Đánh giá tài nguyên du lịch nhân văn ở tỉnh thừa thiên huế

Nowadays,TTH still remains many cultural heritages which feature for spirit andwisdom of Vietnamese race, becomes the precious heritage of the nation andone of its’ important part was re

1 Rationale of this research

Tourism is growing rapidly, bringing high socio - economic andenvironmental efficiency of many countries in over the world Tourism hasbecome the key economic sector in Viet Nam thanks to divers and abundanttourism resource The fact of tourism growth in our country shows that aproper and judicious evaluating and exploitating not only promote economicdevelopment but also contribute on conserving stable resource

Thua Thien - Hue (TTH) is one of the few regions which have diversand abundant tourism resources, especially the special and high humanitytourism resources This is the land of history, culture, and the political,culture, economic center of our country in more than 3 centuries Nowadays,TTH still remains many cultural heritages which feature for spirit andwisdom of Vietnamese race, becomes the precious heritage of the nation andone of its’ important part was recognized as a cultural heritage of the world.The fact is that the humanity tourism resource exploitation in overdecade achieved many accomplishments but its' economic efficiency is stillpoor due to monotonous tourism products and mainly exploiting someresources belonging the Complex of Hue Monuments Therefore,inventorying and evaluating tourism exploiting possibility for resource isnecessary in order to have rational and more effective exploiting orientationsand solutions in the future That is the reasons for the author to choose the

research project: “The evaluation of humanity tourism resource in Thua Thien - Hue province” for my Geography doctoral thesis.

2 Literature review

In the world, the theoretical and practical issues of humanity tourismresource and evaluating them have been mentioned in many studies such as:

Cultural resources for Tourism: Models, process and Policy, Myriam Jansen

- Verbeke et el (2008); Operational Guidelines for the Implementation of the World Heritage Convention, UNESCO (2001); Sustainable Tourism Management , John Swarbrooke (2000), Linking communities tourism and conservation - A tourism assessment process, Elleen Guierrez,… In Vietnam,

the theories of humanity tourism resource has been mainly researched in

geographical aspect with a special meaningful study: “Viet Nam tourism

geography", Nguyen Minh Tue (chef editor, 2000) Many studies tend toward

organizing tourism territory and evaluating tourism resource, including

arranging humanity tourism resource in local and provincial scale.

Humanity tourism resources in TTH are considered in many aspects:History, culture, architecture, art, religion,… Plans on tourism development,assessment of tourism resources, plans on tourism territory, evaluation ofcultural - historical relics,… have been provided a lot of information andhints for the author

Generally, humanity tourism resources and evaluating them areinterested and researched in many different aspects However, evaluatingcomprehensively on humanity tourism resources of TTH according totourism resource sites have not had anystudy researched systematically

3 Research object and tasks

3.1 Research object

The thesis aims to assess humanity tourism resources of Thua Thien Hue province Basing on the findings to propose recommendations onorientations and solutions to exploit effectively humanity tourism resourcesand satisfy sustainably growth requirements of TTH tourism in the future

-3.2 Research tasks

- To review key theoretical and practical issues related to humanitytourism resources, evaluating humanity tourism resources to apply them toconcrete conditions of the research area

- To identify suitable criteria to assess humanity tourism resources inTTH province;

- To analyze characteristics of humanity tourism resources in TTH;

- To evaluate humanity tourism resources sites of TTH for tourismdevelopment

- To analyze situation of exploiting humanity tourism resources in TTH

- To propose orientation of developing toward tourist sites, routes andsolutions in order to exploit effectively humanity tourism resources in TTH

- Comprehensive scale method is used to evaluate resrearch objects that

are fixed space objects Basing on resources inventory and to set offtraditional specific values of TTH province, the thesis chooses resource sites

to assess upon comprehensive scale

+ Cultural - historical relics: The thesis assesses all of rated relics

+ Traditional craft villages: The thesis assesses traditional craft villages

oriented on tourism developing, which is belong to Project “The plan on craft

and craft village growth in TTH boundary to 2020 and orientation to 2025”

and some traditional craft villages that are attractive for tourists at present.+ Festivals, tourism subjects related to ethnology, cultural, sport andother awareness objects: The thesis assesses resources attracted to tourists

