TRƯỜNG DẠY NGHỀ Ở BẮC KỲ

TRl/dNC DAY NGHE BAC KY, 1898 1945 TRAN THI PHirONG HOA' M pt nhiing dot phfi he thdng giao dye mfi thUe dan Phfip xfiy dUng d Vidt Nam lfi td' chiic cfie trUdng day nghe Vdi muc tieu ban dau lfi dao tao eac dd'c edng cd kha nfing tiep thu edng nghd chau Au, dong thdi tri va phfit huy cfie nghe truyen thdng Viet Nam, tii dd thue day edng nghe vfi thuong mai, thUc dan Phfip dfi Ifip hai trudng day nghe d Hfi Npi vfi Hai Phdng Sau dd, dao tao nghd^ tich hpp ciing vdi chuong trinh phd' thdng vfi dupc phd bidn rdng rai hdn he thd'ng gifio due Bfii vid't nfiy trinh bfiy sU hinh thfinh vfi phat trien ciia cfie trUdng day nghe d Bfie Ky khoang thdi gian 1898-1945, dong thdi xem xdt sU chuydn ddi ciia mdt xa hdi hpc tfip, tii dfio tao nhiing Nho si bid't lam thp tdi nhiing ngUdi thp ed tri thdc Thiftfng mai vfi ky t h u a t dr Bfie Ky cuoi the ky XDC Nfim 1884, Hiep Udc Patrenotre dupc kJ kd't, xae lap ehd' bao hd eua Phap d Bfie Ky, gidi tU ban Phap da lap tCtc tid'n hanh khao sat tinh hinh kinh te, xfi hdi d xfl di tic cd hUdng d^u tu thich dang Cung nfim nfiy, Phdng ThUdng mai Lyon dfi cii Paul Brunat, ngudi cd thfim ' TS Vidn Nghien ciiu chau Au nidn nghien cOiu thi trUdng Vien Ddng htJn 15 nam, tdi Bfie Ky dd tim hidu va eung cfi'p nhiing thdng tin xac thUc ve thUdng mai, ky nghd cua vung dfi't ma ngUdi Phap da nhdm ngd t\i kha lau Cudi nam 1884, Brunat tiJf ThUpng Hai dap tfiu thuy tdi Hai Phdng Sau hdn thang khao sfit cfie tinh Bfie Ky, tCf Hfi Ndi, Hai Phdng, Nam Dinh, Ninh Binh, rdi quay Phu Ly, Sdn Tay, Brunat da ghi lai kd't qua cua chuye'n khao sfit mdt bao eao dfii hdn 60 trang vk nop ldn Phdng ThUdng mai Lyon vao cura nfim 1885 Trong bdi eanh cd rfi't it cac thdng tin ve tinh hinh thUdng mai va cong nghd Bac Ky cudi thd' ky XIX, bfio cao nSy lfi mdt vfin ban quy cho thfi^y biic tranh kha tofin didn vd* tinh hinh kinh td', xa hpi Bac Ky dUdng thdi, chii trpng tdi cac hoat dong thUdng mai vfi cdng nghidp, d^c bidt tac gia da di sau md ta ehi tid't mdt sd'nghd" vfi san phfim dia phUdng, dd c6 nghe dfiu det lua Bfio cao md dau bfing vipc gidi thieu khai qufit dia ly Bfie Ky, viing dfi't co difin tich 14 tridu vfi dan so' 12 tridu RiSng vung ddng bfing sdng Hdng ed di$n tich khoang hdn 1,3 tridu ha, tap trung 10 tri§u dan, tiic la khoang 700-800 ngUdi tr§n Tnrcmg day ngh^ d BAc Ky Ikm^ Brunat danh gia lfi m^t dp ldn gap lan mfit dp nhiing vung ddng dan trdn the' gidi (1) Brunat da nhin tha'y tiem nang trao ddi budn ban qua cang Hai Phdng Tuy nhien, dng cho rfing cang nam trdn viing dfi't phu sa mdi boi, gSy bfi't d'n cho vipc xay dUng bd'n cang vfi chd neo dau tau bd (2) Do Hai Phdng lfi d i u mdi cua cac sdng d Bac KJ nen ve lfiu vd* dfii nd v&n ddng vai trd quan trpng thudng mai, mac dii chUa dvi dieu kipn lfi cang ldn eho cae tfiu chie'n eung nhU tfiu budn Brunat eho rang clkn xfiy dUng md rdng cang them niia de cac tfiu ldn de dfing di sau vao dfi't lien theo eac sdng, Brunat da dfinh nhilu ldi ca ngpi canh quan thien nhidn Bfie Ky "Manh dfi't nfiy dep nhu tranh ve vfi dUde cham bdn tUdi td't, dfic bidt d vung dong bang sdng Hdng, ndi dfin cU tfip trung ddng due Cac loai cfiy nhidt ddi xanh quanh nam Viec di lai de dfing bfing dudng thiiy vfi dUdng bd gdp phln Ifim cho dfi't nfiy thdm trii phii Nha ciia diidc bao quanh bdi rfi't nhilu loai cay fin qua Ngudi Vidt edn trdng hoa vdi nhilu mfiu sfic khfic lam cho canh quan them d?p Nhfi d ndng thdn rfi't ddn gian, chu ye'u lfi khung tre trat bun, mai ldp rdm O cfie thfinh phd" nhfi xfiy bfing gaeh, mfii lpp ngdi d khfip ndi, dpc theo cac sdng la cac Id nung gaeh vfi ngdi vdi v^t