phdi hpp vdi Dofin Dan cdng tinh Ha Tinh "vfin chuyen 4.600 tfi'n gao ldn Thanh Luyen - Chu L l - Tan Ap - Xdm Cue, qua dudng 15 len dfldng 12, t i dd theo cac ddn vi bd ddi triln khai di vfio Trung Lfio" (20) Cudi thfing 11-1953, chiln dich Tnmg Lfio md man, tinh Nghe An tilp tuc huy ddng 2.000 dan cdng ganh bd hoac vfin chuydn bang thuyin, 1.500 dfin cong van tai bfing xe thd phuc vu chid'n dich 1.300 nien xung phong cua Nghd An dfldc phidn che thfinh 10 Dai dpi, cd nhidm vu s i a chfla cau dfldng, theo sat bd dpi de tham gia truy Qufln dfln Rghe Ftn v6i viee fcue hien kich dich vfi hd trd van chuyen quan lUdng, vu cung cfi'p cho mat trfin Khi Chiln dich Trung Lao sfip ket thuc, hau h i t Iflc Ifldng nidn xung phong tinh Nghd An dfldc ldnh chuyen quan sd' vao Trung dofin bg binh 101, thudc Dai doan 325 Sau Chid'n dich Trung Lfio k i t thuc thang ldi, l i d n quan Viet - Lfio da t h i a thang tiln xudng Ha Lao De phuc vu hfiu cln cho chiln dich, Hdi ddng cung cap mat trfin Lidn khu IV tid'p tuc giao cho hai tinh Nghd An, Hfi Tinh vfi viing giai phdng Quang Binh dam nhfin vai trd chinh M^c du thdi ban phuc vu chiln dich da hit, nhilu ngfldi Uen tuc hi sdt rdt hfinh ha, nhung luc Ifldng dan cdng vfi nien xung phong tinh Nghd An khdng mdt chiu rdi trfin tuydn, kien quyet bam tru dd phuc vu chid'n dich Suot thang trdi rdng ra, nhd gifl nghidm ky lufit vfi quan h$ td't vdi quan vfi dan Lao anh em, doan dan cdng vfi mdn xung phong tinh Nghd An da hofin thfinh xult sfic nhidm vu dfldc giao Sau chid'n dich, nhilu tfip t h l vfi cfi nhfin cua doan dfi dupc Dang vfi Nhfi nudc khen thudng Dai dpi Quynh Luu vinh dfl nhan la cd "Thi dua lam trdn nhiem vu" c i a Chu tich Hd Chl Minh va Huan chfldng khang chid'n hang Nhi Dai dpi Yen Thfinh vfi Dai ddi Nghi Ldc dfldc tang thfldng Hufin chUdng khfing chien hang Ba (21) Ngay 2-2-1953, Lien quan Vidt - Lfio da tfi'n cdng tidu diet c i diem Pui, tap kich Attapfl, tfl dd phat triln xud'ng Saravan, giai phdng tofin bd cao nguyen Bdldven Sau hdn mdt thang lidn tuc chie'n dfi'u, Lidn quan Lfio - Viet da loai khdi vdng chiln da'u 9.510 ten dich, thu nhilu v i khi, giai phdng mdt khu vflc rpng 16.000km^ vdi 600.000 dan (22) Tuy nhidm vu chu ye'u lfi phuc vu bd dpi, nhflng chidn dich nfiy, Iflc Ifldng dan cdng va nidn xung phong tinh Nghd An da lap nhieu chie'n cdng xua't sfic tren chie'n trudng Ddng chi Hoang Sfim, Tu ldnh Chid'n dich Trung, Ha Lao da danh gifi: 'T)an cdng khdng chi lfi luc lupng hfiu vfin chuyen tie'p te, cflu nan, tai thfldng, ma cdn la Iflc liTdng chie'n dfi'u nfla" (23) Vdi thfing lpi cua Chid'n dich Trung, Ha Lfio, k l hoach tfip trung qufin c i a Nava da t i n g bfldc bi pha san, qufin Phfip budc phai phan tfin lUc Ifldng ddi phd tren nhilu chiln trudng, tao dieu kidn cho lUc lupng vu trang ta tap trung vfio trfin quye't chid'n chie'n Ifldc Cd thd ndi, chie'n thang Trung, Ha Lfio da gdp phln chia Iia cho Chien dich Uch s i Dien Bien Phu