Tín ngưỡng thờ cúng tổ tiên ở việt nam xưa và nay (NXB chính trị 2013) nguyễn đức lữ, 182 trang

Ngay 19-4-1999, Chinh phu lai ra Nghi dinh so 26-ND/CP ve cac hoat dong ton giao, trong do Dieu 5 c6 quy dinh: "Moi hanh vi vi pham quyen t i i do t i n ngUdng, ton giao, mc: hanh v i Id

PGS TS NGUYEN D L T C L O ThS NGUYEN TH! HAI YEN

L d l N H A X U A T BAN

T i n n g U d n g t h d c u n g to t i e n la m o t p h o n g tue t r u y e n

t h o n g , CO v i t r f h e t stie dae b i e t t r o n g dcii song t i n h t h a n eua

d a n toe V i e t N a m , la m o t t r o n g eae t h a n h to tao n e n b a n sSc

v a n boa V i e t N a m T i n n g U d n g t h d e i i n g to t i e n r a t g i a n d i :

t i n r S n g to t i e n m i n h la t h i e n g l i e n g , ho d i vao eoi v i n h h S n g

n h U n g v a n song e a n h eon e h a u , ho p h u ho eho con c h a u k h i gap t a i aeh k h o k h a n ; v u i miTng k h i con e h a u gap m a y m S n , khuye'n khi'ch cho eon e h a u k h i gap dieu l a n h va eQng q u d

t r a c h eon e h a u k h i l a m nhiSng d i e u t o i l o i

T r a i q u a bao t h a n g t r ^ m b i e n c6' eiia l i c h s i i n h i f n g t i n

n g U d n g t h d c i i n g to t i e n v l n c h i e m v i t r i t h i e n g l i e n g t r o n g ddi song t i n h t h a n ciia n g q o i V i e t C u n g v d i t i e n t r i n h l i c h s i i cua d a n toe, no la sU boi l a n g , k e t t u n h i J n g gia t r i dao diie

nhuing kien thu'c cd ban ve t i n ngUdng thd cung to tien, i\i

viec giai nghia cac khai niem cd ban nhu thd, cung, khan,

vai den viec di sau phan tich y nghia, each thiic tien hanh

cac nghi thiic thd ciing to tien, gop phan duy t r i va phat trien

truyen thong "Uo'ng nxidc nhd nguon", tinh co ket cong dong

Moi k h i tet den xuan ve, ngifdi Viet Nam du di dau,

ci dau Cling luon hiJdng ve que hiidng, xii sd - ndi chon

nhau cat ro'n, ndi nuoi difdng tinh cam gia dinli, ho toe,

xom lang H i n h anh lang que v6i cay da ben midc, ngoi

dinh ehila dUng biet bao ky niem ve mot thdi eua nhiing

vung que em a Bu eho qua t r i n h do t h i hoa dang lam

mat dan nhiJng liay tre lang, nhUng d l gi pha huy diJde nhuing net dep trong van hoa truyen thong ma ngan ddi ong eha ta da day eong vun d^p; ngifde lai, trU6e Ian song "xam lang van hoa" hien nay, eang kich thich them kha nang phue hoi nhiJng net dep truyen thong

do de tang "sile de khang" eho van hoa dan toe, trong do

CO t i n ngUdng thd cung to tien

O nU6e ta da va dang dung difdng he thong t i n ngiidng dan gian rat phong phii, da dang, nhiing tieu bieu hdn ea la t i n ngiidng thd eiing to tien Loai hinh

tin ngiidng nay ton tai va phat trien d nhieu cong dong

dan toe, trai dai qua nhiing thdi ky lieh sii Doi v6i ngiidi Viet, thd eiing to tien da c6 t i i lau trong ddi song tinh than, nhiing k h i Nho giao vao nii6c ta, v6i t i i tiidng

de cao gia d i n h , g i a toe, x e m chvi h i e u l a n e n t a n g e u a

dao l y l a m ngiXdi v a coi n a m gidi l a t r u cot t r o n g g i a

1 D a n g Cong san V i e t N a m : Van kien Hoi nghi Ian thil bay

Ban Chap hanh Trung Mng khoa IX, Nxb Chi'nh t r i quoc gia

H a N o i , 2003, t r 49

2 Xem H o i dong L y l u a n T r u n g ildng: Le phdi ciia chung ta,

N x b C h i n h t r i quoc gia, Ha Noi, 2004, t r 351

q u a n ben ong ba cha me, con c h a u don ddi m o t n a m

m6i a n l a n h va t h i n h vvfdng K h o n g k h i dau x u a n a'm

ap vdi biet bao Idi chiic tot dep d a u n a m da tCfng n u o i diJdng va n h e n n h o m n h i i n g b y v o n g cho bao t h e he,

r o i t r d t h a n h d o n g luc t i n h t h a n t r o n g m o i con ngiJdi

t r e n buf6c d i i d n g ddi

T h d Cling to t i e n k h o n g chi difdc the h i e n d n h i i n g

n g i i y gio, t e t le h o i ma con d i e n ra t r o n g n h i i n g

t r i i d n g hdp b a t t h i i d n g C-hAng b a n k h i v u i liic b u o n gia c h i i c i i n g c6 le v a t k i n h bao to l i e n de c h i a v u i , se

b u o n nhiX: s i n h d e , do d a t , d U n g vd ga c h o n g cho con,

l a p difdc cong d a n h t h a n g q u a n t i e n chiic, x a y n h a ,

t a u r u o n g , k h a o vong h o i he, d i n h d a m Hoac la k h i

b u o n nhiJ: om d a u b e n h t a t l a m an t h u a t h i e t t h a t

cd Id v a n , bi t r p m c U d p k i e n cao Gap n h i i n g t r i i d n g

hdp ay, gia c h i i t h u d n g k i n h bao cku k h a n to t i e n de

m i i n g v u i c i i n g con c h a u va p h i i ho do t r i cho t a i qua

G a n day, sau n h i i n g cuoc c h i e n t r a n h kho'c l i e t kdo d a i , viec s U u t a m h a i cot, " d i t i m dong doi" xay siia n g h i a

t r a n g l i e l si, dUng bia tUdng n i e m lap b;\ t h d gia t i e n ,

siia sang p h a n mo, t u bo, xay m d i n h a Lhri ho n h U m o t

p h o n g t r a o q u a n c h u n g D i e u nay, vCfa dap l i n g n h u cau

tarn h n h vufa t h e h i e n dao l y l a m ngUdi - n e u d m i i c do

p h u hdp t h i n e n k h u y e n k h i c h T h d c i i n g to t i e n k h o n g

chi C l i n g CO q u a n he h u y e t t h o n g t r o n g gia d i n h , d o n g

ho ma con d o n g v i e n siic m a n h doan k e t cong d o n g l a n g

xa d a t nUdc, c i i n g t h e h i e n Udc v o n g sU b i n h yen cho

t i f n g gia d i n h l a n g x o m va ca d a n toe

C u o n sach nho qua h i n h t h i l c h o i dap nay, dufdc

c h u n g t o i sUu t a m va h i e n soan n h ^ m c u n g cap k i e n

t h i i c cd b a n ve t h d c u n g to t i e n d V i e t N a m , n h i i n g c h i

gidi h a n c h i i y e u t r d n g q u a n he h u y e t t h o n g cua d a n toe

K i n h M a t khac, c u o n sach dUdc t r i n h bay d\ia theo

p h o n g tuc t a p q u a n t r u y e n t h o n g , cho d i i ngay n a y da

t h a y doi k h a n h i e u V 6 i k i e n t h i i e con h a n hep, cuon

sach chac c h a n k h o t r a n h k h o i t h i e u sot C h u n g t o i r a t

m o n g b a n doc lUdng t h i i va d o n g gop y k i e n de I a n x u a t

b a n sau cuon sach diJdc h o a n t h i e n h d n

T\i xUa de n n a y da c6 n h i e u ngUdi diJa r a q u a n n i e m

cua m i n h ve t o n giao T h e o I N J a b l o k o v : "Cho d e n

n a m 1992 da c6 k h o a n g 250 d i n h n g h i a , k h a i n i e m

" t o n g i a o " v d i h a n g chuc each t i e p c a n k h a c n h a u ( t h a n hoc, t r i e t hoc, xa h o i hoc, d a n toe hoc, t a m l y hoc, t h a n

t h o a i hoc, n g o n ngi3 hoc )'" T h e o Tu" dien tieng Viet

t h i t o n giao dUde h i e u l a : "(1) H i n h t h a i y t h i i c xa h o i gom n h i i n g q u a n n i e m dvfa t r e n cd sd t i n va s i i n g b a i

n h i i n g lUc l i f d n g sieu t i i n h i e n , cho r a n g eo n h i J n g l i i c

l U d n g sieu i\l n h i e n q u y e t d i n h s o ' p h a n ciia con ngUdi,

con ngUdi p h a i p h u c t i i n g va t o n t h d (2) H e t h o n g

1 H a V a n Tang, TrUdng T h i n (Chu bien): Tin ngudng va me

tin, Nxb V a n hoa t h o n g t i n , H a Noi, 1999, t r 160-161

n h f l n g q u a n n i e m t i n ngUdng m o t hay nhiJng v i t h a n

l i n h nao do va nhi3ng h i n h t h i i c le nghi t h e h i e n sU

sung b a i aý"

Ve b a n chat t o n giao c i i n g c6 n h i c u q u a n diem khac

n h a u Nhiing ngxibi theo chii n g h i a Mac - Lenin cho

rSng ve ban chat, t o n giao k h o n g chi la h i n h t h a i y

t h i i c xa hoi ma con la m o t t h u c t h e xa hoị Vdi t i f each

la h i n h t h a i y t h i l c xa hoi, t o n giao p h a n a n h m o t each

h o a n g dUdng, hiJ ao h i e n thiJc k h a c h q u a n Dieu n a y

dUdc Ph.Angghen n e u : "Nhiing tat ca m o i t o n giao

c h i i n g qua chi la stf p h a n a n h hu ao - vao t r o n g dau 6c

cua con ngUdi - ciia nhiJng lUc liJdng d ben ngoai chi

phói cuoc song h a n g ngay cua ho; chi la sU p h a n a n h

t r o n g do nhiing \\ic lUdng d t r a n the da m a n g h i n h thiic

nhijfng \\ic lUdng sieu tran thế^

Tin ngUdng la n i e m t i n va sU ngifdng mo cua con

1 Hoang Phe (Chu bien): Tii dien tieng Viet, Nxb Da N i n g

-T r u n g tarn -T i f dien hoc, H a N o i - Da Nftng, 2009, t r l 2 5 3

2 PCS TS Nguyen Dilc La (Chu bien): Ly luan ve ton gido

vd chinh sdch ton gido d Viet Nam, Nxb Ton giaọ Ha Noị 2011,

t r l O

ngiidi vdi cac luc lúdng sieu t\l n h i e n k h o n g the k i e m

c h i i n g b^ng t h a c t i e n Tin ngUdng k h o n g p h a i la n i e m

t i n noi c h u n g ma la m o t n i e m t i n dac biet Niem t i n c6

cd sd t h i n g i i d i ta thiJdng goi la t i n t i f d n g c h i i k h o n g goi

la t i n ngiidng

Quan n i e m ve t i n ngUdng c h i i yeu dUdc h i e u theo

h a i n g h i a : Theo nghia rgng, t i n n g i i d n g p h a n a n h

n i e m t i n va sU ngUdng mo, s u n g k i n h ciia con ngUdi

ve m o t c h i i t h u y e t m o t liJc lUdng nao dọ Con t i n

n g i f d n g g a n v d i t o n giao c h i n i e m t i n va s i i ngiJdng

v o n g ciia con ngUdi vao lUc lUdng sieu n h i e n Theo nghia hep, t i n ngUdng v d i n g h i a la dufc t i n , n i e m t i n vao luc lUdng sieu n h i e n , la m o t bo p h a n cau t h a n h

n g i f d n g do n h a n dan sang tao ra, da m a n h n h a d i n h

h i n h cd cau va dUdc t r a i n g h i e m qua l i c h s i i , p h a n a n h

ro net n h a t dac t r U n g ciia v a n hoa dan toe, t r o n g no tham d i i d m dao l y "Uóng nUdc n h d n g u o n " , "An q u a nhd ke t r o n g cay", g6p p h a n c u n g c6' va t a n g c i i d n g y

t h i i c cong dong

6 V i e t N a m c6 n h i e u loai h i n h t i n ngUdng d a n

gian, t i e u bieu nhxi: t i n ngUdng t h d c u n g to t i e n , t h d M i u ,

t h d a n h h u n g d a n toe, t h d t h a n h hoang, t i n ngiJdng

cua t o n giao hoac c6 n h U n g mile do con m d n h a t

T i n ngUdng va t o n giao la n h U n g h i e n tUdng xa h o i

CO b i e u h i e n , cap do k h a c n h a u song c6 c u n g b a n chat

1 X e m N g u y e n Diic L i i (Chu bien): G6p phdn tim hieu tin

ngitdng dan gian d Viet Nam, Nxb Ton giao, H a N o i , 2005

2 Xem H o i dong T r u n g U c i n g chi dao bien soan giao t r i n h

quo'c gia cac bo mon khoa hoc Mac - L e n i n , t u t u d n g Ho C h i

M i n h : Gido trinh chu nghla xa hoi khoa hoc, Nxb Chi'nh t r i

quoc gia, H a N o i , 2002, tr.447-454

C h u n g deu p h a n a n h h i e n thUc mot each h u ao, deu de c&p den luc lUdng sieu n h i e n va cuoc song sau k h i chet Mac d i l t i n ngUdng, t o n giao deu p h a n a n h hU ao h i e n thUc, song k h o n g v i t h e m a no t h o a t ly vdi h i e n thUc va

a n h hUdng cua no t d i h i e n thUc k e m p h ^ n m a n h me so

v d i cac h i n h t h a i y thUc xa hoi khac NgUdc l a i , no c6 siic loi cuo'n Idn do'i vdi cong dong xa h o i

C a u 7: Tha cung to tien Id tin ngitdng hay

m o t so' hoc gia l a i coi t h d c u n g to t i e n la dae h i e u

n g h i a , la dao goc, dao n e n ciia ngUdi V i e t T h d c i i n g to

t i e n : " D i c h thUc la m o t t o n giao b a n d i a ' " Con n h a

d a n toe hoc n o i t i e n g ngUdi N g a - X.A T o c a r e v cho

r i n g : " S u t h d c i i n g to t i e n la m o t h i n h t h i i c t o n giao,

t i l l a u da dUdc t h i f a n h a n t r o n g k h o a hoc V i t h e

k h o n g can p h a i c h i l n g m i n h sU t o n t a i ciia n6 v d i t U each la m o t h i n h t h i l c t o n giao r i e n g biet"^ GS D a n g

1 Ngo Diic T h i n h (Chu bien): Tin ngUdng vd van hoa tin ngUdng d Viet Nam, N x b Khoa hoc xa hoi, H a Noi, 2001, t r 4 9

2 X.A Tocarev: Cdc hinh thiCc ton gido sO khai vd sU phdt trien ciia chung, Nxb Chi'nh t r i quoc gia Ha N o i , 1994, t r 3 2

N g h i e m V a n t h i q u a n n i e m : " H g iho'ng t o n giao d a n

toe 0 d a y l a d a o thd ciing to t i e n "

Co nhieu ngUdi cho r;\ng: " T h d cung t o tien khong

CO nhiJng giao l y thong nhat, ciing khong c6 giao h o i

v6i nhiJng p h e p tSc nghiem ngat n h u thudng thay 6

cac ton giao xUa v a d day moi niem t i n deu mang t i n h

nguyen thuy chat phac khong thong q u a cac giao

c h i i , giao l y v a thd cung t o tien l a " t i n ngUdng b a n d i a

sau s^c'"" K h o n g i t ngifdi cho rang, t h d cung t o tien

k h o n g p h a i l a t o n giao m a l a mot loai h i n h t i n

ngUdng h a y t i n ngiJdng d a n gian-

khdc so vdi ton giao?