lidu lfi dfi't sdt" (3) thfit lai bfing mdt thfit lUng vai rdng cd thfit mit hai diu, day lung tha dfii de'n g i n d i u gdi Hp mfic ao dai cd tay ao rdng cai cue phia trUdc Thdng thudng hp dd d i u trin, ehan dfi't, mot so ngUdi dpi khan ddng mau den Mpt so ngUdi nghdo thi gin nhU khdng mfic gi Dd ehe mUa nfing, dfin dng dpi mii hinh chdp, phu nQ dpi ndn phfing rdng vfinh, dudng kinh khoang 75cm, cd quai ru xuong tan thfit lUng Phu nii trang siic bfing hoa tai, vdng tay vfi nhfin Mpt sddfin dng eung sii dung trang siic nfiy" (4) Trong bfio cfio eua minh, Brunat cho bid't dng phan biet ro giQa dfin ndng thdn vfi thfinh thi Ngudi thfinh thi da sd' lfi thd thu edng vfi budn ban, d^c bidt eac n g h i kham trai, det vai, thdu, lam d l dong kha phd' bid'n O thfinh phd hoat ddng budn ban didn s i m ufi't Dfic bidt cfie ngfiy hpp chd khdng ddng diic nfio nhipt nhu ed le hdi Chd hpp nam mdt Iln, vfio eac ngfiy ed dinh theo phong tuc cua mdi viing Paul Brunat nh^n thfi'y riing hoat ddng kinh te' chu yd'u cua ngudi Vidt lfi ndng nghiep, dd cdng nghiep vfi thUdng mai kem phfit triln Vide budn ban phln nhieu thUdng nhfin Trung Quoc nfim giQ it cd cac giao dich ldn va da phln deu trao doi bang tien mat Ngudi Viet khdng Ifip cfie cd sd tin dung vfi thudng phai vay nfing lfii cua ngUdi Tau, vdi lai sufi't khoang 2%/thang (5) V l phong tuc tap qufin cua ngiidi Vi$t d Bac Ky, Brunat md ta "ngUdi Vidt fin cdm, ngd, khoai, cfie loai dfiu va qua Sdng va bi^n cung ca'p cho hp nguon cfi ddi dfio Hp khdng fin thit bd mfi thudng fin thit ldn, thit chd, gia e l m vfi triing O viing rCUig mii hp an cfie san phfim sfin ban dUde" Tinh cfich vfi trang phi^c ngUdi Vidt ciing dUdc d l C4P "ngUdi Vi$t d viing dong b^ng rfi't hiln Ifinh vfi mem mdng Hp Ifim vide vOta phai vfi hdt svtc tid't kipm Hp thudng de tdc dfii, bui lai d tren diu Hp mfic quin ao rpng, eo Nam 1884, Brunat cd mat d Bfie KJ, trdn thi trUdng sit dung rfi't nhieu loai tiln nhu quan tiln (lingature), ddng Ddng dUdng (piastre), bac ndn (tael) Mot quan thudng cd 600 ddng chinh kem, tQc la bfing 10 tien (mdi tiln gdm cac chinh budc vdi xau dfii khoang 6-7 cm) Ke' tQ nam 1880, mot quan cd t h i bfing 500 tiln chinh bang ddng ed gia tri gfi'p ddi quan b&ng tien kem Ti gia quan vfi ddng Ddng DUdng dupe tinh lfi dong Ddng DUdng bfing 6,5 dd'n 7,7 quan Mdt ndn b^c cd HgMan cihi IJeli sit sS 3.gow lUdng hdn ounce bac (hdn 28g) gia tri tit 1,3 den 1,4 dong Dong Dudng, hoac 6,4 francs thdi gia dd (6) K§ ta nam 1874, ngiicfi Phap da mS mot Sd thudng die'm d Bic Ky vdi so' ludng va tdm quan trpng mdt tang Tuy nhi§n, ngdai mdt sd thiidng diem phuc vu nhu cau ngUdi Phap, so Cdn lai chu ye'u ngucii Hoa tdi giao dich bu6n ban Do la vi du dien hinh ma Brunat gpi la "quan ly cila ngudi Phap, dich vu ciia ngu6i Trung Quoc" NgUdi Trung Qudc vc'n c6 moi quan h? Idu dai vdi ngUdi An Nam, ngucii Phap khd thay the dudc Thed nhu Brunat nhan dinh "hp [ngucii Trung Qucc] c6 mpt bi mat gi dd, chang han tien hca hong, y thUc luon sSn sang phuc vu, hoSc nguoi Au cen lucii bieng chUa chiu khd lam quen v6i mei trUdng kinh ddanh mdi, hdac ngUdi Trung Qucfc c6 ldi th6' vS ngdn ngfl cl xU nay" (7) ngn khau trung gian cac dich vy lam an vdi ngudi An Nam deu dd ngudi Hoa nam giU thdng minh cham chi cua An Nam, se thu dUdc lua hdan had khong thua kdm lua san xua't d chau Au Tuy nhien ban ddn vi^ xuat khau lua ciia Vidt Nam, Brunat c6 hdi chut ban khean vi nang sui't thi'p CM nganh det thu cdng Viet Nam 6ng tinh tdan rang nd'u khoang 1/3 dSn so' Bic KJ mac dd lua, tiic khoang tridu ngudi Mm ngudi dung khoang 300g lua mdt nam thi rieng tidu dung nUdc da he't 