Động từ bất quy tắc và những điều cần yếu trong văn phạm tiếng Anh

2 Cdc loai danh tit: j v a Danh tit chung Common nouns Vf dy: man dan dng, boy b6 trai, table cai ban book quy£n sach b Danh tit ri&ng proper nouns c Danh tit tritu tuong Abstract nouns

UNH GIANG

L IN H G IA N G

v a n h O n g d ieu c a n yeu

TRONG VAN PHAM TIENG ANH

□ 315 dong tu bat qui tac

□ 9 tu loai ca ban trong tifi'ng Anh

□ Cau va m£nh

NHA XUAT BAN TONG HOP THANH PHO HO CHI MINH

LOI NOI DAU

De viec h o c tieng A N H co can ban virng chac, ngoai viec n a n g thuc hanh c a c d a n g cau thong dung,

c h u n g ta con ca n phai quan tam d e n phan n g u phap V'i do la cai g o c d e nam vCrng tu cau true d e n c a c h van

d u n g ca c tu loai trong tieng Anh.

C h u n g toi m o n g rang phan tom luge c a c dieu can yeu trong van p h a m tieng A n h se giup ich d u q c phan

n 'ao cho ca c ban hieu hoc.

C h u n g toi da chat loc c a c phan n g u phap tieng

A n h that cot loi d e c a c ban d o c c h i voi it thoi gib c u n g

co the nam bat d u q c mot so dieu ca n ban ban dau lam nen tang ch o viec n gh ie n c u u sa u hon ve sau.

Xin c h u c c a c ban tien bo nhieu trong qua trinh h o c tap tieng A n h

He 1996

S o a n g i a

MUC LUC• •

1- B&ng tOf b&'t qui tac 5 (irregular verbs)

6- Pho tii / tran g tvr (adverbs) 48

9- T han tii (interjection and c'xdamatioii) 79

11- Cau va m£nh de (sentences and clauses) 130

PHAN I

D O N G TU* B A T Q U I T A C ( I R R E G U L A R

V E R B S )

In fin itiv e Past tense Past p a rticip le M eaning

backbitten

n6i x&'u; giem pha

backslidden

tai pham;

sa sut

sinh ra

trd thanh

beget * begot/begat begotten xay ra; gfiy

•

(dip may)

hoa lai '

10 b i o w * ^ blew blown th£i (gi6)

x$y c&t

thi&u huy

creptcrowed/

crew (cu)cut

creptcrowed

cut

b6; t rtf tin g£y (g&)

tim duqc

tiu thoat

floodlighted floodlighted

gild gilded/gilt (cu! gilded/gilt (cu)

94 grow grew grown mpc ten; W* l®l

thoi; d£m

interwoven det xen nhau

kneeled (My)

kneltkneeled

cjfty goi

L 114 lade

tr i 1

ladedi)*'■

leaned

- leant / leaned

nghieng; dtfa val

119 learn learnt/learned learnt/learned hpc; dtf<?c bi6't

bo quen

danh mat

muon noi la

chay ra

135 mislay mislaid mislaid l&m Ifc mtft

vie't sai chAnh t

141 misunderstand misunderstood misunderstood hieu fAm

outputted

output/

outputted

cho ra (dit kUn)

cudi ngu a mau hdJ

lam ki$t stfc

qua trdnoverdrawn rut 16 tfen;

cUdng di§uovereaten &n qua dQoverfed cho fin qui mifc

overgrown ldn qua nhanhoverhung nhd ra b6n tr§n

ngita d in kiet si/i ,

176 oversleep overslept overslept ngu qu£n;

qui gifc

phu <ffiy

hdn; th in g

/overwrought

l&m qui sifc

i

i n utfng chung btfa; cung chia i tham di/

pleaded

pledpleaded

nai xin

t ii thiet

reset d£t l?i; l^p lai

rewritten viet lairid/ridded giai thoat ;

tong khilriddBli cuai (xe; ngua)

chuong reo

rotted/rotten ri; myc; thoi; htf

sodden n&'u cho s6i (nude.

