THỰC HIỆN PHÒNG KHÔNG SƠ TÁN CHO CÁC TRƯỜNG Ở MIỀN BẮC VIỆT NAM TRONG THỜI KỲ CHỐNG : CHIẾN TRANH PHÁ HOẠI LẦN THỨ NHẤT CỦA ĐẾ QUỐC MỸ

THOC HIEN PHONG KHONG SO TAN CHO CAC TRlTfiTNG PHO THONG Of MIEN BAC VIET NAM TRONG THOfI KY CHONG 'CHIEN TRANH PHA HOAI LAN THUT N H A Y ' CUA DE QUOC MY (1965-1968) NGUYfiN THUY QUYNH' C dng tac phdng khdng so tan dam bao an toan cho viec day hoc da tiing dUdc nganh giao due thuc hien khang chidn chd'ng Phap Den khang chie'n cho'ng My, chien tranh md rong mien Bac, tat ca cac trUdng hoc c( phd' va ndng thon deu trd muc tieu nem bom, ban pha, Vi vay, van de dam bao an toan cho viec day va hoc tiep tuc dUdc dat va ddng vai trd quan ddi vdi sU nghiep phat trien giao due thdng Trong bai viet nay, chung tdi bUdc dau de cap de'n nhiing yeu c^u dat cho cdng tac phdng khdng sd tan cac trUdng hoc, chu trUdng cua Dang, Nha nUdc va cac bidn phap ciia nganh giao due thdng, qua trinh thuc hien va mot so' ke't qua tieu bieu, dong thdi neu mot sd'nhan xet, eiing nhUy nghia cua cdng tac phdng khdng cac trUdng thdng d mien Bac Viet Nam thdi ky chd'ng Chie'n tranh pha hoai lan thii nha't cua My (1965-1968) Su can thiet va chii trUdng, bien p h a p thUc hien cong t a c phong khdng sd tan cho cac trUdng thong Tha't bai nang ne chie'n lUdc "Chie'n "ThS Vien Sii hoc tranh dac biet" d mien Nam, tit dau nam 1965, My chuyen sang ehien lucte "Chie'n tranh cue bo" vdi viee dua quan doi true tie'p tham chie'n d mien Nam, ddng thdi ddng khong quan, hai quan md rdng danh pha mien Bac, Trong nam chie'n tranh pha hoai lan tht( nha't (1965-1968), khdng quan My da gay nhieu thiet hai cho mien Bac Hau he't nhiing cd sd vat chat va ky thuat chu ye'u xay dung duoe nhiing nam khdi phue, cai tao va phat trien kinh te va ke hoach nam lan thCf nhat d mien Bac deu bi danh pha Dae biet, My da gay rat nhie'u thiet hai cho nganh giao due: trudng hoc bi pha hiiy, giao vien va hoc sinh hi gie't hai, cac gid hoc thudng xuyen bi gian doan vi nhiing tran bom ciia may bay My, tam ly ciia phu huynh, hoc sinh ciing bi anh hudng Theo thd'ng ke cd khoang 1.589 trUdng hoe d cae phd', dia phuong tren toan mien Bac da bi danh pha (1), Nhieu trUdng hoc la muc tieu nem bom hang ehuc lan nhu trUdng Vinh Cha'p, Hudng Lap, Ca'p III Vinh Linh Chinh vi vay, viec dam bao an toan cho hoe sinh, giao vien, cho viec day va hoc duoc dat trUde he't Trong tinh hinh do, Hoi nghi Ban chap hanh Trung UOng Dang lan thii 11 hop 25, 26, 27 thang 3-1965 da Nghi quyet Kip thdi chuyen hUdng viec xdy dung vd phdt trim kinh te qude ddn phuc vu ddc lUc nhiem vu cdch mang cd nUdc tinh hinh mdi nham chuyen toan bd boat dpng cua mien Bac tii thdi binh sang thdi chie'n, tie'p tuc xay diing chu nghia xa hoi (CNXH) dieu kien cd chien tranh, danh thing cude chie'n tranh pha hoai bang khdng quan, bai quan cua My, phat huy vai trd ciia hau phuong Idn do'i vdi tien tuye'n Idn mien Nam, lam tron nhiem vu quo'c te vdi each mang Lao va Campuchia Thiie hidn chu trUOng chuyen hudng boat dong sang thdi chie'n, Chinh phii da chi dao va td chiic cho cac cd quan Nha nudc, trudng hoe va mdt bd phan nhan dan sd tan khoi vimg diem bi danh pha Ngay tii nhiing thd thach dau tien, nganh giao due da tich ciie ehii dong thuc hien td't viec chuyen hUdng eong tac giao due theo tinh than Chi thi 88/TTg 5-8-1965 cua Phu Thii tUdng: "Hien nay, ca nudc ta dang co chie'n tranh, nhiem vu chd'ng My, ciiu nude la nhiem vu thieng hgng cdng tac giao due phai chuyen hudng de phue vu tot nhiem vu chinh tri ndi tren theo chiic nang, nhiem vu ciia minh va phii hdp vdi tinh hinh mdi " (2) De thiic hien dUdc nhi§m vu chinh tri mdi va "quyet tam danh thdng giac My tren mat tran giao due", nganh giao due da cd nhiing chu trUdng, bien phap kip thdi de thUe hien chuyen hUdng Mot nhiing cong tac chu yeu ciia viec chuyen hudng giao due la dam bao an toan cho giao vien, hoc sinh, lara tdt eong tac phdng khdng sO tan eac trUdng hoc Chi thi eua Hdi dong Chinh phii sd' 114-CP Ve phUdng hUdng, nhiem vu gido due nhiing ndm tdi 29-6-1966 cung da chi ra: Va'n de dam bao an toan cho nha trUdng la mot dieu kien cd ban de xay dUng giao due thdi ehien, liy ban hanh chinh cac ca'p va nganh giao due phai coi va'n de nay, Cac trudng hpc deu phai cd dii hao giao thong va ham tru ^n dung quy each Phai ddi cac 16p hpc xa cac mue tieu dich cd the bSn pha nhiing ndi trpng diem, phai phan tan nhiing Idp hpc nhd, giam bdt gid hpc d 16p, tang cUdng hUdng dan hpc sinh bpc cl nha De dam bao cong tac phdng khdng sd tan, nha trudng phai diia vao lUc lUpng thay, trd va phu huynh hpc sinh la chinh; Doan Thanh nien, Hdi Lien hiep Phu nii va dan quan xa can tich cUc giup nha trUdng (3) Trong Chi thi sd'24-CT 2-11-1966 veviec ddy manh cong tdc phong khong nhdn ddn cdc trUdng hoc, Bd Giao due da de nghi cac trUdng tang cUdng thiic hien kiem tra cdng tac phdng khdng nhan dan cac trudng hoe Tiep do, 25-7-1967, Phii Thii tUdng Thdng tu sd' 13I/TTg-VG Ve viec tdng cUdng ldnh dao cong tdc gido due phd thong tinh hinh chdng My, cUu nUdc da neu ro noi dung quan trpng can thuc hien la phai coi cong tac bao dam phdng khdng, an toan cho hpc sinh va giao vien la die'u kien quan de xay dung giao due