900 ngm kg Cdng them lupng nho xui't kha'u sang Trung Qudc vi chuyin vao Nam Ky, tit ca khoang tripu kg Trong do, Bic KJ chi cd kha nang san xua't 900 kg lua moi nam, vUa du tieu dung cho dan sd tai chfi khdng du cho xuat khau Ngoai ra, Brunat nhS'n manh rang vipc xua't kh^u cdn bi can trd vi tinh hinh chinh tri khong thuin Idi Trong dd, Trung Qudc va Nhat Ban da tang ga'p ddi vd gd'p ba san xua't cila hp nhd viSc md ciia cac thudng cang chd ngudi nudc ngdai vad lam an budn ban (9) Ngoai san pham chi'nh Id lua, Brunat cdn liet ke mdt loat cac san phdm cd gia tri cua Bac Ky nhu gao, bdng, giSy, chd, sin, gia vi, cdc san pham lam thudc nhudm vi cac san phdm thu cdng nhu kham trai, gd, dd ddng n g tin rang Bic Ky cd tiem nang kinh te, xua't khdu, dJc bidt ndu dil« cai thien ve cdng nghd vd dau tU Day chi'nh la mdt nhQng If thiic diiy chinh quyen Phap nghi tdi vide md cac trudng day nghd de dao tao nhan vidn c6 kha ndng stt dung cdng nghp tCf chau Au vi cai thidn cac nganh nghd truydn thdng V$ mat cong nghg, Brunat cho rang san pha'm quan trpng nha't cua Blc Ky la lua Qua trinh san xuft't lua dupc dng md ta chi tiet, tu each trdng dau, nudi tam, ked kdn de'n xe spi, d^t ta'm Ong da quan sat nhang ngudi thp xe td d Nam Dinh va Ha Npi, da phin la nhiing thp chuyen nghiep M u he't la phu na, cd ngudi da 60 tud'i va lam viec hdn 30 nam trdng xudng lua Hp kie'm dupc chiing tid~n (niia quan) nd'u an d nha, tuong dudng 0,3 franc mpt ngay, va chi 0,2 quan tidn ne'u hp an tai xUdng Brunat nhan xet "hp lam vi$c cham chi T h a n h l a p cac t r i i n g day nghf! khdng he nghi ngdi Day chinh la ngudn lad (Ecoles professionnelles) d Bac Ky ddng cho cac xudng det kieu chau Au ne'u Ngay viia ldn n i m quyen tr^ ta dua ky thuat chau Au sang" (8) Sau tham cac xudng lya d Nam Dinh, Ha Npi, Td'ng t n i Sli ddu tidn cua Bac Ky vd Trung Brunat suy nghi rang ne'u may det d Aii Kp, 10-6-1886, Paul Bert, da quyit dinh ldp Ban nghien cUu vd ndng Nam dupc cai tid'n thee cdng ngh$ chau Au Sli dvng kdn cd chi't lupng cap va lad ddng nghiep, cdng nghidp va thUdng mai Bic vi Trung Ky (Descisidn Constituant le Comity Tnrcmg day nghe d B6C Ky d'Estudes agricoles, industrielles et mdt so'ghi nam 1898, sdkhac ghi nfim 1899 commerciales de I'Annam et du Tonkin) Trong mdt gidi thidu ve TrUdng day nghi Hfi Hdi ddng gdm tfi't ca 50 vidn dUdc chi Ndi luu tai Trung tam LUu trit Qud'e gia I cd dinh, chia lam ba ban cd nhiem vu tim hieu ghi nam thfinh Ifip trUdng la nfim 1899 ve eac san pham va hoat dpng cua Bfie Ky "TrUdng day nghi Hfi Npi dUde Phdng vl ndng nghidp, cdng nghidp, thUdng mai ThUdng mai Hfi Ndi lap nfim 1899" (Nguyen Ket qua hoat dpng cua Hpi dong la eac cudc vfin tfii Heu ghi "L'Ecole Professionnelle de trien lam dupc td' chile nam mpt l i n Hanoi fi ete fondee en 1899 par le Chambre nham trUng bay tfi't ca nhiing san pham de Commerce de cette ville") (12) dpc dfio, d Bfie Ky vfi Trung Ky, tii Ngfiy 10-7-1899, Chu tich Hpi ddng giam khuech trUdng kinh te' cho nhiing xfl nfiy sat (President du Conseil de Surveillance) Ban than Paul Bert trudc dd cung tuydn bd' da gv(i mdt bao cfio ldn Tofin quyin Ddng ve mong mud'n phfit trien cdng nghd vfi Dudng ve hoat dpng cua Trudng Day n g h i thUdng mai d Bfie Ky "NgUdi Phfip cd cac Ha Ndi Theo bao cfio nay, tinh den ngfiy 1cdng cu mfi ngudi An Nam cdn chUa cd; 7-1899, trudng da hoat ddng dupc thang ngUdi Phfip ed vd'n, ky thu^t, may mdc vfi Nhu vfiy, trudng bfit d i u hoat ddng tii kinh nghidm kinh doanh Nudc Phap cd thang 2-1899 (13) th^ cai thien tinh hinh ndng nghipp, cdng NhUng Cling cd nguon trich d i n khfic nghidp vfi kinh te Vidt Nam, ddng