219 ' send sent * - sent gift; gdi; d<?n

(bdn On)

(mQt trd i)

(Idng cCru)

chi cho thtfy

shrunk co rut; thun l^i

(nghe)

ng$m mi$ng

spun/span

spat/spitsplitspoilt/spoiled spotlit spread sprang

stood

spilt/spilled

spun

spat/spitsplitspoilt/spoiledspotlit

gi£t h?i; s&t h?i ngu

ltfdt; trtffltn6m; li$ng; bin

(b&ng nd)

chu'On; len di

c it ; che; bd’ ; rpcngui; M e muid$p m?nh;

tn ln g ph$t

gieo; rai (hat)

n6ichay vyt; htfp tfipdanh v&n; bdo hklutifeu xai, stfng qu a dung thi gid

lan truyfenin; nhay in

: I

dft't (ong)

264 strew strewed strewn/st re we< r ic ; r i i (I6 n)

sam n&ng; bjn S n g an

sunburnt

sunburned/

sunburnt

swelled

phdng; stfng

danh du

79 tell told told k£ l?i; thu&t lai

.i i <• thrived vU0ng; phdt d$t

Ii

87

i

88

,89

trai raa

91

92

(i

Janh lsfy

ky d dtfdi

W 302 wake woke/ w

waked (cu)

■woken/waked thifc d$y;

d£nh thitc

siet ch$t

p h A n i i

NHUNG DIEU CAN YEU TRONG

Trong ti£ng Anh ngtfdi ta thtf&ng chia lkm chin lo?i tOr:

ITDStah tdr (nouns) ‘6) Gidi t\ir (propositions)2)JM$o tOr (A rticles) 7) Lifen tOr (conjunctions)3) D$i tOr (pronouns) 8) Thfin tOr (Interjections)4) Tfnh tOr (Adjectives) 9) DQng tOr (verbs)

5) Trying tOr (Adverbs)

I DANH TCr (NOUNS)

tu tildng, sif ki$n.

2) Cdc loai danh tit:

j v

a) Danh tit chung (Common nouns)

Vf dy: man (dan dng), boy (b6 trai), table (cai ban)

book (quy£n sach)

b) Danh tit ri&ng (proper nouns)

c) Danh tit tritu tuong (Abstract nouns)

V i dy: health (sifc khoe), pleasure (si/ vui thich), youth (tudi tre)

d) Danh tit cu t h i (concrete nouns)

VI d y : girl (c6 g£i), orange (cam)

e) Danh tit t^p hap

Vi dy: army (quAn dQi), class (Idp hgc), fam ily (gia dlnh),

3 ) S o n h i e u c u a d a n h tuT ( p l u r a l n o u n s )

a) Nhln chung danh tOr a6 it dA'i sang stf nhffeu thtfdng thfem S

book -* books ; car •* cars

b) Danh tti t$n cQng b&ng s; sh; ch; x; z khi drfi sang nhfts thfem ES

Vf du: glass -* glasses (nfutng cdi ly)\ dish -* dishes (nfutng bdt dla)\ church -* churches (nh itn g nha thd)\ box -* boxes ( nfutng c&l

hdp)

c) Danh tOr t&n cung b&ng O

* N&u trifdc O co m$t phy &m thi thfem ES

V i du: potato -* potatoes (cu khoai tay) ; hero -* heroes (anh hung) ; fecho -» echoes (tii'n g ddi la i) ; volcano -* volcanoes (n u i liia)

* Nfe'u dilng trudc O 16 n guy fen &m ho§c danh tdr nh&p t i ntfdc ngoij

thi chi thfem S

Vi dy: bamboo -» bamboos (c&y tre) ; radio -» radios (d a i) ; studio ■* studios (phbng ve) ; photo •* photos (ti&m chup anh) ;

kilo -» kilos (kg).

d) Danh tit t&n cung b&ng Y

* N£u trtfdc Y co phu Am thi Y -» ies

Vi du: City -» cities (thanh p h6 ) ; lady -* ladies (qu i bit) fam ily -* famili (gia d in h ) ; army -* armies (quan ddi)

* N£u trtfdc Y co nguyfen fim thi thfem S thdi

V i du: boy -* boys (con trai) ; key -* keys (ch ia khoa) valley -► valleyi

(thung lung)\ donkey -* donkeys (con lita)

e) Danh tif t£n cung b&ng f ho£c fe

• thtfdng f,*fe -» vea

Vf dy: le a f -* leaves (c h ii c Id) w ife -* wives (v p ) ; th ie f ■* thieves

( k i trQm) ; kn ife -» knives > (dao)

