TÌM HIỂU NÔNG TRƯỜNG VIỆT NAM Ở MIỀN BẮC VIỆT NAM

TIM HIEU ]\6]\G TRlJdlVG QUOC DOAI^H d Mm\ B A C VIET XAM GIAI DOA]\ ( I 5 - I ) DINH QUANG HAI* S au Hiep dinh Gidnevd ky ket (1954), mien Bac hoan toan giai phong, bu6c vao thdi ky xay diing chu nghia xa hoi, dong thdi lam nghia vu hau phUdng 16n chi vien cho tien tuyen 16n mien Nam dau tranh chong de quoc My va tay sai, nham giai phong mien Nam, thong nhat dat nu6c Trong boi canh tinh hinh va nhiem vu mdi, Dang va Chinh phu chu trUdng doi v6i khu vUc san xuat nong nghiep cl mien Bac luc d6 chi ton tai hai hinh thilc s5 hiiu la scl hOu toan dan {sd hflu nha nU6c) va sd hulu tap the Hai hinh thilc sd hijtu song song ton tai, bo sung lan va tao dieu ki§n can thiet de phat trien san xuS.'t nong nghiep, hinh thttc sci hiiu nha nU6c dong vai tro chii dao, quyet dinh ca giai doan trudc mat, cung nhU lau dai Mgt nhijfng dien hinh cua hinh thiic sd hiiu nha nU6c nong nghiep thcii ky la su ddi va phat trien ciia Nong trUdng quoc doanh (NTQD) Trong giai doan d^u, NTQD da c6 nhfing cong va dong gop quan doi v6i sii nghiep phat trien kinh te - xa hoi cl mien B&c Tuy nhien, chi sau mot thdi gian phat trien, cang NTQD cang boc 16 nhiing han ' PGS.TS Vien Sii hoc che, yeu kem va di den giai the, tan Su cong va nh^ng han che, yeu kem ciia NTQD cl mien B&c da dl lai nhieu bai hoc kinh nghiem vo cung quy gia cho hi§n Bai viet nay, chiing toi mong muo'n di sau nghien cflu lam ro mot so' van de cua NTQD a mien Bac giai doan (1955-1960), la giai doan dau cua NTQD vk van dang tren da phat trien, song da co nhiing bieu hien cua sU han che va yeu kem Sii h i n h t h a n h va t o chijfc ciia Nong trifdng q u o c d o a n h Xuat phat tii nhan thiic xay diing va phat trien nen kinh te mien Bac xa hpi chu nghia la "tien bang hai ehan, tiic la cong nghiep va nong nghiep Nong nghiep XHCN lai phai tien bang hai ehan, tiic la Hdp tac xa nong nghiep va Nong trUdng quoc doanh quy mo 16n", do Dang da de chu triidng "Bat dau xay diing nong trUdng quoc doanh de thi nghiem va lam kieu mau cho nong dan, lam til nho den 16n, tCf tha'p den cao, dan dan tiing bu6c chac ehan" (1) Thiic hien chii trUdng ciia Dang, tii nam 1955, Sd Quoc doanh Nong nghiep dudc lap tren cd s8 cai to lai Sd Doanh dien Quoc gia da diidc lap vao Rghien emi Lich siSr stf 10.2014 nam 1950 tii Nha khai hoang di dan (2) TCf thang nam 1957, nham dap ting yeu ciu dat cho nen kinh t§' nong nghi6p va dl cha'n chinh lai t l chiic, giam nhe bien che, chuyin ngU^ sang linh viic san xua't, mot b6 ph|in can bo, bo d6i tut mien Nam tap ket Bac da phuc vien tinh nguygn xin di lap cac Lien doan san xua't nong nghiep mi^n Nam Thiic hien chu trUdng chuyen nganh hang loat b6 d6i sang lam kinh te sau boa binh lap lai, nh^m xky diing hau phUdng, ciing co' bien gidi, md mang nhflng viing nong, cong nghidp njdi, ma chu yeu la nong nghiSp, tiSn hanh xSy diing n6ng trUdng d nhflng khu viic quan ve kinh t§', chinh tri, quan sii nham gop phan xay dUng kinh te xa hpi chu nghia d mien Bac vdi phUdng cham "Chuyen mot p h i n li^c lUdng quan doi lam nhiem vu san xnSit, nham muc dich dUa bp ddi xung phong di d i u viec md rdng hau phUdng, xay diing can cii dia, giam bdt q u i n sd' xay dung bo dpi thudng tnic, cung co' quw phong" (3) Tii cuoi nam 1957, Bp Qud'c phdng da chuyin mdt bp phan liic lUdng quSn dpi lam nhiSm vu san xua't de xay diing cac ndng trudng quan ddi D l quan ly, chi dao li^c lUdng nliy, Cue Ndng trudng quan ddi da dUdc l^p dudi sii chi dao triic tiep cua Tong cue Hau can Nhu v|iy, ndng triidng quo'c doanh d mien B^c dUdc hinh tit nguon: Thd nhdt Id Ndng trudng qudc doanh xay diing tren cd sd qudc hiiu hoa cac don dien ciia thiic ddn Phap, cua tu ban, ho^c cua dia chu phong kien Viet Nam; Thd hai Id cac Lien dokn san xuA't nong nghiep can bd, bp ddi mign Nam tap kg't Bac; Thd ba Id nhiing ndng trudng quan ddi dUdc lap theo chu trUdng chuyin nganh hang loat bp ddi sang lam kinh te Cung vdi nhiem vu cai tao phat trien kinh tC trpng tam la ph&t triln p h i n kinh t^ qudc doanh, thdi ky Ndng trudng qudc doanh dUdc kjf vpng la hinh thttc to chiic kinh t^ ti^n bo nhd't