thdi dfio cho thfi'y trudng thfinh lap nfim 1898, mfi ta tao mdt ddi ngu tri thiic mdi eho Viet Nam cd t h i tha'y qua bao cao eua Barbotin, Gifim thdng qua giao due vfi dfio tao Cac truyin doe Trudng day n g h i Hfi Ndi Nfim 1907, thdng hpc vfi'n cua Vidt Nam van se dUde bao cao v l trUdng nfiy, Barbotin gidi tdn trpng (Thdng cao ngfiy 8-4-1886- thieu trudng Ifip nfim 1898 Bfio cfio cho Proclamation du avril 1886) (10) Tuy thfi'y, thdi gian diu, han che v l ngudn nhidn, Paul Bert chUa kip d l cap tdi vipc tfii chinh khdng du thud gifio vien vfi xay thfinh lap trudng day nghi Phai tdi dUng cd sd vfit cha't, Phdng ThUdng mai chi Paul Doumer len Ifim Toan quyen Ddng cd t h i md cac ldp bud'i tdi de day ve hinh DUdng thi cfie ehUdng trinh day n g h i mdi hpa vfi ve phong canh Hpe sinh hpc dUdc triln khai, cting vdi ehUdng trinh khai hai phdng eua mot ngdi chua cd Do so hpc thae thude dia cua dng ta sinh tfing ldn, nfim 1899, mdt phdng hoe dfi Nfim 1898, Uy ban tU vfi'n cfi'p eao ve dUde dat tda nha ben ngofii cua gifio due trUc thupe Bd Thupc dia Phap dfi Phdng ThUdng mai Hfi Ndi (14) Ttt dd, thuc hien mot chuyen edng tae tdi Ddng trudng md ldp hpc ban day thdu vfi DUdng Ngfiy 18-4-1898, Hjy ban bfio eao dieu khae (15) d l xufi't chUdng trinh giao due cho Ddng Tren thUe t l , Paul Doumer dU dinh md DUdng Trong so' ndi dung d l xua't cho cfie trudng day n g h i trdn khfip Ddng DUdng gifio di^c Bfie Ky cd mdt gpi y v l vipc thfinh nham thue diy thUdng mai vfi cdng nghidp lap trudng Day n g h i d Hfi Ndi (11) d ca xii Bfi't ctt vung nao cd kha nfing tim dupe ngan saeh d i u cd the md trUdng Tnidng dgy nghi Ha Ngi H6 sd eua Phdng ThUdng mai Hfi Ndi cd Bfie Ky, mot phan ngan sach da dUde fi'n sU khfic bipt v l ngfiy Ifip TrUdng day nghi dinh vfio euoi nam 1898 vfi bat d i u cfi'p eho Ha Ndi (Ecole professionnelle de Hanoi), trUdng hoat ddng kd ttf nfim 1899 ttgnien ctru ijcn sa so 3.8015 Ngfiy 10-8-1898, Phd chu tich Phdng ThUdng mai Hfi Npi lfi Tatarin viet mdt bao cfio trinh Chu tich Phdng ThUdng mai ve ngfin sfich dU kien de md TrUdng Day n g h i Hfi Ndi, vdn dfi dupe Tofin quyin Doumer ddng y trUde dd Tong ngan sach ein cho trudng lfi 8.070 ddng Ddng Dudng, chia Ifim khoan: thud gifio vien cin 3.850 ddng; vfit tieu eho khda thUdng mai cin 180 dong; thiet bi, phdng thf nghiem, vat lieu eho khda cdng nghidp can 3.100 ddng; khda ndng nghidp ein 240 ddng; cae dung giang day cin 700 ddng (16) Ngfiy 19-12-1898, Quyen Tofin quyin J Fourds k;^ mot sfic lenh khan cfi'p dfinh 500 dong Ddng Dudng eho hoat ddng cua TrUdng d^y nghe Ha Ndi, ngfin sfich Bfie Ky nfim 1899 da dfinh 5.000 ddng eho ho^t ddng cua trUdng (17) TrUdng dUde md nhfim hai mue tidu: 1) Dao tao edng nhfin cd tay nghi nham ho trd eho cac cd sd cdng nghidp, thUdng mai, ndng nghidp cua Phap d Viet Nam; 2) Thiic d^y ky ngh^ ban xii vfi dua ky nghd truyen thdng vfio cfie ed sd san xufi't theo kieu phUdng Tay Nfim 1899, Trudng day nghi Ha Ndi bat diu cfie khda hpe ban ngfiy day didu khae, ndng nghidp vfi thUdng mai cho hpe sinh Nfim 1900, hai xudng thd dUde md mdi thu hut hpc sinh nghe mdc vfi rdn Bd phfin cu cua trudng hai nghe nhdn Nhat Ban giang day due dong vfi sdn mfii Theo bfio cfio eiia Barbotin, eac nghe nhan phai Ifim vipc dieu kidn thilu thdn, cd sd vat chfi't tdi tfin (18) Trong nam 1900, trudng md k^ thi Ifiy chiing chi Ndng nghiep, ThUdng mai vfi Ve thi sinh dat chiing chi Ndng nghidp so ngUdi thi, thi sinh dat chiing ehi ThUdng mai sd ngudi thi vfi thf sinh dat chiing chi Vd so" 15 ngudi thi Nfim 1902, trudng dfing thdng cao tuyen hpc sinh rpng rai Hpc sinh chia Ifim hai loai: Hoc de bie't cac