Thflc hien ldi day cua Chu tich Hd Chi Minh: "giup ban lfi giup minh, xay ban la xay minh, phai quan niem Udn minh lfi nghia vu chung, xfin tay ldn ciing lfim " (24), sud't cudc khfing chidn chdng thflc dfin Phap xam Ifldc, nhfi't la cac chien dich ldn diln tren dfi't Lfio, quan vfi dan tinh Nghd An ludn k l vai sfit canh cing quan va dfin cac tinh cua Lfio chie'n dfi'u ciing nhfl phuc vu chie'n dfifu Vdi tfl each la vung tfl cudc khang chie'n chd'ng thflc dan Phap xam lupc, quan vfi dan tinh Nghd An khdng chi hoan xufi't sac nhidm vu hfiu phfldng cho tiln tuydn, mfi cdn trflc tid'p ghi dfi'u ah sau sac cac chidn dich lich s i Va mdt nhing dfi'u ah khdng the phai md, dd lfi tinh t h i n qudc t l cao ca qufin vfi dan Nghd An da the hidn do\ vdi sfl nghidp each mang cua nhan dan Lao anh em suit cupc khang chien chdng thflc dan Phap xam Ifldc (1945-1954) CHU THICH (1) "nnh uy, Hei dong Nhan dan (ITOND), ty ban (2), (7), (12), (23) Tinh uy, HDND, UBND tinh Nhan dan (UBND) tinh N ^ § An, iicft siJ Afg/i£ M tap Nghe An, Lich sd Nghe An, tap 2, add, tr 35, 37, 2, Nxb Chfnh tri Quae gia-Su thfit, Hk Noi, 2012, tr 33, 41, 66 Rghien c i u IJch s i sd 5.2015 (3), (5), (13) T r l n Kim Don, Bien men sU kiin hOu nghi vd hdp tdc Nghi An-Xiing Khodng, Nxb Nghe An, 2007, tr 13, 15, 18 (4), (6) Bui Van Hfio, Quan hi hdp tdc giSa Nghe An, Hd Tinh cua Viet Nam vdi cdc tinh HUa Phdn, Xiing Khodng, Bdlykhdmxay, Kham Muon cua Ldo ta ndm 1976 den nam 2007, Luan an Tien 81 S i hoc Hoc vien Khoa hoc xa h6i Viet Nam, Ha Noi, 2011, tr 27, 29 (8), (9), (10), (17) Ban Chi dao nghien ciiu bi&n soan Iich s i quan h? d|ic bi§t Viet Nam - Lao vli Ban chi dao bien t|[p I4ch s i quan h? dac biet L^o - Viet Nam, Lkh sA quan he ddc biet Viet Nam - Ldo, Nxb Chinh tri QuSc gia, Ha Noi, 2012, tr 147,251,263,265 (11), (14), (19) Ng6 Dfing Tri, Moi quan he gi&i Thanh • Nghe - Tinh vdi Ldo khdng chiin chd'ng thUc d&n Phdp xam lUdc, T^ip chi Nghiin Clhi Ddng Nam A, so (15)-1994, tr 90, 90, 91 (15), (16), (18), (22) Bo Quoi; phong - Vi|n Lich s i QuSn sU Viet Nam, Lich su: qudn tinh nguyin Viet Nam cugc khdng chien chong thiic d&n Phdp tai Ldo, Nxb Quan doi Nhan dan, H i Noi, tr 289, 292, 297, 332 (20), (21) Ban Nghien c i u lich sd Dang b? Ngh? Tinh, Lich siC Ddng bg Nghe Tinh, Nxb Ngh? Tinh, 1989, tr 278 (24) H6 Chi Minh, 7^>'e>i tap, t i p Nxb S^ th§t, Hfi Noi, 1989, tr 216 VU MIE]^ (1718-1782) (Tiep theo trang 21) (11), (14), (32), (33), (36) Qucfc S i quan trieu Nguyin: Khdm dinh Viit su! thdng gidm citang muc, T.II, Sdd, tr 51, 337, 614, 614-615, 723 (18) Le Qui Don: Dgi Viet thdng sk Sdd, tr.190-211 Vien S i hoc: VUdng trieu Mgc (15271592), Nxb Khoa hoc xa h3i, Hfi Noi, 1996 Nhd Mac vd dbng hg Mac lich sii Nhieu tac gia Vien S i hoc va Ban Nghien ciJtu Lich s i Hai Phong xua't ban, 1996; Dinh Khde Thuan: Lick svt triiu Mgc qua thU tick vd vdn bia, Nxb Khoa hoc xa hoi, Hfi N6i, 2001 ViAfng triiu Mgc lich sk Viet Nam, Hoi