n^n ndng nghigp xa hoi chu nghia, nhU Chi thi so' 336 (thang nam 1957) cua Thu tUdng Chinh phu v^ vipe xay diing nganh nong trudng qud'c doanh da chi rd: "Ndng trUdng qud'c doanh la hinh thiic to chiic kinh te tien bp nha't nen ndng nghi§p xa hpi chu nghia Ddi vdi nUdc ta hien dang S thdi ky qua dp tiing bUdc tien len chu nghTa xa hdi, ndng trudng qud'c doanh cd tac dung gUdng mSu viec cai tien nen kinh te tieu ndng theo phUdng thiic xa hpi chu nghia" (4) Ddi vdi mid'n Bdc liic dang thdi k^ cai tao p h i n kinh td' ca the, tU nhan, xac l^p p h i n kinh te tap the, tiing budc dua san xua't nhd Idn san xua't Idn xa hdi chu nghia, Ndng trudng qud'c doanh cd tac dung lam gUdng miu viec cai tao n^n kinh te tilu ndng theo phUdng thiic xa hdi chu nghia, hUdng d i n ngUdi ndng dan di vao dudng lam an tap t h i , cai tien ky thuat canh tac, lam an theo dudng ldi mdi xa hdi chu nghia Do vi tri vai trd va tinh cha't quan trpng nhU vay, nen tie mdi lap, Ndng triidng quoc doanh da diidc giao nhidm vu: - Tap trung san xuat mdt sd' san phim chinh cin thiet cho nha nUdc, chu yeu la cay cdng nghidp, ehan nudi NhUng tiay theo dieu kien da't dai va kha nang quan If cua Ndng trUdng qudc doanh, cd the thdm nhiing cay lUdng thiic thich hdp nhU Ilia, ngd, khoai, sdn - Tich luy kinh nghiem, dao tao can bd, ap dung ky thuat tidn tieh ve ndng nghidp, phat huy tinh cha't liu viet cua Ndng trudng qud'c doanh ve cac mat san xua't, kinh doanh, cai thidn ddi sd'ng d l lam gUdng miu, ddng vien, to chiic va hiidng d i n ndng dan tham gia phong trao Hdp tac hoa ndng Tim hieu nong mrcmg quoe doanh nghiep, - Kinh doanh c6 lai, tich liiy von cho nha nude diing vdi tinh cha't la xi nghidp, doanh nghiep cua nha nude (5) Doi vdi cac Lien doan san xua't ndng nghiep mig'n Nam cd nhidm vu: Xay diing cd sd kinh te ndng nghiep xa hoi chu nghia la nhidm vu lau dai; Phat triln san xua't nham dam bao tii tiic tu ca'p la nhiem vu tnidc mdt (6) Cdn ddi vdi cac ndng trUdng quan dpi cd nhidm vu phat trien kinh td' khu vUc mdi; Xdy diing bien cUdng, cung cd' qud'c phong; Thue hien chinh sach dan tdc cua Dang va Chinh phu (7) Ngoai nhiing nhiem vu ke tren, eac ndng trudng edn cd nhiem vu giiip dd phat trien kinh td' xa hdi d dia phUdng Tinh den cudi nam 1957, tren toan mien Bdc da cd 16 Ndng trudng quo'c doanh, chie'm didn tich 54.240 ha, dd, da't dai diidc khai hoang va trdng trpt la 6.044 ha, cd 8.523 edng nhSn, can bd va 371 may mdc cac loai (8) Tren cd sd phue h6i 10 ndng trUdng qudc doanh cii va ndng trUdng qud'c doanh dUdc xay mdi (9) chinh la nhfing cd sd kinh doanh ndng nghiep d i u tidn cua nha nude bao gom: Ndng trUdng Phii Quy d Quang Binh; Ndng trUdng Ngoc Thach d Ha "Hnh; Ndng trudng Bd'Ha d Bdc Giang; Ndng trUdng Sdng Ld d Tuyen Quang; Ndng triidng Ninh Hai d Kie'n An; Ndng trudng Ddng Hid'u d Nghe An; Ndng trudng Tay Hid'u d Nghe An; Ndng trudng Sdng Con d Nghd An; Ndng trUdng Trinh Mdn d Nghd An; Ndng trudng Yen My d Thanh Hoa; Ndng triidng My Cai d Thanh Hoa; Ndng trUdng Van Du d Thanh Hoa; Ndng trUdng Phiic Dd d Thanh Hoa; Nong tnidng Tam Dao d Vinh Phiic; Ndng triidng Sdng Bdi d Hoa Binh; Ndng triidng Ddng Giao d Ninh Binh (10) Ve cac trai thi nghidm dUdc phan bd' nhu sau: Trai chd, sdn d Phii Thp; Trai cao su, ho tieu d Vinh Linh; Trai bdng, liia d Thai Binh; Trai liia, mau d HUng Yen; Trai bdng Hoang Giang d Thanh Hoa; Trai ehan nudi bd, de d Cao Bang; Trai gia siic Ngpc Thanh d Vinh Phiic; Trai lam sinh Yen Bai; diem thi nghidm riing d Yen Bai, Lam Sdn, Hong Quang, Thanh Hoa, Quang Binh; Ao ea rd phi d Ha Ddng (11) Cac cd sd san xua't ndng nghiep xa hdi chu nghia dUdc xay diing rdng khdp d cae tinh midn Bdc Mdi nong lam trudng, tram, trai thi nghiem trd nhQng trpng diim kinh te' ndng nghiep eua eac tinh, true tie'p giao cho dia phUdng quan \f Cu t h i la: Giao cho Uy ban tinh Ha Tinh quan ly ndng trudng va lam trudng; Uy ban tinh Nghe An quan ly ndng trudng va ISm trudng; Uy ban tmh Thanh Hoa quan ly ndng trudng, lam trUdng va trai thi nghiem bdng d Hoang Giang; Uy ban tinh Quang Binh quan ly ndng triidng; Uy ban tinh Ninh Binh quan ly ndng trUdng (Ddng Giao); Uy ban