T r a lori:

T h d C l i n g to tien dap ling n h u c a u tarn linh d a n da

ma s a u sSc, linh dong m a quy cii, ddn gian m a ben

viing K h a c vdi ton giao hien c6, t i n ngUdng nay khdng

CO giao ly cao sieu, khong c6 t o chiic chat che, khong c6

giao luat nghiem ngat, khong c6 thanh diidng nguy

nga, ciing khong c6 giao s i , giao c h u d a y quyen u y ,

khong h i i a hen g i ve thien difdng ma ciing khong trifng

phat ai d dia nguc To tien c h i nhac nhd, dong vien, qua

1 H a V a n Tang, TrUdng T h i n ( C h u bien): Tin ngitdng vd me

tin, Sdd, t r l 4 1

2 X e m Nguyen Diic Lijf ( C h u bien): Gdp phdn tim hieu tin

ngitdng dan gian d Viet Nam, Sdd

l a m l a quci trach con c h a u k h i mac l o i l a m de song sao

cho x i i n g d a n g v d i cha o n g nhhm dep long ngufdi d coi

a m v a v u i long ngUdi ndi diidng the L u c v u i , k h i buon,

con c h a u thiidng t h a p n e n n h a n g v d i cdi t r a u , chen niidc "le bac long t h a n h " mdi o n g ba, t o t i e n ve de c h i i n g

g i a m , g i a i bay g i a sU, n h a m chia v u i , cong k h o D o i k h i

c h i l a d i a x o i , m i e n g t h i t (triidc c i i n g s a u an), n h i i n g

c i i n g thoa m a n t i i tUdng ngUdi dang song D u c h i l a

" h a n h phiic h i i ao", song ngUdi t a v ^ n c a m t h a y g i i i t r o n dao h i e u v d i ngiidi da k h u a t v a t h a n h t h a n , a n t a m de

lo toan cuoc song t h i i d n g n h a t V i y n g h i a t r e n m a

Ba Id, dac d i e m cua t i n n g i i d n g d a n g i a n V i e t N a m

Boh Id, a n h hiidng s a u d a m ciia P h a t giao

P h a t giao l a t o n giao t r u y e n t h o n g cua n g i i d i V i e t ,

da t o n t a i h a n g n g a n n a m t r o n g l i c h s i i d a n toe, do do

P h a t giao t h a m tha'u va i n dau an dam n e t t r o n g t h o

Cling to t i e n T r o n g n h i i n g b a i v a n c i i n g t r o n g t h d c i i n g

to t i e n d nxidc t a , n g i l d i t a t h a y doi k h i mc! d a u b a n g

" N a m mo A D i D a P h a t " d a u p h a i v i dan t r i t h a p da I a n

t h d Cling to t i e n v 6 i t h d P h a t m a a i do phe phan T r o n g

thd Cling to t i e n c6 nghi t h i i c ciing ngay soc vong, ciing

49 ngay, l i V u L a n deu c6 goc til P h a t giao T o n giao

t r u y e n t h o n g , t i n ngifdng dan g i a n d V i e t N a m von c6

t i n h dan xen, hoa dong n e n t r o n g t h d c i i n g to t i e n k h o

l o n g m a t a c h bach ro r a n g v 6 i cac loai h i n h t i n ngUdng,

ton giao khac difdc

T r a lofi:

Cac n g h i t h i i c t h d c i i n g to t i e n d nu6c t a cd b a n

d i i a vao n h f l n g q u y d i n h cua " T h o m a i gia le" " T h o

m a i gia l i " l a gia le nUcic t a , c6 d i i a theo C h u C o n g

gia 16 t i i c g i a l l t h d i x i f a ciia T r u n g Quoc, n h i J n g

k h o n g r a p k h u o n m a y moc t h e o k h u o n m a u cua ho

D i i cho gia l i diidc b i e n soan t i f t r i e u L e d e n n a y c6

t r i e u Bao T h a i ) , l a m q u a n den chiic H a n l a m T h i che

T r o n g "Tho m a i gia l i " c6 t r i c h d i n m o t p h a n cua

Theo Tii dim tieng Viet: " M e t i n : t i n mot each m i i

q u a n g vao cai t h a n b i , vao n h i i n g c h u y e n t h a n t h a n h ,

m a quy, so menh D i d o a n : d i e u q u a i l a , h u y i n hoac

do t i n n h a m n h i m a c 6 " l K h o n g t h e c a n cijf d l a p

t r i i d n g , q u a n d i e m t r i e t hoc hoac n i e m t i n r i e n g cua tijfng ngUdi de xac d i n h l a m e t i n d i d o a n m a p h a i c a n cii vao t r i n h do va I d i i c h xa h o i , l a y do l a m m a t b a n g

xa h o i de xac d i n h : " N h Q n g g i t r a i v 6 i I d i i c h ctia xa hoi, gay t h i e t h a i cho c h i n h n h i i n g n g U d i t i n theo, me

m u o i , k h o n g p h i i hdp v 6 i t r i n h do t i e n bo c h u n g diidc

xa h o i n h i n n h a n la me t i n " ^

1 Xem T a n Viet: 100 dieu nen biei vephong tuc Viet Nam,

Nxb V a n hoa dan toe, H a N o i , 2009, t r 100

2 TO dien tieng Viet, Sdd, t r 247

3 X e m Tap chi Cong sdn, so 11, 6-1998

C a u 13: Quart diem cua Nhd nicdc ta doi vdi me

tin di doan nhu the'nao? • - ' " '

Tralofi:

Nha niicfc ta da c6 nhieu van ban nham thiic hien

chu triidng bai ir\i me t i n di doan Dieu 30, Hien phap

nam 1992 da ghi: "Nha nU6c thong nhat quan ly sU

nghiep van hoa Nghiem cam truyen ba t u tUdng van

hoa phan dong, doi truy; bai ir\i me tin, hu tuc"

Nghi quyet so 24-NQ/TW ngay 16-10-1990 ciia Bo

Chinh t r i , Nghi dinh so 69 ciia Hoi dong Bo trvfdng

(nay la Chinh phu), Dieu 5, Chi t h i so 37-CT/TW,

ngay 2-7-1998 cua Bo Chinh t r i neu len nguyen tSc,

chinh sach cua Dang va Nha nii6c ta do'i vdi ton giao

la: "Hoat dong me t i n phai hi phe phan va loai bo"

Ngay 19-4-1999, Chinh phu lai ra Nghi dinh so 26-ND/CP

ve cac hoat dong ton giao, trong do Dieu 5 c6 quy

dinh: "Moi hanh vi vi pham quyen t i i do t i n ngUdng,

ton giao, mc: hanh v i Idi dung t i n ngiJdng, ton giao de

chong lai Nha niidc Cong hoa xa hoi chu nghia Viet

Nam, ngan can t i n do lam nghia vu cong dan, pha

hoai siJ nghiep doan ket toan dan, lam hai den nen

van hoa lanh manh ciia dan toe va hoat dong me t i n

di doan deu bi xii ly theo phap luat" Trong Bg luat

hinh sU diidc Quo'c hoi nu6c Cong hoa xa hoi chu

nghia Viet Nam khoa X, ky hop thii sau thong qua

ngay 21-12-1999, b Dieu 247 c6 quy dinh ve toi hanh

nghe me t i n , di doan

C a u 14: NhUng hoat dong ndo bi coi la hoat

dong me tin di doan?

Tralo?i:

Dieu 247, Bo luat hinh si/ nam 1999 siia doi, bd

sung nam 2009 quy dinh ve toi hanh nghe me tin, di doan nhii sau:

1 NgiJdi nao dung boi toan, dong bong hoac cac hinh thiic me tin, di doan khac gay hau qua nghiem trong hoac da bi xii phat hanh chinh ve hanh vi nay hoac da

bi ket an ve toi nay, chaa dUdc xoa an tich ma con v i

pham, t h i hi phat tien tii nam trieu dong den nam mifdi

trieu dong, cai tao khong giam giC( den ba nam hoac

phat t u tii sau thang den ba nam

Ngay 12-7-2010, Chinh phu c6 ban hanh Nghi dinh

so 75/2010/ND-CP "Quy dinh xui phat vi pham hanh chinh trong hoat dong van hoa", trong do ci Dieu 18 quy dinh:

1 Phat canh cao hoac phat tien t i i 500.000 dong den 1.000.000 dong doi vdi mot trong cac hanh vi sau:

c) Dot do md tai ncfi to chiic le hoi, di tich lich sit van hod, ncfi cong cgng khdc

-2 Phat tien tijf 1.000.000 dong den 3.000.000 dong do'i vcti mot trong cac hanh vi sau:

a) To chitc hoat dong len dong, xem boi, ggi hon, xin xdm, xdc the, yem biia, phu chu, truyen bd sdm trg,ng ud cac hinh thitc khdc c6 tinh chat me tin di doan;

b) Tuyen truyen me tin di doan detieu thu hang md

Gan day, Dang ta da ra Quy dinh ve nhiing dieu

dang vien khong diiac lam, trong do Dieu 18 c6 ghi ro

dang vien khong diJOc: "Me t i n , hoat dong me t i n (dot

do ma, hanh nghe dong co't, thay cung, thay boi) Lap

den, mieu, ndi thd t\l cua cac ton giao trai phep; ung ho

hoac tham gia ton giao bat hdp phap; tham gia cac to

chiic do ton giao lap ra chua diidc cap c6 tham quyen

cho phep Ldi dung t i n ngUdng de true Idi'"

N h u vay, Dang va Nha nu6c ta da c6 khong i t

nhijfng van ban de cap den viec bai triT te me t i n di

doan Song, nhiing hien tUdng nay gan day khong thay

suy giam, ma ngUdc lai c6 ndi, c6 luc lai phat trien v6i

nhiing hien the phtic tap va gay nen nhiing hau qua

tieu cUc cho xa hoi Dieu do da lam van due bau khong

k h i van hoa tam linh ciia ca dan toe

1 D a n g Cong san V i e t N a m : Quy dinh ve nhiCng dieu

dang vien khong diiOc lam, N x b C h i n h t r i quoc gia, H a N o i ,

be tren cho phai dao lam ngiidi nhii: thd cha me, ong

ba, eu ky, to tong hay mot ngiidi ma ban than va dan toe minh mang dn "Thd" trong thd cung to tien la yeu

to thuoc y thiie ve to tien, la tam linh, la t i n h cam ciia

con chau hufdng ve coi nguon Thd to tien la the hien s\l

thanh kinh, biet dn va tUdng nh6 den to tien eiing la the hien niem t i n vao sii bao ho che ehd cua to tien do'i v6i con chau

Tom lai, "thd" la: "to long ton kinh than thanh, vat

thieng hoac linh hon ngiidi chet bang hinh thilc le nghi

C l i n g bai theo phong tuc hoac t i n ngUdng"\

Cau 16: Cting Id gi?

Tra Idi:

Theo Han ngtt dai tU dien, t h i "cung" c6 the hieu la

hien dang, la te tu, la cung phung, ciing c6 nghia la

vat dang te Theo TU dien tieng Viet, t h i "cung" la:

"dang le vat len than thanh hoac linh hon ngUdi chet,

thUdng CO t h i p hUdng khan vai, theo t i n ngiidng hdac

phong tuc CO t r u y e V l 6 Viet Nam, cung b gia dinh, ho

toe CO nghia la dang Ig vat cho to tien, nhiing ngUdi da

khuat "Cung" d day mang tinh le nghi, la STJ tien

hanh mot loat cac dong tac ciia ngUdi thiic hien viec

thd cung Do la cac boat dong diidi dang hanh le, du:dc

quy dinh bdi quan niem, phong tuc tap quan cua moi

cong dong dan toe

Cau 17: Tha cung Id gi?

Tra lofi:

"Thd" va "cung" la hai yeu to tac dong qua lai, thong

nhat vdi nhau trong tin ngiidng thd cung to tien, cac

hinh thiic t i n ngiJdng dan gian va ton giao

1, 2 Hoang Phe (Chii bien): TO dien tieng Viet, Sdd,

tr 1184, 291

Sii "thd", "ton thd" chinh la noi dung, con boat dong

"cung" la hinh thiitc bieu d a t cua noi dung thd cung Y

thiic ton thd, thanh kinh, biet dn, tiicing nh6, hy vong d sii trd giup, tranh sU quci phat cua td tien la noi dung cot loi cua t i n ngUdng thd cung to tien Neu khong c6

"thd" ma chi c6 "cung" thi t i l ban than tin ngifdng thd

C l i n g to tien khong c6 "hon thieng", khong c6 sufc hap

d a n noi tai va de thanh nhat nheo, v6 vi va hi mai mot

d i n Su "ciing", tuy chi la hinh thiic bieu d a t , song n o

ton ve linh thieng, huyen hi, md ao, tao nen siic hap

d i n Hanh vi ay c h i n h la hUdng vi, mau s^c, keo d i n h

nham thoa man n i e m tin ton gido va d a p l i n g nhu c i u cua chii the thd ciing

Cau 18: Khan Id gi?