S i hoc Trung tfim bao ton khu di tich Co Loa - Thfinh c5' Hfi Noi, Ha Noi, 2010 (21) A.L.Fedorin: Nhdng lieu mdi ve viic chep sU Vi&t Nam Nxb Vfin hoa thong tin, Ha Noi, 2011 (22), (23) A.L.Fedorin Nhing cii lieu mdi ve viec chep sU Viit Nam, Sdd, tr.145-168, 168 (24) Do Trong Vy: Kinh Bdc dU dia chi (25) Theo Nggc Quan Vd toe tong hdp, nhom bign soan: Vu Phii, Vu Diic Biing , 2005, lUu hanh noi bo (26) (27), (28), (30), (31) Dgi Viet sit ky tuc bien (1676-1789), Nxb Khoa hoc xa hoi, Hfi Noi, 1991, tr 177, 177, 212, 314, 314 (29) Le Quy Don: Kie'n vdn tieu luc, Nxb Vfin hfia thong tm Ha Noi, 2007, tr.l06-107 (34) Phan Huy Chii: Lich trieu hien chUOng logi chi, T.I; Nxb Giao dye, Hfi Nfli, 2007, tr.590 (36), (37) Dgi Viit sk ky tuc bien (1676 • 1789), Sdd, tr 397, (38), (39), (40) Le Qui Don: Dgi Viit thdng stC Sdd tr 27-28, 29, 30 (41) L6 Qui Don: Vdn Ddi logi ngU T.I Nxb v a n h6a, Hfi N6i, 1962, tr.243 (42) Vu Pham Khai: Dong DUdng thi van tuyin, Nxb Khoa hoc xa hoi, Hfi NSi, 1991, tr 259 (43), (44) Nguyen Hiiu Tam: Cao Xudn Due- vf Tong tdi Quo'c s& qudn triiu Nguyin T^p chi Khoa hgc xd hdi Viqt Nam, so (67), 2013, tr,90-91, 90 (45), (46), (47) Quoc s i qufin trilu Nguyen: Dgi Nam thUc luc, T I Nxb Giao dye, Hfi Ngi, 2002, tr 842 905 826 (48) Quoc a i q u a n trieu Nguyen: Dgi Nam thuc luc, T I Sdd, tr 828 Luc nfiy, vua Gia Long m6i chi thfinh lfip S i cue, cho nen NguySn Van Thanh dUdc ban giii chiic Tong tfii Sii cue vfi Pham Nhu Dfing lfim Pho Tong tai S i cue, den thang nfim 1820 nign hieu Minh Menh nfim thii nhSt, ten goi Quo'c S i quan mdi chinh thiic xuS't hi^n Quoc s i trilu Nguyin SUY NGHI VE Vj THE CUA PHONG TRAO TAP THE HOA NONG NGHIEP MIEN BAG TRONG THOI KY CHONG MY, ClJfU NlTCTC (1954-1975) *> NGUYfiN DINH hf P hong trfio tfip t h l hda san xufi't ndng nghiep d miln Bfic dflpc phat ddng tfl nfim 1958 vfi k i t thuc nam cai tao xa hdi chu nghia (1958-1960), ve cd ban phong trao hpp tfic hda ndng nghidp da thfinh cdng vdi khoang 75% ndng dan vfio lam an tap thl Tfl md'c khdi dilm nfim 1958 d i n nam 1988 - nfim thiic h i l n Khodn 10, phong trfio san xufi't tfip thd cac hdp tac xa trai qua nhflng giai doan thang t r i m khfie nhau va md hinh hdp tac xa ndng nghidp hidn tai khac vdi md hinh trflde thdi ky Ddi mdi Tuy nhidn tfl nfim khdi d l u xfiy dUng den nfim 1975, phong trao hdp tac hda ndng nghilp ton tai miln Bfic la giai doan cd nhflng dac diem khac thdi ky sau, dd cd t h l phfin chia thdi ky nhd lfi Xay dflng hdp tac hda ndng nghidp thdi binh (1954-1964) vfi 10 nfim sau thdi chie'n (1965-1975) Du hai thdi gian trdn khac nhau, nhflng xdt vl npi dung cd ban cua lich sii xay dflng hpp tac xa ndng nghidp ndi rieng va cdng cupc xay dflng chu nghia xfi hdi d miln Bac ndi chung, ludn lfi bd phfin cdt ldi, xuyen suot chfing dfldng cho'ng My, cflu nfldc cua dfin tdc Du dudi finh sang ddi mdi da chi cac yd'u to" bfi't cfip xay dflng hdp tfic xfi nong nghidp ciia miln Bfic