Báo cáo khoa học câu hỏi trong dạy tác phẩm văn chương và những cách nhìn hiện đại

TIM HIEU KIEN THL/C CfiO HOI TRONQ D(\X HOC Tf5C PH^M VflN CHUONG Vfl NHCTNCi C6CH N H I N HIEN D6I NGUYEN THANH HUNG Trucmg DHSP Ha Noi I Oat van de tu phe phan se bie't mdi, trgng cu Trgng Thdi quen cua ngudi ddi thudng ua ndi dung cat eu khdng phai la hge lay cat ket luan nhffng dieu chua hieu, thfch dua nhffng cai dung tuong ddi, phi tinh hud'ng, vd dieu kien ma mdi va dam me, lugn Id trudc cat mdi! Tdi lo sg duyet seat lai phuong phap tu he thd'ng sy ty ti cua minh va nghT de'n sy nang dpng tdn tai Ijch sff thi cat mdi tffng giai cua nhffng ngugi dang dua lam vay va cff doan Ijch sff, thdi diem se cu di nhung khdng vang vang nghe ben tai: DCrng niJi trdng vd fch Nd se la tien de cho tu mdi, tu niJi ngl Cau ay ngim that dang cay, nd gid'ng da chieu hon vdi nhieu he thd'ng cu the, nghTa nhu cd nhan dang kf hga chung ta nhffng la tu khdng nham nha't vao dd'i tugng ngugt lun, dang ngudc nhin cac dinh cao, rat ma la lam sang td nhffng quan he phffc tap, la lang man da dang Trong dd md'i quan he giffa chu the tu Oi mat rdi eung nghiem dugc dieu cd va dd'i tugng tu ia he trgng nhat Vt bp ich Hay trd ve vdi nhffng gi ca ban da cd va dc cua chu the tu la mdt he thd'ng da he, vin tdn tai de'n gid nhu mpt cau dd chua cd khdng bao gid khep kfn Od la mpt he thd'ng tu Idi giai trgn ven Od cung la sy sang sud't eua tiem nang cua nhffng he thd'ng tu sang ngudi hien dai Hay di lai nhCfng dudng tao dugc phat trien bd'i canh tri thffc thdi Ijch sff da di qua Cd bj xeo nat nhung cd vin dai mdi Oay la tinh than cdt Idi cua khoa hoc mgc lai xanh rdn thach thffc chung ta tim hien dai ddi mdi tu mang lai nang lugng va sffc sd'ng mdi, kham pha lai Odi tugng ban luan cua bai bao nhffng dieu da cu, han la tim kiem dd dang la cau hdi day hge tac pham van chuang nhffng dieu mdi la hoan toan (TPVC), mdt van de cu chff khdng phai la da Nhu chung ta deu rd: Bie't chua han cu da hieu, hieu chua chac da sau, hieu sau, han Trudc day, chung ta da de cap tdi vai dau da lam dugc Cd lam mdi cd phan tu trd cua cau hdi giang van Chung ta xae [nachdenken) Cd phan tu thi bupe phai suy djnh chffc nang cua eau hdi va phan loai cau nghT lai, mdi dung vao tuduy phe phan Quen hdi Chung ta ban ve pham vi cau hdi TIM HIEU KIEN THLfC tien trinh day hge tac pham van chuong Oai ban the) Van de cau hdi day hge TPVC the cd nhffng cau hdi chuan bj bai, cau hdi la gi? Tff dau ra? Hien tai the nao va nd se di tham dd cam thu, cau hdi ve npi dung tu dau? Od la tie'p can ban the Thdng thudng tudng va htnh thffc nghie thuat cua TPVC, ngudi ta qua tin tudng vao huyen thoai cua cau hdi ve thao tac va kT nang lam viec vdi tac qua khff, hay dya vao kinh nghiem hien tai va pham cua hoc sinh (HS) nhu cau hdi phan trdng chd vao ao anh eua tuang lai Hudng tfch, cau hdi tdng hgp, eau hdi cu the hda, cau tie'p can lam chung ta dat cau hdi day hge hdi khai quat hda cung nhu cau hdi ve tac gia TPVC tach rdi bd'i canh tri thffc hien dai de va nhffng tac pham khac cd cung de tai, chu xem xet nd Nhu phan dat van de da ndi