TRƯỜNG KỸ NGHỆ THỰC HÀNH Ở HÀ NỘI THỜI PHÁP THUỘC

TRaCTNG KY NGHE TH^C H^NH (f Hfl Npi TH^I PHflP THUQC DAO C ho den nay, h i u nhfl chfla cd mdt cdng trinh nghidn cflu nflo, cho dd chl lfi mot bfli vidt n g i n vd Trfldng Ky nghf Thye hflnh d Hfi Nfii (^cole Pratique d'Industrie de Hanoi) thdi Phfip thufic (1) Chiing ta chl ed thd tim dfldc mfit sd rfi't ft thfing tin cua Trfldng qua mfit vfii efing trinh nghien cflu '^c h^ thdng gi&o due d Dong Dfldng ndi chung va d Hfl Npi nfii rieng Dfla trgn mdt sd tfli lidu cua Trung tfim Lflu trfl qude gia I, bfli viet hy vong khic hoa lai nhiSng ndt chfnh ve qu& trinh hinh thflnh vfi nhdng hogt ddng cua Trfldng Ky nghg Thfle hfinh Hfl Ndi mot thdi da tiing dflo tao ngn nhdng ngfldi th^ tfii hoa d Dfing Dfldng Trudng Ky nghg Thflc hanh Hfl Nfii Phdng ThUdng mgi Hfl Ndi (Chambre de Commerce de Hanoi) thfinh Iflp ngfly 10-81898 (2) nhfim muc dfch "cfdo tao cde doc cdng hodc xitdng tritdng ngiidi bdn xti co khd ndng trd giup ngiidi Au cdc c6ng trtnh cdng nghiSp vd thtic day ky nghi bdn xa phdt trien, dem ky nghe cua cdc niidc khdc vdo day cho ddn thuoc dia" (3) vdi ten goi ban d i u lfi TrUdng Dgy nghd Hfi N^i Creole Professionnelle de Hanoi) • TS Trung tfim LUu trd Qude gia I THI Dif N' Theo bflo cfio eua Giflm ddc Gifio due cdng d Bic Ky (Direeteur de I'Enseignement Public du Tonkin) gfli Thdng sfl Bic Ky ngfiy 5-6-1905 thi "Khu nhd cU cda Tritdng Hdu bo ldc ddu dittJc diing l&m tru sd cua Tritdng Ky nghe Hd Noi VS sau, Phdng Thi/dng mai xdy them cdc xiidng, vdn phdng vd cdc ldp hoc" (4) Cdn theo tfli lidu ky thufit ve cdng trinh Nha Kinh lU^c Bfie Ky thi try sd cua Nha dUde x&y vflo nflm 1896 trfin mfit manh dtft vufing vfln quay mflt phd Borgnis Desbordes (phd Trfing Thi), dai Id Jaurgguibeiry (phd Quang Trung) vfi dai Id RoUandes (phtf Hai Bfi Trflng), lfi khudn vien eua Thu vien Qutfc gia (5) di lfim ndi Kinh lUdc Bflc Ky thay mfit trieu The hpc ainh TrUdng Ky nghfi Thye hflnh Hfl Ndi 1904 '• um v\\m:ssm\\.\.iy \w \\\m Rghian eiiru L|eh aii' s611.2018 To&n c&nh xiidng lilp r&p cua Trt^ffng K^ ngh$ tbifc hinh Hi NJI ^^^ r.:i dinh Hud giao thigp vdi chfnh quydn Bao hd Nfim 1897, Kinh luyc Bfic Ky Gdc nfiy Ifl Hofing Cao Khai) thfinh Ifp Trfldng Hflu bd (Ecole des Mandarins) khudn vien cua Nha dd day tidng Phap vfl chfl Qude ngfl cho cac hflu bo (da cfl nhfln, td tai hay Ifi fl'm sinh) eua eac tinh gdi ddn hoc Tuy nhien, chflc vy Kinh Ifldc Bic Ky bi bai bd, nfim 1898, try sd cua Nha (trong dd cd cac ldp hoc cua Trudng Hflu bd') da dUde nhfldng lai cho Phdng ThUdng mai va nflm 1898, TrUdng Ky nghg Hfi Ndi dUi?e Iflp, tidp thu cd sd vflt chtft cua Trudng Hflu bd Nflm 1900 Phdng ThUdng mai cho md rdng TrUdng Ky