- The humanity tourism resource sites have comprehensive assessmentconsequence with medium level or more will be conducted to planexploitation orientation by tourism sites and routes

Spatial scope: The thesis analyzes generally humanity tourism

resources and evaluates humanity tourism resource sites within boundary ofTTH’s territory, and plans orientation of exploiting them not only withinspace of the province but also linked to the neighboring provinces

Time scope: The thesis evaluates humanity tourism resources of TTH

at present, studies on situation of tourism growth and exploities humanitytourism resources of TTH in the period of 2000 - 2013 and proposesorientations, solutions to exploit effectively resources till 2030

5 Research approaches and methods

- The five research approaches were used as follows: synthetic,systematic, spatial, historical - perspective and sustainable development

- The following methods were applied: secondary data collection;survay research; expertise; statistics; field trip; map-GIS; SWOT analysis

6 Contributions and New Findings

- Having contributed to clarify the theory of humanity tourismresources and humanity tourism resources assessment, on that basis, thethesis have established procedure, theory framework to assess them

- Having introduced system of criteria, indicators and weights ofcriteria for evaluating humanity tourism resources

- Having set off the value of humanity tourism resources in TTH andspatial differentiation of resources; identifing capacity of exploiting humanitytourism resources of the province to base for constructing orientation toexploit resources to offer tourism development more suitably

- Analyzed the advantages and difficulties of exploiting humanitytourism resources in TTH under the view of state administration agencies(management sector), tourism companies and tourists

- Having proposed some orientations and solutions in order to exploiteffectively resources to promote tourism development in TTH untill 2030

CHAPTER 1: THEORETICAL AND PRACTICAL BACKGROUND

OF EVALUATING HUMANITY TOURISM RESOURCES 1.1 Theoretical background

1.1.1 Some basis concepts

- Tourism means activities connected with trips taken by peopleoutside their habitual residences aimed at satisfying their needs forsightseeing, study, leisure or recreation in a certain period of time

- Tourists means a person who travels for either tourism or for otherpurposes combined with tourism, except for those who go to study, work orpractice their professions to get paid at the places of destination

- Tourist product means a combination of necessary services provided

in order to meet the needs of tourists during a trip

- Tourism types is a set of tourist products having the same identities

of needs, motives, customers, distributing wa , organizing way, cost,

- Tourism resources means natural landscapes, natural elements,historical or cultural relics, works of creative human labor or humanity valueswhich can be utilized to meet tourist needs and constitute a fundamentalfactor to form tourist resorts, tourist spots, tourist routes or tourist cities

- Tourist site and tourism resource site: Tourism resource siteconsidered as places that have some types of tourism resources Tourist spotare places that are attractive tourism resources and being exploited to offertourists’ visit needs.

1.1.2 Humanity tourism resources

1.1.2.1 Definition: Humanity tourism resource includes cultural traditions

and factors, folk art, historical relics, revolutions, archeological works,architectures, labour works of human creativities and the other intangibleand tangible cultural heritages, can be used for tourism purposes

1.1.2.2 Characteristic: Humanity tourism resources have the following

characteristics: Universality; specificity; diversity and abundance; tangibleand intangible valuation; difference in exploiting time; restorableness,changeability and creatability; centralization and accessibility; morecognitive than entertaining and resting

1.1.2.3 Classify: Humanity tourism resources are divided into following

groups: Cultural - historical relics, festivals, subbject sassociated ethnology,traditional craft villages, other cultural, sport objects and awarenessactivities Also, humanis recognized with the honour equivalent with thevalue levels of world, nation….)