thdi chien Cdng tac phdng khdng sd tan trUdng hoe la mpt bd phan ciia cdng tac phdng khdng nhan dan, "dudng Id'i cong tac phdng khong nhan dan bao dam an toan trUdng hpc eiing xua't phat tif dudng ldi chie'n tranh nhan dan ciia Dang, cd anh hudng triic tie'p den sU nghiep phat trien giao due thdi ehien, Cdng tac phong khdng nhan dan trUcing hoe la cong tac bao dam sinh menh cho cac em hpc hanh Nha trUdng phai lam td't trude tien edng tac nay, lay dd lara ed sd tien hanh to ehiic giang day hpc tap Mat khac, qua trinh nang cao cha't lupng giang day va hpc tap phai khdng ngiing thiic day cdng tac phdng khdng nhan dan; day la hai mat eua mdt va'n de, chung lien quan khang kbit vdi va cd tac dung qua lai nhau, nha trUdng ta can phai khdng dinh va thde hien bang duoc" (4) Day la mdt nhiem vu quan trpng ciia toan Dang, toan dan, va ciing la mdt nhiem vu ra't kho khan, phdc tap va mdi me Cdng tac phdng khdng cd hai mat: danh dich va phdng tranh dich, vdi phUdng cham hanh dpng chinh xac la: danh dich kien quyet, phong tranh dieh ti'ch cUc chii dpng Doi vdi nganh giao due, nhiing phUdng hudng cu the la lam td't cdng tac sd tan va phan tan trudng Idp, to' chiic td't viec phdng khdng, bao dam an toan cho thay va trd de han che den miic tha'p nha't nhiing hi sinh td'n that ve ngudi va cua, to chiic va quan li tdt ddi sd'ng vat chat va tinh than d cac trUdng hoc, tie'p tue phat trien nhanh va manh sU nghiep giao due thdng de phuc vu cho sU nghiep chd'ng My, Cliu nUdc, dong thdi de chuan hi eho thdi ky xay dUng da't nudc sau chien tranh, Tren cd sd bien phap hen hoan cdng tac phdng khdng nhan dan (5), nganh giao due xae dinh cac bien phap chu ye'u ddi vdi cdng tac phdng khdng dam bao an toan cac trUdng bao gom ndi dung; 1, Thiic hien tridt de viec sd tdn, phan tan trudng Idp xa cac muc tieu xung yeu, phu hdp vdi k§'hoach phdng khdng d tCfng dia phUdng, dong thdi chii trpng giai quyet ba khau: dia diem Idp hpc, bo' tri thdi gian hoc tap va sap xep hpc sinh vao cac Idp nham bao dam dung yeu cau phan tan triet de cac trUdng Idp 2, Cling cd' va xay dUng he thd'ng ham ho', dudng hao, luy xung quanh cac Idp hpc day du va diing ky thuat theo tieu chuan phdng khdng cua Bp da quy dinh; Ket hdp vdi dia phUdng dao ham hd', dudng hao S cac nga dudng hpc sinh, giao vien di ve" hang va nha d ciia tiing giao vien, hoc sinh, 3, Tang cUdng boi dUdng kie'n thiic phdng khdng, thudng xuyen to chiie tien hanh tap dUdt phdng khdng de giao vien va hoc sinh biet v$n dung mpi tinh hud'ng, biet phat huy tac dung, hudng din nhan dan dia phUdng phdng tranh vdi tmh thin chii ddng, tich ciic 4, To chde cac lUc lUdng phdng khdng cho phii hdp vdi tinh hinh va kha nang thUc te d tiing trudng, tiing Idp Chu trang bi day dii cac phuong tien phdng khdng, dat ke hoach pho'i hdp chat ehe vdi cac liic iUdng phong khdng ciia dan quan, tu ve dia phUdng de chuan bi giai quyet td't nhUng hau qua dich gay nen 5, Ke't hdp chat che giiia cdng tac phdng khong vdi cdng tac phdng va chd'ng chie'n tranh vi trung, hda hpc ciia dich, phdng phao bien ciia dich, phong dich tap kich ba't ngd, phdng lut, phdng hoa va phong gian bao mat, bao ve trUdng Idp, bao ve nhan dan Giao due hoc sinh cha'p hanh nghiem chinh ky luat thdi chien Cac ndi dung tren day ra't quan trpng, cd tinh chat lien hoan, toan dien, khau Cling cd' va xay dung he thd'ng ham, hao, liiy xung quanh Idp hpc la khau ed ban cong tac cho'ng chie'n tranh pha hoai ciia dich a cac trUdng; nha trUdng phai tieh cUe thuc hien va chii ddng phd'i hdp vdi dia phUdng thi mdi cd the tien hanh mdt each day dii, khan trUdng, chu dao va sang tao (6) Cac trUdng tiiy vao tiing hoan canh, liia tudi hoc sinh va dieu kien tiing ndi, tifng liie ma cd ke hoaeh phdng khdng phu hdp ThUc hien phdng khong, sd tan Sd tdn, phan tdn cdc trUdng hoc cac viing triic tiep chign dau viec hpc tap bi anh hudng, nha't la cac tinh thude Lien khu IV De tri viec day va hoc d cac ca'p, bac, nganh hpc, eac trUdng Idp dUdc phan tan va dua ve nhiing ndi tUdng ddi an toan theo nguyen t&c Bd Giao due de (7), Cae trUdng cl cac pho' Idn, thi xa, thi tra'n, nhiing dau mdi giao thdng quan trpng, nhiing dia die'm tap trung dan cU Idn da khan trUdng thuc hien viec sd tan ve cac viing ndng thdn ngoai thanh, xa phd' hoac ve cac tinh sd tan la 46,630 ngUdi, dd cd 20.190 hoc sinh m&u giao v3 long, 20.805 hoc sinh cap I, 5,635 hpc sinh ca'p II {den 30-3-1965 la thdi diem hoe sinh sd tan dong nhat v6i 68.547 hpc sinh, sau dd tren 18.000 hpc sinh tii ndi sd tan trd ve) Den ke't thuc nam hpc, so' hpc sinh cdn lai d ndi la 75.564 ngUdi, Tdc la tren 40% hpc sinh ralu giao vS long va cap I, II, Cac dia phUdng tid'p nh?in hpc sinh sd tan eiia Ha Npi bao gom: Ngoai 7.887; HUng Yen: 3.081; Ha Bac: 4,636; Vinh Phiic: 1.656; Ha Ddng: 9.742; Sdn Tay: 1.196; Ha Nam: 1.860; Nam Dinh: 1.738 (10) va d mpt vai tinh khac (11) Hoe sinh d cac khac chu yeu la chuydn trUdng ngoai thi, nha't la ca'p I, II Hoc sinh cae phd' sd tan ve cac tinh thUdng tap trung b cac huyen thuan dudng di lai tham hdi ciia gia dinh, Vi du, hpc sinh Ha Npi sd tan ve Ha Ddng tap trung nhie'u d cae huyen ThUdng Tin, Thanh Oai, Lfng Hda, hoac sd tan ve Ha Nam tap