Tra Idi:

Trong sinh boat t i n ngiTdng, tdn giad bao gid ciing

CO hanh vi khan vai "Khan" la nhiing Idi cau khan

l&m ram trdng mieng trong k h i ciing Noi dung ciia Idi khan thUdng de cap d e n doi tiidng thd c i i n g , cac chi tiet ve n g a y , thang, nam, ndi chd'n, muc dich buoi ciing

le, ten nhiing ngUdi trdng gia dinh, Idi cau xin va Idi hiia

Sau k h i khan, ngiidi ta thUdng vai vi vai diidc cdi la

Idi chao kinh can doi vcti to tien V i vay, kha'n thiidng di

lien v6i vai

Trong Truyen Kiiu, Nguyen Du dCing t\i k h a n vai trong cau:

"Lam ram khan khiia nho to, Sup ngoi vat gat triidc mo hiidc ra\

C a u 19: Vdi Id gi?

T r a Idi:

"Vai" thUdng dxidc thiJc hien d tii the diing "Vai" la

chap hai ban tay lai de ir\idc ngiJc roi dUa len ngang

dau, hdi cui dau va khom lUng xuo'ng roi sau do ngang

len, diia hai ban tay len xuo'ng theo nhip luc cui xuong

khi ngang len Tuy theo tvfng triJdng hdp ma ngiidi ta

vai 2, 3, 4, hay 5 vai

C a u 20: Lay Id gi?

T r a lofi:

"Lay" la hanh vi bay to sU ton ki'nh chan thanh

do'i vdi ngiidi tren hay ngiidi da qua c6 vao bac tren

cua minh Co hai the lay: the lay cua dan ong va the

lay cua dan ba Co bo'n triJdng hdp lay: 2 lay, 3 lay, 4

lay, va 5 lay

Moi trUdng hdp deu c6 mang y nghia khac nhau

C a u 21: Ai Id doi titcfng dUOc tha cung trong tin

ngudng tha cung totien?

T r a lofi:

To tien theo khai niem ban dau chi bo hep trong

quan he huyet thong, dong toe Tin ngUdng thd cung to

tien khi mdi hinh thanh eo le chi la thd eiing eac bac

to tien (cac bac tien boi trong pham vi gia dinh, gia toe),

nhiJtng ngifdi da khuat, dUde thUc hanh trong cong dong

cung chung huyet thong (gia dinh, gia toe, dong ho) To

tien la nhiing ngifdi c6 cung huyet thong, da mat nhu

ky, cu, ong, ba, cha, me , la nhiing ngiidi c6 cong sinh thanh va nuoi diidng, c6 anh hiidng to 16n den ddi song

v&t chat va tinh than ciia cac the he con chau Nhiing cCing v6i qua trinh phat trien cua lich sii, khai niem to

tien Cling c6 sii bien doi va phat trien To tien da mcl

rong ra trong pham vi cong dong, xa hoi, bao gom: to

nha, to ho, to lang den to nghe, to nxidc Do la nhiing

ngiidi CO cong hoac trUc tiep sinh thanh, hoac mc! lang,

mci nghe, diing nii6c

Nhii vay, d Viet Nam, doi tiidng ciia thd ciing to tien khong chi d pham vi nhiing ngiidi da chet c6 quan

he huyet thong triic tiep vdi nhiing ngxibi con song xet

ve mat sinh hoc ma con la nhiing ngiidi c6 cong vdi cong dong va coi nguon dan toe, sang lap quoc gia

C a u 22: Nhiing ai cung huyet thong ditgc

tha cung?

T r a Idi:

Do'i tiidng thd cung eiang huyet thong ciing khong phai v6 han, ma ngiidi Viet trifdc kia, tuan theo quy

dinh che do phong kien, con chau eo trach nhiem thd

den nam ddi Ngay nay, tuy theo hoan canh kinh te, phong tuc tiing dia phifdng ma c6 sii thay doi nhat dinh, nhiing nhin chung la ddn gian hdn nhieu so vdi triide Theo X.A.Tocarev, doi tiidng thd cung to tien do

la: "s\i thd cung ong ba cha me va nhiJng ngifdi dong toe

da chet va triicic het la cac hinh thile gia dinh - t h i toe

cua svf thd cung do, tiic la long t i n rang, to tien da chet

che chd cho con chau dang song, va nhutng le nghi cau

xin do cac thanh vien t h i toe hay gia dinh tien hanh

nham thd phung to tien"\g gia dinh ngiidi Viet

thdi phong kien, gia chii phai thd cung cao, t^ng, to,

khao; ho toe thd thiiy to va to tien cua gia dinh tren

nam ddi

C a u 23: Cao, tang, to, khao Id the ndo?

T r a lofi:

Bon the he (nam gicti) da qua ddi trong mot gia dinh,

do la ky (cao), cu (tSng), ong noi (to) va cha de (khao)

Con cao, tang, to, ty la bon the he (n\i gi6i) da qua

ddi trong mot gia dinh, do la ky ba (cao), cu ba (tang),

ba noi (to) va me de (ty)

Day la nhutng tii difdc dung pho bien trong viee thd

cung gia tien cua ngiidi Viet va ngUdi Trung Quoc

C a u 24: Thuy told ai?

T r a lofi:

Thuy to la vi to dau tien diide ghi ten trong toe pha,

tiic la vi to xa ddi nhat ma con chau con nh6 dUdc, bieu

1 X.A.Tocarev: Cac hinh thiic ton gido sd khai va sU phdt

trien cua chung, Sdd, tr.313

thi cho coi nguon dong ho Bai vi cua vi thuy to dilng ngoi chu tai t i i dudng gia toe (nha thd ho), chii Han cho

bai vi do la "Bach the bat dieu chi chu" (Than chii tram

ddi khong mat) Day la do'i tifdng thd ciing to tien trong dong ho theo nghia hep

NgiJdi Viet quan niem, hon ngUdi chet v i n ton t a i ben canh ngiidi song "Do'i vdi ngUdi Viet, ngiidi chet

chi CO the xac la rdi gia dinh, con l i n h hon t h i v^n trci

ve do, trong bai v i , thiJc sii cU ngu trong do mot each nhiem mau'"

I I - THC) CUNG TO T I E N TRONG GIA D I N H

C a u 25: To tien trong gia dinh Id nhUng ai?

kien Nho giao quy dinh ro rang ve t h i l bac nay Cao,

tang, to, khao la cac bac to tien be tren theo he thong gia toe phu he Nguyen tac cd ban ciia he thong nay la

1 Do T r i n h Hue (Bien khao): Van hod tin ngUdng gia dinh Viet Nam qua nhdn quan hoc gid L.Cadiere, Nxb T h u a n Hoa,

Hue, 2000, tr 169

t r u y e n t h i i a theo d o n g cha va liu t i e n d o n g d i c h ( c h i n h

t h a t , t r i i d n g n a m con c h i n h t h a t )

Cao t a n g , to, t y : B o n the' he (niJ gidi) da qua ddi

t r o n g m o t gia d i n h , do la k y ba (cao), cu ba (tSng), ba

noi (to) va me de (ty) D a y l a cac tvT diidc d i i n g pho b i e n

t r o n g viec t h d c u n g gia t i e n ciia ngiJdi V i e t va ngifdi

T r u n g Quoc

L i e n q u a n den viec thUc h a n h t h d c i i n g to t i e n

t r o n g gia toe gom c h i n t h e he, chiJ H a n goi la citu toe

T i n h tu: diidi len t r e n , tracing n a m ( d i i d n g s\l) c6 cha

me {khi con song ggi Id phu mdu, mat roi thi ggi Id

khdo, ty); t r e n cha me c6 ong ba {to phu mdu); t r e n o n g

ba CO cu {tdng to phu mdu); t r e n cu la k y {cao to phu

mdu); con t r e n n i i a t h i goi c h u n g la cao cao to, m a i den

thuy to la khcii to Con t i n h trUcing n a m (dUdng sU)

xuo'ng du6i t h i dudi la con {tit), dii6i con la c h a u {ton),

d\id\u la c h a t {tang ton), dudi chat la c h u t {huyen

ton) Con dudi n f l a goi la vien ton TO cao to den vien

ton l a c h i n bac, dUdc goi la ciiu toe t h e o c h i e u doc qua

c h i n t h e he

C a u 2 6 : "Ngu dqi mai than chu" Id thendo?

T r a lori:

C i i m o i m o t t h e he d a n g song k h i trUcing t h a n h , t r d

t h a n h ngifdi gia tracing, dufng c h i i toa d a m t a n g {tang

ehu) t h i b a i v i cac bac to t i e n dxitic n a n g l e n m o t m i i c de

n h U d n g bac khdo t h a p n h a t cho ngUdi m d i m a t K h i

m o t bai v i qua bac t h i i n a m {cao to) t h i t h a n c h u dUdc dem cat d i , ngUdi t a noi "ngu dai mai than ehu", d i c h

n g h i a la: d u n a m ddi r o i t h i chon t h a n c h u V i to t i e n xa

h d n n a m ddi do da hoa vao cac bac t i e n to noi c h u n g

{cao cao to), t e n t u o i k h o n g con h i e n d i e n m o t each cu

t h e n d i d i e n t h d nijta m a c h i c6 t h e t i m t h a y t e n t r o n g tqc p h a (neu c6) ma t h o i

To t i e n c a n g xa d d i bao n h i e u t h i k y lic ve ho c a n g

n h a t n h o a b a y n h i e u N h U n g c6 n h i J n g v i to t i e n dCi

xa bao n h i e u d d i d i n i i a t h i d a n h t i n h va sU n g h i e p ciia ho c i i n g dUdc ngUdi t r o n g d o n g ho m a i g h i n h d v a

t o n v i n h Do la cac v i to t i e n c6 v a i t r o q u a n t r o n g

t r o n g s i i p h a t t r i e n d o n g ho c i i n g n h u c6 c o n g lao do'i vcti c o n g d o n g , d a t niidc V i d u : m o t v i to t i e n nao do

d i c i i d e n m o t v u n g d a t mcti, k h a i sdn p h a t h a c h , d i i a

d a n d e n n d i do l a p l a n g , d i i n g ap, p h a t t r i e n c o n g

d o n g t a i v u n g d a t m d i k h a i p h a ; c6 t h e la n h i i n g v i hoc h a n h do d a t , l a m q u a n t a n t u y , k h a n g k h a i

t h a n h l i e m

C a u 27: Tha ciing to tien dien ra trong nhiing

tritdng hap ndo?

T r a lofi:

C l i n g v a i gia t i e n l a h a n h v i v a n hoa, c i i n g la gia

t r i t r u y e n t h o n g diidc d u y t r i qua n h i e u ddi T h d c i i n g

to t i e n t r o n g gia d i n h d i e n r a t h U d n g x u y e n , c6 d i n h

k y va ca k h o n g d i n h k y N g o a i n g a y k y gio, n g a y r ^ m ,

m o n g m o t , cac le t i e t t r o n g n a m a m l i c h r a t h i n g i i d i

ta con p h a i l a m le cao v 6 i ngUdi da k h u a t m o i k h i n h a

CO cong to, viec Ictn n h i f : cU6i h o i , s i n h con, dUng n h a ,

t h a n g t i e n sU n g h i e p , x u a t h a n h , t h a m c h i b a t c i i

k h i nao n h 6 den ngUdi da k h u a t ngUdi ta c u n g c6 t h e

den trUctc b a n thd m a k h a n v a i , ke le, cau xin T u y

chi m o t n e n hUdng, c h e n rifdu, goi b a n h , m a y t r a i

cay n h i f n g t h e h i e n t a r n t h i i c t h a n h k i n h cua h a u

t h e do'i v 6 i t i e n n h a n

C a u 28: NhUng tit nao trong nam c6 lien quan

den thd ciing to tien?

L 6 n n h a t la Tet Nguyen dan, con goi la t e t Ca, don

n a m m 6 i va c i i n g la k y s u m hop gia d i n h Ictn n h a t d i e n

ra t r o n g ba n g a y d a u t h a n g g i e n g a m l i c h

N g a y r S m t h a n g g i e n g la Tet Thi/ctng nguyen, la

ngay t r a n g t r o n d a u t i e n t r o n g n a m , thUdng diidc t i e n

M o n g 3 t h a n g 3 a m l i c h la Tet Han thUc, n g h i a la

tet a n d o n g u o i

C u n g t r o n g k h o a n g t h a n g ba con c6 t i e t Thanh minh tao mo t i e n n h a n r ' cf •

Tet Doan ngg m o n g 5 t h a n g 5 a m l i c h la ngay a n boa qua, giet sau bo, an rUdu nep, h a i la p h d i k h o u o n g

p h o n g dich benh

Tet Trung nguyen rkm t h a n g bay l a m l i V u L a n bao

h i e u cha me, la ngay xa t o i v o n g n h a n , c u n g te c6 hon

L l V u L a n c6 n g u o n goc ttf n h a P h a t

Tet Trung thu n g a y rkm t h a n g 8 la t e t cua t r e nho:

t r o n g t r a n g , p h a co, rudc den, m u a sq t\i

Tet Trung ciiu m o n g 9 t h a n g 9 thUcing t h i i c rUdu

cue, t h U d n g la l l cua gi6i n h a N h o v a n n h a n

Tet Trung thap m o n g 10 t h a n g 10 pho b i e n d n h i i n g gia d i n h l a m nghe y N g a y nay con la n g a y l l T h U d n g

t r i n g , lay thang siiu (con trau), thang chap lam

thang dku nam Den nha Chu (1050 - 256 trxidc Cong

nguyen), xia skc do, chon thang ty (con chuot), thang

mUdi mot lam thang tet

Cac vua chiia noi tren, theo ngay gid, luc m6i tao

thien lap dia: nghia la gid ty t h i c6 trdi, gid siiu t h i c6

dat, gid dan sinh loai ngUdi ma dat ra ngay tet khac

nhau Den ddi Dong Chu, Khong Phu T\i ra ddi, sau do

doi ngay tet vao mot thang nhat dinh: thang dan

M a i den ddi T^n (the ky I I I trU6c Cong nguyen),

Tin Thuy Hoang lai doi qua thang hdi (con Idn), tiic

thang mUdi

Cho den k h i nha Han t r i v i , Han V u De (140 triicic

Cong nguyen) lai dat ngay tet vao thang dan (tiic thang

gieng) nhu( ddi nha Ha, va tii do ve sau, trai qua bao

nhieu thdi dai, khong con nha vua nao thay doi ve

thang tet lifla

Den ddi L o n g PhiJdng S6c, ong cho rSng ngay tao

thien lap dia c6 them giong ga, ngay t h i l hai c6 them

cho, ngay t h i l ba c6 Idn, ngay t h i i t i i sinh de, ngay

t h i i nam sinh t r a u , ngay thvi sau sinh ngUa, ngay

t h i i bay sinh loai ngUdi va ngay t h i i t a m m6i sinh ra

ngu co'c

V i the, ngay Tet thUdng difdc ke tvf ngay mong mot

cho den het ngay mong hay\

1 Trich bai Tet Nguyen dan cua Nguyen D i n h Khang

C a u 30: Tet Tat nien la gi?