nghe tai khu vUc phfa nam Trfldng Thi, gifip efic dai 1$ Rollandes (phd Hai Bfi Trflng), Carreau (phd Ly Thfldng Ki$t), Jaureguiberry (phd Quang Trung) vfl phfa tfly gifip Palais de Justice (Tofi fin), bao gdm ca khu vye stf nhfi 2F phd Quang Trung ngfiy Thdi gian d i u mdi thfinh Iflp, Trfldng nhfin hoc sinh tfl 15 ddn 25 tudi d cfle tinh thufic Bfic Ky, theo chg' dfi ngoai trfl, cfi hoc bdng vfl thdi gian dflo tgo Ifi nflm Di dfldc nhfip hoe, hpc sinh d Hfi NOi phai ndp ddn eho Dd'c ly hoc sinh d cfic tinh thi nop cho cac Cong afl hoflc Tinh trfldng Ddn xin hoe phdi kflm theo gitfy cfln cfldc vfi chflng nhtfn v l hgnh kilm (c6 xflc n h | n cua ly trfldng) vfi m^t b i n cam kit theo h9C c l nflm Thdi hgn ndp ddn ddn hdt ngfly 6-12 hflng nfim C&c thf sinh p h i i cd mfit tgi TrUdng Ky ngh§ v&o ldc gid s&ng ngfly 27-12 d l kilm tra sd lu^c trUde nhfip hoc Khi dS dUqfc nhfin vfio hpc, hpc sinh dfl^c cfl'p hpc bdng hfing thflng Ifl ddng eho nflm thfl nhfi't, ddng cho nflm thfl hai vfl ddng cho nfim thd ba Hpc h i t nfim sg dupe cfl'p chflng chi Chfldng trlnh hoc bao gdm phin: - P h i n hpc nghd: gdm cfic nghd m ^ , rfln, ed khf, canh ndng vfl hpc ky ngh§ (thp ve, thd ddc ddng vfl thd cham) • P h i n ly thuyet: so vdi thye hflnh tiu IJ thuydt ed p h i n hgn chd hdn, gdm c&e mdn tidng Ph&p, sd hpe, kd toan, hinh hpc sd dfing (each thdc dac), ve b i n g thUdc, ve bfing tay, v6 theo mflu Ngofii ra, TrUdng cdn cd efic ldp hpc nghd kd tofln vfl danh mfiy-tdc ky Thdi gian d i u , vi thieu phfldng tifn nen Trfldng chi cfi t h l md cflc ldp hpc vflo buli tfii, ehung vdi ldp dgy hinh hpa vfl ky hoa vfi m$t Idp hpc vd ndng nghidp dvttfc gin vdi cfle hpc sinh lflm vi$e ban ngfly Vudn Hfii diln thd thao cua TrUdng Ky nghf th^c hflnh Hfl Nfii Tnfdng h^ ngh6 thye hanh Bfich thao Hfl Ndi Do sd lUdng hpc sinh tfing Ign vfl nhd cfi trd ctfp cua chfnh quydn Bao hp, d l dflp dng nhu c l u thflc td, n h d n g ldp hpe ban d i u tien da dUde md cho cfing nhfin lflm gd, s i t vfio nfim 1902 Cdng vflo nfim 1902, Trudng nhfln gifio vifin ngUdi Nh&t, mfit vd due ngh$ thufit vfl mfit v l sdn Nfim 1902, n h a n sfl tfing thfim gifio vign ehuyen day vd ndng nghifip vfl gifio vign dgy ve nghfi thufit Nflm 1905 ed thgm chdc danh TrUdng xUdng s i t vfl 1907 thgm ehfle d a n h TrUdng xUdng m$e Nhu v^y, nhfin sU cua TrUdng vflo thdi dilm nfim 1905 gdm: - gifio vign ngUdi Au (kd ca sdlflm hpp ddng), dfi bao gdm ca Gifim dtfc Barbotin, giang vign chfnh hgng - nhfin vien ban xfl (trO giang theo che dp hdp ddng) - ddc edng ban xd (theo che dp hdp ddng) - nghfi Sl ngUdi Nhfit, mdt Iflm TrUdng xfldng sdn (Ishiro) vfi mdt Iflm Trfldng xfldng due nghfi thuflt (Ishikawa) Cdn sdhpc sinh cd 182 ngfldi, dd