tinh Hoa Binh quan ly ndng trudng (Song Bdi); Uy ban tinh Vinh Phiic quan ly ndng trudng (Tam Dao); Uy ban tinh Tuyen Quang quan 1;^ ndng trudng (Sdng Ld); Uy ban tinh Lang Sdn quan ly lam trudng (Hiiu Lung); Uy ban tinh Kien An quan ly ndng trUdng (Ninh Hai); Uy ban tinh Bdc Giang quan ly ndng trUdng (Bd' Ha); Uy ban tinh HUng Yen quan ly trai thi nghiem liia mau; Uy ban tinh Thai Binh quan ly trai thi nghiem bdng, liia; Uy ban tinh Ninh Binh quan ly trai cao su, hd tieu; Uy ban tinh Phu Thp quan ly trai che, sdn; Uy ban tinh Yen Bai quan ly trai lam sinh; Uy ban tinh Cao Bdng quan ly trai ehan nudi (sau cd sd san xua't); Uy ban tmh Ha Ddng quan ly ao ca (ca rd phi); cdn diem thi nghiem nhd lam sinh eiing giao eho cac tinh Tuyen Quang, Lang Sdn, Thanh Hoa, Quang Binh (12) Hghien ciJru Lich si Nhiing nong trUdng Bd Ndng lam quan ly gom: Ndng triidng Ddng Hie'u, Tay Hieu, Sdng Con thupc tinh Nghe An, Ndng triidng Yen My thudc tinh Thanh Hoa, Ndng triidng Ddng Giao thudc tinh Ninh Binh, Ndng trudng Ninh Hai thuoc tinh Kie'n An, Ndng trUdng Tam Dao thupe tinh Vinh Phuc Nhiing ndng trudng dia phiidng quan ly bao gdm; Ndng triidng Phii Quy giao cho tinh Quang Binh (vao thang 7-1958), Ndng tnidng Thach Ngpc giao cho tinh Ha Tinh (vao thang 7-1958), Ndng trudng Trinh Mdn giao eho tinh Nghe An (vao thang 121958), Nong triidng My Cai giao cho tinh Thanh Hoa (vao thang 12-1958), Nong trUdng Phiic Do giao cho tinh Thanh Hoa (vao thang 7-1958), Ndng trUdng Van Du giao cho tinh Thanh Hoa (vao thang 71958), Ndng trudng Sdng Boi giao cho tinh Hoa Binh (vao thang 7-1958), Ndng trUdng Bd' Ha giao cho tinh Bdc Giang (vao thang 10-1958) va Ndng tnidng Sdng Ld giao cho tinh Tuyen Quang (vao thang 3-1958) (13) Bd Ndng lam quyet dinh chpn ndng triidng Sdng Ld lam thi nghiem Tren ed sd khdi phuc mot so' ddn dien ciia tu ban Phap de lai, tii nam 1957 den nam 1960, viec xay diing cac Ndng triidng qud'c doanh da dUdc trien khai manh me Den thang 10 nam 1960, tren mien Bdc da xay diing diidc 59 cd sd ndng nghiep xa hpi chu nghia, dd cd nong triidng ciia Lien doan san xua't ndng nghiep midn Nam, 35 ndng trudng quan dpi va 15 nong tnidng qud'c ddanh Cac ndng trUdng qud'c doanh diidc phan bd'tii ddng bang, ven bien den viing trung du va mien niii San phim cua cac ndng trUdng tap trung chu yeu vao cac loai cay cdng nghiep nhii ea phe, chd, thud'c la, bong, hd tieu va gia siie (phin Idn la Idn va bd) Ndng trudng da bUde dau hinh mdt sd' viing chuyen eanh nhU s610.2014 viing eay an qua d cac tinh Thanh Hoa, Nghe An, Hda Binh, viing che d Vidt Bdc, Tay Bdc, viing ea phe d Phii Quy (Nghe An), vung hd tieu d Le Thuy - Vinh Linh, vung ehan nudi gia siic d Mdc Chau (Sdn La) Quan he sd hiiu ve tU lieu san xua't cae ndng trudng qude doanh la sd hiiu toan dan la quan he sd hiiu cd trinh dp xa hpi hda eao nha't Ngoai ra, ndng trUdng diidc to chiic vdi quy md tUdng doi Idn va tap trung, cpng vdi viec ed gidi hda va chuyen mdn hda mdt sd' khau ciia qua trinh san xua't, nen ndng trUdng qud'c doanh diidc eoi la d i u t i u giidng mdu, cd traeh nhiem d i n ddt cac hdp tac xa di len san xua't Idn xa hdi chii nghia Thdi ky d mien Bdc, ben eanh ndng trudng qud'c doanh edn ed lam trUdng va cd sd thuy san qud'c doanh vdi mdt liic liidng len den hdn van cdng nhan vao nhiing nam 60, lam tnidng la mdt loai hinh qud'c doanh dam nhiem ca khai thac go va trdng riing; cdn cac cd sd qud'c doanh nudi thuy san ddi mudn hdn, quy mo nhd, chu yeu d ca'p dia phUdng, pham vi hoat ddng hep, nen san lupng hang nam khdng dang ke Ngoai vdn d i u tu cua nha niidc, he thdng NTQD cdn nhan diidc vien trd tii eac nude XHCN Ngay 28-3-1967 Trung Qud'c ky hiep dinh vien trd khdng hoan lai giiip xay diing, trang bi cho ndng trudng kieu m i u va triidng trung ca'p ndng tnidng vdi sd'vd'n tren 38 trieu nhan dan te; Ngay 146-1960 Lien Xd ky hiep dinh cho vay dai ban 350 trieu nip de giiip md them 19 ndng trudng mdi va md rdng 27 NTQD hien cd de san xua't cae loai cay lau nam nhu che, ca phe, cao su va cae loai cay an qua: cam, ehud'i, dCfa tren dien tich Idn; Mdng Co giiip mdt so' gia siic de ehan nudi tai cac ndng