T r a 16?i:

Tat nien la i\i Han - Vict, c6 nghia la het nam Tet

Tat nien la 23 Tet Ngiidi xUa cho r^ng, ngay 23 thang

chap, Tao quan len chau Ngoc Hoang bao cao cong viec

trong nam; cong chiic trong cac phii huyen tam gac nghien but de nghi Tet, vi vay, ngay 23 thang chap am lich dUdc coi la ngay Tat nien (cung c6 ngiidi cho Tet 30

thang chap m6i la tet Tat nien)

C a u 31: Tet Nguyen dan c6 vai tro va y nghia nhU thendo doi vdi tha cung totien?

T r a Idi:

Trong mot nam, quan trong nhat la Tet Nguyen dan

(chii Han: Nguyen la dau tien, Dan la buoi sang, tiic la

buoi sang dau tien trong nam am lich), xUa ngiidi Viet

goi la tet Ca No md dau cho mot chu ky thdi gian 12

hdn ca vi la tet md dau cho mot nam

Tet Nguyen dan la dip trong nam c6 sU sum hop day

du moi thanh vien trong gia dinh Con chau dii di lam

an xa cung co g^ng thu xep ve nha cung gia dinh don xuan m6i To tien cung difdc tran trong mdi ve vui

Chung v6i chau con Cac vi than phii ho cho gia dinh

nhu: tho cong, tao quan, nghe sxi cung diidc ciing bai

trong dip nay

Ngifdi ta chuan hi cho Tet Nguyen dan kha lau

triidc k h i no den Do la nhflng viec sSm siia thuc pham

quan ao m6i, trang t r i , s i a sang nha ciia, don dep ban

tho, lau n i a danh bong do thd phung Ngay 23 thang

chap la Tet tidn Tao quan ve trdi bao cao v6i Ngoc

Hoang ve tinh hinh lam an sinh song cua gia dinh, ve

viec thien ac trong dan gian

Ngay 30 thang chap la ngay Tr\i tich (chii Han,

TrCr tich nghia la: chieu hom tru: het nam cu ma sang

nam m6i) la liic ngUdi ta dem trau cau di t h i n h tao

tien phan (tiic la don dep phan mo to tien va t h i n h mdi

cac vi ve an tet) Sau do m6i ve nha ciing giao thiia

( t i i n nam cu don nam m6i) Dem giao ihxXa mam c6

cung d ban thd thong thien dat ngoai trdi hoac dat d

ngoai san, gac thiidng

Sang mong mot Tet t h i lam c6 cung gia tien va cung

tho cong, tao quan, nghe siJ Co ban to nho the nao

cung dUdc nhUng phai c6 banh ch\Jng, gio cha, dua

hanh t h i mdi ra c6 ngay Tet Co nha dUng hai cay mia

canh ban thd de lam gay cho ong vai

C a u 32: Vi sao Iqi phdi khan ngoai trdi dim

giao thita?

T r a Wv

Dan toe nao cung coi phut giao thvfa la thieng

lieng Dan ta xiia kia quan niem: moi nam Thien

dinh lai thay toan bo quan quan trong nom cong viec

du6i ha gidi, diing dau la mot ngai c6 v i t r i n h i i quan

toan quyen Nam nao quan toan quyen gioi giang

gnh m i n h , liem khiet t h i ha gidi diidc nhd nhU; dUdc j^ua, i t thien t a i , khong c6 chien t r a n h , benh tat Trai lai, gap phai ong lifdi bieng, kem coi, tham lam thi ha gidi chiu moi t h i i kho Va cac cvx hinh dung phut giao thijfa la luc ban giao, cac quan quan quan

ha gidi het han keo ve trdi va quan quan mdi dUdc c\i

i\i trdi ao at keo xuong ha gidi tiep quan thien ha v6i trang thai tap nap, voi va (nhung mat t r ^ n ta khong nhin thay dUdc)

Vi vay cac gia dinh diia xoi ga, banh chUng, hoa tiidi qua chin, toan do an nguoi ra ngoai trdi cung vdi long thanh tien dula ngUdi nha trdi da cai quan minh nam cii va don ngUdi nha trdi mdi xuong lam nhiem vu cai quan ha gidi nam tdi V i viec ban giao, tiep quan cong viec het siic khan triidng nen cac v i khong the vao trong nha khe kha mam bat ma chi c6 the diing vai giay an voi vang, tham chi chi chijfng kien long thanh ciia chii nha

Vay la, sd di dem giao thiia khong cung c6 trong nha ma bay cung d ngoai san (hay gac thiidng) la do c6

sU "ban giao" qua gap gap, voi va giuta quan quan nha trdi cii va mdi ThUc te, c6 gia dinh van cung le ngay trong nha

C a u 33: Ngitdi chet vao ngay 30 hay mung mot Tit Nguyin dan phdi lam thi'nao?

T r a m:

Neu khong may, gia dinh ai do c6 bo' me, ong ba

qua ddi vao dung ngay 30 hay mung mot Tet t h i phai

quan ci nha chd qua ngay mung mot Tet va k h i nao

dan lang lam l i dong tho xong m6i dUdc to chiic dvfa

tang va mai tang

C a u 34: Vi sao phdi kieng khong mai tang ngiidi

chet vdo ngay 30 hay mong mot Tet Nguyen dan?

T r a Idi:

Theo quan niem ciia ngUdi Viet, ngay mung mot Tet

Nguyen dan la ngay khdi dau cho mot nam, ne'u ngay

ay CO dam tang t h i lang se gap dieu khong may man

cho ca nam Thii niia la 16 dong tho la l i rat quan trong,

dan lang ma chifa lam l i nay t h i khong ai diidc dpng

cuo'c xeng vao dat

C a u 35: Tqi sao co cdu "Le Phat quanh nam

khong hang ngay ram thdng gieng"?

T r a Ic^i:

Tet ram thang gieng hay con goi la Tet ThUdng

nguyen, ciing c6 k h i goi la Tet Nguyen tieu Day la tet

diidc ngUdi Viet Nam rat coi trong va tien hanh ciing le

dang huldng tren ban thd to tien va ban thd Phat

V6i Phat txt t h i le dang hUdng ngay nay cang mang

y nghia dac biet quan trong, bcii le ngay ram thang

gieng chinh la ngay via cua Dilc Phat A Di Da V i vay

m6i CO cau: " L i Phat quanh nam khong bang ngay ram

Tuc cua ngifdi Trung Quoc, hom ay giai nhan, tai i\l

dua nhau di tao mo, goi la hoi Dap thanh ( d i m len c6 xanh) O Viet Nam nhieu ndi khong an Tet Thanh minh, nhiing ciing nhieu ho toe nhan dip ay ma di tao

mo Tao mo la di tham mo tien nhan, c6 ram t h i phat cho quang, dat khuyet t h i dSp cho day , sau do ve nha

lam CO cung gia tien

C a u 37: Tqi sao co Tet Hdn thuc?

C a u 3 8 : Tit Doan ngo (mong 5 thdng 5) c6

nhtCng tuc le gi?

T r a \di:

6 nxidc ta, T e t D o a n ngo dUdc coi t r o n g , xep vao

h a n g thijf h a i sau T e t N g u y e n d a n V i vay, cac cu

t h U d n g n o i " m o n g 5 n g a y t e t " , hoc t r o t e t t h a y , con re

t e t bo' me vd , q u a n h n a m c u n g c h i t a p t r u n g vao h a i

le t e t do

T e t D o a n ngo con n h i e u tuc l U u t r u y e n den nay

S a n g s6m cho t r e a n hoa qua, rUdu nep, t r i i n g luoc, boi

h o n g h o a n g vao t h o p d a u , vao ngUc, vao ro'n de giet sau

bq T r e em giet sau bq x o n g con ngoi t r e n g i i i d n g , r o i

r i i a m a t m u i c h a n t a y x o n g hkt d a u n h u o m m o n g t a y

m o n g c h a n , deo c h i n g u sac E m g a i den do t u o i x a u 16

t a i c u n g c h q n n g a y n a y m a x a u NgUdi 16n t h i giet sau

bo b a n g each uo'ng r i i d u (hoa i t t a m t h a n ddn) hdac a n

r U d u nep V i la doan ngo n e n le c u n g gia t i e n p h a i c u n g

vao gid ngo (buoi trUa) Tuc h a i t h u o c m o n g n a m c i i n g

b a t d a u t\X gid ngo, do la gid c6 d i i d n g k h i t o t n h a t t r o n g

ca n a m , la cay c6 t h u h a i dUdc t r o n g gid do c6 tac d u n g

chijia b e n h r a t tot, n h a t la cac chufng ngoai c a m , cac

c h i i n g a m h u N g i f d i t a h a i b a t k y l o a i l a gi c6 s i n t r o n g

vUdn, t r o n g v u n g , m i e n sao d u t r a m loai, n h i e u i t

k h o n g ke, n h U : i c h m a u , n g a i c i i u , sa, tu! to, k i n h gi6i, la

t r e , l a biicii, cam, c h a n h , q u y t , m i t , m u o m , h a n h , t o i ,

gifng, che, 6i, t r a u k h o n g , sai dat, song ddi, bo cong

a n h , sen, vong, lac t i e n , n h q noi

C a u 3 9 : Tet Trung nguyen co y nghia the ndo

ddi vdi tha cung to tien?

T r a l c ^ i :

T e t T r u n g n g u y e n , tiic la ngay ram t h a n g 7, c6

n g u o n goc tu: K i n h V u L a n B o n k e c h u y e n M u c K i e n

L i e n c i i u me, v 6 i n o i d u n g n h U sau:

M u c K i e n L i e n la de t\l gioi cua Dt(c Phat N g a i

n h i n t h a u coi a m , t h a y me (ba T h a n h De) b i doi gay

den m\ic c h i con da bqc x i i d n g N g a i vqi b u n g cdm d a n g

me N h U n g me N g a i a n k h o n g dUdc, v i cdm t 6 i m i e n g

l i e n hoa t h a n h l i i a ( m o t h i n h p h a t d d i a nguc) M u c

K i e n L i e n bach P h a t , x i n N g a i cCfu ho P h a t cho b i e t me

ong t q i n a n g , l o n g h i e u cua r i e n g o n g c h i i a d u cviu m a

p h a i t r o n g n h d vao oai dilc c h u t a n g m 6 i xong N h a n ngay r a m t h a n g 7 l a ngay T u t i i (ngay n g h i ngdi sau

d i p a n cU k i e t h a ba t h a n g he cua t a n g doan), ong da cau x i n c h u t a n g Silc m a n h c h u n g u y e n cua c h i i t a n g

da c a m hoa dUdc v o n g l i n h ba T h a n h De B a t i n h ngo,

t a m t h a n h h u 6 n g t h i e n , n e n da t h o a t k h o i h i n h p h a t quy doi C i i a nguc mci, ba T h a n h De c u n g v 6 i cac t o i

vong nhan" nen cut t6i ngay ay ngutdi ta deu lam co ban

cung cho ngUdi than da khuat, roi lai bay chao, khoai

lang, bong ngo d cac nga ba, nga t u dUdng de cac

linh hon c6 ddn, cd nhd, nhiJng ma doi dUdc cung

hildng Phong tuc day long txX hi cua nha Phat nay da

C O tu: k h i ngUdi Viet biet den Phat giao va ton tai mai

cho den ngay nay

C a u 40: Vi tri ban thd to tien thildng dqt d ddu?

T r a Wv

No'i tiep vdi khong gian song hien thiic, gian thd

hay ban thd la khong gian thieng cua gia d i n h ,

thiidng difdc dat t a i v i t r i t r u n g tarn, t r a n g trong

nhat trong ngoi nha O viing que, ban thd gia tien

bad gid cung dudc dat d gian giiia cua nha tren Dieu

do the hien long t h a n h ki'nh cua hau the do'i v6i cong

dn sinh t h a n h , difdng due cua cac bac tien nhan Tuy

nhien, hien nay d t h a n h pho', do t h i c6 the bo' t r i ban

thd b tren tang cao nhat, c6 gia dinh vi qua chat

hep, khong the c6 mot ban thd n h u y dudc danh phai

dong chiec ban thd treo t r e n tUdng, hoac ban thd to

tien dat tren noc t u c6 de bat hiidng, v6i may cai dia

bay do cung Cho du giau sang hay ngheo hen, ciia

cao nha rong hay chat hep, ban thd cau ky hay ddn

gian t h i ngiidi dan dat Viet v l n coi do la khong gian

thieng, la diem tUa t i n h t h a n de ong ba, to tien dong

vien, v6 ve an u i cho con chau Mc gap may cung nhU

Ngiidi ta thifdng noi: "Trdn sao dm udy" L i n h hon cung

C O nhiing nhu cku nhii ngiidi ndi diidng the O n\i6c ta,

ta thdi Hung Viidng da c6 tuc chia tai san cho ngUdi

chet mang theo dxidi dang do vat thUc hoac do vat

tUdng trifng (do tuy tang) ma cac nha khao c6 hoc da tim thay rat nhieu trong cac di chi khai quat trong quan tai, mo tang Nha mo ciia dong bao d Tay Nguyen ciing tiidng tU Tuc dot vang ma dien ra cl nhieu trifdng hdp, nhU dong tho nha, dong mo, dong

ma, cat tien duyen, nhUng pho bien nhat van la sau Tet Nguyen dan va Tet Trung nguyen

C a u 42: Tuc dot vdng md xita vd nay c6 gi khdc nhau?