ed ngUdi Au vfl 177 ngUdi ban xfl Tuy nhien, sau Iflp, Trfldng Ky nghg Hfl Nfii da gflp khd khfln vfl'n dd tuyen sinh va chfldng trinh giang day Trong bao cfio ngfly 5-6-1905 gdi Thdng sfl Bfic Ky, Gifim ddc Giao dye cdng d Bfic Ky da phai thfla nhfin r i n g : "Tinh trang hgc sinh bo hoc vd khdng dU thi t6i nghiip da xdy thiidng xuyen ki tu thdnh lap TrUdng cho d^n tan ndm 1904' (6) Tinh t r a n g nfly ngfly mfit gia tfing khien cho Barbotin, ky sfl che tao m&y, Giam dtfc Trfldng Ky nghfi Hfi Nfii da phai nghidn cflu va trinh bfiy trfldc Phdng ThUdng mai Ha Nfii mot ban bao cfio vd tinh hinh day n g h l d Phflp, d nfldc SS ngofii vfl c&c thu^c dja eua Phfip Chfnh quyln Bao hfi eflng phai fip dyng m$t sd bi$n phflp d l gidp Trfldng Ky nghfi Hfl Ndi tidp tyc hogt ddng Nfim 1904, Tofln quyln Ddng Dfldng quydt d|nh d^t Trfldng Ky nghf dfldi sy quan ly cua cua chfnh quydn Bao h^, ddng thdi xdp Trfldng vflo h$ thdng dgy nghd eua chfnh quydn thu^c dia vfl dfldi sfl chi dgo cao nhfi't cua Phdng Thfldng mgi k l tfl 1-11904 Bgn cgnh dd, vific tuyin sinh, chd dd dfii ngd vfi ehUdng trinh hpc tfip eung thay ddi d l vfla thu hdt sd lUdng, vfla dam bao chtft Iupng hpc sinh dUde dflo tgo Cy thl: - Vigc tuyin sinh dU0c td chdc theo dudng thi cfl Thi sinh tudi ft nhfl't Ifi 15 vfi nhidu nhfi't Ifl 20 Hpc sinh phai cfi mfit d trfldng tfl gid sang ddn 11 gid trfla vfi tfl gid chidu ddn gid toi Bfla trfla vfl bfla chidu, hpc sinh fln d cfing-tin cua TrUdng Cac mfin hpc Oy thuydt hgn chd hdn so vdi thflc hfinh), gdm: - Cdng nghifip: tidng Ph&p, tofin, dia ly, ky nghfi chung, ky nghfi ed khf, ky nghfi xay dflng, hinh hpa Ndng nghiep: tidng Phfip, toan, ky nghg chung, lich sfl tfl nhign, nfing nghigp, ve - Nghg thufit cfing nghidp: tidng Phfip, tofin, ky hpa, Ifim khufin, composition dficorative So lfldng hpe sinh: 170 (theo bao e&o vd hogt dong eua TrUdng Ky nghfi nflm 1909 thi sd nfly ed t h l nfing Ifin ndu dia dilm hpe tflp eho phfip vi thflc td sd Ifldng thf sinh dy thi trgn 3.000 ngfldi Khda d i u tign theo chUdng trinh hpe dly du tdt nghigp nflm 1905) (7) Sau nhflng cd ging cua Trfldng Ky ngh§ cdng nhflng bifin phap giflp d3 cua ehfnh Rghian cthi I4ch aJr a611.2018 quydn Bao hd, tlnh trgng cd dudng nhfl khfing mtfy thay ddi Hpe sinh bd hpc d Trfldng Ky ngh$ dd theo hpc cfic n g h l khflc v i n tidp tye t&i didn vfl ngfly cflng gia tfing Trong thflng tfl ad 176 ngfly 24-7-1911 gdi Dfi'c ly Hfl Ndi vfl Cflng sfl c&c tinh, Thdng sfl Bic Ky da p h i i thfla nhtfn: "TH thdnh l^p TrUdng, kinh nghidm dd cho ph4p ngudi ta nhdn thdiy rdng phdn ldn hqc sinh sau trUdng dd b6 khdng theo ldm cdc nghi md hg dd dUpc ddo (po d trudng' (8) Trong nhd trdng dy trUdc Mt chi d4y hgc