* Ngo$i 1$ chi them S thfli

roof -* roofs (m&i nhh) ; belief -* beliefs ( tin tu&ng) ; handkerchief -» andkerchiefs (khdn); ch ief -* chiefs (thu lanh) ; c lif f -* cliffs (m$t da dung

ting d bd b iin ) ; dw a rf ■* dwarfs (ngudi ton ) ; g u lf -* gulfs (v in h ) ; griefs

f) C6 9 danh Mr ddi sang s6 nhfeu theo dang d$c bi£t

- man -* men (dim bng)

- child -* children (dita t r i )

- goose -» geese (con ngSng)

- louse -* lice (con r&n)

mouse -* mice (chudt n h it)

g ) C6 mQt s6 danh tO' s6' ft v& stf nhifeu gitfng nhau

ox -* oxen (bo due) Woman -* women (dim bit) foot -* feet (ban c h in ) tooth -* teeth (r in g )

cattle (muc sue)

grouse (ga ritng)

sheep (con curu)

deer (con huau)

swine (con heo) poultry (gia chm) salmon (cd thu) trout (cd qua, c& h'bi sdng)

h) Co mOt so danh tir hinh thtfc d stf nhfeu nhtfng d$ng tOf theo sau

phai d s(S ft

- News (tin titc) ; gallows (cdt xti giao) ; physics (v&t ly ) ; phonetics (ngU

n hoc) ; mathematics (todit hoc) ; politics (ch&nh tri hpc)

4) N h i e m vu c u a d a n h t i l (functions o f nouns)

a) L&m chu ngtf (subject)

- The b o y opens the door

(CAu trai md ciia)

b) Lorn b6 ngU true ti&p (direct-object)

- I see the ca t

(T b i th/fy con mko)

c ) L io n b6 ngiZ g id n t if y (in d ir e c t object)

- I g ive tlje money to m y f r i e n d

( T b i b i i i t t i i n ch o bq.n tdi)

d ) U u n b6 ngiZ cho g id i tit (prep osition a l object)

W e look at the b la c k b o a r d

(C h u n g tbi n h in ten bang d en )

e ) D u n g n h u mQt tin h tit (a d je ctiv e )

T h e o f f i c e hotel faces the m arket

f ) D u n g n h u m6 t tra n g tit (adverb)

I ju st got back y e s t e r d a y

(T b i vita m d i trd v l nghy hbm qua)

5 ) Giong cua danh tit (noun g e n d e r)

ngtf ess

V f d y: poet (nam, th i s i) -* poetess (n it s i)

prince (hoang tit) -* princess (cd n g chua)

author (tdc g ia ) — authoress ( n i l tac g ia )

lion (su t ii d ue) -* lioness (s u t i i cd i)

boy (cdu tra i) son (con tra i) man (dan dng)

fa th er (cha) husband (etibng) uncle (chu, cdu) nephew (ch&u tra i)

g ir l (cb g p ) daughter (co n g a i) wom an (da n bit)

m other (m e )

w ife (va ) aunt (th im , m g, d i) niece (chdu g a i)

III OAI TO- (PRONOUNS)

Dai tOr dftng dS thay th£ cho mdt ho$c nhfeu danh tOr hay m$t nhdm tOr

D?i tOr c6 7 lo?i:

+ D?i tOr nhftn xtfng (personal pronouns)

+ D$i tOr sd htfu (possessive pronouns)

+ D?i tir phan thfln (reflexive pronouns)

+ D$i tOr M't djnh (indefinite pronouns)

+ D^i tOf lifin h£ (relative pronouns)

+ D$i tOr nghi v&'n (interrogative pronouns)

+ Dqii tOr chi thj (demonstrative pronouns)

1) D a i tic n h a n x icn g (personal pronouns)

Dai tOr nhftn xUng gdm co ba ngdi:

- ngdi thtf nhat : I (tdi); we (chung tdi)

- ngdi thtf hai : you (anh, chi, c£c anh, c&c chj)

- ng6i thtf ba : he (anh £y); she (cd a'y); it (no); they (chung no)a) Dung 1km chu ngtf (subject)

I: tdi

You: anh, chj

He: anh fi'y

She: cd £y It: no

We: chung t6i, chung ta You: Cac anh, cac chj They: chung no

Vi dy: He gives me his bicycle.