T r a lofi:

Phan Ke Binh da viet ve vang ma xiia trong tang le: trong khoang tieu, dai tUdng (tieu tUdng la ky gio dau, dai tiXdng la ky gio het) c6 hai ky dot ma Ky ma dau goi

la md bieu, ky ma sau mdi thiJc la md dang cho ngiicfi

mat dung Tuc nay lai hay dot ve tuan Trung nguyen

thang 7, cung nhieu nha dot ve ngay gio d^u va ngay

gio het

Do ma ngay triidc cung phong phii, nhiing hau het

la do thiet yeu, nhi3ng vat dung hSng ngay, nhU: chan

man, quan ao, non mu, giay dep mam bat, v.v., cho den

thang quit con nhai, con meo, con cho

Con chau hieu thao quan tam "do dung" cho

ong ba to tien dang c6 n h u cau d coi am V6i y nghia

ay t h i hanh v i dot vang ma d mile do wiia phai d tU gia

la hanh v i van hoa tam linh c6 ttf xa xiia ci nhieu dan

toe Co nha sii cho rSng, nguon goc cua tue le dot vang

ma mang y nghia nhan van sau sSc va neu de cho tam

minh thanh than, an v u i t h i do cung la viec c6 the

lam NhUng dang c6 siJ thai qua trong hanh v i dot

vang ma khien cho hanh v i van hoa lai trci t h a n h phi

van hoa

Ngay nay, "hang hoa" giii xuong coi am ciing da

dang, phong phu khong kem la may so v6i hang hoa coi

tran, khong chi vai do dung thong thiidng, thiet yeu ma

xuat hien nhieu loai vang ma "dat tien, quy gia" nhU:

tivi, t u lanh, nha lau, xe hdi, dola My, gio'ng nhU

that Dieu do da phan anh siJ bien dong va phat trien

nhu c^u cua con ngiidi d ca hai the gi6i: dUdng the va

am phii

Nhiing dvfng tiiSng vang ma lam bang giay ma

khong ton kem tien cua Khong ke viec dot vang ma,

th^p hUdng da gay ra bao vu hoa hoan d cac nha dan,

cxia hang, chd biia lam 6 nhiem moi triidng, mat my quan ndi cong cong ma tuc le nay con bien hang tram t i dong thanh may khoi trong choc lat

Theo Bo Van hoa The thao va D u lich: khoang 60.000 tan vang ma dUdc sii dung trong mot nam va rieng tai thanh pho' Ha Noi da tieu t h u tren 400 t i dong cho viec dot vang ma

C a u 43: NhUng dieu gi can chu y khi dot

vangmd?

T r a Wv

Trii6c kia va mot so gia dinh hien nay moi k h i c6 dip nhii gio ong ba, cha me, tet ong tao, rSm thang 7 , ngifdi ta lai dot vang ma cho gia tien va tho cong Vang

ma mua ve sau k h i cung xong gia chu dem dot nhiing phai kieng:

Mot Id, kieng dot khong het Sd di c6 viec kieng ky nay vi quan niem xUa cho rang, nhufng do vang ma ma khong chay het k h i gtfi xuong coi am se bi thiing, rach, ngua t h i que, hinh nhan (ke h^u) hi tan phe Cho nen phai dot cho het va tan tro phai de nguoi mdi do xuong song, ho, ao

Hai Id, kieng khong mua do ma bi rach va k h a n sai V i neu mua va k h i dot khong nhe tay can t h a n

nia bi rach t h i g\l\g cho ong ba to tien khong

dung dUdc niia va neu k h a n sai to tien khong the tiep '^han diidc

Ba Id, triidc k h i dot vang ma, ngiidi ta chia ra tifng

CO, moi v i mot c6 sao cho deu nhau va dung doi taong

Neu thieu se gap dieu bat ldi cho gia chii va con chau

sau nay

Bon Id, triidc va trong k h i dot phai khan rat cu the:

phan nao ciia ai, gom nhiing t h i i gi sao cho dung do'i

tUdng Neu khong khan t h i gia tien, tho cong, tho dia

khong ve dUdc de hUcing loc tren ban thd va nhan "hang

hoa t\i coi dUdng giii den" Dieu nay se d i n den tai hoa

cho gia chu

Di nhien den nay, tuc dot vang ma cung da thay doi

nhieu phan anh nhu cau tam linh cua con ngUdi dUdng

dai V i du: "Hang hoa coi am hien nay da dang va

phong phu hdn trii6c rat nhieu va viec khan cung cung

gian tien hdn"\

C a u 44: Thai do cua Phat gido doi vdi tuc dot

vang ma nhii the nao?

T r a Wi:

Viec dot vang ma thvtdng diidc tien hanh pho bien

cung vdi le V u Lan r4m thang 7 lam cho ngiidi ta c6

cam giac do la mot phan cua l i V u Lan nha Phat Rat

nhieu ngUdi c6 quan niem nhif vay, nhung thUc ra tuc

dot vang ma hoan toan khong xuat phat tijf dao Phat

1 Nguyen Quang Khai: Phong tuc tap qudn cua ngUdi Viet

-Tap tuc vd kieng ky, Nxb Lao dong - X a hoi, H a Noi, 2006,

tr.l74

Hoa thUdng K i m Cudng T\i da tvtng phe phan: " A i noi

thuyet vang ma la cua dao Phat la sai Nen biet trong kinh Nhat Tung con c6 cau: "Dot vang ma giet hai chiing sinh, vi ta tam nay khong diidc Phat tiep do""

C a u 45: Quy dinh mdi nhat cua Nha nitdc ta doi vdi tuc dot vang ma nhU the'ndo?

T r a ldi:

Ngay 12-7-2010, Chinh phii ban hanh Nghi dinh so 75/2010/ND-CP "Quy dinh xijf phat v i pham hanh chinh trong hoat dong van hoa", trong do Dieu 18 quy dinh:

1 Phat canh cao hoac phat tien ti[ 500.000 dong den

1.000.000 dong do'i vdi mot trong cac hanh v i sau:

c) Dot do md tai ncfi to chiic le hoi, di tick lick s t ?

-van hod, ndi cong cqng khdc

Trong Dieu 18, Quy dinh ve nhiing dieu dang vien

khong duac Idm, Dang ta chi ro: dang vien khong difdc:

"me t i n , hoat dong me t i n (dot do ma, hanh nghe dong

cot, thay ciing, thay boi) Lap den, mieu, ndi thd i\i cua

cac ton giao trai phep; ung ho hoac tham gia ton giao

ba't hdp phap; tham gia cac to chile do ton giao lap ra chUa dUdc cap c6 tham quyen cho phep Ldi dung t i n ngiidng de true ldi"\

1 1 Dang Cong san Viet Nam: Quy dinh vi nhUng dieu dang

Mn khong dMc lam, Sdd, t r l 2

N h i i vay, dot vang ma mot each thai qua d nhiing

ndi dien ra le hoi, di tich lich sii, ndi cong cong t h i

chinh thiic hi nghiem cam Tuy nhien, neu dot vang

ma t a i t u gia mot each gian di, hdp ly (chiec ao, cai

quan, doi giay, chiec non ) nhif mot thong diep the

hien long hieu thao va quan tam tdi to tien ci "the gidi

ben k i a " cua hau the, t h i lai nen coi n h u nhu cau van

hoa tam l i n h truyen thong kho cam doan diide

C a u 46: Co nhiing dieu gi cam ky_ d ban thd

gia tien?

T r a Idi:

NgUdi xUa kieng nhin thang vao ban thd, nen mot so'

gia dinh tren ban thd gia tien c6 y mon de che phia

trifdc, kieng ke giiidng ngu gian gii3a doi dien v6i ban

thd, kieng khong de nhiing do gia dung, non mu, quan

ao eua gia dinh len ban thd va luon giii cho ban thd va

do thd sach se

C a u 47: Nhiing dieu gi kieng ky khi bay cd thd

ciing gia tien?

I

T r a Idi:

Thd cung to tien dien ra nhieu ngay trong nam,

nhUng CO mot so' kieng ky nhif: khong eiing thit cho,

thit meo, do den, eua, oc, bun Gao de eiing eiing phai

la gao thdm ngon, khong ciing ngo, ke va khoai lang

Co ban ciing kieng khong de phu n i i "khong sach"

na'u niidng vi sd ue tap Khong dUde nem, an bo'c, an vung do Cling triidc k h i khan vai to tien Hoa dang l i cung phai tuyet doi tinh khie't, khong diidc ngiii trUcfc khi Cling, khong bay hoa nhai tren ban thd, do la t h i i hoa bieu hien eua sii l i n g Id

C a u 48: Vi sao phai kieng ky mot so do ciing?

T r a lofi:

Scl di kieng ky mot so do thd ciing nhii tren la xuat phat t i i quan niem cua ngUdi ddi xiJa V i con cho la loai vat an nhiing do ue tap, hien nay d viing que nhieu ndi van lam c6 thit cho, nhiing dat len ban thd

t h i khong the ma phai thay bang t h i t ga hay t h u Idn Con kieng thit meo, vi day la loai vat gSn v6i eon ngiidi va la ban cua nha nong k h i diet chuot V i vay, khong ai nd giet ngiidi ban t r u n g thanh de ciing cac eu thanh do nham Loai eua, o'c deu la giong song du6i nii6e, trong biin lay, bi coi la mon an khong t i n h khie't Con biin ciing tu: gao ma lam ra, nhiing lai do che bien triie tiep bang ban tay con ngiidi Va vi vay eiing h i coi

la mon an khong t i n h khie't

Sci di khong ciing ngo, ke va khoai lang, vi ehuyen la: triide kia ngiidi Trung Quoc cam mang sang nUde ta

ba loai do Nhiing ve sau, eo mot vi quan di sii Trung Quoc mang diidc ngo, ke va khoai lang bang each giSi'u vao "ch6 k i n " ngo va ke, con day khoai lang t h i vi quan quan quanh minh lam that liing

Nhflng thii tren bi coi la khong tinh khiet, nen

khong diidc phep thd ciing to tien

C a u 49: Tqi sao tren ban thd gia tien thudng

bai tri nhvCng do thd la so chdn ma cam hilOng Id

sole'?

T r a lofi:

Ngiidi Viet quan niem nhiing so' 3, 5, 7 la nhflng so'

le thuoc ve so' difdng, so' c h i n la so' am NgUdi ci ndi

difdng the sii dung so' dUdng Chang han: xay nha t h i

xay 3 gian, 5 gian, xay bac t h i tam cap (3 bac), th&p

hUdng t h i thap sole

Con so' c h i n la so' am tifdng trifng cho am the nen ta

b i t gap bo'cue dang do'i (so'chin, do'i xiing) tren ban thd

gia tien, nhif: den thd mot doi, lo hoa mot doi ci hai ben

ban thd, hac m6t doi

C a u 50: Tai sao c6 ban thd vpng?

T r a m:

Ban thd vong la ban thd ap dung cho nhflng ngifdi

eon chau so'ng ly tan, xa que, biet x i l nhUng tam

nguyen lai luon hi(6ng vong ve que hifdng xvL sd, nen

lap ban thd cha me, ong ba, to tien n h i m hUdng khoi

trong nhflng ngay gio, tet

Ngay xifa, v6i nen k i n h te nong nghiep t i i cung, t i i

cap, ngUdi nong dan suo't ddi g i n bo v6i que cha, dat to,

chuyen cif sang lang ben canh cung da goi la biet quan,

ly hUdng, vi vay ban thd vong chi la hien tUdng ca biet

va tam thdi, chua thanh phong tuc pho bien Nhung den hom nay ban thd vong lai kha pho bien Vi chuyen

di dich cif theo ke hoach va t u do; k h i c6 sU xao tron

dan c\i ra thanh pho', vao Nam ra B i c t i m ke sinh nhai,

khi CO sU dieu dong can bo, cong nhan, vien chtlc di

cong tac tif vung nay den vung khac roi sinh cd lap nghiep t a i vung mdi den

Trifdc kia, ban thd vong ong ba, cha me chi dUdc tap t r u n g trong trUdng hdp so'ng xa que Nhfing ngUdi con t h i J t , bat ctf giau ngheo, sang hen the nao, neu ci

gin canh ciia tru6ng tren dat to phu lUu l a i , t h i den

ngay gio, ngay tet, con thU phai c6 phan siJ hoac gop

l i , hoac dUa l i den nha thd hay nha con trifdng lam

l i , cho du ciia trifcing chi thuoc hang chau, t h i chii hoac ong chii van phai thd cung ong ba t a i nha ciia trUcing Do do khong c6 le lap ban thd vong doi v6i ciia t h i i ngay ci que nha Neu ciia trifcing khuyet hoac

xa que, t h i ngifdi cdn t h i i hai the trudng dUdc lap ban

thd chinh, con ban thd d nha ngifdi anh ca ci xa que

lai la ban thd vong

Nhifng ngay nay, ci nhieu vung que, con t h i i ciing c6 ban thd de ciing vai to tien

C a u 51: Tren ban thd gia tien bdi tri nhitng do thd cung gi?

T r a Ic^i:

Ban thd to t i e n bai t r i khong gio'ng nhau ci moi gia d i n h , nhifng thong thifdng t r e n ban thd c6 the eo

k h a m , n g a i hay dat b a i v i diidc cham k h a cau k y ,

dUdc sdn son, t h i e p v a n g can t h a n Trifdc b a i v i c6

mot h i i d n g an r a t cao T r e n h i i d n g an nay, t a i c h i n h

gifla la mot bat hUdng de cam hUdng k h i c u n g 16

B a t h i i d n g diJdc c h a m n o m r a t can t h a n , c h u dao va

k h o n g diidc xe d i c h Bkng sau bat hUdng la mot

chiec k y nho, t r e n k y c6 ba chiec d a i c6 nap va t r e n

nkp CO num c^m Ba dai nay diJng ba chen riidu nho

liic c u n g l i H a n g ngay, d a i dUdc day n^p de t r a n h

b u i b a m , c h i md ra t r o n g nhufng dip le tet, ngay soc

vong va c u n g le khac H a i ben b a t hUdng la h a i cay

den ( h a i ngon den dau) hoac h a i cay ne'n (ngay nay

t a i cac do t h i , ngUdi t a t h d p h a i cay den d i e n m a u

do) G a n h a i ben bat hvidng, ngoai h a i cay den c6 k h i

con CO hai con hac chau hai ben 0 me ngoai hai cay

den, gan h a i dku hifdng an la h a i ong hUdng d u n g de

dUng h i i d n g

Ngoai cac do t h d tren, con c6 mot lo loc b i n h hoac

doi song b i n h ba^ t r e n ban t h d de chm hoa trong n h i i n g

ngay gio chap, ngay tet Co gia d i n h treo biic hoanh p h i

nam ngang t r e n cao trU6c ban thd, c6 may chii H a n

hoac cha N o m (thUdng la ba, bon chii) H a i ben cot hoac

hai ben tUdng nha c6 treo n h i i n g cau doi N h i e u nha

can t h a n , t r e n ban t h d c6 treo t a m y mon

C a u 52: Y mon Id gi?