thdi dd - nhfi't lfi cd che' quan li san xufi't vfi md hinh cua nd, song khdng vi thd' ma phu nhan vai trd to ldn cua nd bdi canh lich sfl vfla xfiy dUng miln Bfic, vfla dfi'u tranh chd'ng dd' qud'c My va tay sai d miln Nam de di din thd'ng nha't nfldc nhfi Bfii vid't nfiy chi d l cfip mdt so'khia canh v l vai trd, vi tri cua phong trfio hdp tfic xa ndng nghidp dd'i vdi sfl nghidp khfing chiln chdng My, cflu nUdc vi dai ciia nhfin dfin Vidt Nam (1954-1975) Trong quan nidm cua mpt so ngfldi danh gia v l phong trfio hdp tac xa ndng nghidp d miln Bfic thdi k^ nfiy, hp cho rfing n l u khdng cd phong trao dd, sfl nghidp giai phdng dan tdc vfin di tdi tofin thang Cd the n l u nhflng y kiln cua cac nhfin dinh thfinh nhdm sau: Nhom y kiin thii nhd't cho rang, lich s{( truyin thd'ng hang ngan nfim dfi'u tranh bao vd To qudc, dan tdc Viet Nam ludn phai ddi phd vdi ke thu manh hdn nhilu lan, du d thdi ky dd, chfla cd hpp tfic xa ndng nghidp, nhflng nhfin dfin Vidt Nam • PGS.TS Khoa Lich sfl - Trudng DHKHXH&NV - DHQGHN Rghien curu Lich s^ sg 5.2015 vfin bao ve dfldc dpc lap dan tpc Vi du thdi Tran, chd'ng d l qud'c Nguydn - Mdng, ke thu manh lfi vay, va gan nhfi't la thdi ky chong thflc dan Phap (1945-1954), luc fi'y lfim gi da cd lam dn tap the, song dan tdc Viet Nam vfin lfim trdn sfl menh bao ve ddc lfip qudc gia cua minh Nhom y kie'n thit 2, it gay gfit hdn, khdng phu nhfin trflc tid'p ve vai trd cua hdp tfic xa ndng nghidp tie'n trinh chdng My, cflu nfldc, song cho rang, vi mien Bac trflc tilp khfing chidn chdng My, cflu nudc tfl nam 1964 trd di, nghia la phong trao hpp tfic xa ndng nghidp da xay dung dfldc nfim rdi; va chfing hpp tfic xa ndng nghiep lfi vfi'n d l kinh te' nfim pham vi xay di^ng chii nghia xfi hdi cua mien Bfic vfi tid'n trinh tfip the hda fi'y "tinh cd" bi cudc khfing chie'n chdng My, cflu nUdc chi phd'i thdi ky Hoa Ki dfla quan vidn chinh vfio miln Nam vfi dfinh pha mien Bfic quye't het (1965-1975) Do dd, nhflng ddng gdp nfio dd cua hpp tac xa vdi sfl nghidp cfich mging bao vd vfi giai phdng dan tdc chi phan finh tinh tich cflc thd' bi ddng mfi thdi! Can khang dinh rang, nhdm y kiln thfl nhfi't dung gia thuyet (nd'u khdng cd san xufi't tfip the ) de phii nhfin thuc te'lich sii dfi xay ra, la cflc ky phi ly, phi Hch sii Nghidm tuc ma ndi, dd lfi y kid'n it tdn trpng sfl thfit lich sii Va lai, khdng cho rfing hdp tac xa san xufi't ndng nghiep cd vai trd nhfi't quye't dinh thfing ldi cua cudc khfing chie'n Vdi nhdm y kie'n thfl hai, chung ta c^n luu y rfing nhflng van ban d i u tidn cua Dang v l chu trfldng, muc tidu xay dflng hpp tac xa, da neu ro xay dung hdp tfic xa san xufi't ndng nghilp la gdp phfin dfi'u tranh thdng nhfi't nfldc nhfi (1) Cdn ndng dan miln Bfic - xa vidn hdp tac xa trflc tid'p chdng My, cflu nfldc d thdi diem nfio lai lfi vfi'n de khac Quay lai vfi'n de vi tri, vai trd cua phong trao hdp tac hda ndng nghilp su nghiep chdng My, eflu nfldc, cd mfi'y noi