trUdng; Tiep Khac, CHDC DC(c ciing giiip vd trang thiet bi, may mdc De dap iing yeu ciu, nhiem vu cua ndng 'nm hi^u nong tnrdng quoc doanh Trong nhiing nam d i u xay diing, so' lUdng cdng nhan, can bd ndng trudng cd ra't nhid^u 1870 8323 6149 4190 chuyen bien (Xem bang 11\^ 1651 4739 3458 1) 104 135 15 61 Tii nam 1955 - 1956, 541 101 495 356 sd' lUdng can bd, cdng 17 196 190 104 nhan vien ndng triidng 86 468 590 tang len nhanh tuyen NguiSn: B6 Nftng liim: liai nghi ii'iiig kvi ii, V ili/ni; iioii)! irid'iiig i/iiai diiuiili ii ngudi vao ndng trudng 1955-1957 aiii Bti Ndng lam H6 -.a i; 521 Trung li •0 Quoe gia 111 mdt each at, khdng trudng giai doan each mang mdi, chpn loe, la'y ca ngUdi 1-10-1960, Trung Udng Dang da quyet gia, ngiidi dm dau, thiidng benh binh TrUde dinh lap Bd Ndng triidng theo Nghi vao ndng triidng, cdng tac giao due tU dinh ciia Hdi dong Chinh phu, thang nam tudng khdng diidc ehu nen cdng nhan 1960, tach Bd Ndng lam thanh: Bd Ndng vien khdng hieu diidc vai trd va nhiem vu nghiep, Bd Ndng trudng qud'c doanh, Tong quan trpng eua Ndng triidng quoc doanh, ci^c thuy san va Tong cue Lam nghiep ma phin Idn diia tren tinh than tii giac, t\^ Bd Ndng trUdng dupe lap da thd'ng nguyen Do dd, thdi gian diu, anh chi nha't quan ly ta't ca cac Ndng trUdng qud'c em cdng nhan vien deu dem het nhiet tinh doanh gdm Ndng trudng quan dpi Lien lao ddng de xay diing ndng trUdng, nhung doan san xua't ndng nghidp mien Nam Sii sau mdt thdi gian da sinh tam ly ehan ddi ciia Bd Ndng trUdng lam eho cac che nan, ue oai, khdng tap trung va nhiet tinh dp chinh sach, cae td' chiie kinh doanh phu cdng tac, nen nang sua't lao ddng giam siit hdp vdi yeu ciu phat triln san xua't; viec SLT (14) dung nhSn liic, may mde, da't dai dUde tap TrUdc tinh hinh do, nam 1957, Trung trung hdn, tao kha nang md rdng quy md Udng Dang cvl dean xud'ng tim hilu thiic te san xua't cua cac ndng trUdng Tren cd sd dd tai cac ndng trudng va quye't dinh on dinh da tao dieu kien thuan ldi hdn viee ap td ehiie, sap xep lai liic lUdng can bd, edng dung ky thuat hien dai vao san xua't ndng nhan ndng trudng: Nhiing ngUdi gia ea, dau nghiep mdt each nhanh chdng hdn va dm, thUdng benh binh, siie khoe khdng du nhiing tiiu ky thuat diic ket dUde thi dUdc bd' tri cdng viec khac hoac dUa ve cac ndng trudng, nhflng kinh nghiem quan dia phUdng san xua't; nhiing edng nhan edn ly, nghiep vu cd dieu kien ap dung rdng rai d lai ndng trudng la nhiing ngudi ed siic hdn khde de dam bad cdng viec va tren tinh Ve dot ngii c a n bo, cong n h a n vien than y thiic tii giac Bdi vay, hai nam (1957 va 1958), so' lUdng can bd, cdng nhan ndng tritdng Dai bd phan cdng nhan cua cac Ndng d ndng tnidng giam ve sd' lUdng nhiing trudng quoc doanh la can bd, bd dpi mien dd thiie sii la Iiie lUdng lao dpng ed y thiie Nam t^p ket (chiem 58% nam 1956), eac va tinh than lao ddng xay diing ndng ddn vi bd ddi, nidn xung phong, hoac tnidng Nhd eung cd' so' liidng can bd, cdng cdng nhan tCf cac nganh khac chuyen sang nhan ndng trUdng, tranh tinh trang lang Bang 1: Tong so can bo, congnhar vien chdc den cuoi nam 1958 Dan 17 linh: n^itiii 1956 1958 1955 1957 Tong so can bo, cong nhan vien linh den cuoi ndm Tronp d6 co: C6ng nhan san xuai Nhan vien ky Ihuai Nhan vien hanh chi'nh Nhiln vien phu iriich van hiia xa hOi Nhan vifin khac Rghien curu Lich sJr sg 10.2014 phi nhan liie, nen tii nam Bang 2: So von dilu lir xay dung co ban cho Nong trirong quuc doanh 1960, liic lUdng lao dpng san Dffii vi tinh: 1.000 cloiin xua't d cac ndng trudng da di Nam Ke hoach Ho^n (hfinh Thifc hien vao on dinh 1955 465.620 100% 465,622 Dpi ngii can bd, edng nhan 1956 5.975.3-19 101 % 6.051.822 1957 1,821.643 107% 1.950,147 ndng trudng cang dUde nang cao ve trinh dp chuyen 102% COng 8.262,602 8,467 59l mdn va p h ^ cha't dao diic Nguon: Bdo ccio it'iiig ke) Ih'ii iiftlii m'mg iraiiitg i/inii- iltiaiili iritiii mien BCic Urn ihit de cd the dap iing diidc yeu den 2110119m H6 M s6: Ir 12 Trujig Iflm nlwl Imp ngdy 2miimi lull Ir&Oufic gia III ciu, nhiem vu Khi mdi lap cd nhieu ndng tnidng, xi nghiep cd hang tram edng nhan, tri gia len den 1.625.000 