T r a Ic^i:

Y mon l a mot biic m a n v a i che p h a n t r e n giiia h a i

hang cot trUdc hau cung d t r o n g d i n h , ban t h d Phat d

t r o n g chua va ban t h d to t i e n d g i a n giiia Y mon

bSng n h u n g , l u a hoac sa t a n h m a u do c6 chieu ngang

b^ng k h o a n g each giiia h a i cot, chieu cao k h o a n g 40

-50 cm Diidc chia t h a n h n h i e u doan, m o i doan k h o a n g

40 cm, dUdc may chan t i i n g doan b ^ n g chat l i e u cCing mau Diidng nep may chan c6 chieu ngang khoang 5 cm, chi may co' d i n h phan tren, de r u xuong t i i nhien, d a i hdn chieu cao y mon 5 cm Y mon t h i i d n g diidc t h e u

rong, phifdng, hoa la, may xoAn bang chi m a u , chi

kirn t u y e n ; phia dudi y mon c6 t u a chi x a n h , do, v a n g

r u xuong dai k h o a n g 20 cm Chiic n a n g cua y mon lam ton nghiem, t r a n g t r o n g , k i n dao ndi t h d ciing,

tao cam giac each biet giiia ban t h d v6i k h o n g g i a n

<Jiidc treo t r e n mot v i t r i t r a n g t r o n g va d i lien v6i no

la doi cau do'i co noi dung va b i n h t h i i c p h u hdp

Hoanh p h i , cau doi diidc v i e t b ^ n g chii H a n hoac chut

Nom, thifdng c6 d ban thd gia tien ciia nhilng gia dinh

quyen quy hoac k i n h te kha gia

C a u 54: Cau doi Id gi?

T r a lofi:

Cau doi thUdng difdc khac tren tarn go dai (tuy

theo so' chii) hoac h i n h long mang, hoac h i n h la de,

sdn son thiep vang, cac canh c6 t r a n g t r f hoa tiet cau

ky va difdc treo tren cac cot trong dinh, chiia, den,

nghe, mieu, van chi, nha thd cac dong ho, i\i gia, khac

tren cac cot t r u cong lang, cong dinh, cong chCia, cong

den, nghe, mieu,

Cau doi la mot the loai van hoc sii dung the manh

cua cac dien tich, dien co, am thanh, van dieu, y nghia

ciia cau chii de the hien t u tifcing, tinh cam, iJ6c

nguyen, cam xuc ciia con ngUdi trU6c mot siJ kien, canh

sac, nhan vat nao do Cau doi bao gid ciing c6 hai ve,

goi la ve ra va ve doi

Cau doi CO hai loai la cau do'i thd va cau doi phii

Cau doi thd thUdng moi ve c6 7 chi3 hoac 5 chii; cau

do'i phii CO ixi 9 chii t r d len Yeu cau cau triic ciia cau

do'i la cac t i i loai cua hai cau phai doi vdi nhau

(danh tCf do'i v6i danh tvt, t i n h t i i doi v6i t i n h t i i , h i i

tif do'i vdi ha t i f , ) , cac t h a n h giiia hai cau phai doi

v6i nhau (bSng do'i vdi trSc); va chii cuoi cung cua ve

ra bao gid ciing la van trac, chii cuoi cua ve do'i la

Mgc xudt thien chi do hQu ban, Thuy liCu van phai totiing nguyen

(Cay chung ngan nhanh sinh tir go'c, Niidc chay muon dong phat tai nguon)

Ton vinh cong diic cua cac bac sinh thanh dUdng due

c6 cau doi ghi:

cac due dn thdni-ddng hai dai, Sinh thanh nghia trgng thai diidng cao

(On dUdng due, sau tUa bien Dong,

Nghia sinh thanh, cao hOn non Thai)

Quan niem ve moi quan he gan bo gii3a ngUdi song

va ngiidi chet, to tien v6i con chau diidc the hien qua

cau do'i:

The phdch ton thien dia,

Tinh than tai tic ton

(The phach con v6i dat trdi,

Tinh than song trong con chau)

Chi tiec rSng, ngiJdi doc va hieu dUdc chi3 Han va

chii Nom hien nay con rat i t V i vay, c6 mot so' gia dinh

da viet cau doi bang quoc ngui de ran day con chau ve

dijfc hieu nghia, le song d ddi Hoanh phi, cau do'i khong

chi ton stf hnh thieng, huyen bi ndi l u i tdi cua ong ba,

to tien, ma luon tac dong den tam t r i con ngiidi song

hiidng thien de khong ho then v6i cha ong

C a u 56: Than chu (hdi vi) la gi?

T r a 16ri:

Bieu tifdng dien hinh cua to tien la than chii hay

con goi la bai vi "lam hang gd tao, lay nghia r^ng go tao

song lau difdc nghin nam Dai do mot thii6c, d giiia de

ten, ho, chiic txldc va hai ben t h i de ngay sinh tii cua to

tien, CO hop vuong che k i n va de trong long kham, k h i

nao cung te m6i md ra" dUdc dat phia tren va chinh

giiia ban thd, dUdc che chSn yen tinh Than chu la bieu

tUdng cua to tien To tien luon c6 mat mot each linh

thieng trong ngoi nha, quan sat cuoc so'ng cua gia dinh,

gia toe, s i n sang ling nghe bat cii k h i nao con chau den

trinh bao, khan vai, t h i n h cau

Bai vi ngay nay da khac xiia Ngay k h i c6 ky thuat nhie'p anh t h i anh chup hay anh truyen than

l l da nhanh chong thay the cho bai vi (than chu) viet

bang cho Han Ndi mo dia, chxi de tren bia mo ngay

H nay ciing hau n h u da doi ra chuf quo'c ngiJ (va c6 the

CO anh chan dung)

C a u 57: Anh thd la gi?

T r a lofi:

A n h cua ngUdi chet diidc dat tren ban thd do la anh thd Ngay xUa, nhutng gia dinh kha gia, nhiing gia dinh

"the gia vong toe", gia dinh t r i thiic, ngiidi ta thue thd

ve ve nha minh ve chan dung cho cha me, ong ba, de khi mat dUa len ban thd Anh thd (diing ra la tranh thd) dUdc long trong mot khung kinh, de sau bat hUdng Ngay nay, tren hau het cac ban thd trong gia dinh ngUdi Viet deu c6 anh thd

K h i m6i mat, gia tang dat anh vao ban thd rieng cho ngUdi chet hoac thd phoi d ben canh ban thd gia tien

C a u 58: Bat huang c6 vai tro nhu the nao tren ban thd?

T r a Ic^i:

Bat hUdng la t r u n g tam va c6 vai tro quan trong

nhat tren ban thd V i vay, viec thay bat hiidng la viec

he trong Bat hiidng la dd thd cd h i n h t r u hoac nhii

hinh chiec bat dung de cSm hiidng Ve chat lieu, t a i

cac cd s d thd tiJ t i n ngUdng dan gian, bat hifdng diidc

che tac t i i da, ddng, sanh, sd Bat hiidng da thay xuat

hien t\i thdi Le trc! ve trirdc; bat hiidng sanh pho bien

vao thdi N g u y i n Tuy nhien, bat hUdng sii thay c6 6

tat ca cac thdi Ve kich cd, bat hUdng c6 rat nhieu

kich cd khac nhau Tai cac ngoi dinh, bat hUdng diidc

dung thifdng r a t Idn, c6 bat hiidng 16n bSng cai

thiing, nhUng d t u gia c6 k h i lai nho bang cai bat an

cdm Ve kieu dang, cac bat hUdng dvfdc che t i i da

xanh, tii chat lieu ddng, thUdng diidc cham ndi; bat

hUdng bang sii thUdng dUdc ve h i n h liidng Idng chau

mat trdi va cd phan de Con bat hvidng bSng sanh

thUdng Cd hai t a i va c6 h i n h kho'i hop chiJ nhat va c6

bo'n chan each dieu

C a u 59: NhUng dieu gi kieng kx vd can 6

bathuang?

T r a lc;i:

Truyen thong gia phong ngUdi Viet la kieng ky

khdng xe dich bat hiidng, khong de bat hUdng lech d

ban thd ma phai dat chinh gii3a Bat hiidng luon diidc

cham chut thiidng xuyen, c^n than va chu dao Hang

nam den ngay tat nien, moi nha deu thay bat hiidng

Nhang k h i thay bat hifdng khong dUdc do tan hiidng

j-a vu'dn, vao be'p hay diidng cai ma la do xuo'ng ao,

ho, song, suoi roi thay cat hoac tro rdm nep mdi vao bat hifdng

Cau 60: Huang (nhang) la gi?

T r a lofi:

HUdng hay nhang dvfdc che tao tif cac chat cua

thiJc vat CO m u i thdm, thdng thiidng diidc bo sung

them t i n h dau chiet ra t i i thUc vat hay c6 nguon goc dong vat, dung de toa ra khoi c6 m u i thdm k h i chay HUdng d dang bdt hay hat nho difdc bd vao than nong hay trong binh hiidng, l i i hUdng HUdng cung dUdc lam d dang thuan tien hdn cho viec dot n h i i que, vong hinh non NgUdi ta dot hiidng cho bat liia, sau do dap tat ngon liia de chay cham hdn va tda ra khoi c6 mui thdm

Loai hUdng diidc nhieu ngiidi Viet ciing nhii ngiidi A Dong lia thich nhat va gia t r i ciia nd ciing cao nhat do

la hiidng tram Trong hifdng t r ^ m c6 mot thanh phan tuf cay tram hiidng

Mot Sd' chat tao m u i thdm bad gom: ho phach, long dien hifdng, canh kien t r i n g hay an tiic hifdng, long nao, tuyet tiing, dinh hifdng, nhiia copan, hifdng t r a m , nhiia cay a ngiiy, hoa nhai, bach xii, hong nui, moc diidc, xa hifdng, dau khau, hoSc hUdng, hoa hong, g6 dan hifdng, cay bo de, nhiia thong

Hifdng (nhang) thifdng difdc ngifdi A Ddng sii dung

cho muc dich ton giao nhxi kenh giao tiep giiia con

ngiTdi va than thanh, giuta ngifdi song va hnh hon ngifdi

chet, lam cho khong gian giao tiep trc^ nen hnh thieng,

huyen ao

Cau 61: NhUng dieu gi kieng ky^ khi thdp huang?

Tra lofi:

Khi thap hUdng cung vai to tien phai kieng so'

chan (hai, bo'n, sau )- V i so'chan la bieu t h i cua coi

am, cam hifdng theo so le (mot, ba, nam) la bieu t h i

chi CO ngiidi d coi difdng (so' le) mdi c6 the thap hUdng

cho coi am chii ngiidi coi am khong thSp hiidng cho

nhau dUdc

Khi thap hiidng cung kieng ky thSp hiidng khong

ngay ngSn, sieu do va chieu cao khong dong deu K h i

cham Ilia da ben vao hiidng kieng thoi ma dung tay

phay nhe cho tat IvLa., toa khoi

Cau 62: NhUng dieu gi can chu y khi gia chu

dang khan?

Tra Idi:

Trong dip gio, tet khi dang khan gia tien, ngUdi ta

rat kieng tre con danh chiii nhau Dieu nay xuat phat

t\X quan niem dan gian cho rSng, k h i linh hon cac cu

dang di may, ve gio nuldng theo Ian khoi hufdng ma ve

ngU toa tren ban thd Trong gid phut linh thieng va

trong dai ay, to tien dang chiing giam ro rang nhat viec

lam tot xau ciia gia quyen, ma ching may lu tre lai (Janh chiii nhau thi lam sao cac cu khong phien long va tranh sao khoi sii qud trach

Cau 63: Bp tarn sU la gi?

Tra lofi:

Bo tam sii diidc bay tren ban thd trong cac cd sci

tin ngiidng va tii diJdng (hay ban thd) ciia t i l gia Bo

tam sU lam bSng chat lieu dong, gom ba thii: mot

dinh dong va hai con hac hoac c6 the la mot \\i hUdng

va hai cay nen

Cau 64: Bp ngu sU la gi?

Tra lofi:

Bo ngu sU cung nhu bo tam sii, gom nam thii: dinh

(cl giiJa), hai cay nen (hai ben canh) va hai con hac (d ngoai C l i n g )

Cau 65: Bp that sU la gi?

Tra lo?i:

Bo that sU gio'ng nhu bo ngu sU nhUng c6 them mot

ong hifdng de dUng tram hifdng va mot ong ckm doi diia

dung de dot tram hifdng khi ciing te

Cau 66: Dinh dong la gi?

Tra Icfi:

Dinh dong la ten mot loai do thd trong cac cd sd

thd t i i t i n ngifdng dan gian cua cong dong va cua t u

61

gia D i n h dong dUdc che tac bSng chat heu dong, c6

ruot, CO cac khe thoat khoi D i n h dong diidc dat tai

chinh gii3a ban thd, hdp t h a n h bo tarn sU, ngu sU

that sii Vao cac ngay tiet le, gio tet, ngUdi ta bo t r a m

C a u 67: Thai do cua ngitdi Viet trudc cdi chit

the ndo?

T r a ldi:

Ve mat tarn linh, doi v6i ngifdi Viet, cai chet khong

phai la het ma chi la hiidc sang mot the gi6i khac, "song

giii thac ve" Noi ve cai chet, ngUdi Viet thUdng dung

nhflng tii nhii: "ve que", "khuat nui", "xuong suoi vang",

"quy tien" TO the gidi ay, h n h hon vkn c6 the di ve

tham nom con chau cung gia quyen tren dUdng the

Tham chi van c6 the tii do quay t r d l a i the gian (dau

thai, chuyen kiep theo thuyet Luan hoi cua Phat giao)

Cho nen noi chung, ngiidi Viet thifdng don nhan cai

chet mot each thanh than, nhe nhang nhii sU chuyen

tiep cua mot chu ky "song"

Ngiidi chet gia tai nha (cai chet tvf nhien) dUdc xem

la mot sU miing Cho nen ngUdi ta mdi noi: "Tre Idm

ma gid Idm hoi". Nhieu ndi, nha c6 ngUdi cao nien

mat, ngUdi ta con cho dot phao, chat chiit de tang cu

ky doi khan do, khan vang Nhiing gia dinh, gia toe

hay nhiing cu gia tho dUdc nhii vay thudng dildc ngdi

Ichen, ca tung, cac cu song lau dUdc vua ban lua,

phong la thg dan

C a u 68: Tang ma c6 vai trd nhit the ndo trong ctdi song tinh than cua ngiidi Viet?

