Ngữ pháp 1 nguyễn thị kiệp

TRƯỜNG ĐẠI HỌC NHATRANG KHOA NGOẠI NGỮ BÀI GIẢNG MÔN NGỮ PHÁP 1- B2 COMPILED BY: NGUYỄN THỊ KIỆP, MA AUGUST, 2011 CHƯƠNG TRÌNH NGỮ PHÁP - BẰNG Số tiết: 45 tiết 2.Trình độ: sinh viên có trình độ đại học chuyên ngành khác Điều kiện tiên quyết: sinh viên đạt trình độ tiếng Anh sơ cấp (Elementary) Mô tả học phần : Học phần dành cho sinh viên năm thứ nhất, cung cấp cho sinh viên tiếng Anh, dạng câu Mục ti học phần: Sau học xong học phần sinh viên có khả sử dụng trật tự từ câu để đọc hiểu viết câu đơn giản xác Tài liệu tham khảo TT Tên tác giả Tên tài liệu George Yule Oxford Practice GrammarAdvanced Năm xuất Nhà xuất Địa khai thác tài liệu 2006 Oxford University Press Mark Nettle Developing and Diana Grammar in Hopkins Context 2003 Cambridge Nhà sách University Press Ronald Carter, Rebecca Hughes and Michael McCathy George Stern 2000 Cambridge Nhà sách University Press x 2008 Learners Publishing Pte Ltd Nhà sách x 1998 Oxford University Press Nhà sách x Exploring Grammar in Context An Outline Of English Grammar A.J.Thomson A Practical A.V.Martinet English Grammar Nhà sách Mục đích sử dụng Tham Học khảo x x Nội dung chi tiết học phần Nội dung Chương 1: Giới thiệu: Việc học Ngữ pháp & thuật ngữ ngữ pháp ( Grammatical Terms) Chương 2: Các Thì (Tenses) Hiện đơn (The present simple) Hiện tiếp diễn (The present continuous) Qúa khứ đơn ( The past simple) Qúa khứ tiếp diễn ( The past continuous) Hiện hoàn thành ( The present perfect simple) Hiện hoàn thành tiếp diễn (The present perfect continuous) Qúa khứ hoàn thành (The past perfect simple) & Qúa khứ hoàn thành tiếp diễn (The past perfect continuous) Tương lai gần & Tương lai đơn ( Near future & The future simple) Tương lai tiếp diễn ( The future continuous) &Tương lai hoàn thành ( The future perfect simple ) &Tương lai hoàn thành tiếp diễn ( The future perfect continuous) Tài liệu Chương 3: Các dạng câu 10 Câu tường thuật (Reported speech) 11 Câu điều kiện ( Conditional sentences) 12 Dạng bị động ( Passive voice) Ths Nguyễ n Thị Kiệp 2-5 Số tiết 2 7-11 12-17 3 2 18-22 23-33 35-40 3 41-46 47-52 20-21 53-57 63-67 63-67 24-27 148-159 107-117 2 Written Test + Correction GIẢNG VIÊN BIÊN SOẠN Trang 139-150 184-195 151-172 56-67 3 4 TRƯỞNG BỘ MÔN Ths Lê Hoàng Duy Thuần Q.TRƯỞNG KHOA Ths Nguyễn Thị Thúy Hồng TABLE OF CONTENT Chương 1: Giới thiệu : Việc học Ngữ pháp & thuật ngữ ngữ pháp ( Grammatical Terms) Chương 2: Các Thì (Tenses) Hiện đơn (The present simple) Hiện tiếp diễn (The present continuous) Qúa khứ đơn ( The past simple) Qúa khứ tiếp diễn ( The past continuous) Hiện hoàn thành ( The present perfect simple) Hiện hoàn thành tiếp diễn (The present perfect continuous) Qúa khứ hoàn thành (The past perfect simple) & Qúa khứ hoàn thành tiếp diễn (The past perfect continuous) Tương lai gần & Tương lai đơn ( Near future & The future simple) Tương lai tiếp diễn ( The future continuous) & Tương lai hoàn thành ( The future perfect simple ) & Tương lai hoàn thành tiếp diễn ( The future perfect continuous ) Chương 3: Các dạng câu 10 Câu tường thuật (Reported speech) 11 Câu điều kiện ( Conditional sentences) 12 Dạng bị động ( Passive voice) Written Test & Correction CHAPTER I: INTRODUCTION GRAMMATICAL TERMS NOUNS AND RELATED WORDS: Noun : this is usually the name of a thing, place or a person Ex: table, London, David Nouns can be countable with a singular and a plural (ex: book, books) or uncountable ( ex: sugar, bread, work, information, etc.) + Pronoun (ex: I, he, she, it, we, you, they, him, us, etc.) + Adjective (ex: nice, hot, small, blue, etc.) + Possessive (ex: my, his, our, their, etc.) + Article ( ex: the, a/an) VERBS AND RELATED WORDS + Main verb (ex: He lives in Nha trang.) + Auxiliary verb ( be, do, have) + Modal verb ( can, could, will, would, may, might, should, etc.) + Active verb ( ex: Mary opened the parcel.) + Passive verb (ex: The parcel was sent three days ago.) + Infinitive ( ex: to go, to eat, to write, etc.) + Imperative (ex: Come here Put on your shoes, please.) + Adverb (ex: well, badly, carefully, etc.) + Tag question (ex: It’s very hot today, isn’t it ?) + Subject/ Object/ phrase/ clause/ sentence OTHER WORDS ABOUT GRAMMAR + Contraction ( I’d , It’s, we’re ,etc.) + Comparative ( hotter, smaller, more comfortable, etc) + Superlative ( the hottest, the most beautiful, etc) + Preposition ( in, on , by, with, at, etc) + Conjunction ( and, but, or, etc.) + Reported speech: ex: He said that he would like to be president Match the underlined words in these sentences to the grammatical terms below a I will show you the easiest way to use it b My