chi' de, phong each vdi tac pham dugc day xem xet nha't dd'i tugng cau hdi day hge Trong truyen thd'ng day hge TPVC, TPVC theo hudng ban the khdng thda dang chung ta da nhan tam quan trgng cua cau va se din tdi sieu htnh Mpt van de tach hdi DO day kie'n thffc thi cung can cau hdi ma khdi nhffng md'i quan he sd'ng cdn cua nd thi ne'u ndi rang giao due hien dai coi trgng ky van de chi cdn la mpt htnh anh, mpt htnh anh nang hon thi cau hdi lai cang dugc sff dung kinh nghiem, ky ffc ea nhan Rd rang la md'i quan rpng rai, sau sac hon Cau hdi khdng luc nao he dugc dat tren nen tang la hinh anh khdng vang mat Nd chfnh la phudng each truyen dat bao gid cd the tao sy that bdi vi htnh anh la kie'n thffc, cung cd kie'n thffc, kiem tra kie'n hu ao va chung ta khdng the cd suy nghT gi thffc va xay dyng kie'n thffc Bie't hdi de tao thie't thye sy ma hd trffu tugng ay nen sy tra Idi cd chat lugng va phat trien kT Nhffng htnh anh hoan toan khdng phai la nang tu cua hge sinh day hoc TPVC sy that de ngudi tim kiem la van de can tie'p tuc tim hieu sau sac va Tie'p can ban the la truy tim cat thie't thye han nffa Mud'n thye hien dugc dieu nha't sy phong phu cua van vat de khdng can cd each tie'p can khac lam co sd ly bj nham lin va hda tan eai chung Tie'p luan cho van de ddi mdi viec xay dyng va sff can ban the la can thie't nhung nd nhu eon dao dung cau hdi day hge TPVC hien hai ludi can phai de chyng va kien nhin tim II Tiep can hien dai doi vdi cau hoi ban chat cua cau hdi day hge TPVC day hoc tac pham van chu'dng Quy luat mudn ddi chi rang mo Trd ve ngudn la trd ve vdi be rpng ude du cd lang man de'n dau nhu Xidncdpxki va be xa cua van de Cau hdi khd nhat cua (Nga) khat khao: Di lay lifa b mat trang ve thi mgi van de la cau hdi ve ban the (tie'p can ngudi vdi mgi ca the khac trudc het 17 TIM HIEU KIEN THUC phai tdn tai da Sd'ng la mpt qua trinh bj chi pham cija minh mpt tinh hud'ng chuyen phd'i bdi ly thuye't ve ly tudng nhan sinh, ve hda tinh than dpc dao Od la dieu tao kha dao dffc, ve tdn giao va ve triet hge Nhung nang giup nghe sy cung cap cho moi tac pham vdi mpt ngudi binh thudng thi sd'ng la mpt y nghTa xae thye Tham chf nhffng cau niem hanh phuc ma khdng ft khd dau, la cd ehuyen rieng tu, md'i quan he giffa tac gia vdi gang thda man nhffng nhu cau bffe thie't cua nhffng due vgng, vgt sy phan tfnh va hdi quy hien sinh {Existenz-Dasein) Ndi sg sinh tdn cam xuc ve nhffng kf ffc mpt thdi da qua deu thye chat la not sg hai trudc kha nang khdng cd y nghTa vdi sy tie'p can sinh tdn Vi the, tdn tai cua ngudi bdi sy tha hda va cat nhffng cau hdi day hge TPVC gan lien che't dang rtnh rap Cat quy djnh cua tdn tai vdi md'i lien he giffa ngudi dugc phan anh ngudi la tfnh thdi gian va tfnh hffu han cua nd tac pham va thai dp hien sinh cua tac ve mat vat chat hoac tinh than cua tdn tai gia vdi tu each la ngudi phan anh Odng thdi ngudi Mgi thff cupc sd'ng vin phai dya cau hdi ay khdng chi nham vao tac pham ma vao sy bpc Ip thai dp ca the hay tam hdn cua cdn dugc nudi dudng md'i quan he giao toan bp nen van hda tie'p sd'ng dpng, tffc thdi giua giao vien (GV) va Tac pham van chudng khdng minh hge sinh (HS) vgt tu each la nhffng ngudi hga ban chat ngudi ma la tim kiem ban ca the tim thay minh nhffng ngudi chat cat tdi tim ve minh va de ty hieu minh, khac nhffng tinh hud'ng cu the cua sinh hieu dugc ban chat cija sy lam ngudi Con tdn Bieu hien eua nd chfnh la sy chia se, ngudi ludn sang tao nd bang thai dp sd'ng ddng cam cua ngudi dgc hoc sinh vgt sy sd'ng thye hoan canh ma nd tie'n hanh tu that cua ngudi nhffng trang hud'ng, ve md'i quan he thdi gian, khdng gian vdi thdi diem mpt di khdng trd lai tac pham ngudi va sy kien Ndi nhu triet gia hien sinh van chuang de nang cao ddi sd'ng tam hdn ngudi Oyc K.Jaspers: "Con ngudi ludn ludn la cQaHS stf nhieu hon tat ca nhUng gi ma ngudi Cau hdi ndi ehung la bieu hien sy hieu biet dugc ve minh, ludn nhieu han mgi khat khao hieu bie't cua ngudi Nd dac dieu ma khoa hge cd the nhan thi:rc dugc ve biet bffe thie't va hdn nhien d tre eon Cat gt tre ngudi" cung hdi va hdi tdi cung, ddn ngudi dugc Con ngudi dugc phan anh tac hdi den be tac Tre hay hdi nhung chf la pham va ngudi tac gia chi sinh tdn de nhan bie't the gidi xung quanh chff chua nhung thdi diem va cam hffng sang tao tac phai la de nhan thffc, bao gdm nhan thffc cat TIM HIEU KIEN THL/C da cd va tim tdi cai mdi cupc sd'ng Ndi GV xae djnh muc dfch giang day Tuy nhien, each khac, viec nghien effu va van dung cau viec xay dyng kie'n thye day hoc TPVC hdi day hoc TPVC cdn phai tie'p can theo ma chf dya vao sy tac dpng cua kf hieu ngdn quan diem xay dyng (hoac kie'n tao) kie'n thye ty, htnh tugng va sy phan xa eua HS ddi vdi Od la mpt kieu "Hge mgt biet mud!' Kie'n thye chung chi la sy chuyen giao kie'n thffc mdt va kT nang mdn hge la mpt he thd'ng dugc lya chieu cho HS la chua du ma cdn la mpt tie'n chgn thudng xuyen kho tang kie'n thye trinh xa hpi hda TPVC Idng ban dgc, GV nhan loai de dap yng muc tieu dao tao vaHS ngudi cho thdi dai nhat djnh Nd khdng gid'ng Nhffng kie'n thffc co ban day tri thye va kT nang sd'ng ma hge sinh cd the hge TPVC dugc quy djnh va thffa nhan hoc sud't cupc ddi Ve ban chat, hge chuong trinh va sach giao khoa nhu vai trd sudt ddi khdng gid'ng hge trugng Idp d cua tac gia (tieu sff va phong each nghe thuat), tfnh chat bat bupe va ty lya chgn kie'n thffc vai trd cua van ban nghe thuat (thi phap hge, chuyen biet va kie'n thffc da nang, d kiem tra ly thuye't ca'u true, ly thuye't phe binh mdi) va danh gia va van dung chung ve vai trd cua ngudi dgc (ly thuye't tie'p nhan, Day hge TPVC theo quan diem xay ly thuye't dap ffng cua ngudi dgc) dang duge dyng kie'n thffc nhan manh vai trd cua ngdn cac nha nghien cffu ly luan phe binh van hge, ngff nhu la nen tang eua tu de giai quye't cac nha phuang phap day hge Ngff van budc van de va hoc tap Ngdn ngff cung cap dau tim hieu khdng ed gt la la mdi ngudi phuang tien can thiet eho hge sinh tu va tie'p thu, nha'n manh trgng tam va van dung phuang tien dugc giao vien sff dung de chung khac theo trtnh dp cua minh Sd'ng giai thfch cac van de cho ngugt hge Do vay la vay, phai bie't chap nhan thdi Cac giao su cac nha nghien cffu ve hoat dpng