T r a lofi:

Theo quan niem cua ngiidi xiia, ddi ngUdi eo may

s\i kien Idn la: quan (lam le doi m u eong bo ngiidi do

da den tuoi t r i i 6 n g thanh), hon (lay vd), tang (lo lieu tang ma cho bo' me), te (ehia te cac cuoc te le ci lang) Den nay, c6 le c6 h a i dieu quan trong nhat la hon le

va tang ma Viec chu toan tang ma cho bo' me, ong

ba coi nhxi la viec he trong to ro dao hieu nghia v6i

Ngay xiia, neu chet diidi 30 tuoi ten cung cdm goi la

Tu True, t i i 30 tuoi den 49 tuoi goi la T u Trung, t i i 50

tuoi trcl len goi la T u Phiic Con nH d\idi 50 tuoi goi la

Hieu My, tren 50 tuoi goi la Hieu T\i

C a u 70: Tai sao phdi dat ten cung cam?

T r a Idi:

Thuy hieu hay thuy danh la each goi t\i Han ngfl,

con ong cha ta goi nom na la ten hem hay ten cung cam

Day la ten dung de khan vai k h i cung gio sau nay Khi

ngUdi cha sSp mat, con trai triJdng (se la tang chii) la

ngUdi t h i tham doc vao tai ngUdi cha ten cung cdm

(thuy danh) cua ngiidi cha

Ten cung cdm la ten hem chi c6 ngiidi chet, con chau

va than tho cong nha do biet ma thoi

Ngiidi ta cho rSng, lam nhii vay de phong ngiia

nhiing c6 hon lang thang vao an t r a n h c6 cung sau

nay K h i cung gio, con trUdng se khan bang ten hem

ay, tho cong c6 trach nhiem kiem t r a , chi cho phep

l i n h hon nao c6 "mat danh" dung nhii the t h i vao

hifdng loc con chau dang cung Ngay nay tuc nay gan

n h i i da het

C a u 71: Tai sao c6 tuc hu hon, hu via khi mot

ngitdi hap hoi?

T r a Idi:

Trong triidng hdp c6 ngUdi bi choang, ngat, bat t i n h

nhan siJ, ngUdi ta dung moi t h u thuat de kich thich lam

cho ngUdi do hoi tinh, trong do c6 thuat hu hon, hu via

Cang CO trifdng hdp da tkt thci, tiidng la da chet roi

64

nhiing sau mot thdi gian bong nhien song lai Do do v6i niong muo'n, du mong manh va rat hiem, ngUdi song

v i n CO hy vong ngifdi than song lai NgUdi ta cam chiec

^0 hoac quan cua ngiidi da t a t thd, leo len mai nha cho

cao nhat hu "ba hon bay via ong" hoac "ba hon chin via

ba" ve nhap xac H u ba Ian khong dUdc t h i ciing danh

long chiu kham hem ma t i n r^ng nh\i vay hon dd vat

viicing, biet t i m difdng ve nha (kham liem xong van chUa nd dong chot ao quan) Day la mot phong tuc chii yeu de thoa man tam linh cua ngUdi song

Tuc h i i hon, h i i via con xuat phat tiif quan niem ve

s\i tach biet giiia linh hon va the xac Trong con ngUdi

CO phan vat chat (the xac) va phan tinh than (hnh hon) NgUdi Viet tach linh hon ra thanh hon va via (tie'ng Han via la phach, hon via la hon phach) Via thUdng

dUdc hinh dung nhu mot khai niem t r u n g gian giiia the xac cu the va linh hon t r i i u tUdng Con ngUdi c6 3 hon,

con via t h i ngUdi nam c6 7 via, n i i c6 9 via Hien tUdng ngu md, ngat xiu hay hap hoi dUdc quan niem la con ngUdi dang d trang thai hon tam thdi hoac c6 kha nang thoat ly khoi the xac V i vay, c6 tuc goi hon, hu via v6i

hy vong de hon, via ve v6i the xac Tuc le nay hien nay

g^n nhu hi bai bo

C a u 72: Nghi thitc kham liem nguai chet nhu the nao?

T r a Icfi:

K h i con chau ra siic goi hon h i i via ma khong con hy

q u y e n l i c h c6 d a u Bo (Bo L e ) ' d o n g t h i cang hay, hoac

t a u la goi, de t r a n ap m a quy D a u day r o i sdn gan

q u a n t a i cho k y cang, d a t c h i n h g i a n giuEa, hoac n e u

n h a con n g i i d i t o n ( n g i i d i bac t r e n ) h d n t h i d a t g i a n ben

c a n h N h a nao m u o n de l a u m o t v a i t h a n g t h i q u a n l a i

de t r o n g n h a hoac d e m r a v i f d n m a phia cat l e n t r e n

Do l a tuc xifa, con n a y c6 q u y d i n h cu t h e ve t h d i g i a n

de bao d a m ve s i n h c h u n g

C a u 7 3 : ^yiec kham liem, nhap quan dien ra

nhit the nao?

T r a lori:

K h a m l i e m va n h a p q u a n , n o i m o t each k h o a hoc, la

viec yxL l y IvL t h i trU6c k h i chon Cac con vao, con t r a i

ben t r a i , con gai b e n p h a i N g i i d i chap sU xU6ng: t i i lap

( d i i n g g i n vao), c\i a i (khoc ca len), quy C h a p s i i c i i n g

1 K h a m T h i e n g i a m l a m l i c h , Le bo ban h a n h

quy m a cao i\i vkng: " N a y dUdc gid l a n h , x i n rudc n h a p

q u a n " " C a n cao" x o n g l a i x u d n g : p h u p h u c (le xuo'ng), hulng (day), b i n h t h a n ( d i i n g t h a n g )

NgiJdi con t r a i triJdng la t a n g c h i i (con goi l a h i e u chu), t i i c la ngUdi d i i n g c h i i t a n g trvfc t i e p va m o t so' ngiidi t r d g i i i p de k h a m l i e m va n h a p q u a n

T r o n g k h i k h a m l i e m (cung n h u cac n g h i t h i i c k h a c

t i e n h a n h sau k h i ngUdi da t a t thci) l u o n p h a i c6 m i e n g

v a i dSp m a t ngUdi chet de n g i i d i k h o i t r o n g t h a y c h a u con m a s i n h b u o n t h u d n g Sau do n g i i d i t a d u n g l u a hay v a i t r ^ n g hoc t i i t h i (liem) r o i d a t vao q u a n t a i

N h i e u gia d i n h can t h a n d u n g l o a i v a i det b a n g sdi hoa

hoc CO m a t l u 6 i nho, de k h i cai t a n g de n h a t xifdng cot

ma k h o n g h i t h i e u

K h i n h a p q u a n , ngUdi t a con dCing r a t n h i e u n g h i l i , bua c h u t h u o c Dao giao p h i i t h u y h a y n h i i n g t a p t u c dan g i a n de bao ve, d i n d a t l i n h h o n ngifoi chet vijfa

m6i hxidc qua ngifOng ciia s i n h t i i sang coi ben k i a

N h f l n g n g h i le nay c6 t h e r a t k h a c n h a u t a i cac v i i n g ,

m i e n k h a c n h a u

C a u 7 4 : Vi sao c6 tuc citdi chqy tang?

T r a I d i :

• T a n g la viec h i e u , cu6i l a viec hy T a i cac niidc

p h i f o n g D o n g theo N h o giao l u o n de cao dao h i e u t h i viec h i e u t h i f d n g p h a i t r o n g h d n viec hy L u a t p h a p t h d i

p h o n g k i e n q u y d i n h m o i viec v u i mvfng deu p h a i dCfng

l a i , n h u d n g t h d i g i a n cho t a n g le, t a n g k y T u y n h i e n

tin ngUdng thd cung to tien ngUdi Viet v^n danh mot cd

hoi cho hon l i , cho hanh phiic Ida doi mang gia t r i nhan

van Do la tuc cxidi chay tang

Co trUdng hdp bo me, ong ba kho "qua khoi", hai

ben thong gia ban va t h u xep lam le t h a n h hon cho

cac con Ngay ca k h i ngUdi chet da nhap quan, trong

khoang thdi gian ngan ngui giiia hai thdi diem nhap

quan va mai tang (chon cat), tilc la k h i quan t a i con

quan trong nha, con chau van diidc phep lam dam

CTJdi. Bcii v i k h i ay ngiidi da chet dUdc cho la v i n con

song, dang hien dien t a i nha, diidc do'i x i i nhii k h i con

song (qua bieu tifdng hon bach) N h i i n g triidng hdp

nhU tren gdi la cU6i chay tang L u a t phap phong kien

xifa d i n h thdi han dai tang c6 the keo dai t6i ba nam

Cxidi chay tang la mot sU l i n h dong, y nghia la de

khoi 16 k y hanh phuc cua con chau Tuy nhien, dam

cxidi trong k h i nha c6 tang t h i thUdng ddn sd, tien

hanh k h a n trifdng, gon nhe khong nhxi cac dam cxidi

thong thUdng

C a u 75: ThUc hien nghi thitc gi khi bie't chdc

chdn nguai than dd chet?

T r a lori:

O day xin chi neu nhiing viec lam do'i v6i nhiJng

triidng hdp ngiidi gia yeu, mat tai nha, thed phong tuc

CO truyen Triidng hdp mat tai benh vien hdac mat ddc

dUdng, quan tro, chet v i tai nan giao thong, lao dong,

chien tran, rSn doc, nan thuy hoa , nghia la nhiing cai

chet khong theo quy luat sinh hoc t h i tiiy dieu kien cu the ma van dung

Khi ngvrng thd, can kiem tra bSng each lay giay ban hoac long ga de trade miii, ngay nay ngUdi ta thiidng la'y ong nghe de kiem tra xem t i m da ngiing dap chiTa Sau k h i tat thd, con chau vuot mat, ndn chan tay cho thang con trai trifdng thay quan ao mdi cho cha, con igai thay quan ao mdi cho me Xong xuoi trai chieu xuong dat, dat t h i hai xuong vdi y nghia sinh ra ciing c6 khi dat, chet lai trd ve vdi dat roi lai dat len giiJdng, dung td giay tr^ng phu k i n len mat

C a u 76: Le mpc due (tdm goi) Id gi?

T r a lori:

Le moc due la le tkm goi cho ngUdi viia chet NgiJdi

ta thUdng viia de san mot con dao nhd, mot vuong vai

(khan), mot cai lUdc, mot cai thia, mot i t dat b ong do

rau, mot noi niidc ngu v i hUdng va mot noi niidc ndng

d khae K h i tam phai vay man cho k i n , tang chu quy

xuong khdc, ngUdi hp viec ciing quy roi cao t i i rSng:

g "Nay xin tkm goi de sach bui t r ^ n " , xong phii phuc xuong, roi diing day Cha t h i con trai vao tkm, me t h i con gai vao tkm Lay vuong vai dap vao ngii v i , lau

mat, lau minh cho sach, roi lay liJde chai tdc, lay sdi vai buoc tdc, lay khan khac lau hai tay, hai chan, lai l6y dao cat mdng tay, mong chan, mac quan ao mdi cho chinh te Mdng tay, mong chan gdi lai tren de tren, dudi de dudi, roi dat vao trong quan tai; dao, lUdc, thia

va nU6c dem d i c h o n ; sau do rxidc t h i t h e d a t len

giiJdng Tuc le nay, n g a y nay t u y c6 g i a n lUdc bdt

l o a i T a n g c h i i (tOfc con t r a i trUcing) t i e n t 6 i q u y goi

sup l a y sat d a t N g U d i p h u t r a c h n g h i le (trUcing n g h i )

c u n g q u y goi doc I d i k h a n x i n dUdc t i e n h a n h le

T r U d n g n g h i v e n he k h a n che m a t ngUdi chet, c h i hd

Theo q u a n n i e m ciia ngifdi V i e t , coi n g i i d i chet la

v u n g song midc, n d i do difdc goi la c h i n suoi hay suoi

v a n g (ciiu t u y e n , h o a n g t u y e n la each goi theo chi3

H a n ) D i e u nay c u n g la sii mo p h o n g ve k h o n g g i a n

song cua c\i d a n V i e t co la v u n g c h a u t h d Bac Bo, von la ndi c h a n g c h i t song ngoi, d a m ho T r o n g t\i d u y d a n

gian, ngifdi chet c i i n g c6 m o t k h o n g g i a n s i n h t o n t i f d n g

tU n h i i ngUdi song, ngUdi chet c i i n g can vUdt qua song

suoi d coi a m nh\i diJdng the, m a da qua song t h i p h a i

m a n g t i e n theo de t r a t i e n cong cho c h i i do

l i i u g i i i n g h i l i "cheo dUa l i n h " - k h i xac ngUdi chet con

q u a n t a i n h a , b a n dem hoi cac ba v a i ( P h a t tiC) to chiJtc

m u a d i e u cheo do va h a t nhijfng cau t i e n diJa l i n h h o n ngUdi chet ve n d i c h i n suoi

C a u 79: Khi c6 ngudi chet phai kieng ky nhiJtng dieu gi?

T r a Wi:

K h i CO ngUdi m a t , t h a n n h a n t h U d n g t h a n khoc v i

thUdng tiec tru:6c c a n h b i e t l y m a k h o n g bao gid con gap

m a t N h U n g liic khoc, tuc cua n g i i d i V i e t la k i e n g k h o n g

de nii6c mSt r d i xuo'ng t h i h a i n g i i d i chet, k i e n g k h o n g

m a n g do v a t cua n g i i d i song theo ngUdi chet K h i chUa

nhap quan kieng cho, meo, chuot den gan Trong vong

ba nam, trong gia dinh c6 dai tang, moi ngiidi trong

nha phai kieng ra dinh vui hoi, an khao, an cxidi, kieng

den nha ngvfdi khac vao dau nam Tuc le nay ngay nay

cd ban v i n dUdc duy t r i , nhUng linh dong hdn chii

khong khe khat nhu xifa

C a u 80: Hon bach Id gi ? Y nghia cua no nhu

thendo?

T r a m-

K h i CO ngUdi hap ho'i, con t r a i t r i i d n g ciia ngiidi ay

se dung mot t a m lua trang, hoac van bat dac di thi

dung mot manh vai t r a n g dai bay canh k h u y u tay,

dat no len cho t r i i n g gan bung phan bao t\i diem K h i

hdi thd cuo'i cung dUdc t r u t ra thi r u t tarn lua ra,

that giit sao cho c6 h i n h dau, hai tay, hai chan, bieu

hien nhU mot con ngUdi N h i i vay la hon ngiidi chet

da nhap vao t a m lua trSng Tam lua diidc t h i t t h a n h

h i n h ngUdi ay chinh la hon bach (chii Han hon nghia

la hon phach, bach la lua) K h i ngifdi chet da dUdc

liem vao quan t a i , ngUdi ta dat hon bach nay len linh

sang Con chau, ngiJdi than se coi hon bach nhif

chinh ngifdi da khuat Tru6c k h i lam le an tang, hon

bach dUdc phuc dich, do'i x i l y nhU k h i ngiidi dang

con song

Nghi le pham ham, tuc hu via, viec tao hon bach

deu la nghi le xuat phat t i i niem t i n cua con ngUdi vao

sU ton tai cua linh hon va vao the gidi linh thieng cua

cac linh hon NhUng nhutng nghi le nay, ngay nay da nhat nhoa, neu c6 t h i cQng chi mang tinh u6c le

C a u 81: Sau le mgc due, thai gian chUa nhap quan can Idm gi?