book is on the table c Rice is grown in China d She told me to go to the beach e He is nice, isn’t he? f You try to use the new grammar, but make some mistakes g You notice some new grammar that you haven’t seen before h Go back to your seat, please i You read about the grammar again to understand it better , and then you can use it correctly j You try to understand the meaning of the new grammar reported speech _ contraction _ preposition passive verb comparative adjective _ infinitive _ adverb superlative _ 10.tag question _ 11.plural noun 12.modal verb 13.article 14.possessive 15.conjunction _ 16.main verb 17.imperative 18.pronoun CHAPTER II: TENSES THE PRESENT SIMPLE Read what Ann says about her weekends On Fridays I come home from the BBC at about 2.00 in the afternoon and I just relax On Friday evenings I don’t go out, but sometimes a friend comes for dinner He or she brings the wine and I cook the meal I love cooking! We listen to music or we just chat On Saturday mornings I get up at 9.00 and I go shopping Then in the evenings I sometimes go to the theatre or the opera with a friend I love opera! Then we eat in my favourite Chinese restaurant On Sunday Oh, on Sunday mornings I stay in bed late, I don’t get up until 11.00! Sometimes in the afternoon I visit my sister She lives in the country and has two children I like playing with my niece and nephew, but I leave early because I go to bed at 8.00 on Sunday evenings! Grammar questions Find verbs which end in –s Why they end in –s ? Notes: Rules of present simple: + In positive: in the third person singular with he, she, and it * Most verbs add - s ex: He gets up at 6.00 in the morning * If verbs end in – o, - ch, - sh, -s , add + es after the verb Ex: She goes to school on Sunday./ He watches football match on TV *Verbs end in –y:  vowel- y: verb + s ex: He plays football on the beach  Consonant –y : y >i+ es Ex: She studies English well - with I, we, you , and they, we don’t put –s /-es after the verb Ex: I/ We/ You/ They get up early Find negatives + In negative: with I, we, you , and they, the negative is don’t + infinitive with he, she, and it, the negative is doesn’t + infinitive ex: I/ You/ We/ They don’t go to school on Sunday He/ She doesn’t get up early  In question: Ex: Do I/you/ we/ they go to school on Sunday? Does he/she go to school on Sunday? USES: The Present simple is used to express: a habit Ex: I usually get up at 5.00 a fact which is always true Ex: I come from Vietnam a fact which is true for a long time Ex: He works in a bank She lives in Nhatrang Notes: Using the present simple with: - Have/ Have got - There is + singular noun/ uncountable noun - There are + plural noun - CAN + verb ( infinitive) : to express a present ability EXERCISES Turn these sentences into negatives and questions a My mother works in the hotel b My father watches TV in the evening _ c Peter lives with his parents d Sally and Tim live in Madrid e We have dinner at 7.00 f Our school has a lot of students _ g They want to buy a new house _ h He likes listening to music _ i Ann plays football with his nephew _ j Mary studies maths at high-school _ Do exercises 1, 2& p 9&10 in the course book 3.Complete the text with the correct form of the verbs in the box “ My weekends are fast and exciting My weekdays are fast and domestic! I (1) two sons, Dylan, 7, and Dakota, Every morning I (2) one hour before them, at 6.00, and I (3) to the gym I (4) home and I _(5) breakfast, then I _(6) them to school On Mondays I always (7) I (8) all the food for the week I often (9) dinner in the evenings, but not every day because I don’t (10) cooking Fortunately, my husband, Don, _(11) cooking On Tuesdays and Thursdays I _(12) my father He (13) on the next block Every afternoon I (14) the kids from school In the evenings Don and I usually (15) , but sometimes we _(16) friends We never (17) on Friday evenings because I (18) work so early on Saturdays.” love / relax / have / like / go / live / start / come / visit (2) / go shopping/ pick up/ go out / get up/ take / make / cook / buy Find the mistakes and correct them a London is a city very big b My mother works in a hotel is a receptionist c My father watch TV in the evening d He’s like watching football e On Sundays we go in a restaurant f Hans is businessman g You family is very nice h I like listen to music i Our school have a lot of students j The childrens go to school near here k We have the dinner at 7.00 l Buses in London are reds m My mother no have a job n Do you want a ice-cream? o Is near here, my flat p My brother go to university q