trb ldm nghi, tay phdi ldm cho quen, khdng phdi cho hiiu biii md thdi " (9) Ly chfnh Ifl vi cfic thf sinh thi vflo TrUdng Ky nghd da stf lfi eyu hpc sinh cfic Trudng Ph&p-Vi^t, c&c mfln ly thuydt cua Trudng Ky nghf giup hp tim dUdc vi§e lfim c&c efing sd hflnh ehfnh nhu nhdng thfl ky hoflc thfing ngfln, dfi ndu tdt nghifip Trfldng Ky ngh0 hp chi cd t h l trd thfinh thp Dilu dfi duyc phan finh mfit bfii bfio dUdng thdi nhU sau: "Tiixita den nay, phdn nhiiu hgc trb vdo hgc tgi trdng ky nghi dHd Ndi diu Id hgc trd cd cua cdc trdng Phdp-Viit, vd lgi d nhd trdng chl hgc cho hieu bii't md thdi, md chi da dinh ldm thdng-ngdn, thU-ky cdc sd Nhd-nUdc htm Id di ldm ky nghe Thfing tu vidt: "Vdn di cbn lgi hodn todn nhdt tri Id phdi ldm dicho m^t sd'tidn chung thudng xuyin din tnidng Phdp-Viit khdng thi tgo cho bdn thdn hg mdt stt ngdn cdn tuy^t ddi khd ndng duac nhdn vdo hgc tgi TrUdng" Cdi diiu dy thi se trdi vdi chinh y Nhdnitdc Bdo-hg lap cdc trdng dgy ky-nghi, muon s^a lgi diiu ay thi tdi xin cdc quan phdi de tdm giup dd di tii ddy vi sau co lay hgc trd vdo trdng ky-nghi, thi nin phdi tuyin lay nhiing nhd ldm kynghi thi hfM, nhdt Id nhiing nhd ldm dS go, sdt Nhting md nhU th^ cdng khdng co cdfm han nhiing ke dd hgc d cdc trdng Phdp-Vi$t khdng cho vdo hgc trdng ky-ngh$ D l gili quytft tinh trgng tr&i ngupc v6i myc dfch cua cfic td ehfle day nghd ky thuflt nfly, thflng tfl sd 176 ngfiy 24-7-1911, Thdng afl Bie Ky "d^c bi^t kiu ggi s^t c^ng tdc" ciia Ddc ly Hfl N^i vfl Cflng sfl efic tinh, "di ta vi sau cdc thl ainh cua Trudng K'y ngh^ BS thich sit l{ta chgn cdc xUdng thd cdng th{tc hi^n trade hit cdc nghi vigSvdsdt^' D l tgo didu kifin cho thf sinh, thong tfl nfiu ro: "Mdt vdi mdn hgc bdt bugc cua gido due tiiu hgc se dUcfc dp dung cho cdc xUdng Trong nhiing diiu kiin ndy, se khdng xdy viic ddi hoi cdc thi sinh md cdc dng phdi ldm cu^c lUa chgn kiin thUc cua tiing Phdp vd cdn phdi chi cho hg thdy rdng hg khdng phdi trdi gua bdt ky m0t cu^c kiim tra ndo di dUdc nhdp Ape" (10) Sau thfing t u sd 176 cua Thdng sd Bic Ky, ehUdng trinh t u y i n sinh vfi giang day cua Trfldng Ky ngh§ Hfl Nfii mfit Un nfla bude phai sfla ddi d l thu h d t hpe sinh De dflpc nhfip hpe, thf sinh khfing phai trai qua bfi't ky m^t cudc k i l m tra nfio, d tudi ft nhfl't Ifl 18, c6 chdng nhfin vd gia dinh vfl hgnh kilm vfl c6 eam kdt phai hoc hdt ehfldng t r i n h ho$c phai hofin lgi stf tidn hpc bdng da dUdc hfldng trfldng hpp bo hpc Ngofii nghd s i t (ngufii, rfin) vfl nghd m^c, chfldng trinh cdn d$e bifit dfio Tnremg hf nghj thi;e himh tao l&i xe vil svla chfla t6 cho m§t so hoc sinh quan trgng Ndm 1907, Bdc Ky dd xudt khdu da thd nhUaau (xem bang 1) Theo chuong trinh mfli n i y , sSliI