day hge dan anh ma tdi thye Idng kham phuc ty gia Ngff van cho rang ngdn ngff trao ddi Idp cdi ddi cung chua de lai mpt hge thuye't! Sy hge ddng vai trd then chd't viec tie'p khac ay cd tac dung kfch thfch chung ta nhan va dieu chfnh nang lyc, kT nang doe, viet tie'p tuc di tim y nghTa dfch thye {eigenthischer va tu day hge TPVC Sinn-Bedeutung) cua tac pham qua trtnh Quan diem xay dyng kie'n thffc khang day hge djnh rang, each ma GV va HS sff dung ngdn Ndi ban chat cua TPVC la da nghTa ngff Idp dudi bat ki hinh thffc nao cung tffc la mdi chu trgng de'n dac trung ma thuat chfnh la phuang tien giup HS hoc tap va giup va sang tao cua ngdn ngff nghe thuat va sffc 19 TIM HIEU KIEN THUC sd'ng cua htnh tugng nghe thuat Cdn viec coi vffng kT nang tao kien thffc theo he thd'ng TPVC ia bdi nghTa tffc la lai thien ve dac trung kie'n thffc nen tang, kie'n thffc ca ban va kien giao tie'p cua tie'n trinh day hge TPVC Ofch thffc chuyen biet dac thu day hge TPVC giao tie'p cua nha van la y dd sang tao, la chiJ Giao due hien dai dang phan van ve muc dfch y cija tac gia Ofch giao tie'p cua ngudi dgc ia cua nd giffa day hge kie'n thffc hay day hoc kT tim kiem sy hoai nghi (suspense), sy ngac nang Tdi cho rang, trude het va eudi cung la nhien, bat ngd (surprise) va sy thda nguyen day hge tao kie'n thffc vgt nhffng kT nang de (satisfaction) chya tac pham Ndi khac gianh lay nhung kie'n thffc ay Tim hieu y nghTa di, muc dfch dgc TPVC la sy tim tdi cat dep cd dfch thye day hge TPVC khdng phai chf y nghTa de nang cao kinh nghiem tham my dya vao mdi van ban nghe thuat ma cdn phai cho minh Vd'n kinh nghiem ay nam sy dya vao sy tuong tac (interaction) giua tac pham san sinh kinh nghiem tham my cua thi phap van chuang va ban dgc hge sinh Mud'n thye tac pham dugc chya dyng sy tiep nhan hien sy tuang tae ay phai hoc lay nhffng kT kinh nghiem tham my va vd'n kinh nghiem ay nang dgc hieu ca ban nhu dgc ehfnh xae, dgc cdn dugc bieu hien ket qua giao tie'p phan tfch, dgc sang tao, dgc tfch luy (cumulatif) cua kinh nghiem tham my sy Igc Ogc hieu TPVC thdng qua ea nhan va tap the cua tam hdn cung vdi sy ho trg cua nhffng phuong phap Oe khac phuc tfnh vd can cy eua y khac nhu lap ban tu duy, neu va giai quye't nghTa TPVC phai tim den tfnh bien chffng chff van de, thao luan nhdm, neu cau hdi kham pha, khdng phai la sy chiet trung cua qua trtnh xa tham chf ca phuong phap giang binh cung hpi hda TPVC dpc gia Theo quan diem deu thye hien dugc cd ke't qua Giang van kie'n tao tri thye qua trinh day hoc TPVC khdng phai la ngai vang vTnh vien, dgc hieu thi phai di sau vao ngdn ngff van hge de thudng lugng dam phan (negotiate) tao nghTa Y nghTa dfch thye lam nen gia trj TPVC la ke't qua cua sy trao ddi, tranh luan qua trinh dgc va phan hdi ve tac pham Quan diem day hge TPVC la xay dyng cung chua dam la sy len ngdi tuyet dd'i nhung theo tdi dgc hieu khdng phai la mpt khau, mdt giai doan hay cdng doan ma dgc hieu vdi cac kT nang ca ban cua nd chfnh la dudng dua tac pham van chuang de'n vdi HS vdi tu each la ban dgc phat trien kien thye, ma kie'n thffc thi khdng phai la cat Y nghTa