(Anil &y cho tdi chiec xe dap cua anh ta)

b) Dung lam b6 ngiir (object)

S6 ft 86 nhffeu

me: tAi ' t ; ^

you: anh, chi

him: anh 6y her: oft &y

it: n6

us: clningtM , chung ta

you: c&c anh, c£c chi

them: chung n6

Vf dy: * I speak to him

* I had a letter from h e r

(T b i nhdn dugc thu tvc cb dy)

* I shall tell y o u a story

(T b i sS k i cho anh nghe mbt chu chuySn)

Cac dai tfir sd htfu gdm co:

mine: cua toi

yours: cua anh, chj

his: cua anh £y

hers: cua c6 ay

its own: cua n<5

ours: cua chung tdi, chung ta yours: cua cac anh, cdc chj theirs: cua chung n6

Vf du: * My books are here, y o u rs are on the table

(Sac/i cua tbi 6 day, sach cua anh a t r in ban)

* His car can go very fast, and h e rs can too.

(Xe cua anh ay co t h i chay rtit nhanh, vii xe cua cb dy cung thi

* This is a portrait o f m in e

(Day la bite anh cd tbi trong do)

3) D ai tic phan than (reflexive pronouns)

C&c dai tOr phin thftn gftm: ,

‘ ' c&c chj

themselves: chfiih chung n6

! I:

Vf dy: * She bought h e r s e lf a new hat '

* Help you rselves.

(Xin cit fin tit n h iin )

* He denies h im s e lf lots o f comforts

(.Anh ta v&t bo moi su hudng thu v(U chtit)

* My little sister can now dress h e r s e lf

(B&y gid cb em gai nho cua tdi cb t h i tu m&c l&y qu&n 60)

^4)1 Dai tit b£t dinh (indefinite pronouns)

Dai tCr bfi't djnh dung chung cho ngtf&i ho$c d'6 v$t khfing c6 tfnh xAc

lh D?i t.if bA't djnh thtfdng dtf<?c dung lam chu ngtf hay b6 ngtf

MOt sd' d$i tur b&'t djnh thtfdng dung

everybody, eveiyone: mpi ngtffJi; everything: mpi v&t

either: mdt trong hai c&i / hai ngifcJi

neither: kh6ng c6 cai nao / ngu&i nao trong hai

some, any: mot vai cai / vai ngUcJi

none: khfing c6 cai n&o; one: ngudi, cai

v&i cAi; anything: v$t gl, vifcc gl khdng c6 c i i n&o ca

khOng c6 ai

t i t ca; other, others: c£i khAc, ngtfM mQt cAi khdc

1something:

nothing:

noone, nobody:

all:

another:

Vi dy: * I w ill take e it h e r

(T d i ae l&y mbt trong hai cdi)

* S o m e do not like coffee

(MQt vdi ngtfdi khbng th ick cd p h i )

* We care fo r and help o n e a n o t h e r

(Chung ta quan tdm vd giup dd l&n nhau)

* The first bus is full, so I take the second o n e

(C h u y in xe buyt dCbu d&y qud, t h i n in tbi s i d i chuyin nhi)

5) D a i t i t q u a n h i/ li& n h e (relative pronouns)

Dai ttf li£n h& dtfdc dung di tranh lap lai mQt danh tCr nko d6 troi

mdt c&u N o lam chu ngtf ho&c sd htfu cach cho m$nh di§ sau N6 dtfi gitfa c£u

1 W ho: ngtfdi ma (chu ngtf)

Who thay cho chu ngtf va chi dung cho ngtfdi

V i dy: * The girl w h o is sittin g on that chair is Jane

(Cb gdi (ngtfdi ma) dang ng'di tr&n c h iic g h i kia Id Jane)

* The man w h o spoke was my brother

(Ngtfdi dim dng (ngtfdi mh) ndi chuyin kia ch in h la anh tdi}

2 Whom: ngtfdi mk (btf agff) ' ,f" ' r' ■'

Whom thay cho b6’ ngtf va chi dityc dung cho ngtfdi

Vf dy: * This is the man’ikrhom you met last autumn

* My sister, w hom you met yesterday, is Linda

(Chi tbi la Linda, ngtfdi mil anh dS gap ng&y hbm qua)

* Is that the boy whom you saw at the airport?