1.1.3 Evaluating humanity tourism resources

1.1.3.1 Approaches of evaluating humanity tourism resources

Evaluation orientations: Quantities and qualitative

Evaluation process: There are 3 steps: building evaluation scale,

conducting evaluation and assessting consequence

1.1.3.2

Criteria and indicators to assess humanity tourism resources

* Choosing criteria: There are 6 criteria used to evaluate humanitytourism resources to apply to TTH provinces as follows: Attractiveness,accessibility, connectiveness, conservation level, exploitation time andtourist carrying capacity

Grade level indicators: Humanity tourism resource sites are assessedinto five level as follows

Table 1.1 Grade assessment criteria of humanity tourism resources

1 Attractiveness Very attractive Attractive Medium Less attractive Unattractive Tourism resource rank and The tourism - Tourism resource - Tourism resource Tourism resource sites are Tourism resource sites

famous level toward tourist resource

placesthat its’

reputation and value exceed over Vietnamese territory, are well-known in

or are ranked level and lknown.

world-placesare ranked from special nation- rank updown and its’

reputation , value is wellknow in the coutry ;

or are world-ranked and wellknown in the province.

-Tourism resource places which have not been ranked are considered attractive if the reputation and value are dosmetically wellknown

sites are ranked but their reputation and value

world-is just well- known by local tourists or districted tourists or tourists of neighbor districs;

-For unranked resource sites, their must be well-known

by provincial tourists.

nationally ranked but their reputation and value are just well-known by local tourists; or resource sites are nationally ranked and their reputation and value are well-known by districted tourists or tourist of neighbor districts For unranked resource sites, their reputation and value must be well-known

by local tourists.

are nationally ranked or povincially ranked but their reputation and value are well-known by local tourists; or resource sites are princially ranked and their reputation and value are well-known by districted tourists or tourist of neighbor districts For unranked resource sites, their reputation and value are just well- known by local tourists.

2 Accessibility Very

advantageous

Advantageous Medium Less advantageous Disadvantageous

From resource sites to

provincial administration

center

Under 10kms Form 10 – 30 kms Form 30 – 50 kms Form 50 – 70 kms More than 70kms

Number of vehicles 5 verhicles 4 verhicles 3 verhicles 2 Verhicles 1 Verhicle

- Quality of road Very good Good Medium Bad Bery bad

Percent of roads with asphalt 100% Form 90-100% Form 80-90% Form 70-80% <70%

- Approach time Very short Short Medium Long Very long Average time to travel from the

center to resource sites < 30 minutes From 30-60 minutes From 60-90 minutes From 90-120 minutes < 120 minutes

3 Connectiveness Very good Good Medium Bad Bery bad

Number of vicinal resource

locatons ≥ 5 sites 4 sites 3 sites 2 sites 1 sites

4 Conservation level Very high High Medium low Very low Status of works or Situation

of craft village work Intact or nearly

craft villages are

in good operation

Quiet intact resource and they still remain their genius and identities

Some geniuses and identities of resources are losing;

craft villages operate perfunctorily

Most of geniuses and identities of resources are losing ; craft villages almost not operate and are

in danger of losing

Which almost unexist or unexist in the field or are lost (for the craft)

5 Tourist carrying capacity Very large Large Medium Low Very low Number of arivals that can be

receive a day ≥ 500 person/day From 300-500person/day Form 200-300 person/day Form 100-200 person/day Under 100 Person/day

6 Exploitation time Very long Long Medium Short Very short Number of day to organize

tourism activities ≥ 250 days/year 200-250 days/year Form 150-200days/year Form 100-150 people/daydays/year Under 100 days/year



* Weights: Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP) is used to determine the

weights of criteria through 8 experts’ review Consequently, the weights ofcriteria are listed as follows: Attractiveness - 0,32; Accessibility - 0,19;Connectiveness - 0,13; Conservation level - 0,22; Tourist carrying capacity -0,06 and Exploitation time - 0,08

* Partial and synthetic assessment ladder

- Every criteria is divided into 5 levels with the equivalent score fromthe top down is 5, 4, 3, 2, 1

- The consequence of humanity tourism resource assessment is dividedinto five classes equavelent with exploitation capacity of very high, high,medium, low, very low