cua van ban htnh tren san cd ma la phai tim kiem de hoan thien nd CO sd nhffng bie'n ddi ma ngudi dgc HS tao Mud'n hoan thien kie'n thffc thi can phai nam cho van ban va ngugc lai ngudn nghTa ludn 20 HM HIEU KIEN THUC dugc bd sung bpi du cho tac pham de GV va tren vdi viec xem ban chat cua cau hdi HS lya chgn qua trinh day hge TPVC day hge TPVC la sy khai thdng va giai quyet Ca hai ye'u td TPVC va ngudi dgc HS deu cd viec hoc tap lin qua trtnh xay vai trd quan trgng nhu dyng kie'n thye, dem lai niem vui trf tue va Nhat quan vgt quan diem xay dyng khuyen khfeh HS dua nhffng eau tra igt kie'n thffc day hge TPVC, viec xay dyng mang tfnh chat ca nhan gid hge Oe phu y nghTa nhu vay chf didn thdng qua gia trj hgp vdi each nhin nhu the, nguyen tac dat cau dfch thye cua tac pham kinh nghiem tham hdi day hge TPVC eung phai khac trudc my dem lai Vt vay, mpt he thd'ng cau hdi day Nguyen tac dat cau hoi day hge TPVC theo quan diem xay dyng kie'n hge TPVC thffc, theo tie'p can ban the va tie'p can sinh Nguyen tac se bam tru lau dai dd'i vdi tdn trd npi dung kT nang dugc quan tam viec dat cau hdi day hge TPVC la nguyen de ddi mdi phuang phap •• tac phat trien He thd'ng cau hdi dam bao sy III Sii'menh cua cau hoi day hge tac nhan thffc trgn gdi kie'n thffc (hay mpt dan vi pham van chu'dng kie'n thffc) Cau hdi da dang nham kfch thfch Sff menh la gt? Sff menh la nhiem vu tu linh hoat, uyen ehuyen d HS Nguyen td'i cao dugc thye hien bang hanh dpng nha't tac phat trien dat cau hdi day hge TPVC quan Sff menh eua cau hdi day hge tao CO hpi cho HS bie't dd'i thoai, giao tie'p thdng TPVC khdng phai la phan dem cho "Bai ca minh tffc la nam vffng Logic ddi thoai, bie't tra thuyet trtnh" ciJa giao vien ma la mpt phan npi Idi dung hudng va bie't hdi lai ngudi hdi dung de xay dyng kie'n thye, kT nang ngff van Nguyen tac phat trien tren lam cho GV va HS va thai dp sd'ng cho HS Han nffa,'cau hdi hieu dugc sy tinh vi nghe thuat dat cau day hge TPVC khdng phai la sy hdi dap hdi de duge hdi tie'p Nguyen tac thudng khd dan thuan hay sy giao tie'p dan ehieu ma la phan biet ranh gidi vdi yeu cau nhung cung sy dd'i thoai da chieu Ngudi dat cau hdi nen ed chut ft phan biet khdng cdn uy the thugng phong nhu phap dinh, tda an Cau hdi khdng cdn la dau Yeu cau dat cau hoi day hge TPVC md'i cua viec xae nhan nhffng tri thffc vTnh effu Nhieu ngudi ddng tinh vdi nhffng yeu ma la phuang tien npi dung gay hieu ffng tim cau can dugc dam bao eho eau hdi day tdi phat hien chieu sau va cdng nang cua tri hoc TPVC la phai khoa hge, su pham va nghe thffc Viec xae nhan sff menh cua cau hdi nhu thuat Oieu khdng can trien khai vt mgi 21 TIM HIEU KIEN THJC ngugt da rd Chung tdi bd sung them mpt vai yeu cau mdi sau: Ndi dung cau hoi day hge TPVC - Cau hdi day hge TPVC can Npi dung eau hdi day hoc TPVC tac dpng vao qua trinh nhan thffc cija HS Vi la nhffng kie'n thffc can dugc tim hieu de lam day hge theo quan die'm xay dyng kie'n thffc rd y nghTa my hge cua tac pham Trong day thi vai trd nhan thffc dugc dat len hang dau hoc TPVC, giao vien cung nen tap trung Ve dieu cd the tham khao y kie'n