dong Ne'u la'y chi sd' nhiing chi cd tii mdt de'n hai ky sU; tham chi nam 1955 la 100 thi nam 1958 tang len 600, cd mdt so" xi nghiep Idn, nhUng khdng cd mdt nam 1959 tang len 1.810, t^c la gap 18 lan ky sU nao Khi gap va'n d^ yeu ciu trinh (17) Nam 1960, ndng triidng dUOc diu tU 270 ky thuat cao mdi giai quye't dUdc thi cae ddn may keo tieu chuan 15 ma lUc, 217 d td va vi thudng bi liing tiing Cudi nam 1957, cac phiidng tien san xua't khac Vd linh vi^c xay diing ed ban, ehi chii Dang va Nha nUde da dao tao diidc 364 cdng nhan lai may kee, 53 can bd ed (15) cho trpng tang sd' liipng ndng trUdng mdi, nen da dan den tinh trang xay diing vdi vang Sd' toan nganh Ndng trudng qud'c doanh Ve d a u trf xay diAig cd sd vat c h a t , lUdng cac Ndng trUdng qud'c doanh mdi dUde lap nhieu, nhung thid'u sii dilu tra, ky t h u a t , m a y m o c Ndng trudng qud'c doanh ed vai trd, vi tri tham dae, khdng lap ke' hoach va vach mi^c va nhiem v\i quan trpng nd'n kinh td' tieu xay diing theo hiidng phat trien toan nen dUdc liu tien dau tu xay diing cd sd vat didn, the hien d chd mdt sd' da't khai hoang cha't, di dau iing dung tiiu khoa khdng thich hdp vdi trdng trpt, cd nhiing hpc ky thuat Mac dii dieu kien da't edng trinh khdng thich hdp vdi yeu cau san nude edn nhieu khd khan, song Ndng tnidng xuat Trong xay diing cd ban, eac cdng qudc doanh da ludn thu hiit dUde sii quan trinh san xua't nhu chudng, trai, san phdi, tam, diu tU vi ed sd vat cha't, ky thuat, may nha kho khdng dUdc chu y xay diing, ma mdc Tinh den cudi nam 1957, toan nganh tap trung xay diing eac cdng trinh phi san Ndng trudng qud'c doanh dUdc trang bi 188 xua't nhu cae cau lac bd, nha tim nen da may keo (15 ma liic) va 296 ndng cu cac loai; gay lang phi ngudn vd'n eiia nha nUde dau tu vao ndng trudng 4.968 trieu ddng vd'n 4, Ddi s o n g c u a c a n bo, c o n g n h a n lUu ddng va 8.233 trieu ddng vd'n xay diing n o n g t r i i d n g ed ban Nha nude da xay diing dUpc Do chii trUdng xay diing phan Idn cac 136.750m2 nha ciia, 61.804m^ san phdi, 45 ndng trudng tren nhiing viing da't mdi khai cai ciu ed'ng, dap niidc, 84 eai gie'ng nUdc, pha, nen thdi gian dau mdi lap 1.27Dm mudng phai (16) ndng trUdng, ddi sd'ng ciia can bp, cdng Trong ba nam (1955-1957), sd'vdh d i u tii xay dung cd ban cho Ndng trUdng qud'c doanh rat Idn Ngoai ra, cac Nong tnidng qud'c doanh cdn dUdc vien trp may mdc, dung cu nhan ndng tnidng gap nhidu khd khan ca vd vat cha't l i n tinh t h i n , die'u kien sinh boat thieu thon Khu nha d eho can bd, cdng nhan vien chi la nhiing lan trgi, tranh Tim hieu nftng tnrcmg qutfc doanh tre niia la ddn sd, lai thudng xuyen phai dd'i dien vdi benh sot ret Thdi gian sau, Dang va Nha nUdc da quan tam chii y cham lo nham eai thien ddi song vat cha't va tinh than cho can bd, cdng nhan ndng tnidng Tnidc het la cdng tac bao hd lao ddng diipc chii y hdn, nen sd' tai nan lao ddng da giam di nhid'u Nam 1956, ed 157 cdng nhan hi thiidng, nam 1957 khdng dl xay vu nad Ve nha d, ndng triidng da xay diing diidc khu nha gach ngdi, khu lam viee, khu giai tri, khu nha an, nha tim Ve cdng tac y te, nam 1956, cdng tac cham sde sflc khoe cdn nhieu yeu kem, ty Id ngUdi d'm dau len tdi 20%, cd ndi len tdi 60-70% Tii sau thang cudi nam 1957, cdng tac ve sinh phdng b^nh dupe quan tam, chii y hdn trUdc, cii ngudi thi ed nhan vien y td', 25 ngUdi cd mpt quan Ijf ca'p dUdng, viec ve sinh phdng benh kha hdn nen ty le dm dau bdt di nhieu Quy I nam 1958, binh quan cd 8% ngUdi nghi dm, cd ndi chi 0,46%, ndi cao nhat la 10% de'n 11% nhU Ndng trUdng Phuc Dd va Ndng trUdng Tay Hieu (18) Phong trao tang gia san xua't, tu cai thien ddi sd'ng ciing thu dUde nhidu ket qua tot Dai bp phan cdng nhan vien ndng tnidng da tu tiic dUdc rau, thiic phim de tii cung tii ca'p cho sinh boat cua ndr^ tnidng Cdng tac giao due van boa, ehinh tri tU tudng Cling dUdc quan tam Nan mii ch3 da dUdc toan gan hd't, cd ndng triidng da sd' cdng nhan hpc het Idp - Idp 5, nhieu ndng trudng da thu dUde tich ve nang cao trinh dd van hoa cho cdng nhan Nam 1957 cd 38 ngUdi dUdc cvi di dii hpc Idp quan tri ndng tnidng, 90 ngudi dupe cii di hpc cac Idp