dung sau: Hpfp tac xa nong nghidp tao dilu kien on dinh chinh tri - xa hoi mien Bac Sau thang 7-1954, cdng tac on dinh chinh tri, gifl vflng an ninh xa hdi d miln Bfic cd y nghia sd'ng cdn ddi vdi cdng cuoc cfich mang ciia ca nfldc O vung thfinh thi ddng due dfin cfl cung nhfl d vung ndng thdn rdng ldn, nhflng thd' lfle cho'ng ddi cfich mang vfin hoat ddng liic cdng khai, liic ngfi'm ngam Trong hfing v^n tan binh vfi cac the Iflc phan ddng khfie khdng it ke chfla tinh ngd, sfin sang tid'p tay cho thlli^c bdn ngofii phfi hoai miln Bac Vdi phfldng tidn boat ddng tdi tfin cua Iflc Ifldng gifin diep, biet kich Hoa Ki dfio t^o, ludn nham vfio chd'ng phfi nfldc Vidt Nam Dan chu Cdng hda, thi chfic ch^n nd'u miln Bfic khdng on dinh, vflng manh thi boat dpng cua cfic Iflc Ifldng tren d dd thi vfi vung ddng bang vfio nam 1956, vung rflng niii phia Bfic sud't tfl nam 1959 dd'n t^n nfim 1961 da nhflng biln co lich sii Dac bilt tfl dau thap ki 1960, nd'u qufin dan miln Bfic khdng canh gific, chinh tri xfi hoi khdng d'n dinh, thi cudc chie'n tranh pha hoai nhieu mfit ciia ke thfl, d^c bilt cua li^c Iflpng bidt kich, gian diep se gay nhflng h^u qua khdn ludng tai hfiu phfldng ciia cufic khang chid'n chong My, cflu nfldc Nhan thflc sdm y nghia dd, sau nfim 1954, cdng tfie xfiy dflng an ninh trfit tfl o mien Bfic ludn dfldc cung co Trdn pham vi miln Bac, viec cung co an ninh chinh tri vfi trat tu xa hdi d vung ndng thdn cd vi tri chid'n Ifldc vd ciing quan trpng Bdi vi trflde hd't, dan so ndng thdn vfio thdi gian chie'm trdn 90% td'ng dan so miln Bfic (2) Dfic bidt vung riing mii phia Bfic cd dfin cfl thfla thdt (cd ndi 13 ngfldi/km^, ddi sdng Buy nghi vi vj thg ciin phong trao tap the hda cua cfl dan d day cdn lac hfiu (mdt K de cac thd' lfle phan ddng gay phi nhflng nam niia sau thap ki 1950) Hdn nfla, dfldng bidn gidi trdn biln vfi dfi't lien cua miln Bfic rfi't dfii, nd'u chi rieng Iflc lUdng Vli trang mien Bac se khdng t h l kilm soat chat che dupc tuye'n dfldng bidn dai hfing ngfin cay so', dd sfl tham nhfip cua Iflc Ifldng bidt kich, gifin diep vao dfi't liln khdng phai qufi khd khfin Nhin lai qua trinh chi dao cdng tac xay dflng hdp tac xa san xufi't ndng nghiep ndi ridng va cdng tfic xay dflng miln Bfic ndi chung, tfl nfim 1958 trd di, cdng tfic cung co hpp tfic xa ludn lfi vfi'n d l trpng tam hfing diu nhiem vu xay dflng ndng thdn mdi cua Dang vfi Nha nUdc Thflc chfi't cdng tac quan II hdp tfic xa lfi quan li ndng thdn Chi tinh thdi ky d i u xay dflng hdp tfic xa san xufi't ndng nghidp (1958-1964) da cd hfing trfim chi thi, thdng tfl, cdng vfin ciia Dang, chinh quyln cfic cfi'p vfi cfic cfi'p bd, ngfinh lidn quan v l ndi dung tfing cudng quan h' hdp tac xa san xufi't ndng nghidp (3) Do dieu kien chu quan vfi khfich quan ndn hdp tac xfi ndng nghidp tfl mdt ddn vi san xufi't kinh td' trd mdt khu vflc cd vi thd' nhfl d|a ban hfinh chinh Mpi cdng vide lidn quan dd'n xay dflng, bao vd dia