English is a language international r I don’t can go out because I have a lot of homework s In the kitchen is a table t My children like they’re school very much u Italian people is very artistic v I like cities because I can to go to the theatre w There are some flower in the living room x Is there Indian restaurant near here? THE PRESENT CONTINUOUS Read the conversation below and then find the sentences using “ be + verb- ing” Anne: Hello, Linda Is Jack here? Linda: No, he isn’t Anne: Is he working today? Linda: No, he isn’t working today He’s in the kitchen Anne: What’s he doing? Linda: He’s cooking Anne: What are you doing? Linda: I’m reading The Present Continuous Form: is/am/are + verb-ing Ex: What are you doing now? I’m writing now 2.Uses: The Present continuous is used to express: + an activity happening now ( at the moment of speaking ) Ex: They’re playing football in the street She can’t answer the phone because she’s washing her hair + an activity happening around now, but perhaps not at the moment of speaking Ex: He’s studying maths at university + a planned future arrangement Ex: I’ m meeting her at o’clock tomorrow + a temporary situation ex: She’s living with her friends until she can find a new flat Notes: * Spelling + Most verbs add –ing Ex: work – working read - reading + verbs end in –e , omit –e before adding – ing Ex: write - writing ; dance - dancing Exception: * - to see - seeing - to dye – dyeing * - to lie - lying ; to die - dying + Verbs end in a single consonant following a single vowel, double the consonant before adding – ing Ex: run – running get - getting REVISION :TENSES I Correct the verb forms in the brackets I (be) in this city for a long time I _(come) here sixteen year ago Her phone _ (ring) for ten minutes I wonder why she doesn’t answer it We _(move) as soon as we (find) another department Fish were among the earliest forms of life Fish (exist) on earth for ages and ages I _ (think) my train (leave) at 14.33 and I _ (be) very disappointed when I (arrive) at 14.30 and _ (learn) that it just _ (leave) We (wait) for Nancy for the last two hours, but she still hasn’t arrived “ I’ve decided to repaint this room.” “ Oh! Have you? What colour you _(paint) it ?” He _ (sit) on the bank fishing when he (see) a man’s hat floating down the river The river (flow) very fast today- much faster than usual 10.Last night, I _ (read) in bed when suddenly I (hear) a scream 11 “ Don’t ring now; she (watch) her favourite TV programme.” “ All right I _ (ring) at 8.30.” 12.The world (enjoy) Beethoven’s music for nearly 200 years 13.He spends all his spare time planting trees He says that by the end of next year he (plant) 2,000 14 “ The ceiling in this room doesn’t look very safe, does it?” “ No, it looks as if it (fall) down.” 15.I hope they _ (repair) this road by the time we come back next summer 16 We usually _ (stay) at home on Fridays, but we came out tonight because we _(celebrate) our anniversary 17.This is the longest flight I have ever taken By the time we get to New Zealand, we (fly) for 13 hours I’m going to be exhausted 18.We (wait) for Mary for over three hours before she finally arrived yesterday 19.The farmer’s barn caught fire some time during the night By the time the firefighters arrived, the building (burn) to the ground It was a total loss 20 “Janice _ (sleep) for almost eleven hours Don’t you think we should wake her up?” “ I guess we probably should.” II Multiple choice: Choose the best answer by blackening the letter A, B, C, or D My family loves this house It the family home ever since my grandfather built it 60 years ago A was B has been C is D will be On July 20, 1969, Neil Armstrong _ down onto the moon, the first person ever to set foot on another celestial body A stepped B was stepping C has stepped D had stepped I know you feel bad now, Tommy, but try to put it out of your mind By the time you’re an adult, you _all about it A forget B will be forgetting C will have forgotten D forgot Here’s an interesting statistic: On a typical day, the average person _about 48,000 words How many words did you speak today? A spoke B was speaking C speak D speaks The bank lent us money for a down payment, so now we _ the house we used to rent A are owning B have been owning C have owned D owned Did the teacher explain how this problem? A we solve B can we solve C to solve D solve Jane’s eyes burned and her shoulders ached She at the computer for straight hours Finally, she took a break A is sitting B was sitting C has been sitting D had been sitting Do you think Ellen will want something to eat