nghi thdng thudng nhu nghe mdc, ren, cd khi, nong nghidp; vfi hpc de nghp nhan nhu son mfii, due ddng, theu ren, cham khfic Nhu vfiy, trudng di theo hai hUdng: Dfio t^o cac nghe thu cdng nghidp, cdng nghi$p vfi dfto tao cac nghe my nghe Khi dU thi, cfieflngcii vidn khdng cin phai cd b^ng cfi'p hpc v& nhUng phai bid't tie'ng Phap de ed the hi^u hudng din eua giao vien vi quy dinh cua trudng lfi day bfing tieng Phap Trudng nhfin hpc sinh dp tuoi tii 15-25 Hd sd xin hpc phai ed giiy cfin eUdc Ly trUdng cfip, mpt thu gidl thidu v l dao diic cua ngudi xin hpc vk hoan eanh gia dinh, bd' mp TrUdng khdng co chd d cho hpe sinh nhUng hfing thing cip cho hoc sinh hpe bong vdi miic 3, 4, ddng tUdr^ ling vdi hpc sinh nfim 1, 2, ChUdng trinh hoe sd chii trpng nhieu tdi thUc hfinh hdn IJ thuyd't Cfie mdn hpc gdm cd tid'ng Phap, so' hpc, hinh hpc, ve dudng thdng, ve chi tiet may, ve trang tri, ke tofin Trudng dgy nghi Hdi Phbng Nam 1913, Tofin quyin Albert Sarraut ky quye't dinh thfinh lap TrUdng day nghi Hai Phdng, true thudc Phdng ThUdng mai Hai Phdng Day vd'n lfi trUdng dUpe thfinh lap tiJf nfim 1898 xudng ddng tau Hai Phdng, thudng cd tii 15-20 thd hpe vi$e Giai d o a n mcfi t r o n g q u a trinh p h a t trid'n trxibng d a y n g h e cl B^c Kymdi cac triioJng t a p n g h e (Ecoles d'apprentissage) Nhiing trudng day nghi (Ecoles professionnelles) d i u tien d Hfi Ndi vfi Hai Phdng dupc md theo chu trUdng phat trien thudng mai vfi cdng nghidp dUdc d^t dUdi sU quan ly tnic tilp cua cac Phong ThUdng mai hai thfinh pho" nfiy NgUdi ke nhipm cua Paul Doumer, Paul Beau da nghj dinh v l giao due day nghi, eung mdt ngfiy vdi cfie nghi dinh khfic (27-4-1904), xac Ifip mpt he thong giao d\ic cho Bfie K^ Nfim 1909, mpt chUdng trinh td' chiic lai gifio due Tnfdng day nghg BAe K^— B a n g 1: He t h o n g trUdng day n g h e t h e o Ngbi d i n h n a m 1921 Bficl B|ic2 TrUdnE dav nehe (Ecoles professionnelles) Trudng cong nghiep Trudng trang tri my thuat (Ecoles industrielles) (£k:oles d'Art decoratif) Cong nghidp thUc hfinh Trudng my t h u i t ban xit (ecoles practiques d'industrie) (ecoles d'art indigene) (ecoles pratiques d'industrie de TrUdng sU ph^m thiet ke Haiphong (ecoles normales de dessin) My thuat itog dung (ecoles d'arts appliques) Ky thuat cong nghidp My thufit Ung dung (ecoles de technique industrielle) (ecoles d'arta appliques) nghe d Bic K^ dfi dupe soan thao n h i m dfit giao dye nghe khdng chi dudi sU giam sfit eua Nha Kinh td' mfi cdn dudi sii chi dao cua Nha Hpc ehinh Theo Du fin nfiy, trudng day n g h i cd hai bfie: Bfie (tUdng dUdng vdi bfie Tilu hpc d phd' thdng) dfit d cfie tinh n h i m dfio tao thd Ifinh n g h i ky thufit nhu n g h i mdc, my ngh$ (sdn mfii), ndng nghidp; TrUdng bac (tUdng dUdng vdi trudng trung hoc) dfio tao eie ddc cdng, hay quan 1;^ cfie xudng san xufi't cd ling dung cdng ngh$ tii chau Au Quan dilm v l vipc phan cfi'p trUdng day nghe dU fin nam 1909 da dUpc the hidn Hpc chinh Td'ng quy (Rdglement gdndral de I'lnstruction publique) Tofin quyin Albert Sarraut ban hfinh nfim 1917 Theo dd, cae trudng day n g h i se cd hai bfie; Bac lfi cac trUdng tfip nghe (Ecole d'apprentisage), kinh phi dia phUdng dam nhi#m; B^c lfi trUdng d^y n g h i (Ecole professionnelle), triic thude thii hidn tiing xii vfi ehiu sU chi dao eua Nha Hpc chfnh (19) Nfim 1921, ke't hdp vdi cac dieu lufit da v l day nghe nfim 1917, Tong quy vl gifio di^c n g h i nghiep tren tofin Ddng DUdng dupc ban hfinh (Rdglement gdneral de I'enseignement professionnel) (20) Nghi dinh 9-11-1921 quy dinh cu t h i hdn ve cae trudng nghe Theo dd, trUdng day n g h i gdm hai lo^i: TrUdng cdng nghidp (Ecoles Industrielles) vfi TrUdng trang tri my thufit TrUcfng tap nghe (Ek;oIes d'apprentissage) Md d cac dia phUdng, dUa tr§n cic xUdng nghe truyen thong (Ecoles d'Art Decorative) Cac trUdng cdng nghipp cd hai bac: Bac lfi eac trudng cdng nghp thuc hfinh (Ecoles pratiques d'industrie); Bfie lfi cac trUdng ky thufit cdng nghiep (Ecoles de technique industrielle) Cfie trUdng my nghd eung ed hai bfie: Bfie gom trUdng my thufit ban xii (ecoles d'art indigdne), trUdng sU pham day thid't kd' (Ecoles normales de dessin) vfi trUdng my thufit ting dung (ecoles d'arts apphques); Bfie cd trUdng my thufit iing dung (trUdng nfiy cd ca bfie lfin b^c 2) Nghi dinh nfim 1921 dUa dd'n mdt sd thay ddi ve giao due nghi Theo dd, giao due nghi CO hai hinh thiic: Giao due nghi chinh thiic (cdn gpi lfi giao due nghi cd dien) (21), nfim he thd'ng giao due, dUdi sU chi dao eua Nha Hpe chinh Kl tii bfie tilu hpe, hp thd'ng tnidng se ehia lam hai nhanh: mdt nhanh thdng, tid'p tuc vdi bae Cao dfing Tieu hpc, Trung hpc va Dai hpc; mdt nhanh hpc nghi, tid'p tue vdi trudng day nghi b^c 1, bfie (xem phan loai d bang 1) vfi eao nhfi't lfi cfie trUdng cao dfing ky thufit Ben canh cfie tnidng day n g h i ed' dien lfi cfie trUdng tfip nghe, phfit trien dUa tren cac xUdng nghe truyin thdng d dia phUdng Trong d Nam Ky cd trUdng day n g h i bfie la TrUdng Cd A chau Sai Gdn vfi Trudng My thufit Gia dinh thi d Bfie Ky trudng bac phai tdi nam 1941 mdi dUdc hinh TrUdc dd, ca Bac Ky chi cd trudng bfie lfi tnidng ThUc hfinh edng nghidp Hai Phdng vfi TrUdng My thufit iing dung Hfi Ndi (22) Nam 1941, Trudng Ky thufit Cdng nghiep Hfi Ndi thfinh Ifip vdi 462 sinh vidn, la sU sap nhfip cua TrUdng day nghe Hfi Ndi va TrUdng Hai Phdng Ngofii d Hfi Ndi cdn eo trUdng day nghi khac lfi Ban my thufit itng dung eua Cao dang My thu^t Ddng DUdng (31 sinh vidn); trudng day thdu (36 hpc sinh) va trUdng day nghe kd't hdp xUdng nghi (23) Bilu dd cho thay sd hpe sinh trUdng day nghi d Bfie KJ tfing khoang thdi gian tCf 1915-1944 Chi cd giai doan 1930-1935, anh hudng cua cupc dai suy thofii kinh td, sd hpc sinh giam manh tii 477 ngUdi nam 1930 xudng 185 ngUdi nam 1935 (24) Nfim 1925-1926, cung vdi Nghi dinh cua Tofin quyin MerUn va Varenne vl tfing cUdng cac trUdng lfing xfi, cac trUdng tap nghi (Ecoles d'apprentisage) phfit triln manh hdn nham khai thfic va thue diy tiem nfing nghi truyen tho'ng dia phUdng Mot so' trudng tfip nghi dUde md d nhieu tinh Bfie Ky, vdi nhiing each to' chiie khae vfio dieu kien vfi thd' manh nghi nghidp eua dia phUdng nhU trUdng nghlxudng san xufi't d Hfi Ddng, Nam Dinh, Sdn Tfiy, Sdn La hofic cfie khda hpc nghi thu hiit hpe sinh eua cac trUdng Tidu hoc PhfipVidt nhu d Bfie Ninh, Cao Bang Dudi dfiy lfi mdt sd md hinh trUdng tfip nghi tidu bieu d dia phUdng Xudng gia dinh d Hd Bdng Hfi Ddng ed nhilu xUdng thu cdng nghipp san xufi't lua, phfio, kham trai dUdc truyen tit ddi nfiy sang ddi khae Nfim 1915, Tong dd'c Hfi Ddng lUa chpn mdt sd gia (finh chuydn san xufi't mdt mat hfing nfio dd vfi nhdm ho vfio vdi de dung nen mdt nhdm hdi nghe Nhung nhflng nhdm khdng the tao nen trudng day n g h i bdi vi hp mudn gifl bi mfit 107] ™, BDO 600 •-iiinciii* -^T 00 ^*1is i ^ o11915 *i% 1920 1925 1930 -^^ 193S •MO B i l u dd 1: So h p c s i n h trUdng dtty nghe d B i c Ky (1915-1944) nghi gia truyen Trong dd, thi trudng cd nhu ciu ldn ddi vdi san pham hp lam vfi san xufi't khdng dfip iing dUde nhu c^u Theo nhfin xet cua Nha Hpc ehinh thi vi6c cpnh tranh giiia cae gia dinh gay can txh cho phat trien san xufi't (25) TrUctng thu cdng nghiep b Nam Binh Day lfi mdt vf du diln hinh vl trUdng t^p nghe, dii trUdng