ke toan, tai vu, cd khi, bd tiic van hoa va cd so" ddng ngUdi khac dUdc CLC di hpc cac Idp dii bi chinh tri, van hoa Nan mil chii h i u nhU da dUdc toan, ket qua cd 611 ngudi hpc Idp 1; 1.156 ngudi hpc Idp 2; 1.170 ngUdi hpe Idp 3; 857 ngUdi hpc Idp 4; 269 ngudi hpe Idp 5; 83 ngUdi hpe Idp 6; 78 ngUdi hpc ldp7; 11 ngiidi hpc Idp va ngUdi hpc Idp (19) Nhin chung ddi sd'ng vat cha't va van hoa tinh than cua cdng nhan vien ndng trUdng da tiing bUdc dUde quan tam va nang cao hdn Tinii h i n h s a n x u a t cua n o n g triidng quoc doanh VS khai hoang, la mpt nhidm vu quan trpng cua Ndng triidng qud'c doanh Day viia la nhiem vu kinh te, viia la nhiem vu chinh tri co y nghia mang tinh chien ludc Ngay tii lap, Ndng trUdng qud'c doanh dUde giao nhiem vu khai hoang, md rdng dien tich trpt de xay diing nen nhiing viing kinh te' mdi Trong dieu kidn cua mien Bac lue dd edn ra't khd khan, nen viec khai hoang md rpng dien tich chu yeu diia tren tinh t h i n tu liic canh sinh va sU va't va, chiu diing gian kho cua cdng nhan vien toan nganh ndng trUdng Sii phat trien eua ndng trUdng the hien chii yeu d vide khai hoang, vd hoa, md rdng dien tieh, trdng mdi de trd nhiing Ndng tnidng qudc doanh Idn Cuoi nam 1958 khai hoang 901 ha, lap them 16 vUdn Udm ca phe, eao su, cam (20) Nam 1960, eac ndng trUdng khai pha dUde 24.300ha tren tdng dien tich 185.000ha Chan nudi dUdc 35.600 trau bd, tren 400 ngiia, 3.200 de, eiiu va Idn, ga, vit, ngdng (21) Ve trpt, eac ndng tnidng khdng ngiing md rdng dien tich gieo trdng vdi cac loai cay trdng nhU cay cdng nghiep lau nam (ea phe, cao su ), eay cdng nghiep hang nam (thud'c la, viing, bdng, lae ), eay lUdng thiic (Ilia, ngd ), eay an qua (cam, diia, quyt ); ddng thdi da budc d i u binh dupe mot so' viing chuyen canh nhu che Tay Bac, Viet Bac, viing ea phe Phii Quy, viing eSy an qua Nghe An, Thanh Hda, Ha Tay, Sdn Tay, Hda Binh, viing hd tieu Quang Binh, Vinh Linh Trong nam diu (1955-1957), Ndng tnidng R g h i e n curu Lich sJr s o 1Q.2014 Bang 3: Niing suat mpt sd loai cay chinh ciia nong trucmg Dcfu viiinli: tg I lia Ciic loai cay Caphe 1955 1,2 Id 57 la 11,9 la Mia 230 la 1958 4,1 la 116,91a 16,87 la 12,7 la 426,2 la 1957 3,56 la 40 la 9,3 la lla 228,3 la 1956 2.72 la 43 la 8,5 la 2,3 la 315 la Ngu6n: B6 N6ng Itlm: Bui> cao idii)- ke'l lien nam I95fi va xOkei lUiii^ \iiaii nam 1959 iinanh n iiiriiiig qiii'icdoanh Bo Nong lam H(i so so: 570 Trung lAm liru Irir Qudc gia 111 qud'c d o a n h tich ciic d a y m a n h k h a i h o a n g v a rd p h i T r o n g n a m t r d n g t r p t D i e n t i c h t r d n g mdi, c h a m sdc, c u n g ca'p dUde 1 , ta'n t h i t , 1400 lit siia, 1958, n d n g trUdng da p h u c hdi n a m 1957 la 1.806.000 h a , k d ' h o a e h 0 q u a t r i i n g vit, ta'n p h a n So n a m 1958 la 1.830.083 h a C a n bp, e d n g n h a n vdi ke' h o a c h diidc g i a o , so' l i i d n g d a n bd vUdt n d n g trUdng nd liic viidt mpi k h d k h a n , g i a n ke' h o a c h 13,7%; t h i t bd vUdt kd' h o a c h 10% k h d h o a n t h a n h v a viidt miic k e h o a e h diide cdn n h i i n g chi t i e u k h a c d e u k h d n g d a t k e giao N a m h o a c h ; so lUdng d a n Idn chi d a t 20,6%; s a n 1958, n d n g t n i d n g d a d a m b a o dUde dien tich gieo t r d n g la 5 h a gdm cac lUdng t h i t Idn c h i d a t , % ; sd'lUdng d a n vit cay cdng n g h i e p l a u n a m , cdng n g h i e p h a n g e h i d a t , % ; s a n lUdng t h i t vit c h i d ^ t n a m , cay a n q u a , eay lUdng thiic T r e n d i e n , % ; s a n l i i d n g siia l a 2 , % ; s a n liidng tich dd, t h u dUde 1 t a n c a p h e n h a n ; 11 ta'n t r i i n g l a % v a p h a n l a % k e h o a c h (23) thud'c la; , ta'n lae; ta'n m i a cay; 139 Tii k h i t h a n h lap, Ndng triidng qud'c t a n c a m ; , ta'n q u y t ; 1249 ta'n liia; 126 ta'n d o a n h diidc g i a o n h i e m v u la k i n h d o a n h ed ngd v a m p t s d h o a m a u k h a c (22) T r o n g do, l a i , t a n g t i c h l u y v d n e h o n h a nUde T r e n b i n h q u a n n a n g sua't t r e n m d t h a c u a m d t so thiic loai cay t r d n g q u a cac n a m c h i i n g td sii viidn d o a n