after she comes here? - “I hope not It’ll probably be after midnight, and we _.” A are sleeping B will be sleeping C have been sleeping D sleep “Is it true that spaghetti didn’t originate in Italy?” “Yes The Chinese spaghetti dishes for a long time before Marco Polo brought it back to Italy A have been making B have made C had been making D were making 10 When is her father planning to retire? “Soon, I think He here for a long time He’ll probably retire either next year or the year after that.” A worked B had been working C has been working D has been worked 11 Today there are weather satellites that beam down information about the earth’s atmosphere For the last two decades, space exploration _ great contributions to weather forecasting A is making B has made C made D makes 12 This is the longest flight we have ever taken By the time we get to Florida, we _ for 15 hours We’re going to be exhausted A will fly B will have flown C will be flying D will have been flying 13.When I first travelled abroad to study, I in a dormitory before During the first year, I had a roommate from Switzerland who became a very good friend Prior to that time, I had never lived with anyone from another culture A never lived B have never lived C had never lived D had never been living CHAPTER III: 10 REPORTED SPEECH Read the article about a robbery and answer the questions ( See these questions in the course book, p.107) REPORTED SPEECH I Commands Positive commands: To Ex: “ Open the door, please!” she says She says to open the door Negative commands: Not to Ex: “Don’t go alone.” I warned her I warned her not to go alone II Statements : That Ex: “ I’m busy at the moment.” He says He says that he is busy at the moment “I went abroad last year.” She said She said that she had gone abroad the year before III Questions Yes/ No- questions : If / whether Ex: “ Are you a student?” She asked him She asked him If he was a student Question words: what/ where / why / when/ which/ how / etc Ex: “ Where you live?” I asked him I asked him where he lived Notes: Reporting verbs We often use the verbs say, tell, ask to report the overall meaning of what someone said rather than the exact words Reporting verbs such as invite, admit, and suggest show the overall meaning of what someone said more precisely Compare: - She asked him if he would like to go out for a drink - She invited him out for a drink Here are some other reporting verbs: Reporting verbs with ( that) + clause Agree : They agreed (that) the match had been disappointing Admit : He admitted (that) they had cheated in the exam Complain: She complained (that) the service was bad Deny : He denied (that) he had done anything wrong Promise: We promised (that) we would try to see them the following week Suggest: They suggested (that) he should throw away his wallet Warn: She warned me (that) he would be late Reporting verbs with an infinitive Agree: I agreed to come back later Advise: He advised her to see a doctor Demand: We demanded to see a specialist Encourage: My parents encouraged me to practise the piano Offer: She offered to help her with her homework Promise: They promised to get me some money Refuse: He refused to what I asked Remind: He reminded me to go to the meeting at 2.00 Warn: He warned me not to go out with her Reporting verbs with “ about” Advise: She advised me about my decision Apologize: He apologized about the service Complain : She complained about the food Remind: He reminded me about my meeting at 2.00 Reporting verbs with –ing form/ noun Accept: He accepted the invitation.(not usually used with the –ing form) Admit: He admitted cheating in the exam He admitted his guilt Deny: He denied doing anything wrong He denied responsibility EXERCISES I Match the sentences,1-10, to the reporting verbs, a – k Example: “ I don’t think the food in your restaurant is very good.”…(d) ‘ I don’t think you should tell him about this conversation.’… a remind ‘I’m fed up with you being late every day.’ …… b ask ‘Don’t forget to get some milk on your way home.’ …… c encourage ‘I’m sorry, but I can’t accept your offer.’ …… d complain ‘Can I help you?’ …… e complain ‘Would you open the window for me, please?’…… f refuse ‘I know it was a stupid thing to do.’ …… g offer ‘Why don’t we go out somewhere tomorrow night?’ …… h suggest ‘I really think you should learn to drive.’ …… i advise 10 ‘Don’t touch it! It’s hot!’ …… j admit k warn II Put the following sentences into indirect speech 1.