mdi dUpc thfinh Ifip nam 1930 theo sang kid'n eua Cdng sii vfi Tong dd'c tinh Muc tieu eua trudng lfi tri nhflng nganh n g h i truyin thd'ng eiia Nam Dinh, dong thdi Ctng dung ky thufit chau Au eho san xua't tai dia phUdng Nha Hoc chinh nhfin thfi'y vide md trUdng tfip nghi Nam Dinh, du mdi ehi cd 22 hpe sinh, diJa bfii hpc nham cai tid'n san phfim, nang cao trinh dd quan ly ciia cae ddc cdng, va Ilia chpn dUdc thfinh p h i m tdt nhfi't cho xufi't k h i u (26) TrUdng dUdc dfit viing ndng thdn, ndi tre em ndng dan ed the via hpc tfip lai vfla lo viec ddng ang gidp bdm? Cd t h i gpi day la mdt trUdng kd't hdp cua thu edng nghidp vdi ndng nghipp dd, tre dupe hpe nghe vfio vu ndng nhfin it vi$c, khoang thang 6-thang Am lich hfing nfim (27) Trudc md trUdng, mdt danh muc cfie san pham dia phUdng da dUpe Ifip gdm cd: 1) nghe mpc; 2) n g h i thu cdng mSy Tnrang day nghe d B^c Ky tre dan; 3) kham xfi cfl, kham trai; 4) n g h i ddt: ddt lua, vai bdng, thdu ren Theo dfinh gia ciia ngUdi Phap, ta't ca nhflng san p h i m nfiy diu dupc Ifim vdi sii kheo ldo tinh xao, mfi lai khong qufi dfit vfi cd the ban dl phuc vu cho t i n g ldp trung luu Viet Nam TrUctng San Tdy dUOc lap ndm 1910 Ldp hpc n g h i dupc dat trudng tofin cfi'p, nghe nhan ngfldi Viet giang day vfi giam sat ChUdng trinh hoc kdo dfii nfim, mdi k^ hpc sinh co 30 gid tren ldp hpc ly thuyit, vdi 16 gid hoc thie't ke (phac hpa, ve canh vfi ve tinh vSt, thiet ke'bo cue), 13 gid hpe tid'ng Phap, Qud'c ngii, t h i due Sau k i t thlie khda hpc d tinh, hpc sinh cd the ehuin bi thi vfio trudng day n g h i Hfi Ndi, Hai Phdng hoac Ifim vide vdi nghe da dfio t^o TrUdng b Sdn La (vflng mii) thfinh Ifip nfim 1922 vdi 26 hpc sinh TrUdng dfio tao hpc sinh Ifim nhflng san p h i m cua ngfldi Thai, chu yd'u tii go va sfit (j Bac Ninh vd Cao Bang, cac trfldng tfip nghe nhd da dUdc md Nam 1930, Bac Ninh cd khoang 300 hoc sinh nam theo hpc cac khda t^p nghe va Ifim quen vdi cac xUdng san xufi't phuc vu nganh edng ehfnh nhu n g h i mde, ne, sfit O Cao Bang mdt khda hpc dpt tho cam cd gifio ngUdi An Nam day da dflde md, khoang 40 hpc sinh nii eua tnidng tieu hpc nfl da tfl nguyen theo hpc ldp nfiy (28) Sau Nghi dinh nam 1921 vfi nhflng ket qua thu dfldc cua vipc td' chflc e4e trfldng t | p n g h i d Bac Ky, dfio tao n g h i trd thfinh mdt bd phfin cua gifio due Phfip-Vidt, theo dflng nhu tinh t h i n giao due p h i thdng da thi^c hi$n d Phap Chu trfldng cua mdt n i n giao due hipn dai lfi chfldng trinh phd' thdng cd to chflc cfie khda hpc nghi, va trfldng day nghe hpc sinh cung dUdc hpc ehUdng trinh phd thdng Nha Hpc chinh dinh hfldng "hpe sinh khdng chi dfldc hpc kid'n thflc khoa hpc ma edn ca eac tri thflc thfle t i l n vfi biet each flng dung cfie tri thflc mdi vfio cudc soiig" (29) Tuy nhien, vide bie'n gifio due n g h i khdng phai d l dfing Truyin thd'ng Nho giao da ben r l sfiu vfio tam thfle ngUdi dfin Bfie Ky, theo do, giao due chan tay khdng dupc coi trpng Nha Hpc chfnh ciing da nhfin vfi'n de nfiy "gifio vien cua cac trfldng tilu hpc khdng nhdn thflc ro v l y tudng nfiy trudng hpc, r i n g phai day cho hpe trd cac mdn lao ddng chan tay vfi ky nfing n g h i nghidp Hp khdng hUdng d i n hpc sinh Ifim viec nfiy" (30) Vide dUa cac tri thflc n g h i nghi$p vfio trfldng hpc dfldng nhu di ngflde lai truyen thd'ng cua ngudi Viet vfi khdng han da dfldc ddn tie'p nhiet tinh Vd'n cd tdm thflc tdn sung cfie Nho si chi hpc chfl vfi lam thd (Ifim thd lfi mot nhflng mdn thi b i t budc ky thi Nho giao), xa hdi Bfie Ky khdng nhan thfle dUdc y nghia cua vide day nghe vfi lao ddng chan tay nhfi trudng bdi vi Ifim t h i y bao gid eung dUde