h k h d n g h i d u q u a , t y Id lo c a o N a m l e n ciia cac n d n g t r U d n g Ve chdn nudi, N d n g t r u d n g qud'c d o a n h t r d t h a n h t i e n de" v a h i n h a n h ciia n e n s a n xua't Idn x a hdi ehii n g h i a Cac d a n bd t h i t , bd siia, te, Ndng trudng qud'c d o a n h kinh Id 1 , t r i e u d d n g , n a m 1957 Id 531.917 trieu ddng, nam (1955- 1957) t d n g lo l a , 2 t r i e u d o n g (24) Nam 1956 va n a m , t r o n g s d 16 d a n Idn vdi q u y m d Idn d e u t h u d c ve eac n d n g t r u d n g , cd n d n g t r U d n g k i n h d o a n h N d n g trUdng qud'c d o a n h N d n g t r i i d n g qud'c h i Id D o t h d i g i a n d a u m d i d i v a o x a y diing, d o a n h k h d n g chi h i n h t h a n h v u n g c h u y e n c a e n d n g t r U d n g qud'c d o a n h a t m d r d n g c a n h ve eay t r o n g , m a cdn t r d t h a n h v i i n g s a n xua't, n a n g s u a t l a o d d n g k d m , t a p t r u n g e h a n n u d i q u y m d Idn N h i e m v u lUdng k h d n g d a t k e t q u a diidc g i a o S a u dat r a cho e h a n nudi la t a p t r u n g e h a n nudi n a m , vdi c h u t r U d n g e u n g e d ' c a c n d n g san m d t sd' loai gia siic c h i n h de d a m b a o c u n g t r u d n g , n h a n liie d n d i n h h d n , ke' h o a c h s a n ca'p siic k e o , g i o n g t d t c h o h d p t a c xa, t h i t , xua't s a t vdi t i n h h i n h t h i i e te' h d n , c h i i ^ siia, t r i i n g e u n g ca'p c h o n h a nUdc dd'n c a i t i e n k y t h u a t , n e n sd' le cd g i a m b d t , T i n h de'n c u o i n a m , d a n g i a siic e u a t r o n g 16 n d n g t r U d n g ed n d n g t r u d n g l a i t o a n n g a n h N d n g t r U d n g qud'c d o a n h gdm t r i e u v a n d n g t r U d n g lo t r i e u S d 5.151 bd, t r a u , Ipn, Id t h u c c u a n a m l a t r i d u b a n g 1 8 eon vit v a m d t sd' ga, n g a n , n g d n g , e a , % s o l d c u a n a m (25) Tim hieu nong trucmg qudc doanh Nam 1958, cac nong trUdng da bat d i u kinh doanh cd lai Nhiing san pham cd lai la ca phe lai 701 trieu ddng, cam lai 86,5 trieu ddng, ly lai khdng phai la day manh nang sua't tang ma phan Idn la dieu chinh gia dUdc hdp ly hdn Cac loai san phim mdi khac deu Id, nhat la cac cay cdng nghiep hang nam nhu: Bdng Id trieu 732; Thiu d i u Id 22.957 tridu; Viing, lac Id 67.390 trieu; Sa 16 1.60 trieu; D6 tiidng Id 3.900 trieu; Thud'c la Id 7.061 trieu; Ngd, khoai Id 5.500 trieu; Liia Id 83.803 trieu Chan nudi eiing Id, nha't la tieu gia siie: Bd Id 15 trieu 333; Vit, Idn lo 42.000 trieu ddng (26) NMn chung, boat dpng san xud't ciia NTQD khdng that sii hieu qua, trii mdt so' ndng triidng san xua't chd, cdn h i u nhU ta't ca cae nong lam tnidng, tram trai de'u thua Id Diing nhu tac gia Chif Van Lam da chi ro "cac ndng lam trUdng ed nhiing tiiu nha't dinh, song khdng tiidng xiing vdi sd' vd'n dau tii nha nude bd Cd nhieu nguyen nhan cua tinh trang dd, nhUng trudc het la cd ehe' tap trung quan lieu bao cd'p tit tren xud'ng da lam cho hoat ddng kinh te' cua ndng triidng kem hieu qua (27) Thiie trang dd da lam cho ddi sd'ng can bd cdng nhan ndng tnidng cdn nhieu khd khan, keo theo dd la eac va'n de ve van hda, xa hpi khac ciing ra't dang diide quan tam Ket l u a n Trong qua trinh tien hanh xdy dung mien Bic xa hdi ehu nghia Dang va Nha nUde tien hanh cai tao cac phan kinh te', dua cac phan kinh te' ca t h i tii nhan di vao diidng qud'c doanh va tap the hda, dUa nen san xuat nhd len san xua't Idn xa hpi chu nghia Trong qua trinh dd da thiic hien chCi triidng lap cac Ndng trudng qud'c doanh, ddng thdi Dang va Nha nude ciing chii trUdng ed gidi hoa quy md Idn n h i m tao "cii bich" vdi nen kinh te' ndng nghidp, lam thay ddi ndng thdn ddng bang Bac Bd Trong giai doan dau tien, cac NTQD da cd nhiing tiiu nhat dinh va cd nhiing dong gop vao cdng cudc khdi phuc va phat trien kinh te - xa hdi d mien Bic, gdp phin phan edng lao dpng xa hdi, cai thien ddi sd'ng nhan dan Tuy nhien, nhiing cdng eua NTQD ehiia tUng xiing vdi sd' vd'n d i u tu nha nUdc bd Danh gia ve hieu qua san xua't ciia khu viie NTQD, tii nhiing nam 60, Trung Udng da nhan dinh: NTQD liic d i u