“ Switch off the TV”, he said to her _ “ Lend me your pen for a moment.” I said to Mary “ Don’t hurry.” I said _ “ Don’t touch that switch, Mary.” I said _ “ Don’t make too much noise, children.” He said “ Buy a new car.” I advised him “ Remember to write to your mother,” I said He says, “ I am busy at the moment.” She said, “ I won’t it again.” _ 10 “ There has been an accident, and the road is blocked”, said the policeman 11 “ You woke everyone up last night.” said my mother _ 12 “ Don’t worry about a few mistakes”, said Ann, “ I make mistakes all the time.” 13 “ Do you learn from your mistakes?” I asked “ or you keep making the same ones?” 14 “ Have you been here long?” the other students asked him 15 “ How did they get into the house?” they asked him 16 “ Who has been using my typewriter?” said my mother 17 “ Did you sleep well?” asked my hostess _ 18 “ Will you be quiet?” she said to them _ 19 “Would you like to come to a party?” he asked her 20 “ I am sorry I am busy.” She said 21 “Shall I bring you some tea?” he said 22 “ Shall we meet at the theatre?” he said _ 23 “ Where are you going?” they asked me _ 24 “ Are you married?” he asked her _ 25 “ Hello, how are you?” she said to me _ 26 “ Would you like to come with us?” they said “ There’s plenty of room in the car.” _ 27 “ I’d love to.” said Ann _ 28 “ Could you help me with my luggage, please?” she said _ III Do exercise 2, p.116 in the course book 11 CONDITIONAL SENTENCES Match extracts 1, 2, and to the correct headlines, a, b, or c ( See the course book, p.139) There are three kinds of conditional sentences I The first conditional - Meaning of the “If clause”: true in the present/ future - Verb form in the If clause main clause Simple present simple present Present continuous simple future Present perfect class ex: 1.If the temperature goes below C, water freezes/ will freeze 2.If I don’t eat breakfast tomorrow morning, I will get hungry during If you are looking for Peter, you will find him upstairs If he has written the letter, I will post it II The second conditional - Meaning of the “If clause”: untrue ( contrary to fact) in the present - Verb form in the If clause main clause Simple past Would / Could + infinitive (to be: were)-subjunctive Ex: If I had some money, I would lend it to you ( but I haven’t got money in the present.) If I were you, I would go to see her If I were a flower, I would be a sunflower III The third conditional - Meaning of the “If clause”: untrue ( contrary to fact) in the past - Verb form in the If clause main clause Past perfect Would / Could +have+ p.p Ex: If I had known that you were coming, I would have met you at the station Notes: Omitted If: If I were you, I wouldn’t that Were I you, I wouldn’t that If I had known the news, I would have told you Had I known the news, I would have told you If I had not seen it with my own eyes, I wouldn’t have believed it Had I not seen it with my own eyes, I wouldn’t have believed it + Incorrect: Hadn’t I seen it with my own eyes, I wouldn’t have believed it EXERCISES I Put the correct verb forms in parentheses 1.If you smoke in a non- smoking compartment, the other passengers (object) 2.Of course, I am not going to give her a diamond ring If I (give) her a diamond ring, she (sell) it 3.You can use my phone If yours (not work) 4.I am sorry you did not tell me that dogs were allowed in the hotel If I (know), I (bring) my dog 5.If it freezes tonight, the road (be) very slippery She must have loved him very much because she waited for him for 15 years If she (not love) him, she (not wait) so long If I could speak Spanish, I ( spend) next year studying in Mexico I would have walked with you If I ( not twist) my ankle If I (be) the greatest scientist in the world, I still ( not be able to figure) this out 10 If my roommate had not mentioned your visit, I ( not know) about your new job II Choose the best answer 1.If energy _ inexpensive and unlimited, many things in the world would be different a is b will be c were d would be 2.Unless you _ all of my questions, I cannot anything to help you a answered b answer c would answer 3.Do you think there would be less conflict in the world if all people the same language? a speak b spoke c had spoken d will speak 4.If I were not working for an accounting firm, I _ in a bank a work b will work c have worked d would be working 5.If I the same problems you had as a child, I might not have succeeded in life as well as a have b would have c had had d had 6.If Jack to go on the trip, would you have gone ? a doesn’t agree b didn’t agree c hadn’t agreed d wouldn’t agree 7.It would have been a much more serious accident fast at the time a was she driving b she has driven c had she been