trung nhieu d cac huyen Duy Tien, Binh Luc, eiing nhU hpe sinh cua Nam Dinh sd tan ve Ha Nam tap trung d Ly Nhan, Binh Luc Ndi hoc smh dd'n sd tan ddng nha't la Ha Ddng vdi gan van hpc sinh, edn lai la b Ha Tii miia He nam 1965, hdn mot van trUdng Bac, Ha Nam, Hung Yen, Vinh Philc, Sdn va 10 van Idp mau giao, vd long va thdng Tay Cac tinh d trung du, mien niii hoae Khu cl cac pho, thi xa tren mien Bac da thiic IV cii nhu Ninh Binh, Nam Dinh, Ha Nam hien di chuyen, phan tan de'n eac dia diem it hpc sinh sd tan hdn Nam hpc 1967-1968, mdi Tinh den thang 4-1965, gin van hpc toan mie'n Bac cd gan van hoc sinh ca'p II sinh mau giao, vd long d Ha Ndi, Hai Phong, phai di sd tan, dd chii yeu la hpc sinh Nam Dinh di sd tan, dat ti le til 72-98% so vdi eac tinh dong bfing sdng Hdng va Khu IV tong so' hpe sinh va tren van hpe sinh Lien khu IV, Thanh Hda la tinh cd sd lUdng thong cae ca'p di sd tan, chii yd'u la hpc smh den sd tan ddng nha't, vdi 12.968 hpc hpc sinh ca'p I, II (9) sinh, cac tinh khae it hdn nhU Quang Binh chi Ha Npi la mot nhiing pho' eo cd 96 hpc sinh, Ha Tinh 590 hpc sinh, Nghe so' lupng hpc sinh di sd tan dong nha't, Hpc An 103 hoc sinh cac tinh dong bang sdng sinh nhieu trudng neu cao khau hidu "Vac Hong, tinh cd so' lUdng hoc sinh sd tan ddng trUdng len vai di sd tan", du hoan canh nha't la Thai Binh cd 8.443 hpc sinh, tid'p dd la nao eung tiep tuc hpc td't, day tot, tig'p tuc Hai DUdng 3.686 hpc sinh, Hai Phdng 3,103 nghien ciiu khoa hoe phuc vu san xua't va hpc smh Ha Bac 1.393 hoc sinh Ha Tay 1,282 chien da'u Tinh den thang 5-1965, so hpe sinh hpc sinh (12), lan can Viee sd tan hpe sinh dUde lam tich eUc va chu yeu theo phUdng thde van dpng hpe sinh sd tan theo gia dinh, ve nong thon d nha hp hang hoac to chiic theo cac cO quan, xi nghiep hoac theo trUdng (8) Ve to chiic hpc tap cho hpc sinh sd tan: Nhiing trudng di sd tan tap trung thi md trUcing rieng Hpc sinh theo gia dinh thi vao hpc cae trUdng tai dia phUdng ndi sd tan, Dia phUdng co hoe sinh sd tan CO traeh nhiem giai quye't viec hpc tap cho hoc sinh TrUdng ndi sd tan cd traeh nhidm tie'p nhan hpc sinh, trUdc bet la giiip dd ve mat hpe tap de hpc sinh theo kip cae Idp hoc Trong trUdng hdp mdt so hoc sinh, vi nhiing die'u kien nao dd, phai d vdi cha me dang cdng tac tai pho' thi dUdc to chiie hpe tap, vdi ke hoach phdng khdng chu dao ThUc hien ehu trUdng ciia Dang va Nha nudc, cdng tac sd tan, phan tan cac trUdng den ndi an toan dUdc thiic bien nhanh chong Chi mdt thdi gian ngan, hang nghin trUdng, Idp, hang van hpc sinh, giao vien d cac pho'Idn da dUde sd tan ve' cac vung nong thon mien Bac Trong qua trinh sd tan, phan tan, cae trudng khdng tap trung theo quy md Idn, nhung khdng qua xe nhd de dam bao phdng khdng cho hoe sinh Nhiing ndi khdng td' chiic dUdc nhie'u trUdng thi to chiie phan hieu de hpc sinh tien di lai Mpt trUdng cd the to' ehdc nhieu phan hieu Cae trUdng ca'p I, ea'p II phan tan cac Idp ve thdn, xdm Trong mdt xa khdng nha't thie't ehi ed trUdng ca'p Trudng cap III d huyen cung khdng tap trung Idn, td'i da la 12 Idp Mdi huyen cd the cd 1, trUdng nha't la d viing triic tid'p chie'n da'u Khong chi cac trudng ma cac Idp hoe ciing dUdc phan tan nhd hdn, Cae Idp hpe dUde bao ve bang tran rdm phan tan each xa va khong nam tren mdt dUdng thang, Mdi Idp hpc dupe to ehiic theo ddn vi nhd, it hpc sinh VI du, d Vinh Linh, Idp hpc khdng qua 30 hpc sinh, Quang Binh khdng qua 40 hpc sinh,., NhQng ndi cd dong hpc sinh Ha Ndi ve thi de tien viec theo ddi, giiip dd hpe sinh va quan II ngoai gid hpc da to chiie nhiing Idp rieng Hinh thiic dUdc hpc sinh, phu huynh va dia phUdng hoan nghdnh va tieh cUc thUc hien Moi giao vien cd the day hai Idp va day nhieu buoi de ban che' tap trung ddng hoc sinh mdt bud'i va tranh thdi gian may bay dich pha hoai Xdy dung, cung cd he thdng hdm, hdo phong khong, nguy trang trudng Idp Ben canh viec sd tan cac trUdng ve ndi an toan, nganh giao due cdn thUc hien cdng tac phdng khdng, chd'ng phi phao ciia dieh, dam bao an toan cho viec day hpc, ban che de'n miic tha'p nhat nhdng ton tha't ve ngudi va cua bang each dao he thd'ng ham hao, ho' tranh may bay, nguy trang Idp hpc Cac trudng quyet tam thUc hien td't kh^u hieu "chua cd ham hao td't chUa khai giang", "tha td'n cdng siic hdn la to'n xUdng mau", Ham, hd' trii ^n ed tae dung ra't Idn viee de phdng bom dan, chie'n tranh vi trilng va hda hpc Ndi cd dat rpng thi dao ho' ca nhan (thuc te' eho tha'y hd' ca nhan phat trien giao thdng hao chii chi chim cd tac dung hdn la ham tap the khong kien eo), ndi khong cd da't rpng thi dao ham tap the Cac trUdng hpc phai dam bao dieu kien ham tru an: day du, an toan va thuan tien vdi cac tieu chuan: "Ham tap the khong nen dao gan qua, va td't nha't chi nen 5-6 ngUdi mdt ham, tranh tap trung qua ddng vao mdt ham Ho'ca nhan va ham tap the dao sau td'i thieu 1,2m den l,4in do'i vdi hpc sinh tii 15 tuoi trd xud'ng; 1,6m de'n 1,8m do'i vdi hpe sinh tii 16 tuoi trd len, Phai eo nip diy td'i thieu 0,8m, Idp dat tiep giap nip him nen dip dat thit, sau Idp da't nen dip da't cat de han che siic xuyen eiia vien dan, manh bom, Tiiy dieu kien tiing ndi cd the dao ham niia chim, niia noi Ddi