cija hudng din eho HS bie't each danh gia eau hdi Lenin va cua B.Bloom ve quy luat va qua trtnh theo hai hudng: Cau hdi cd chat lugng va cau nhan thffc hdi ft hieu qua dao tao, giao due de' HS hge - Theo chung tdi, chf cd qua hanh dpng thi mgi tri thffc, hieu biet va dao ly mdi dugc phai bay Can khai thac uu the eua cac hdi va bie't phe phan, khac phuc hge tap Tieu chi danh gia chat lugng cau hdi day hge TPVC ca quan nhan cam nhu tai nghe, mat tha'y, dc Mpt cau hdi cd chat lugng day nghTva tay lam phd'i hgp vdi de sy nhan hoc TPVC phai la eau hdi tuan theo nhffng thffc duge ben vffng Ai cung bie't: nghe thi quy tae sau day: quen, thay thi nhd, nghT thi biet, lam thi hieu -Kfch thfch trf tue HS Tat ea nhffng dieu can cd mat cau - Tra Idi de dugc hdi lai (tfnh lien ket hdi, ed nghTa la yeu eau cau hdi day hoc TPVC phai van dung td't ngdn ngff each dat cau hdi cho gay dugc tac ddng de'n sy hai hda cua am cau chff, tao htnh anh sinh dpng, khdi sau trf tue, can nao va he md thao tac, hanh dpng Ngoai cung can chu y tfnh rd rang cua muc dfch hdi, hudng cua npi dung kie'n thffc dugc danh thffc) - Hdi de dugc hdi tie'p (tfnh he thd'ng, chieu sau cua cau hdi) - Y kie'n ca nhan HS phai dat tdi gidi han can lam rd nhan thffc - Tao dugc co hpi de HS hge tap, nam vffng nghe thuat dd'i thoai, giao tie'p hanh dpng tra Idi can dugc tap trung quy tu Cd nhieu dang cau hdi khac Sd vao npi dung hdi Dien dat cau hdi phai mach lugng ay khdng phai la ft nhung Quy ho tinh lac tuan thu quy tac cu phap Cau hdi mud'n bat quy hd da va dau phai day hge trd cau hdi cd chat lugng day hge TPVC ehl sff dung nha't phuang phap neu TPVC phai ggi nhffng dieu dang tim hieu cau hdi Cau hdi giff vai trd quan trgng can nha't thie't lam bpc Ip y kie'n ea nhan eua khdng khf lam viec song phuong, da HS phuang, nhu la sy khdi dpng nhiet tinh, giff 22 IIM HIEU KIEN THUC nhjp tie'n dp hge tap, thdi thuc tu duy, md cffa thdi gian, di dung va sau vao mach kie'n thffc trf tue, vo ve khich le sy chie'n thang ban than, can tim hieu de cd thdng tin mong mud'n Cau cham ngdi thach thffc sang tao, tdng hgp va hdi thdng minh dem lai hffng thu dd'i thoai, hinh kie'n thffc nhung chung cung chf la khie'n ngudi tra Idi sff dung giai thfch nhieu mpt phan ddi mgi phuang phap day hge hdn sy minh Vf d u: Ha; lan ta gap ngudi dan ba ciing TPVC Tim hieu va ddi mdi viec dat cau hdi day xe bd vdi Trang truyen Vcf nhat cua day hge TPVC tren ca sd tim cu bie't mdi Kim Lan Tdi cho rang dd la chiec xe bd dinh (dn cd tri tan) bd'i canh tri thffc hien dai, menh mang day dii y nghia an du ve eugc hdn theo djnh hudng ddi mdi ve nguyen tac, yeu nhan trd treu truyen ? kien em the nao7 cau muc tieu, npi dung va phuong phap day hge Ngff van hien vdi viec tie'p can hien dai van de cau hdi nhu da trinh bay se ggi Cau hoi dgc hieu va cau hoi kham pha day hge TPVC Mpt each gian dj va hffu ly ne'u cho nhffng trgng die'm de eung trao ddi, ban bae rang cau hdi dgc hieu la eau hdi van dung cac IV Doi Cfng mdi eu, tim tinh hoa va tinh hanh dpng dgc phu hgp vdi nhCfng kT nang dgc da nang cija eau hoi truyen thong va hien