xay dUng khdng diia vao nhu cau va dieu kien cua ta la ehinh, phiidng hudng san xufi't mdt thdi gian dai khdng dn dinh, cd sd vat cha't ky thuat cho tham eanh khdng dUdc chii y tii diu, quy hoaeh eua nhieu ndng trudng chUa hoan chinh, can do'i giiia cae loai cay va giOa trpt, ehan nudi tiing ndng trudng bd' tri cdn liing tiing Nguyen nhan san xuat thua Id eiia NTQD la cd che' tap trung quan lieu bao ca'p tii tren xud'ng diidi, ta't ca deu ham lam to, lam nhanh, lam nhieu, lam qua siic, y lai vao may moc va khdng xua't phat tii kha nang thiic te eiia can bo va cdng nhan Tren thiic te' nhiing nam d i u xay diing ndng tnidng qud'c doanh, sd'vd'n d i u tU Idn, tap trung mpi sii Uu tien eua nha nUdc cho ndng trUdng, song Ndng trudng qud'c doanh khong dat diide nhiing ky vpng, mue tieu nhu da dat Vide san xua't kinh doanh cua cae Ndng trUdng quo'c doanh da ed nhiing bieu hien thua Id tii kha sdm, khdng tieh luy dUdc vdn cho nha nude, trai lai nha niidc phai thudng xuyen bii Id eho cac ndng trUdng NhU vay, ndng trudng qud'c doanh chiia lam trdn diide vai trd gUdng mau dd'i vdi ndng dan de thiic da'y ngiidi nong dan budc vao eon dUdng hpp tac hoa va lam an cd hieu qua de cd the nang cao dUdc ddi song vat chat va van hoa tinh t h i n cho ngudi ndng dan nhu muc tieu va ke hoach ban dau da de Rghien eiiru Ljeh sCe ad 10.2014 12 CHU THICH (1) Dang Cong san V i | t Nam: Vdn kien Ddng (13) Bp Nong lam: Du thdo phdn cdp qudn ly todn tap, tap 16, nSm 1955 Nxb Chinh tri Qufl'c nong trUdng quoc doanh gia, Ha Noi, 2002, tr 211 Trung tam lUu trfl Quoc gia III Ho sd s6 2053, tr 19 (2) Den nSm 1958, S6 Quc^c doanh nong nghiep (14) Tinh den cuoi nam 1956 co 20% ngudi ddi th^nh Cyc Quan 1;? Nong trii&ng quoc doanh tich ciic cQng tac, 40% \km cho qua thang, 20% dau o'm, 20% khong chiu lam viec, lam cho Bo Nong lam (3) Cue Nong trudng quan doi: Bdo cao tinh hinh chuyin qudn sdn xuat ndm 1959 cua Cue ndng trudng Ho sd so 43, tr Trung tam luu trfl 16-8- 1957, Ve cong tdc cung co nong trUifng quoc doanh, so 53, ng&y 11-12-1957, tr 179-180 n h a n dan Ngudn: Bo Nong trUdng: DU thdo Bdo ndm 1957 Ho sd so 98, tr Trung tam liiu trii Quoc gia i n hodn thdnh nhiSm vu cdch mang d miin Bdc ciing nhii miin Nam (Bao cao tai Hoi nghi N5ng trUdng quoc doanh toan quoc l^n thii nha't hop 26-9-1960 den 2-10-1960;, Ho sd so 7, tr 9, Trung tam lilu trii Quo'c gia III (8) Bo Nong tnidng: Chi thi cua Thu (15) (16), (18), (24), (25) B6 N6ng trUdng: Du thdo ndm xdy dUng nong trUdng qudc doanh Ho Trung t^m lau trB QuS'c gia III (17) Bo Nong trUdng: Phan ddu xdy dUng ndng trudng qudc doanh, thiet thUc gop phdn hodn thdnh nhiem vu cdch mang d mien Bae cUng nhU (6), (7) Bo NSng tnidng: Phan dau xdy dUng nong triidng qudc doanh, thii't thiic gop phdn sd so' 1, tr 25 T r u n g tam luu trfl Qu6'c gia IH sd so 1, tr 3, 3, 26 19, 20 (5) Bo N6ng trifdng: Chi thi cua Thii tiidng ve cdng tdc cung co nong tritbng quoc doanh mien Nam (Bao cao tai Hoi nghi Nong trUcIng quo'c doanh toan qu6'c Mn thii n h a t hop ngky 26-9-1960 de'n 2-10-1960J, Ho sd so 7, tr 12 Trung tam lUu trii Quoc gia III (19), (20), (22), (23) Bg Nong lam: Bdo edo idng ki't tien ndm 1958 ud sd ket ddng xudn ndm 1959 ngdnh ndng trUdng qud'c doanh Bd Ndng Idm, tudng Chinh phu ve cong tdc cung co ndng triidng quo'c doanh nam 1957, Ho sd so 98, tr Trung tam lUu trQ Qufl'c gia III (9) Bo Nong lam: Hdi nghi tong ket ndm xdy diing ndng trUbng qud'c doanh ndm 1955-1957 cua Bd Nong lam Ho sd so 521, tr 20 Trung tSm luu trii Quo'c gia III (10), (11), (12) Bo Nong Mm: Du thdo phdn cap qudn ly cdc ndng tnidng, Idm triidng vd cdc trai thi nghiSm dia phUOng, Ho sd so 2053, tr 3, 4, 5-6 Trung tSm luu trii Quoc gia III nhig'u kho khSn va a n h hudng khong tot d€'n edo ndm xdy dUng nong trUdng quo'c doanh Ho Quoc gia III (4) Cong bao: Chi thi s6'336-TTg tinh hinh nong tru&ng khdng fl'n dinh, gay them Ho sd so: 570, tr 25, 13, 13, 18 Trung tam lUu trQ Quoc gia III (21) Theo Dang Phong (chii bifen) Lich si kinh te Viet Nam 1945-2000, t^p II: 1955-1975 Nxb Khoa hoc xa hoi, Ha Noi, 2005, tr 280 (26) Bg Nong lam: Bdo cao tdng ket tii'n dp ndm 1958 ud s