(Cd phai c&u b i kia ngtfdi miI anh da g&p a s&n bay?)

3 Whose: nik cua

Whose thay cho tmh ttf sd htfu cach vk chi d in g cho ngtfdi

Vi dy: * The girl w hose father has just died is Rosa.

(Cb g&i ma ba cua cd ay vtfa nidi nifi't lk Rosa)

* I was speaking to the boy w hose family lives in HaiPhong

(Tbi vita noi di'n c&u b i ma gia dinh cAa c$u ky sd'ng d Hai

Ph&ng

* I met Mr Sdn w hose son is my friend

(Tbi da gap bng Scfn mk con trai ciia 6ng Ay la ban tfti)

4 Which: mk no

Which thay cho chu ngtf hokc bd’ ngtf va chi dung cho d'd vkt (doc khftng trpng Am)

Vi dy: * This house, w hich you rented, is Jack’s

( Ngbi nha nay, ma anh da thud, la nha cun Jack)

* The river w h ich flows through HaNoi is called the Red River

(Con sbng ma no chay qua Ha N oi la sdng Hong)

* The dog w h ich had been lost, has been found

(Con cho ma no bi th&t lac thi da tim lai dtfoc)

) That: ma

That thay cho chu ngtf ho$c bo ngtf, dung dtftfc cho ngtfdi lan v£t

Vf dy: * The girl th a t you met yesterday is K itty

(Cd gdi m il anh dd gap hbm qua Id K itty )

* Bring me the book th a t is on the dest

(M ang ht> tbi quy&n sdch m il nd d tr&n biui u i i t )

* Have you everything th a t you need?

(Ban cd du c&c ttut ban cdn chua?)

Cac dai tCf nghi v£n g&m:

Who : ai ? (dung cho ngtfdi, dung 1km chu ngtf hay bdWhom : ai ? (dung cho ngtfdi, lam bd ngtf)

Whose : cua ai ? (dung cho ngtfdi, lam bd ngtf)

What : cai gi ? (dung cho dd vfrt, dung lam chu ngtf hay bd ngl

Which : cai nao ? ngtfdi nao ?

(dung cho ca ngtfdi lSn vkt, lam bd ngtf)

1 W ho: ai ?

a) D ung lam chu ngiZ

Vi du: W h o came here yesterday?

(A i den day ngay hdm qua?)

b) D ung lam bo ngi7

Vf du: W h o did you see?

(Anh dd gap ai ?)

2 W h at: Cai gi ?

a) D un g lam chu ngit

/i dv: * What are you?

(Anh Ikm g l t t f )

W h a t > y « j r n a w ? ,

( T in anh I t g i n h i? )

>) Dung Ibm bS ngil

* W hat did you say?

* W hat is that?

(Cdi kia lit cdi g i ?)

3 W hich: Cdi nko ? Ngtfdi nko ?

Vi dy: * W hich do you prefer?

(Anh thich cdi nao han ?)

* W hich o f the boys is the tallest?

(C&u n £ o lt ngtfdi cac nhtit trong ddm t r i ?)

5 Whose: cua ai *

Vi dy: * Whose book is it?

(N o la sach cua ai ?)

Chu y: What va Which dtfng trtfdc danh ttf thi no la tinh ttf chtf khdng

ii dai ttf

7) Dai tit chi thi (demonstrative pronouns)

D$i ttf chi thi dung de chi ve khoang cach

Xa g in dd'i vdi ngtfdi noi

Cac d$i ttf chi thj gdm:

S 6 ft Stf n h fe u

This: cai ndy, d&y

that: cai kia, do

these: nhtfng c4i nky.dfty those: nhtfng cai kia, d6

(D&y la hai anh tdi)

* T h o s e who drink w ater think w ater

IV, TINH TLT (ADJECTIVES)

A Cac loai tilth tit

Co bay loai tinh ttf Tinh tut bo nghia (m od ify ) cho m$t danh ttf, d$i

hay tinh ttf khac, no dtfdc goi la tin h tif thude ngi? (a ttrib u tive) vk lu

Vi du: * She looks h e a lth y

(Cd ta tro n g cd ve khoe m anh)

* M j Brown is an o ld man.