driving d she drove I didn’t get home until after midnight last night Otherwise, I your call a returned b had returned c would return d would have returned 9. interested in that subject, I would try to learn more about it a Should I b Were I c I was d If I was 10.I you sooner had someone told me you were in the hospital a visited b visit c had visited d would have visited III Complete the following sentences If the price of petrol goes up, _ If I went to New York, The milk wouldn’t have turned sour if I would have taken a lot of photographs if _ What would you if you _ ? I’m sorry I don’t live near my work I wish _ I’m sorry I didn’t book a seat I wish _ I’m sorry we accepted the invitation I wish It’s a pity he didn’t work harder during the term I wish 10.I’d like every country to stop killing whales I wish _ IV Rewrite these sentences, using If- clause 1.He doesn’t work overtime, so he doesn’t earn as much as I If _ 2.English people speak very quickly Perhaps that’s why I can’t understand them If 3.I didn’t work hard at school so I didn’t get a good job when I left If He doesn’t help me, possibly because I never ask him for help If _ It rained all the time Perhaps that’s why he didn’t enjoy his visit If 6.We missed the train because we were using an out- of- date timetable If I didn’t see the signal, so I didn’t stop If We didn’t listen carefully; perhaps that’s why we made this mistake If 9.We only came by bus because there were no taxis If 10 I only came up the stairs because the lift wasn’t working If 12 PASSIVE VOICE I Read the sentences below Some of them are correct and others are incorrect or inappropriate Find the incorrect or inappropriate sentences and then correct them 1.The station was left by the train five minutes ago 2.Languages are taught in every school in the country 3.My jacket was made in England 4.He was died by his brother 5.Paper was invented by the Chinese 6.The new road will be completed early next year 7.Two litres are contained by the bottle 8.The interview is being televised throughout the world 9.A nice house is had by them 10.You could see that he was going to be attacked by a large dog ANSWER : 1, 4, & II Rules about passives A passive cannot be formed using an intransitive verb EX: He was died by his brother.( incorrect) Correction: He was killed by his brother A passive cannot be formed using stative verbs ( e.g verbs such as fit, suit, seem, have, or contain ) which refer to states, not action EX: Two litres are contained by the bottle.( incorrect) Correction: The bottle contains two litres A nice house is had by them .( incorrect) Correction: They have a nice house It is not normally appropriate for the least important piece of information in a message to be placed at the beginning of a sentence EX: The station was left by the train five minutes ago.( incorrect) Correction: The train left the station five minutes ago III Forms of passive voice e.g TO KEEP Tense/ verb form Active voice Passive voice 1.present simple keep/ keeps is/am/are kept 2.present continuous is/am/are keeping is/am/are being kept 3.past simple 4.past continuous kept was/were keeping was/were kept was/were being kept 5.present perfect have/has kept have/has been kept 6.past perfect had kept had been kept 7.simple future will/shall keep will/shall be kept 8.modal verbs can/must/may/should keep can/must be kept 9.conditional would keep 10.perfect conditional would have kept 11.present infinitive to keep 12.perfect infinitive to have kept 13.present participle/ gerund keeping 14.perfect participle having kept would be kept would have been kept to be kept to have been kept being kept having been kept IV Uses of passive voice: passive voice is used: when it is not necessary to mention the doer of the action Ex : The streets are swept every day when we don’t know or don’t know exactly or have forgotten who did the action Ex: The Prime Minister was killed when the subject of active verb would be “ people” or “ one” Ex: Flags are seen everywhere when we are more interested in the action than the person who does it Ex: The house has been bought (by Mr Jones) V How to change into passive forms Ex: active : I saw him in the street last night S + V+ O Passive: S + be + p.p + by + O He was seen by me in the street last night Notes: Active to passive: - the object of the active verb is changed into the subject of the passive verb - the subject of the active verb is changed into the object of the preposition “by” if necessary.