vdi trUcing xay gach, ho' ca nhan va ham tap the can dao each xa qua chieu cao cua trUcing de tranh sap ham, bao dam tinh mang Neu khdng CO da't de dao ham each qua chieu cao cua trUdng thi phai tim mpi each xay eho ehac chan, nha't la dd'i vdi trUdng thi xa, phd' trpng diem" (13) Nha trUdng cd ke' hoach tu siia, bao quan ham thUdng xuyen, ehu dao, tranh trudng hdp ham, hao bi bdng hoac hpc smh bi thUdng dam phai vat la hoac ran cin Nhie'u tinh d khu IV nhu Quang Binh, Vinh Linh phai dua Idp hpe xud'ng sau dUdi da't eac ham bao, dia dao Nhiing ndi co dieu kien va cac vung chie'n sii ac liet da dao them giao thdng hao Dudi cac Idp hoc la dUdng hao giao thong nd'i vdi cac day him cd nap hoac ham chii A dupe nguy trang bang cay cd Nhieu Idp dUdc xay diing lai vdi liiy cao bao ve, dung cay cd'i che ehd, ham hao bao bpc tii nha den 16p va tic Idp tda khap ndi Do'i vdi hpc sinh ca'p I thi chii ye'u la van ddng phu huynh, Doan Thanh nien va dan quan giiip dd He tho'ng giao thong hao no'i tie'p v6i ho' ca nhan va ham tap the, Nhiing trudng lam bang tranh, vach dat ed 44 the dao giao thdng hao tii 16p hoac tii ciia Idp; nhiing trUdng xay gach ed the dao giao thdng hao tii dUdi mai hien hoac dudi ciia so Giao thdng hao ndi tiep vdi him hdphai dam bao thuan tien eho hpc sinh len xud'ng nhU dip da't de tranh tai nan hpc sinh di chuyen (14) He tho'ng giao thdng hao va ham ho trii an cdn dUdc ve sd giao cho ngudi cd trach nhiem giii di cin ed th^ kip thdi dao bdi, eiiu ehiia, TrUcJng phan cdng dia diem an na'p ciia tiing Idp, to' cho phii hdp vdi vi tri ngdi hpc eua hpc sinh de tranh tinh trang Ion xpn, ma't trat tU, de Id muc tieu ed bao dpng, TrUdng Idp, bam trii an va hg thd'ng giao thdng hao dupe nguy trang bang nhieu each de dam bao an toan, bien la nguy trang bing cay xanh va sdn mau (15) Ngoai viec nguy trang trUdng Idp, him hao, hpc sinh va giao vien cdn tie'n hanh nguy trang den trudng Idp (16) Chi sau mpt thdi gian ngan he tho'ng ham, hao, dia dao dUdc xay diing da the hien quye't tam thi dua day td't, hpc td't ciia thay va tro Ti'nh den nam 1967, sau hai nam chd'ng chien tranh pha hoai eua My, hlu he't cae trudng Idp thupe khu IV eu va mpt sd tinh de'u cd dii Idp hpc rieng, cd diy dii him hao, nguy trang ehu dao, cic Idp hpc deu dao sau nen hoac dip Idy da't xung quanh Vi du, Ha Tinh lam dUdc gan 1.000 16p hpc, tren 70,000 ham, hd trii an d Idp hpc, dpc dUdng ve nha d cua hpc sinh, ngdt 100km hao giao thdng; d Vinh Linh ed day du he thd'ng ham, hao va liiy chung quanh Idp hpe, Giao vien hoe smh di day va di hoe deu di lai dudi dudng hao tii nha de'n Idp, tii Idp sang Idp khac (17), Giao vien cd trach nhiem hudng dan, to chiic cho hpc sinh xud'ng ham can than, Nha trUdng nam chic so' giao vien hpe sinh cd mat hang ngay, sau hi bom My oanh tac, phdi tie'n hanh kiem diem so' ngUdi ed mat de phat hien kip thdi so ngUdi can tim kiem neu thieu Khi xud'ng ham trii an, dieu ki^n tiing ndi ed the to chde eho hpc sinh chuan bi lUdng khd, nUdc ud'ng, mu hoac non dpi diu, khau trang, khan mat Udt, bdng bang, vai xanh hoac ni Idng de nguy trang can de tranh hdi doe, bom dan va bi oanh tac k6o dai He thd'ng canh gac, bao ddng vdi cac to chiic Cliu thUdng, ciiu sap, ehUa chay duse thiet lap de thiy trd cd the tie'n hanh viec day hpe theo diing ke hoach Ve td chde vd trang nhd trUdng bi phdng khong Ve to chUc, Ban phdng khdng nhan dan nha trUdng dUdc lap de chi dao thd'ng nha't vdi qua trinh thiie hien phong khong gom 3-5 ngUdi Hieu trudng lam trudng ban, cd nhiem vu: i) Giao due y thiic trach nhiem ddi vdi cdng tac phdng khong va didu le phdng khdng; ii) Ddn ddc kiem tra thudng xuyen viee thiic hien npi quy phong khdng; iii) To chiic va did'u khien tap dUdt cac dpi phdng khdng trUdng; iv) Chi dao mpi hoat ddng ciia trUdng trUde, va sau hi dich oanh tac; v) Xet khen thudng va thi hanh ky luat (hoac de nghi tren) dd'i vdi giao vien hpc sinh qua viec thiic hien eong tac phdng khdng Ban phdng khdng ciia trUdng phai dinh chfi ehi huy sd phdng khdng toan trUdng, phai phan cdng, phan nhiem rd rang ve mat sinh hoat, an na'p, ciiu thuOng, chiia chay, ciiu sap ham, thong tin hen lac, chuan hi lUdng kho, nude ud'ng, to chCtc tham gia chien da'u, phong gian bao mat (18) Cac lue lUdng phdng khdng nha trUdng thdng tiiy vao dp tuoi Idn, nho dUde td' chiic cac dpi: ciiu thUdng, phong Cliu hda, ciiu sap ham, thdng tin lien lac, gS bom nd cham, bin may bay , Dong thdi, nha trUdng ket hdp chat che vdi dia phUdng, hdp tac xa noi trUdng sd tan, cd sii phan cong eu the, chi dao thd'ng nha't de thiic hien td't cong tac phdng khdng, Sd ham bao ciia nha trudng phai luu d Dang liy, Uy ban xa, van phdng nha trudng, ban quan tri hdp tac xa, giao vien, phu huynh ciing phai nim ro de giiip nha trudng tu siia, ca'p ciiu kip thdi Ve trang bi, cac phUdng tien ca'p ciiu phdng khdng nha trudng dUde phan theo cae hinh thde ca nhan, tap the Idp va tren dudng de'n trudng Idp Dd'i vdi ca nhan, mdi giao vien va hpc sinh cap III (3 em mdt nhdm), hpc sinh ca'p I, II (5-7 em mdt to) ed tiii thud'c de ca'p cdu chung (19) TUdng tU, dd'i vdi tap the Idp, mdi Idp td'i thieu cd mdt tiii thudc ca'p ciiu phdng khdng (20) Cae