tdn trpng hdn lam thd "Ifim t h i y nudi vd, Ifim thd nudi midng" Nam 1944, cfie trfldng day n g h i da tdn tai dfldc mdt thdi gian kha dfii thi dfldng nhfl ngfldi dan Bfie Ky v i n thd d Bfio Thanh nghi eho rfing "ngfldi ta vfin chua tin rfing hpc cfich Ifim vipc mdt xudng may hay trdn mdt eanh ddng cung lfi mdt each hoc" (31) Ban thfin cfie nhfi thflc gia Vidt Nam tfl lau da nh^n mot sU yeu kdm t r i m trpng eiia ngUdi Viet la "ngudi minh it ed tU tfldng kinh te" (32) Nfim 1921, ThUc nghiep ddn bdo da len tieng canh tinh ve nhflng thidt thdi ma ngfldi Vidt phai chiu khdng dflng tri thflc d l phuc vu cho cfie muc tidu ddi song, hay de tinh toan eac lpi ieh kinh te': "Ngudi dan An Nam vdn lfi mot dfin hay lam hay Ifim, chiu thUdng chiu khd, md hdi nUde mfit, chan Ifi'm tay bun mdi kid'm dfldc ddng tien Su fin tidu vfin quen theo mdt each rfi't tfin tidn, thdi thi nhfi tranh vach da't, thdi thi ao vai edm rau, vdn la mdt dan chiu kham khd', thoat nhin thi hinh nhU Ua dfldng mde mac chfl khdng thfch nhflng sfl xa hoa Xong nlu dem mfit quan sfit thi mdi bid't rfing ngUdi minh b l ngofii cd ve sidng nang chiu khd nhpe, mfi qua thi dd'i gipt mau Ifi'y bfit edm, Ifim thfit ma fin gia dflng nhfl ldi tuc ngfl thudng ndi "hay Ifim mfi chfing hay lo, Ifim khdn Ifim kho Ifim eho nhpe minh" Bfii bfio kd't lufin "Cfl xet nhflng sU hoat ddng nhu the, thi tudng ngUdi minh that it ngUdi ed cfii tu tudng ve dudng kinh te, that lim ngudi mfi't tri thflc ve dUdng kinh te' vay" (33) Thfim chf, d nhflng bfie hpe cao, ngfinh hpc thUdng mai kinh te cung khdng ha'p din vdi ngfldi cd hpe dd Trfldng Cao ding thUdng maii khdng thu hut dfldc nhilu hpc sinh theo hpc, nhfl md ta eua ThUc nghiep ddn bdo nfim 1920 "Trfldng thfldng nghidp, trung t u i n thfing nfiy thi md (tfle thfing 9-1920), hidn nhfi nflde da sfla lai nhfi t i m t i m cfl Hfing Trdng dl Ifip trfldng hpc tai do, cdng cudc dfi hofin ea rdi, chi cdn mdt dilu cdt ye'u nhfi't, cd Id chfla hofin tofin hdp vdi ldng sd Udc c i a quoc dan ta: ban bao mud'n ndi v l sd hpc trd xin vfio hpc Nghe dfiu chua dflpc mfldi ngudi" (34) Vfi ThUc nghiip ddn bdo ldn tieng tha thiet mdi goi "Mong eho cac bfie thid'u nien nUde ngd v l cai tien dd kinh t l nudc nha mfi nhiet d i u ddn xin vfio trudng ThUdng nghiep de cho so' hpe trd nfim d^u dfldc rd ddng" (35) Ket l u a n Mac du cac trUdng day nghi luon ci nhflng chinh sach Uu dai thu hut hpc sinh nhfl ehe dp hpe bong, c h l dp fin d npi tni vfi kd't qua thu dUdc kha kha quan s^ lUdng hpc sinh theo hpc cd xu hfldng tfing ldn, sU cdng nhfin cua xa hdi Bfie Ky doi vdi day n g h i vfi vai trd ciia trudng vln ludn la md'i bfin khofin ciia cac nhfi giao due Bdn canh thai dp thid'u tdn trpng vdi ngUdi "thd", thflc trang kdm phat trien cua cdng nghidp vfi thfldng mai ciia Bfie Kj cung lfi nguydn n h a n khie'n nhilu ngdhi khdng hflng thfl theo hpe trUdng nghi Sau ba nfim hpc d trUdng ra, hiu hit hpc sinh khdng tim dfldc n g h i nghi$p phfl hijp vi ra't it nhfi m i y xi nghipp hoat d^ng M|it khfic, thi trudng tieu thu san phfim cung cdn han hep Hpc sinh cac trUdng nghe da cd the tao nhflng san phim tinh xao nhung vipc tieu thu tren thi trfldng nij6c ngoai hay nudc diu khdng dl dfing Thlie trang cdng thfldng nghidp kdm phat trien da khdng tao mdt thi trUdng vide lim ha'p d i n tao d i u cho cic trUdng d?y n g h i d Bic K^ CHU THICH (•) Nghien citu nfiy dU(?c t i i tr^ bdi Quy Phat trien Khoa hqc vfi Cong nghf Quoc gia (NAFOSTED) de tfii ma so IV3.2-2013.01 Xin ch&n thknh cam dn 1885 Lyon Impnmene Commereiale Pirat Ain6, 1885, tr 4, 9, 12, 14,19 20, 40 43 (6) Thong tin vk cac mfl ta liy tCf bio cao Paul