( the subject of the active verb such as “people”, “they”, “someone”, “one” needn’t change into the object of the preposition “by”) e.g People say/ know/ believe/ think/ consider etc that he is……… It is said/ known/ believed/ thought/ considered etc that he is…………… Or : He is said/ known/ believed/ thought/ considered etc to be …… Ex: People say that he is a spy It is said that he is a spy Or : He is said to be a spy People said that he was jealous of her It was said that he was jealous of her Or : He was said to be jealous of her When the thought concerns a previous action we use the perfect infinitive People believed that he was right It was believed that he was right Or : He was believed to have been right People know that he was jealous of her It is known that he was jealous of her Or : He is known to have been jealous of her 5.It is your duty to know how to drive./ You should know how to drive = You are supposed to know how to drive - The passive verb and active verb have the same tense EXERCISES I Turn these sentences into passive voice 1.You must keep dogs on leads in the gardens The examiner will read the passage three times They made him surrender his passport People said that he lived on vinegar and potatoes They are lengthening the runways at all the main airports Our opponents must have started this rumour They will have to find someone to take her place They suggested allowing council tenants to buy their houses We know that you were in the town on the night of the crime _ 10 Someone saw him pick up the wallet in the street 11 He doesn’t like people laughing at him 12 We will have to adopt a different attitude 13 Someone seems to have made a terrible mistake 14 Nobody has used this room for ages 15 You shouldn’t leave these documents on the desk 16 When I returned I found that they had towed my car away 17 People say that he is living abroad 18 The manufacturers are giving away small plastic toys with each packet of cereal 19 The lawyer gave him the details of his uncle’s will 20 The burglar had cut an enormous hole in the steel door II Choose the best answer 1.Something funny _ in class yesterday A happened B was happened C happens D is happened I still can’t believe it! My bicycle _last night A was stolen B was stealing C stolen D stole The child’s arm was swollen because he by a bee A stung B had stung C had been stung D had being stung Many US automobiles _ in Detroit, Michigan A manufacture B have manufactured C are manufactured D are manufacturing When ? - In 1928 A penicillin was discovered B did penicillin discover C was penicillin discovered D did penicillin discovered George is _ Lisa A marry with B marry to C married with D married to Arthur pretended not hurt when his younger sister bit him A having B be C to have D to have been They were fortunate from the fire before the building collapsed A rescuing B to have rescued C to rescue D to have been rescued Your compositions are supposed in ink A to write B to be written C writing D being written 10 The children appear _ about the trip A to excite B to be excited C exciting D being excited III Turn these sentences into active forms 1.Were many cars made last year? 2.He was made to surrender his passport _ 3.The runways are being lengthened at all the main airports _ 4.Byron is said to have lived on vinegar and potatoes 5.The damaged ship was being towed into harbour when the towline broke _ Someone will have to be found to take her place _ 7.This rumour must have been started by our opponents 8.Your money could be put to good use instead of being left idle in the bank 9.It is being said that too little money is being spent by the government on roads _ 10.Carrier pigeons are said to have been used by early Egyptian and Greek sailors _ IV Do exercises: 1,( p.154) ; 1, (p.160); 3,( p.161) in the course book REFERENCES (TÀI LIỆU THAM KHẢO) Azar, S B (1990) Understanding And Using English Grammar Prentice- Hall Carter, R & Mc Cathy, M.(2000) Exploring Grammar in context Cambridge University Press Hartley, B & Viney P (1979) Streamline English – Departures Oxford University Press Nettle, M.& Hopkins, D.( 2003) Developing Grammar in context Cambridge University Press Quirk, R.& Greenbaum, S (1987) A University Grammar of English Oxford University Press Soars, J & L 1996) Headway- Pre- Intermediate Oxford University Press Swan, M (1986).Practical English Usage Oxford University Press Thomson, A.J & Martinet A.V (1998) A Practical English Grammar Oxford University Press Werner, K P & Nelson P J (2002) Mosaic Grammar McGraw- Hill 10 Yule, G (2006) Oxford Practice Grammar Oxford University Press 11 Yule, G.(1998) Explaining English Grammar Oxford University Press