dung cu dUde quy dinh chd dd eu thd, bao quan chu dao, Ngoai viee dam bao phdng khong trUdng hoc, cae trudng cdn cd ke' hoach kid'm tra, theo ddi hoc sinh thiie hien phdng khdng di dudng va d nha Hpc sinh di hpe phai ludn mang theo cac vat dung nhu mii rdm, mii c6i, bong bang ciiu thUdng, khan mat va khIu trang de diing can thie't Hoc sinh di dudng to chiie tiing nhdm "ban dudng chd'ng My" tii de'n em de giiip d3 Tren cac doan dudng phai vUdt qua cau cd'ng dich thudng bin pha thi em nhdm trUcing chay trUdc diing gac may bay, chi huy cac em nhdm vUdt qua de bao dam an toan Cae Idp cdn bo' tri tren nhiing nga dUdng hpc sinh di ve hang it nha't 2-3 hoc sinh biet ca'p Cliu phdng khdng tUdng ddi thdng thao Nha trUdng phan cdng giao vien, phd'i hdp vdi dia phUdng viee theo ddi, giao due hpe sinh di ve hang ngay, dac biet la phdl hdp de giai quye't td't vd'n de' ca'p ciiu phdng khdng Ve gido due hoc sinh viec thuc hien phong khong Vdi tinh than chii ddng phdng khong, nganh giao due da tri dUdc viec giao due hpc sinh thiic hien cdng tac sudt thdi ky chie'n tranh ac liet d ta't ca mpi mien, ke ca viing da't Iiia Vinh Linh anh Nhiing yeu clu dat do'i vdi viec giao due hpc sinh cdng tac phdng khdng la: i) Giao due tinh than ky luat trat tU Hpe sinh phai tU giae cha'p hanh nghiem ehinh npi quy eua trudng; ii) Giao due tinh thin dUng cam, thai dp binh tmh; iii) Giao due tinh than doan ke't tUdng trd mpi trUdng hdp, ke ca liic binh thudng cung nhU gap tai nan; iv) Gilo due tinh thin canh giae each mang cho hpc sinh, lam cho hpc sinh bie't bao mat phdng gian, phat hiSn gian diep, truy lung biet kich phi edng nhay dii, tham gia bao ve trat tii tri an, thUc hidn nghiem chinh khau hi6u ba khong (khdng nghe, khdng tha'y, khdng biet); v) Giao due hpc sinh cd tac phong nhanh nhen, khan trUdng, lam quen vdi sinh boat quan sU hda mpi trUdng hdp {liic d trUdng, ve nha, liic d ndi edng cpng ); vi) Trong edng tac giao due hpc sinh cdng can chii y cho'ng tu tudng chii quan coi thUdng, nhat la thay lau khdng cd bao ddng, chd'ng phieu lUu mao hiem, thien ve tich chie'n dau ma coi nhe hpe tap, chd'ng tu tUdng bi quan, sd dich, hoang mang, dao dong; cho'ng tU tudng ngai khd, ngai khd', vi phdng khong ma anh hudng tdi hoc tap, san xua't, chie'n da'u (21) Mpt nhiing npi dung giao due quan trpng ddi vdi hpc sinh thdng luc dd la thUc hien chUdng trinh hua'n luyen phong khdng va huan luyen quan sii, giao due hpc sinh chap hanh nghiem chinh ky luat thdi chien Ngay 25-8-1965, Bp Giao due quye't dinh so' 2633/TDTT Vi viec thUc hien chUdng trinh hudn luyen phong khong nhdn ddn d cdc trUdng thong cdc cap I, II Quyet dinh cd mue dich la lam cho hpc sinh tha'y rd am muu boat ddng pha hoai bang khdng quan ciia de qud'c My d mie'n Bae; giao due cho hpc sinh tinh than canh giae, y chi kien cUdng diing cam khdng sd dich; ren luyen cho hoc sinh thdi quen chiu diing gian kho, yeu men hpc tap va giiip dd bd dpi ehien da'u; biet each phdng tranh va tii bang bd vet thUdng Yeu eiu ddi vdi hpc sinh ca'p I la biet each phdng tranh may bay, bom dan ciia dich; biet giU bi mat; gap tai nan thi hpe sinh cd y thiic di bao cao vdi ngUdi cd trach nhiem, khong lam vet thUdng bi td'n thUdng them, biet bang bo ddn gian Do'i vdi hpc sinh cap II la hUdng din eac em each phdng tranh may bay, bom dan nhu tranh bom bi, bom napan,,,; biS't giiip dd bp dpi mdt vM viec ehien da'u; biet bang bd ddn gian de cdu ehfla eho minh va cho ban bi thUdng, gdp sdc minh vao viec tai thUdng va phat hien nhdng dau hieu nghi dich tha eha't ddc hda hoc va vi trung, Thdi gian hua'n luyen toan bo chUdng trinh phong khdng nhan dan vao nhiing dau nam hpc, trUde hpe eac mon van hoa Ldp 1, 2: tiet, mdi tiet 30 phiit, ngay, Ldp 3, 4: 14 tid't, mdi tiet 40 phiit, hdp 5, 6: 18 tiet, mdi tiet 45 phiit, 4, Ldp 7: 23 tiet, mdi tiet 45 phiit, Sau hpc xong, nha trUdng td chiic eho hoc sinh toan trUdng dn luyen bit bude theo quy dinh: cd'p mdi tuan lln gid vao thd nam, sau tiet lao dpng; ca'p II: moi tuln lan gid vao tuan trudng sap xep Ngay 7-9-1965, Bp Giao due Chi thi Ve chii trUdng vd phUdng hUdng noi dung he hoach to chiic hudn luyen qudn sU thong cho hoc sinh cdc trUcing phd thong cap III nhim: - Gmo due cho hpc sinh hieu ro dUde tinh hinh nhiem vu hidn tai, tha'y dupc am mUu ciia de quo'c My va be lU tay sai tren cd sd dd ma siic hpc tap quan sii, chinh tri, van hda giao due Idng yeu nUdc, yeu chu nghia xa hpi; cam thii dich de cao canh giac, ren luyen y thiic td ehdc, ky luat nang cao quyet tam danh thang giac My xam lupc - Budc dau tap luyen cho hpc sinh mdt sd' ky thuat quan sii phd thdng va dpng tac chien da'u cd ban, nhim trudc mit giiip cho hpc sinh bie't each In na'p, phdng tranh may bay dich oanh tae bin pha, biet each bao ve minh va tham gia cac cdng tac phdng khdng nhan dan eua nha trUdng, cua dia phUdng, tien tdi tham gia phue vu chie'n da'u va can thiet vao quan dpi PhUdng eham hua'n luyen la: chii trpng giao due chinh tri ke't hdp chat ehe vdi huan luyen quan sii; hua'n luyen nhiing khoa muc cin thiet trUdc; lien he ly luan vdi thiic te, hoc ly thuyet di doi vdi tap luyen Npi dung hpc tap gom cac mdn: ehinh tri ky thuat; bin siing