Nhiing CO le con c6 ly do niJa phat sinh ttf k i n h

nghiem thiic te de d§ thao tac triidc k h i kham liem Va chang trong cd the ngiidi chet con c6 dien trUdng sinh hoc, lam nhii vay kha nang tich dien am trong cd the ngiidi chet mdi diidc giai thoat, do la mot phiidng thuat phong xa hien tiidng "quy nhap trang"

C a u 83: Quy dinh ve kham liem ngdy nay thendo?

T r a Wv

1 Doi v6i ngiidi chet do nguyen nhan thong thiidng:

a) Thdi gian kham liem t h i hai: Khong qua 12 gid

do'i v6i tnJdng hdp t h i hai khong dUdc bao quan lanh va

khong qua 7 ngay do'i vdi trifdng hdp t h i hai dUdc bao

quan lanh ci nhiet do t i i 2 do C den 4 do C hoac thap

hdn, ke i\i k h i chet;

b) Q u a n tai phai difdc trat k i n bang cac vat lieu

nhU: keo, sdn ta, dat set de bao dam khong ro r i ;

c) K h i kham liem, tuy theo phong tuc tap quan c6

the dung bong de nut k i n cac hoc t u nhien cua t h i hai

va cho vao quan tai mot so' vat lieu c6 kha nang tham

nxidc, hut m u i nhif: che kho, bong tham n\idc, bong ngo, j

gao rang, giay ban

2 Do'i v6i ngUdi chet do mac cac benh truyen nhiem

thuoc nhom A va mot so benh truyen nhiem thuoc

nhom B (trong danh muc cac benh truyen nhiem bat

buoc phai each ly theo quy dinh cua Bo Y te) hoac k h i

diidc phat hien da bi tho'i riJa:

Ngoai viec thvfc hien cac quy dinh t a i cac diem b, c

khoan 1, muc I I I cua Thong tU, viec kham liem t h i hai

phai tuan t h u cac quy dinh sau day:

a) Phai kham liem trong vong 6 gid, ke tix k h i chet

hoac k h i phat hien t h i hai;

b) T h i hai phai dUdc xii ly tru6c k h i kham liem bang

cac hoa chat diet khuan thuoc danh muc cac hoa chat,

che pham diet con trung, diet khuan dung trong linh

vUc gia dung va y te da dUdc dang ky liiu hanh Neu

dung hoa chat la Cloramin B t h i xii ly nhU sau: Diing

bong tam dung dich Cloramin B nong do 5% de nut k i n

cac ho'c tiJ nhien cua t h i hai sau do phun dung dich Cloramin B nong do 5% len toan bo t h i hai hoac dung vai liem diJdc tam dung dich Cloramin B nong do 5% de quan k i n toan bo t h i hai;

c) T h i hai phai dUdc boc k m hkng vat lieu khong tham n\idc trii6c k h i cho vao quan tai;

d) Phai dUdc xii ly phan nen nha, khu dat, tiidng

xung quanh ndi dat t h i hai va cac vat dung c6 tiep xiic v6i t h i hai, bang cac hoa chat diet khuan thuoc danh muc cac hoa chat, che pham diet con trung, diet khuan dung trong linh viJc gia dung va y te da diidc dang ky

hiu hanh ngay sau k h i kham liem Neu dung hoa chat la

Cloramin B t h i xii ly nhxi sau: Lau hoac phun phii k i n

len toan bo be mat cua nen nha, k h u dat, tUdng xung quanh ndi dat t h i hai hoac cac vat dung c6 tiep xuc v6i thi hai bang dung dich Cloramin B nong do 5% va duy

t r i thdi gian tiep xiic cua hoa chat v6i nen nha, tiJdng xung quanh hoac cac vat dung to'i thieu la 30 phut\

T r a 16ri:

La l i thiet lap hnh vi, dat ban thd tang K h i chiia chon cat ngifdi chet t h i lay l i thd ngiidi sd'ng ma le, nen moi Ian lay chi lay hai lay, trong linh vi van dung chij! "co phu",

"co'mlu" thay cho "hien khao", "hien ty" sau nay

1 X e m T h o n g tiT so 02/2009/TT-BYT, ngay 26-5-2009 cua Bo

Y te ve viec h u 6 n g dan m a i tang, hoa tang

Cau 85: Le thdnh phuc Id gi?

T r a m-

Le thanh phuc la le con chau mac do tang de ciing te

va dap le khi khach den vieng Trii6c khi thanh phuc

neu CO khach den thi ngiidi chu tang chua ra tiep ma

ngUdi ho tang thay mat tiep khach

Sau le thanh phuc m6i chinh thilc phat tang Sau do

than bang co" hiJu, lang xa m6i den phung vieng

Liic nay tang chu phai treo chiec rem tru6c quan

tai Tren co biic hoanh bang vai trSng ghi "nhat trieu

thien co" (mot thoang da thanh ngiidi thien co) hoac biic

hoanh cua hoi ngiJdi cao tuoi

Ve tang phuc, mau chu dao cua l i tang la tr^ng, thii

den la den Thdi gian nay ngUdi ta chUa dUa linh hon

ngUdi chet len ban thd gia tien ngay ma bo' t r i mot

khong gian rieng (khong gian chuyen tiep) cho ngUdi

m6i mat Trir6c ban thd gia tien dat rieng hnh sang

(giiidng nam nghi ngdi) va linh toa (ghe, ndi ngoi nghe

viec, hiidng do cung) cho linh hon ngUdi da mat (dang

ngu trong hon bach) Ben ngoai la ban bay bien do

cung Va le thanh phuc (mac do tang va than khoc)

chinh thiic hit dau

Cau 86: Sau le thdnh phuc, trUdc le an tang

con CO nhUng nghi le gi?

: T r a Ic^i:

Trong thdi gian chUa chon co "L§ chieu tich

dien": Buoi sang day buing khan liidc vao linh sang, cac con quy khoc ba tieng roi quan man len cao tuf

A i l i n g : "Ngay da sang roi xin rxidc linh bach ra linh tea" Sau do rxidc hon bach ra dat vao linh toa, vkt

man, don chan go'i, chieu to'i l a i rxidc linh bach vao linh sang, dap chan, tha man xuo'ng Thd nhxi luc song, chi lay hai lay (chi sau k h i an tang xong mdi lay bon lay theo nghi le ngUdi chet)

Cac buoi to'i trU6c khi chon, c6 "Le chuc thiic" (trong

bo duo'c irxidc san): phiidng bat am tau nhac, con chau thay nhau tuc tnJc ben linh cflu, trong nha ngoai san den duoc sang trUng

Khi than bang co hiiu den phung dieu, ngUdi chu

^ tang va ngiidi chii phu diing canh linh toa va ngoanh

* mat ve phia khach, he khach lay hai lay thi chii le ta lai mot lay Neu co ngiidi con trai nao di v^ng ma chifa kip

ve chiu tang thi de mii, khan x6 va gay canh hifdng an Tru6c khi lam l l chuyen ciJu de chuan bi phat dan thi ao quan van trd dau vao trong, coi nhii le ngUdi so'ng, doc dieu van cung chUa dung chii "hien khao" (cha) "hien

I, ty" (me) ma diing chii "co phu" (cha), "co m l u " (me)

Tru:6c ngay an tang con co them tuc "Le yet cao to tien", neu khong diia dUdc linh ciiu t h i ph^n 16n cac gia dinh Cling nJ6c hon bach den nha thd ho Hon bach chi dUdc dat phia irxidc ban thd, de ci du6i, khong diidc diia len ban thd to Noi dung: Bao cao v6i gia tien co than phu hoac than m^u ve chau to Xong lai rxidc hon bach

ve nha minh, dat lai tren linh toa

C a u 87: Vice bay bien trong tang le thendo?

T r a Idi:

Treo rem trU6c linh cflu, ben ngoai ke hifdng an,

tren do de bat hiJOng hoac cAt mot khuc than cay chuoi

nho de cam hUdng Hai goo de doc (loc) binh moi binh

cam mot cay chuo'i con Cung c6 the bay them tam s\i,

ngu siJ H a i ben hUdng an, mot ben de mot canh tre (goi

la canh phan), c6 treo ba chiec phi*3n giay ban Thay

cung goi hon ba Ian, moi Ian goi nhif vay deu buoc

mieng trau vao phu6n giay Con ben kia dUng mot bieu,

neu ngUdi chet la nam t h i ghi "trung t i n " (ngay thSng

chan that, trung thanh), cdn n\i la " t r i n h thuan" (trong

trSng, tiet nghia) Trxidc hUdng an de vong hoa, tren c6

anh chan dung

Ngoai ra, con c6 cac vong hoa, bile trifcfng do than

nhan, hoi doan, cd quan phiing vie'ng

Truf6c ciia nha, doc dUdng, ngoai cong c6 dan " t i n

buon" va dUng cd tang, thiidng may theo kieu cd than

nhifng chi cd mau den, tr^ng

C a u 88: Tang phuc cua gia quyen nhu thendo?

T r a 16ri:

Tang phuc la de tang cua gia quyen trong nhiing

ngay tang le, bao gom: m i i rdm, ad sd, gay tre (hdac

gay vdng)

Con trai, cdn gai, cdn dau, doi khan sd, mu chuo'i

mac ad so, ngoai quang sdi chuoi, t h ^ t lUng day bang

chac hoac day chuoi Chau noi t h i doi mu man, khan

t r i n g , mac ao thung trang, than thuoc cung mac dd trSng ca

M a u skc tang le thudng dung mau tr^ng, la mau

hanh k i m (hu6ng Tay) Sau mau trSng la mau den, mau cua hanh thiiy TCf k h i Le Thanh Teng bang ha

(1497) CO quy dinh 100 ngay cac quan mac do so trang,

sau do mac do den Den ngay nay c6 dam tang mac do trSng cung c6 dam tang mac do den

Ao tang, k h i con chci cha me (dai tang) deu mac ao

xo gau, con difdng chi d sd'ng'lUng ad, vdi cha phai lat ra

ngoai (hiidng ngoai - dUdng) va me lat vae trdng (hu6ng

noi - am) Viec dei rdm, that day chud'i, chd'ng gay chi la ngUdi Cdn triidng, hdac ngUdi thay the NhiJng ngUdi

chiu tang la n i i xoa toe, di chan tran

C a u 89: Trudng hap ngitdi chet md cha me con song thi cha me co detang con khong?

T r a Ic^i:

Tang phuc la the hien tinh nghia, the hien long thudng xot giiJa ke mat ngUdi cdn V i the, c h i n g nhiing than thich ma ngUdi ngdai den phiing vieng ciing nen deo bang tang Thee "Tho mai gia l l " t h i khong nhiing cha me de tang con ma ong ba va cu ky cdng de tang hang chau, hang chat

Tuy nhien, d mdt sd' dia phUdng Bac Bd, ngiidi ta

lai quan niem "Phu bat bai t i i " (cha khong lay con),

con chet triidc cha me la bat hieu, con chxla kip bao

hieu gi cong sinh thanh diidng due do'i v6i cha me da

voi "tro'n nd ddi", chang nhiJng cha me khdng de tang

con ma k h i kham liem con con phai quan tren dau tit

t h i mot vong khan trang Neu la dan ba ma t i i than

phu m l u con ca t h i phai quan den hai vong, c6 nghia

la d dxidi coi am cung de tang bao hieu san cho cha me

dang d tren dufdng tran

C a u 90: Tai sao c6 tuc kieng khong de cha me

diia tang con?

T r a Wv

Tii biet sinh ly la noi buon b ddi, theo quy luat t u

nhien, cha me gia yeu t i i tran, con chau dUa tang cha

me de bao hieu la chuyen thUdng t i n h va hdp le ddi

Nhifng con chet triidc cha me la nghich canh, nhieu

triidng hdp chet ndn, gay nhieu noi dau thiJdng cho

cha me Gid phut ha huyet la gid phut xuc dgng den

ciic diem, c6 nhieu ong bo', ba me da bi ngat l i m di k h i

phai vinh biet diia con Da c6 nhieu trifdng hdp me

chet luon ben huyet chon con Hdn niia, ngay xifa

phiidng tien va thuoc thang cap ciiu kho khan, khong

cho cha me dUa tang con de vdi b6t noi dau buon va de

tranh nan t r u n g tang C h i n g nhxJng cha me ma cac

ong gia, ba ca trong noi than, siic khoe da giam ciing

khong nen du l i diia tang

C a u 91: Tqi sao tren quan tai bao gid cung c6 bat ccfm, qua tritng, doi dua bong vd so liiOng nen Iqi khdc nhau?

T r a Idi: ' frf-:

Tren nap quan t a i ngiJdi ta th^p 7 ngon nen (do'i vcii nam) va 9 ngon ne'n (do'i vcii nii) la xuat phat t i i quan niem cho rang, nam c6 3 hon 7 via va nut la 3 hon 9 via

Con CO bat cdm, qua triing, doi diia bong c6 hai each

ly giai:

Mot Id, bat cdm la dat me (thuoc ve am), tua bong la may trdi (thuoc ve difdng) Qua triing la sinh vat, doi diia la mach noi am dUdng tao ra sii song

Hai Id, tuc nay mang y nghia chuc tung: Tua bong tiidng triing cho the gicii hon mang Trong v i i t r u h6n

mang hinh thanh thai c\ic (tifdng triing bang bat cdm), thai cvic sinh lUdng nghi (tiTdng trifng b^ng doi diia) Co

lUdng nghi sinh (am diidng) la c6 sii so'ng (hien tiidng ciia sii so'ng la qua triing), liidng nghi sinh ra t i i tiidng Tii tifdng bien hoa v6 ciing Toan bo nghi thiic tren diidc xay diing tren triet ly ve nguon go'c sU so'ng cua K i n h dich, toat len y cau chiic cho ngUdi chet sdm dau thai trci lai\

1 Xem T r a n Ngoc T h e m : Tim ve ban sac van hoa dan tgc Viet Nam, Nxb T h a n h pho Ho C h i M m h , 1997, tr.297