hie'u CO ban de kham pha gia trj tac pham Od dai day hoc TPVC la ranh gidi phan biet cau hdi dgc hieu vdi cau Trude het chung ta xem xet va loai hdi thdng thudng Cau hdi kham pha la cau trff nhffng cau hdi ngd nghe cap dd'i ffng hdi the hien y tudng dugc phat trien qua cau hdi thdng minh va cau hdi ngdc nghe'eh trtnh day hoc Cau hdi kham pha tap trung vao Trong day hge TPVC nen tranh nhung eau hdi chieu sau kie'n thffc va cai mdi cija tac pham dua da cd cau tra Idi tff dau va tao sy Oay la nhffng cau hdi cd tae dung kfch thfch le the biet rdi kho lam ndi mai chf lam phf pham bp nao lam viec (hay cdn ggi la phuang phap thdi gian Loai cau hdi cd tac dung tich cdng nao - Brain storming) cung cap cho trf dc cue nhanh chdng dua sy dd'i thoai vao ngd cut chat dot de nd san sinh nang lugng tu Vidu: sang tao Cau hdi kham pha la mpt phuang - • • Hdi: Sao, em chi tra Idi thdi vay saol tien hoc tap hffu hieu, nham phat hien nhffng Tra Idi: Vang al tang y nghTa qua trinh dgc hieu Cau hdi thdng minh la eau hdi dat Cau hoi tai hien va cau hoi sang tao ban da htnh dung chieu hudng tra Idi the Oac trung cua cau hdi tai hien la thien nao la td't, vya khdng lac chu de, vffa tie't kiem ve tim kiem thdng tin, la loai cau hdi khep kfn 23 TIM HIEU KIEN THL/C cd tfnh liet ke, minh hga Oay la cau hdi dien quan trgng ma hg ty dua Qua dd HS ty md dat npi dung trye tiep bao ham muc dfch kiem cho minh hieu bie't mdi ve each thye ly giai danh tra kie'n thffc da tfch luy dugc, thien ve khang gia va thudng thffc cat hay, cai dep cua TPVC djnh va mang tinh thu dpng Vi du: Hdi: Nhieu Npi dung cau hdi day hge TPVC ngudi thira nhan Day thon Vi Da la bai tha rat quan trgng nhung htnh thffc eua cau hdi cdn dugc sang tac gan lien vdi mdi ttnh dan phuang quan trgng hon gap bpi Hdi, chffng nao cdn thdi tre eiia tac gia vdi Hoang Cue Chac chan la nghe thuat kfch dpng Idng ty at va tri td md, em cd nhUng bo sung vao su khang dinh ay niem cam hffng say me vdi cat mdi cua tri bang su hieu biet ciia minh chU ? thffc thi chffng dd each dien dat cau hdi quye't Oac trung eua cau hdi sang tao la xem djnh mpt nffa cdng Ngdn ngff dien dat trgng nhffng kie'n thffc phai suy luan thupc ve cau hdi day hge TPVC nen van dung htnh gia trj nghe thuat va tham my cua tac pham thffc tu tff, dam ca'y vao chung cau hdi Odng thdi cau hdi sang tao cd tfnh chat md Cau hoi lien ket va cau hoi tu tif ngd Nd mang tfnh tfch eye, chu dpng, tao dieu Cau hdi lien ket la loai cau hdi dugc kien cho HS tra Idi ehi tie't, cu the va chfnh xae hinh bdi sy djch chuyen y kie'n da dat npi dung kie'n thye Nd phat huy nhffng suy dugc sy ddng thuan hay mdt ke't luan xae dang nghTva nhan djnh cd tfnh phe phan, dpc lap, ve mpt chu de sang mpt chu de khac md thdng minh cua HS Nhffng cau hdi sang tao sy so sanh dd'i chieu ve nhan thffc, thai dp thudng sff dung cum tff: Theo anh chi , Neu hanh dpng bd'i canh mdi de tie'p nd'i ty dat anh ehi vao ttnh the cua nhan vat , nhien, hgp ly viec nang cao kie'n thffc Hay tudng tugng rang , Gia SIJ: Cau hdi Cau hdi lien ke't dugc dung vdi muc sang tao giup HS bpc Ip chfnh kie'n, cam xuc