trUdng quan dung; liiu dan bai va 2; cdng sii; chien thuat ea nhan; ddi ngii; may bay horn dan va each phong tranh; nguy trang; thdng tin van dpng; tuan tra; canh gac; edu thUdng, tai thUdng ThcJi gian hpc tap d ca'p III la 90 tiet, mSi ldp 8, 9, 10 la 30 tiet Ve thdi gian hpc tap chinh khda, cac 16p dUdc td chiic hpc phan tan, thdi gian hpc ba ca hoac tan dung eac thdi die'm an toan nhu buoi trUa, budi to'i De viec hoc tap phii hdp v6i tinh hinh san xua't, thdi vu cua tiing viing, Bp Giao due cdn quy dinh so' tuan, sd' gid hpe mdi nam, va giao eho dia phUdng quye dinh khai giang, ket thiie nam hpc cac nghi mua, trif ca'p III, Ngay sau kh khai giang, cac trUdng cho hpc sinh hpc np quy phong khdng, to chiic triic phong khong ehu dao Ben canh dd, cac trUdng hudng din eho cac em hoc tap mot so' ndi dung thUdng thitc ve cdu thUdng, quan sU, phdng tranh may bay, hdi ddc, cha't ddc, td chiic tii thud eua trUdng va tiii thud'c cua tiing ldp, ca nhan Giao vien cac ldp cdn bie't cdu thUdng va hua' luyen cho hpc sinh, Ngoai cac cong tac phdng khong ndi trSn nha trudng edn to chiie thiic hien quan sU ho toan trudng, ket hdp chat che cdng tac phdn khdng vdi eong tac phdng va chd'ng ehie tranh vi trimg, hda hpc cua dich, phdng dic tap kich ba't ngd, phdng gian bao mat, bao ve trUdng ldp, bao ve nhan dan Ve td ehdc thue hien quan sU hda toan trudng trUde, va sau hi dich oanh tac, yeu clu dd'i vdi mdi giao vien hpe sinh la phai thUc hien td't ky luat thdi chien nham giang day, hpc tap td't Mpi hoat ddng cua nha trUdng de'u cd ke hoach va dupc phan cdng cu the va cd cac quy dinh chung dd'i vdi giao vien va hpe sinh trUdc, va sau ed bao dpng Thuc te eho tha'y, trudng nao ehu trpng lam td't cdng tac tU tudng, cdng tac td chitc va de bien phap cu the, cd ke hoach phan cdng thiic hidn, kiem tra thudng xuyen thi cong tac phdng khdng, bao dam an toan d trUdng dd dUde tdt Nhan xet Trong chien tranh pha hoai mien Bac lan thd nha't eua de qud'e My (1965-1968), nganh giao due phd thdng da tie'n hanh nhieu bien phap de thue hien chuyen hudng giao due, dd cd cdng tac phdng khdng sd tan trudng hpe Cdng tac phdng khdng trudng hpe la mdt bd phan eiia cdng tac phong khong nhan dan, ddng thdi la mot ndi dung quan trpng chii trUdng chuyen hudng giao due thdi ky ea nUde cd ehien tranh ThUc hien cdng tac phdng khdng sd tan, nha trudng phd thdng da tap trung vao nhiing bien phap Idn nhU: thuc hien sd tan, phan tan ldp hpc, xay diing he thdng ham, hao, nguy trang Idp hpc, td chde trang hi phdng khdng, giao due, tap dUdt eho hpc sinh Nhiing nhiem vu cd quan he chat che vdi Trong do, viec thUc hien sd tdn dong vai tro quan nhUng chi ap dung vdi hpc sinh d cac phd Idn va mdt so vung tnic tie'p chien da'u hoac bi uy hiep; edn cong tdc cdng cdvd xdy dUng he- thdng hdm, hdo, nguy trang ldp hoc la nhiem vu cd bdn cdng tac chd'ng chien tranh pha hoai ciia dich cl cac trudng, Cdng tac ciing vdi cdng tac giao due, td chiie cac lUc lUdng phdng khdng dude ap dung d ta't ea cac trUdng phd thdng mien Blc Bing nhiing bien phap va each thde thiic hien tich cue, cdng tae phdng khong sd tan da dat dUdc nhOng ket qud cd y nghla to tdn ddi vdi sU phdt trim cua sU nghiep gido due thong mien Bdc thdi ky ndy nhu dam bao an toan cho giao vien va hpc sinh, ban che den miie tdi da nhiing thiet hai ve ngUdi va cua, thuc hien dUdc nhiing die'u kien tdi thieu de td chde tdt vide day va hpe, Dd cd dUdc nhuing thdnh tUu dd, vdi chii trUdng diing din ciia Dang va Nha nUdc, sU chi dao sat eua nganh giao due, giao vien, hoc sinh, phu huynh hpc sinh, cac td chde doan the, nha't la nhan dan dia phUdng da ddng vai trd tich ciic viec sd tan, xay dung trUdng sd va dap luy, dao hao Chi tinh rieng cac tinh ci Khu IV cu, nhan dan dia phUdng da dao dip dtidc hdn 26 van km dudng hao giao thdng eho trUdng hpc Trong nam diu chd'ng chie'n tranh pha hoai, Quang Binh da dao dUpc 3.000 km giao thdng hao (22) Ben canh dd, nhan dan cdn giiip dd nha trUdng phdng gian bao mat, canh gac may bay, lap eac dpi eiiu thUdng, cdu hda, trdng cay nguy trang cho eac ham hao Cong tae phdng khong sd tan da nhanh chong dupe diic ke't nguyen tic va 14 bien phap cu the (23) de kip thdi phd bie'n tren khIp mien Blc Vi vay, hang van trUdng ldp phd thong cac cap cd dii ham, hao ehe chd trai khap tren mien Bac Viec thuc hien cdng tae phdng khdng sd tan the hien sU chuyen hUdng kip thdi, sdng tao ciia Bdng, Nhd nUdc vd nganh gido due, dong thdi cd nhiing tdc dong tich cUc den giao due phd thong chien tranh pha hoai, Nhflng tdn tha't ve ngUdi va ciia dUde han che den miic tha'p nha't ehien tranh gay Viec day hpc khdng bi gian doan, cac trUdng hpc vin dam bao ndi dung chUdng trinh theo quy dinh Cdng tac phdng khdng chinh la dieu kien ed ban, thie't yeu dau tien de nha trUdng cd the hoat ddng bat ky tinh hud'ng chien da'u gay go ac liet nao Nhieu trUdng viia bao dam dUdc an toan, han che' dupe thiet hai dkh gay nen, vita dam bao phat trien ve sd lupng, nang cao chat lUdng day hpc theo chUdng trinh quy dinh Quy rao trUdng, ldp, hpe sinh, giao vien phd thdng khdng nhiing giam di ma cdn phat trie'n manh hdn so vdi trUdc My md rdng chie'n tranh mien Ble Sd hoc sinh eae ca'p