phfldng, san xua't hay qud'c phdng nhfl nien tdng quan, dilu ddng dan qufin hda tuyen, chinh sach hfiu phfldng quan dpi, xfiy dung Iflc Ifldng dan quan, xfiy dflng trfldng ldp, benh xfi, dfldng sa giao thdng dlu cd si^ tham gia chi dao, dilu hfinh vdi tfl cfich nhfl la nhan td' quyd't dinh ciia Ban quan tri hpp tfic xa san xufi't ndng nghidp Bdi vi lfi ddn vi nam cd sd vfit chfi't tay, ndn cac boat ddng tren dlu Ifi'y nhan luc vfi vd'n tfl hpp tac xa san xufi't ndng nghilp Vi le dd, cd t h l ndi d thdi ky fi'y, vi tri ciia Chii nhidm hdp tac xa khdng kem vi tri Chu tich Uy ban Nhfin dan, nd'u khdng ndi cd p h i n nang can hdn Vide quan ly lao dpng cfic hpp tac xa rfi't chat che vfi ciing vdi chinh sach bao cfi'p, phan phd'i Ifldng thflc thdi chiln da cd tfic dung dinh hudng hda tfl tfldng moi nhfi, loai trfl dupc tinh vu ldi cua ndng dan cfi thd - cai mfi the' Iflc chd'ng ddi cd t h l ldi dung Lao ddng tfip the theo td' dpi vfi thfldng xuyen hpi hpp ciing cdng tfic quan li hd khfiu - lao ddng chat che cac hdp tac xfi da gdp phan triet tieu mdi trfldng boat dpng cua luc lupng gian di$p bidt kich cua Hoa Ki vfi chinh quyln Sfii Gdn tung miln Bfic Sinh boat, san xufi't (vfi nhilu hdp tac xfi fin trfla tap thd) chung - dilu chfla bao gid cd lich sfl Viet Nam, lai thfi'm nhuan tfl tfldng "3 khdng", ndn mpi thdng tin dd'n, qua dfl lufin dfim dao, de trflde cd t h l lot ngofii, la ddn tuye'n, mdt chilu ndn bao dam an tofin, bi mfit tdi da cho dia phUdng va qud'c gia, Nd'u khac di, fit phai tra gia Bdi nhflng nam 1960, 1970, cd hfing ngfin cd quan, xi nghidp, trfldng hpc, kho tfing, cd quan qud'c phdng cCia cac cfi'p sd tfin ve cfic vung qud vfi hfing chuc van can bd, cdng nhfin vidn chflc, hpc sinh, Iflc Ifldng vu trang v l ddng tru d dia bfin ndng thdn Dd lfi nhflng dd'i tflpng chu yd'u danh phfi chie'n tranh pha hoai cua dich Vdi phfldng tien thdng tin, tham hien dai, vdi cac toan bidt kich, ngfldi nhai, gian diep cd trinh dd nghiep vu cao cua ddi phfldng, neu cac thdng tin trdn Ipt thfi'u ngofii, thi khd Ifldng hd't ton thfi't cho Iflc Ifldng cfich mang Chinh hpp tac xa ndng nghiep cd tfic dung nhfl mdt tfi'm Ifldi an toan, ddng vai trd nhfl hiep hdi quan chung, lai cd chflc nang nhfl mdt to chflc hfinh chinb cd hieu qua, gdp p h i n quyd't dinh dam bao an ninh chinh tri vfi trfit tfl xa hdi cho sfl nghiep Rghien cihi L i ^ sfl- stf 5.20^ cfich mang thdi ky chong My, cflu nfldc khd khfin, quye't lidt Tfl thflc trang cudc sdng xa hdi ndng thdn hdm nay, nhin lai thdi ky fi'y, du luc dd hfin cdn nhilu khiem khuyet, nhflng phai ndi rang thdn xdm thdi dd binh yen, trfit tfl xa hdi tdt vfi thdi ky khd khfin nhfi't lai cd phan tdt hdn hien tai Ddi sdng vfit chfi't cua ndng dfin hdm khfi hdn trflde bpi phin, nhflng te nan xfi hdi tang gfi'p bdi va nhieu nep sd'ng tdt dep cd phan dang mai mdt Hdp t a c xa s a n xua't n o n g n g h i e p tnot yeu t o q u y e t d i n h xay diing t h a n h cong h a u phi