1.2 Practical backgrounds

The implementation practice of humanity tourism resources evaluation

in the world: Organizations and nations in the world such as Egypt, Canada,

Romani, Philippines, Cambodia,… are very interested in humanity tourism

resources assessment for preservation, exploitation for tourism developmentand planning UNESCO is the most prestigious organization and brings globalvalue for resources with world cultural heritages and other hornourable names

as intangible cultural heritages of human and world document heritages.Besides, international organizations and websites such as New Open WorldCorporation (NOWC), CNN travel, assess resources according to votes forworld wonder, tasty foods,… basing on opinions of tourist and the people

The implementation practice of humanity tourism resources evaluation in Vietnam: Assessment to rate resources value has been carried

out on a nation scale and in the provinces and cities to base serve as base forresources preservation and promotion for tourism In the tourismdevelopment plans and strategies for country, regions and areas, humanitytourism resources inventory and assessment are the growth power which basefor building orientations and solutions of tourism

Some issues of humanity tourism resources assessment: Resources

assessment bases for planning tourism development, building steeringoverviews and principles for tourism inventory, assessment and management,establishing professional research organizations of assessment and prioritizedinvestment in resources exploitation, promoting resources value associatedwith preservation, coordination between administration agencies and localcommunity in resources management, exploitation and preservation

CHAPTER 2: HUMANITY TOURISM RESOURCES AND EVALUATION OF HUMANITY TOURISM RESOURCES IN

THUA THIEN - HUE PROVINCE 2.1 Introduction on Thua Thien - Hue

2.1.1 Location and territory

Thua Thien Hue locates in the center of the most wealthy worldheritage region of our country with area of 5.033,2ha The geographicsituation benefits for TTH to be approached and connect with internationaltourism routes and nations by land, airline, waterways and railways

2.1.2 Natural condition

2.1.2.1 Topography: The diverseterrains of mountain, hill, plain, lagoon,

sea has create precondition for diversifying tourism types However, thegeographic situation also causes some difficulties for construction oftechnological infrastructures and facilities for tourism

2.1.2.2 Climate: TTH has a quiet cold winter, a hot summer undertaked

the influence of “Lao wind” (foehn wind in central of Viet Nam) Theannual rainfall is high with great rainy days and frequent floods Generally,the climate of TTH has less advangtages for outdoor ctivities, rest,especially in the rainy season

2.1.2.3 Hydrological network: Hydrological network in TTH has elements

sufficiently: Rivers and streams; pools, lakes, lagoons which not only providewater for tourism activities and landscape but also have function of curing

both specific tourism resources and food provider which offer the needs ofenjoying fresh and special food of tourists

2.1.3 Socio-economic condition

2.1.3.1 Scale, structure and growth of GDP: GDP scale of TTH has

grown rapidly, shifted toward industrialization-mordenization and hadsignificantly serviced focusing The situation of economic growthcontributes to promote the development of tourism: Stimulating needs,expanding tourism market and increasing capacity to satisfy tourist’s needs

2.1.3.2 Infrastructure: Infrastructure system in TTH has been completed

to contribute to strengthen living quality of the people and createadvantages for tourism growth

2.1.3.2 Population and labour resources: Population of TTH is 1,12

millions with 6 ethnic groups in 2013 These ethnic groups have specialtraditional culture which can be exploited for tourism growth Hard - workingand profuse labour resources of TTH also benifits for tourism growth

2.1.3.3 Urban network: Urban system in TTH disputs rationally and

develops rapidly to create advantageous condition to approach and connecttourism resource sites together Urban system also provides technologicalfacility systems, services for tourism activity

2.1.3.4 Policy, institution and capital: Policies and institutions are suitable

and comfortable to facilitate to attract capital and promote tourism growth.However, the limitation of administration causes some difficulties forinterprises and using capital is not very effectively

2.1.3.5 Territory development and exploitation history: TTH concentrates

many briliant cultures, was a polistic center for more 3 centuries which leftdiverse and specific cultural heritages in TTH territory

2.2 Humanity tourism resources in ThuaThien Hue

2.2.1 Cultural – historical heritages

TTH has 140 ranked cultural-historical heritages till 2013 The averagedistance among these heritages is 6.0 kms Many heritages have special value,especially the Complex of Ancient Hue relics which is recognized as a worldcultural heritage Hue city has the most dense and valuable relic density