di hpe cang tang, ca d nhiing vung cd ehien sii quye't liet Nam hoc 1965-1966, sd hpe sinh cae cap la 2.934.900, 10.294 trudng, 71.060 ldp, 80,488 giao vien Nam hpc 1966-1967 sd hpc sinh vUdt ke hoach phat trien vdi 3.325.000 hpe sinh, 10,993 trUcing, 81.885 ldp, 86.495 giao vien Sd hpc sinh nam hoc 1967-1968 la 3.703.800, 11.497 trUdng, 87.925 Idp, 91.674 giao vien (24), tang hdn so vdi nam 1965-1966 768.900 hpc sinh, 1,202 trudng, 16.865 Idp, 11.186 giao vien Cha't lUdng giao due khdng bi giam siit, ti Id hpc sinh td't nghiep bang nam van tang Ben canh dd, nganh giao due phd thdng cdn quan tam den cong tae dao tao hpe sinh gidi mdt so' bp mdn Mat khae, vide phan tan ve ndng thon nen cae trUdng gan giii hdn vdi thiie te cupc sdng phong phii va day sang tao ndng thdn nen cac trudng cd dieu kien gan lien boat ddng day hpc vdi thUe te dia phUdng Tuy nhien, eong tae phdng khdng sd tan chien tranh pha hoai lan thd nha^t (1965-1968) ciing khdng tranh khdi mot so han che, dd la: Viec thuc hien chi thi cua Trung Udng ve edng tae sd tan hoc sinh dUdc cha'p hanh nghiem chinh, nhUng cdng tac mdi me, tinh hinh kha phiie tap nen mac du da dat dUdc nhie'u ket qua, song cdng tac sd tan, phan tan hpc sinh cdn mpt so' khd khan nhu thdi gian dau thuc hien chua dUde thd'ng nha't, viec ehi dao cdn thieu chat ehe, kip thdi nen moi ndi thue hien lai co nhiing diem khac nhau; ehua quy dinh dUdc loai ddi tupng nao cin khuyen khieh van dong di sd tan va ddi tupng nao d lai tiep tue di hpc; viee sd tan hpe sinh chua ke't hpp hai yeu eau la viia sd tan, viia bao dam hpc tap cho em, nen cd tinh trang hpc sinh khdng tie'p tuc hpc niia Trong viec dao him, hao, nguy trang 16p hpc, mpt sd trUdng edn chua giai quyet tdt nhu lam lan hpe cd tinh cha't tam bd, nguy trang sd sai nen chua dam bao an toan; hoac ldp hpc bao dam an toan nhung lai thidu anh sang, mat ve sinh, anh hudng tdi sic khde va hoc tap eiia hpc sinh; hoac nhid'u ndi chUa thUdng xuyen quan tam tu bd trUdng Idp Cong tac to chde eac lUc lUpng phdng khdng, giao due hoc sinh kien thiic phdng khdng cdn nhieu han ehg' ve thdi gian, dieu kien thiie hien nen nhi^u ndi ehUa lam dUdc diing nhU ke hoach, Mac dii cd nhflng han che' nha't dinh, song vdi nhflng tUu dat dUde, ed the khling dinh rang "mot nhflng nguyen nhan ehii yeu din den thing Idi to 16n ciia nganh ta nhiing nam hpc chd'ng My viia qua chinh la viec coi trpng dung mflc va tich cflc thuc hien edng tac phdng khong nhan dan bao dam an toan" (25), Tinh hinh thiic te cac trUdng chien tranh pha hoai da cho thay "cdng tac phdng khdng nhan dan bao dam an toan trUdng bpc la mot edng tac v6 ciing quan trpng va ca'p thie't Day la mdt nhiem vu thudng xuyen, khdng the coi nhe, khong the taeh rdi vdi nhiem vu phat trien giao due, nang cao cha't lUdng giang day hpc tap trUdc mat va lau dai" (26) Chinh vi vay, nam 1968 Chu tich Hd Chi Minh da danh gia: "Trong hoan eanh ca nudc ed chie'n tranh, sU nghiep giao due cua chiing ta van phat trien nhanh, manh hdn bao gid het Mac du giac My dien cuong danh pha mien Blc ac liet, chiing khdng nhflng bi that bai tham hai tren mat trdn chinh tri, quan su ma ta da danh thing chiing ca tren mat tran giao due va dao tao can bd" (27), Duy tri va dam bao viec day hpc dieu kien chien tranh ac liet diidc coi la mot nhflng tUu to Idn va ddng vai trd quan trpng ddi vdi nganh giao due thdng mien Blc thdi ky nay, ddng thdi cung ca'p nhflng bai hoc kinh nghiem quan trpng cho nganh giao due mien Blc giai doan sau CHU THICH (1), Ngay 5-8-1964, truflng cap I Xuan Phong, - Doi v6i hpc sinh nho c^'p I, ca'p II, tfch eUc van Ha "Rnh bi danh pha dau tien Ngay 7-2-1965, dong hpc sinh sd tan theo cd quan gia nhflng trudng hoc ciia Thi xa Dong H6i va Thi tran dinh v l que, ngoai hoac di cac tinh lan can Ho Xa (Vinh Linh) hen tiep bi nem bom Ngay 11- de tiep tuc hpc tap Cac ciing co the td chiic 2-1965, trudng cap III Vinh Linh bi nem bom hiiy trUdng npi t n i de nhan nhflng hoc sinh nho ma cha diet Vu oanh tac trUdng Quynh Luu 23-9-1965 me CO dieu kien giti Do'i vdi hoc sinh 16n, hoc sinh ca'p trflcttig Thuy Dan 21-10-1965 triiOng Hong III CO the bo tri so tan ve nhflng ndi gan cd scl san Phtic 2-9-1966 1^ nhiing trifdng dien hinh bi danh xua't cong, nong nghiep de co dieu kien vfla hpc tap, pha ac het vfla tham gia lao dong (2) Cong bdo Viet Nam Ddn chu Cong hoa ndm 1965 tr 328 - To chflc trudng hoc cho so hpe sinh khdng cd dieu kien di sd tan cdn b Iai noi theo hinh thUe to (3) Trung tam Luu trfl Quo'c gia III, Phong Bo chflc quy md nhd phan tan, bo tri du ham hd' phdng khong, bao dam an toan cho hoc sinh hpc tap tot Hoc Giao due Hd sO 3268, tr 26 (4) D6 Di Nguyin Tang Ta'n, Mot so'vd'n di vi sinh Idn lai co the tham gia cac cdng tac phye vu cdng tdc phong khdng nhdn ddn, phdng ua chd'ng chien da'u can thiet dac biet la ddi vdi hoc smh va hda hoc, ci trting nhd trudng, Nxb cap III - Quan li sd dung td't so' giao vien theo trudng sd Giao due, Ha Npi 1967, tr 4, (5) Sau hien phap lien hoan cong tac phong tan va cdn lai de tiep tuc boi dUdng hoac dieu hda khong nhan dan gdm: i) Tfch cilc lam nhieu ham, hao nganh giao due cho thich hop vdi nghe nghiep bao dam du so lupng va