dfch tdng ket bai day Nd Idi cud'n mpt lan nffa cung nhu sy danh gia rieng cua hg Hieu cau sy chu y cua HS va de nghj hg ty minh phan hdi sang tao khdng chf han che d viec ddi hdi tfch, nghien ngam, kiem tra va danh gia lai nhffng HS van dung kien thffc tdng hgp de tim cat y tudng vffa phat bieu mdi cua TPVC, cung khdng chf dffng lai d yeu Cau hdi tu tff (cau hdi my tff) dugc cau bpc Ip y tudng, ttnh cam ca nhan mpt each didn dat theo quy tac lya chgn ty ngff mdi me, chan thye Cau hdi sang tao cdn cd y nghTa la giau am dieu va htnh anh cung nhu each ndi ty phat hien va xay dyng kien thye vya hge de nham vao y nghTa bdng, can nhan Nhffng Do vay, td't nhat la dung hang loat cau hdi logic cau hdi nhu vay khdng ddi hdi tra Idi va thdng qua dd din dat ngudi hge tdi ke't luan thuc te Nd khdng mang npi dung cat van ma 24 riM HIEU KIEN THUC ehl each ndi xa xdi, tinh te' da ham ngu Idi giai, mgi ngugi deu hieu Ve mat phuong phap, cau hdi day hge TPVC la phan nhay cam nhat de nhan Cau hdi tu tff thudng dugc dung sy ddi mdi that sy hay chi la sy cat ludng phuang phap giang binh Cd nhieu mffc dp cua nffa vdi chie'n luge day hge theo djnh cau hdi tu tff Khi thi hdi thang de tang bdc, hudng hien dai Vj the cua HS duge cat thien khen ninh: Hoi bao nhieu tuoi hdi cd minh Chi that sy co che day hge bang each tao cung xinh ma em cung xinh Cung cd oan niem tin vdi thai dp ty do, dan chu va binh traeh: Hoi trang dep loan ray dau vang Nd de dang trudc chan ly, le phai va cat dep nghe dan den mac nan Hoae la thach thffc thuat nhd van dung td't he thd'ng eau hdi Cau hy vgng: Tai tir van nhan dau dd ta Than hdi ludn la cdng cu khai sang tri tue va tam hdn dau da chiu gia tom Va cdn la nguyen ude, sd Kie'n thffc ea ban viec day hge TPVC cau vd vgng: dday suang khdi md nhan can hpi du hai phuang dien thdng minh sang anh Ai biet tinh cd dam da tao cua bp dc va sy cam cua tam hdn ve Oac tfnh chung cua cau hdi tu tff la cd hoac khdng cd dau hdi d cud'i cau Nd tuang duong vdi dau cham than V Ldi ket Cau hdi day hge TPVC ed vj tri cai dep TPVC ma HS can dat duge qua cau hdi He thd'ng cau hdi la phuang tien hffu hieu dua eon ngudi den nhffng ngudn tri thffc cdn tiem an, giup HS va GV gid hge quan trgng bac nhat vdi y nghTa Hge de chung TPVC bie't phan van, chd dgi va bat ngd cd sdng mdi trudng dam chat nhan van va dugc sy thda man ve nhan thffc, danh gia va cat dep cua giao tie'p kinh nghiem tham my thudng thffc nghe thuat qua trinh dgc the gidi ngdn tff dugc sang tao hieu TPVC 25 ... van de da ndi chi' de, phong each vdi tac pham dugc day xem xet nha't dd'i tugng cau hdi day hge Trong truyen thd'ng day hge TPVC, TPVC theo hudng ban the khdng thda dang chung ta da nhan tam quan... hien sy hieu biet dugc ve minh, ludn nhieu han mgi khat khao hieu bie't cua ngudi Nd dac dieu ma khoa hge cd the nhan thi:rc dugc ve biet bffe thie't va hdn nhien d tre eon Cat gt tre ngudi" cung... TPVC dugc quy djnh va thffa nhan hoc sud't cupc ddi Ve ban chat, hge chuong trinh va sach giao khoa nhu vai trd sudt ddi khdng gid'ng hge trugng Idp d cua tac gia (tieu sff va phong each nghe