2.2.1.1 Archaelogical relics: Many valuable archaeological relics of

Champa culture and Ancient Hue relics groups are still remained in TTH

Xa Tac esplanade, temple backgrands, Champa towers,…

2.2.1.2 Historical relics: 89 historical relics were ranked till 2013 with 42

nation - ranked relics

2.2.1.3 Art and architectural relics of TTH have special value, including

palaces, citadels, tombs, old villages, pagodas, The seven of them wereregconignized as world cultural heritages

2.2.1.4 Landmark: TTH has many beautiful natural landscapes which are

in harmony with cultural works to form attractive tourism places for tourists

2.2.2 Festivals: There are 93 festivals organized annually in TTH Besides

the traditional folk festivals, the court festivals also have special attraction totourists In addition, TTH organizes many other attractive and mordenfestivals such as: Hue festival, traditional craft festival,…

2.2.3 Subjects related to ethnology

* Hue music has abundant types and attractive content Nha Nhac was

recognized as a world intangible cultural heristage by UNESCO Ca Huewas also regcognized as a nation intangible cultural heritage

* Hue food with luxurious style of court or simple style of folk are

always attractive colour and taste Therefore, Hue food is considered as atourism resource and the content of most trips to Hue

* Hue lifestyle: Hue lifestyle associates with harmonious and

charming nature which has make an emotive soul, simple - minded andprofound characteristics The tenderness, shyness and discreet of Hue girlshas contributed to raising the romance of Hue

* Other tourism objects: West of TTH is living locality of ethnic groups

of Ta Oi, Co Tu, These communities have their unique ethnic shades inworking, living and customs and habits These values make a great attrationtoward tourist and contribute to diverstify local tourrism products

2.2.4 Traditional craft villages: There are many traditional craft and

handicraft villages which still remain such as casting copper, Sinh villagepaintings, Thanh Tien paper flower,…These craft villages are availabletourism resources which are potential to develop tourism products such ascraft village tourism, types of souvernirs

2.2.5 Other cultural, sport subjects and awareness activities.

Musiums, special cultural works, economic, cultural and sport events,

… are the valuable resources of tourism of the province

2.3 Evaluating humanity tourism resources in Thua Thien - Hue

According to experts, the criteria of attraction play a prior role towardexploitation capacity and orientation of humanity tourism resource.Therefore, the attraction of tourism resource sites are evaluated priorly toeliminate resource places that have under average point

According to assessing attraction of 172 resource sites, the thesischooses 76 humanity tourism resource sites to assess to rank theirexploitation capacity including 44 cultural - historical relics, 4 festivals, 3subjects related to ethnology, 10 traditional craft villages and other 15cultural subjects The ranking consequence of 76 humanity tourism resourcehas 4 levels The highest level is 5,0 (Thien Mu Pagoda and Long An Palace)and the lowest one is 1,8 (Khe Tre victory point)

To visualize the assessment consequence, make it easy to follow rankedconsequence, recognize strengths and disadvantages of resource sitesaccording to assessment criteria, the author standardize datas by Max=100method On that basis, the author chooses rada chart type to show assessmentscores of component criteria after standardizing and then divides resoucesinto groups as follows:

Figure 2.3 The diagram of analyzing evaluation component criteria of humanity

Symbols of criteria: V1: Attractiveness

V2: Accessibility V3: Connectiveness

V4: Conservation level V5: Tourist carrying capacity V6: Exploitation time

- Class I (Having very high exploitation capacity) There are 24resources places with the rate of 31,6% and the average score of 4,7 points.Thien Mu Pagoda and Long An Palace are advantage to develove tourism formax score in every criteria Some resource places are limited aboutconservation level and exploitation time About disposing, more than 60% ofclass I resources concentrate in Hue city This is an advantage for Hue city inparticular and TTH in general to focus on investing and developing tourism

- Class II (Having high exploitation capacity) This class has 34 resourceplaceswith the rate of 44,7% and the average score of 3,8 Many resource