chS't lucing; ii) Tich cUc stJ tan, bao dam rapi quyen ldi giao vien, phan tan nguSi kho tang va tai san; iii) Tich cUc - xay dung cO sd vat chat va thie't bi phUdng tien nguy trang che ph6ng; iv) Coi viec td chflc quan ciia cae trUdng di sd tan dUa vao cd sd va thay trd tu sat hao dong kip th&i; v) ThUdng xuyen giao due, lUc canh sinh la chinh, Nha nUdc giup dd mdt phin tuyen truyen sau sic nhan dan ve cong tac kinh phi de giai quyet khd khan liic dau phong tranh dich va to' chiic chi huy phong tranh - Ndi nao xet can thiet sd tan cae trudng phai can hi dich b i n pha; vi) To chiic cac lUc lUdng bao dam cfl vao clu thi phdng khdng nhan dan ciia Phu Thu phong khong nhan dan, nhanh ch6ng khic phuc hau tudng qua (Theo: Ldm toi vd ddy du sdu bien phdp lien (8) Mot so' trUdng m i u giao vd long va phd thong hoan cong tdc phong khong nhdn ddn tinh cung to chflc cho cac ehau sd tan theo trUdng nhU doi Ha Blc xua't ban thang 3-1967, tr.l3) trudng Sao Sang, Due Hoa, cap Thang Long, Sdng (6), (17) (25), (26), Do Di, Nguyen Tang Tan Mot so'vd'n de ue cdng tdc phong khdng nhdn ddn, phong ud chd'ng vH hda hoc, vi triing nhd trudng sdd tr 9-10, 9-10, 7, 56, (7) Nguyen t i c thuc hien sO tan cho cac trUdng la: - Bao dam vira sd tan to't viia to' chirc hoc tap to't, tranh tinh trang giai quye't ddn gian, chi tha'y van de di sd tan cho dUdc ma khong cham Io viec td chiic hoc t§p va bao dam sU nghiep phat trie'n giao due sau Hdng ca'p II Kim Lien, Tieu hpc Trung Hda d Ha Npi, nhflng so' Ifldng khdng ddng khoang dfldi 100 hoc smh trfl trudng cap II Kim Lien cd gan 200 hoc sinh TrUdng hdp sd tan tap the' theo ddn vi trUdng rat han che nhflng mot so' ndi da td chflc dfldc trfldng so tan tap the va td chflc hoc tap cho sd'hoe sinh cdn lai (9), (10), {11) Trung tam LUu trfl Qud'c gia III Phdng Bo Giao due, Hd sd 3265 Thdng tu, Nghi quyet Bao cao cua UBHC, Sd Giao due Tp Ha Npi ve tinh hinh sd tan hpc smh nam 1965 tr 22, 22, 50 (12) Trung tam Luu trfl Quo'c gia III Phong Bo smh va nhan dan ta da sang lao nhieu bien Giao due Hd sd 3284 Bao eao cua Bd Giao due ve phap nhu dung rem bang vai, giay gid giay bao cha't lUdng giao vien hpc sinh cap I, II, III nam hoc eu de che anh sang, lam nhieu kieu den nhfl cai 1967-1968, tr tie'n "hop dUng den dau", chup den hinh chdp de vi cong tdc phong vfla dam bao giang day hoc tap sinh hoat vfla co khong nhdn ddn trUdng hoc (Tai lieu hpc tap tac dung che anh sang phuc vu cho cdng tac phdng cho giao vien he) Nxb Giao due Ha Ndi khong (13), Mot so' kinh nghiem 1965, tr (14) Moi ldp hoc tdi thieu nen cd ciia vao va dao giao thdng hao theo kieu chfl chi chim, mdi (18), (21) Mdt so' kinh nghiem vi cdng tdc phdng khong nhdn ddn trUdng hoc, sdd tr 12, 19 doan g&y khuc cua giao thong hao nen dai tfl 3-4 (19) Tui thud'c gdm- Io thud'c dd mpt cuoii met, goc ngoit la 60-90 theo hinh r l n lUdn va bdng, mdt eudn bang, mdt mieng xa phdng hoac bo nen cd nhieu ngach den ham tru In Chilu sau hdn mdt Io nUdc vdi bao hda, Io thud'c tim Io ciia giao thdng hao tdi thieu phai ngang cd hoc nudc tieu, mot cai long ga, mpt khau trang va m^t smh (Theo: Mdt so'kinh ngkiSm vi cdng tdc phong khan m$t Udt neu ed dieu kien thi them tam ni khong nhdn ddn trUdng, sdd, tr.5) long, mot vai bit m i t b i n g ni long de phdng chat (15), Nhflng trudng lam h l n g gach ngdi hoac d ddc hda hoc dinh chua, kho hdp tac xa thi sdn de ehe da'u mau (20) Tui thud'c tap the gdm 7-10 eudn bong, 10- sic hoac sdn de lam bien dang hinh khdl cho phu 15 eudn bang, 2-4 mie'ng vai cheo, 2-4 Io thudc do, hop vdi canh vat xung quanh de dich khd phat hien muc tieu Vi du, ldp hoc gan md than thi sdn mau den, xam, ldp hoc d ddng bang thi nguy trang mau xanh Nguy trang bang cay xanh co rat nhieu tac dung van de phdng khdng nhU h5 trd cho nguy trang sdn mau, lam giam sflc cong pha cua bom dan, han che chay nhiem ddc, co ldi ich ve mat kinh te Mai trfldng, h i m hao da't xung quanh dfldc trdng cac cay san co cua dia phuong gdm eac cay lau nam nhu miiSm vai, nhan, xa cfl hoac cay day leo nhu chudi, ngd, khoai lang san, bau, bi hoac co dien thanh, la sa Ddi vdi vung hien thi cac loai cay nhu dfldc mam ban, dfla dai (16) Trang phuc nguy trang phd bie'n la mac 10-15 bd nep tre 3-5 day cao su l&m ga rd, 3-5 cang tai thUdng mot sd thud'c thdng thudng nhfl dau long nao, thud'c cam mau Dac biet la phai cd mot hop thude cflu dpc va mdt banh xa phdng giat hoac bd hdn de phdng chat ddc hda hpc Ben canh mdi ldp phai ed 2-4 cude, 2-4 xeng, cao, dao rUa de cUu sap ham, va thang, cau liem, 3-5 bui nhui, 10-15 o'ng dUng nflde hoac 2-3 ddi thung ganh nfldc chfla chay (22) Bao Hoc lap thang 3-1969 tr.22 (23) Cong tdc phong khdng nhdn ddn baa dam an todn cdc trUdng hoc Nxb Giao due Ha Ndi, 1966 (24) Tong Cue thdng ke So lieu thd'ng ke Viet quan ao, non, mu phu hdp vdi mau dat, mau Nam theki canh vat xung quanh, ddng thdi mac them ao rdm, 603-612 XX Nxb Thdng ke Ha Ndi 2000 tr mu rdm, nun rom deo lUng b i n g nhflng eudn (27) H6 Chi Minh Todn tdp tap 15 (xua't ban rdm hinh trdn, dfldng kinh tdi thieu 3-4cm de ngan lan thfl ba), Nxb Chinh tri Qud'c gia-Sfl that Ha nhflng manh dan nhd Ban dem giao vien hoc Ndi, 2011.tr 506-507