(d n g Brown la m ot dng g ia )

Tfnh tOr vj n g ild i theo to be: lk; to become: tbknh; to seem: dudng

1) Tinh tic riing (proper adjectives) - ’

Tfnh tor rifeng phkt xukt tfit danh tOr rikng «

Vf dy: * F ren ch grammar is very difficult

(Van pham Phdp ngU th i r6 t kh6)

* Shakespeare play is interesting

(Vd kich cua Shakespeare th i thu v i)

2) T i n h tCC m o ta (descriptive adjectives)

Tfnh tOr md ta dung A i mo ta hay noi 16n tfnh chkt cua danh tur, thudng

ng trtfdc danh tOr

Vf dy: * Dick is a ta ll boy

* New York is a b ig city.

T u y nhifen tr o n g cdc trtfifn g h op sau nd la i d tin g sau danh tit

a) Cd gidi tir theo sau

Vf dy: * Mr White is a man g r e e d y for money

(d n g White la mdt ngtfdi tham tiln ).

b) K h i hai tinh tit n6 i vdi nhau bdi:

as well as : cung nhu

;i both and: vilra vita

1 not only but also: khdng nhtfng ma con

either or: ho&c la hoSc la

neither nor: khdng ma cung khdng

Vf dy: * Mr Clark is a businessman both experienced a n d enterprising

(d n g Clark la mdt thwong gia vita co kinh nghiem v£fa thao

vdt)

t ) D i theo dal t it M l d in h nhtf: something, anything, everytki

nothing

Vi dy: * That’s nothing n ew

(D iiu dd c h in g mdi m i g i)

d) Dung vdi danh tile hay tu: n g it c h i thdi gian hoQc do Itf&ng

Vi du: * She is eighteen years old

(Bite tudng cao mtfdi mQt bQ)

e) T in h tit c6 ti&'p dhu ngit a.

Vi dy: * I see the baby a sleep

(T b i trbng thtiy dvfa b i dang ngu)

* I always find Long a lon e

(T b i lubn lubn thtiy L on g mbt m in h ).

f) T in h tit possible ditng sau danh tit tgo thim h tin h tit citc c6 p.

Vi dy: Mail is carried by the most e f ficient means p o s s ib le

(T h u tin ductc mang d i bhng nhitng ph u on g t it n hitu hijlu n

co t h i co)

g) Theo sau m$t so tit goc tii'n g Phap

* The Theater R o y a l : H i vi£n H oang gia

* The Court m a r tia l : Toa an quan stf

* The postmaster g e n e r a l : Td’ng giam doc btfu difcn

3) T i n h tlC SCf hxtlL (possessive adjectives)

Tinh ttf sd htfu xuat phat ttf d?i ttf nhSn xtfng, no dtfng trtfdc dan

de xac djnh cua ai

Khi mdt danh ttf da co tfnh ttf sd htfu dtfng trtfdc thi khdng dung m ttf ntfa

86 ft Stf nhifeumy: cua tdi

your: cua anh; chj

his: cua anh Ay

her: cua cd tfy

its: ciia n6

our: cuua chdng tdi, chung ta

your: cua c&c anh, c6c chj

their: cua chung nd

Vf dy: * M y book is on the table

(Cud'n sdch cua tdi d tr&n ban).

* Tom loves his mother

(Tom y&u thuong me anh ta).

* M y books are on you r desks

(Nhitng cudn sdch cua tdi a trSn ban gidiy cua cac anh)

Tfnh tir sd htfu gitf nguyen du v$t sd htfu d sfl' ft hay s6 nhfeu

VI dy: I wrote liv e books

(Tdi da vi£t dittfc nOm quy4n sdch)

H er room is on the th ir d floor o f the hotel

(Phbng cd dy & tin g ba cua khdch spn)

C'&n chu $:

a) C&c etS hundred: trftm, thousand: ng&n, million: tri$u

Khi dung vdi con s6 x&c djnh thi khftng bao gid c6 S b a 6 nhifeu

Vf dy: three h u n d red girls: ba trftm cA g&i

two thousand students: hai ng&n hpc sinh

ten m illio n dollars: 10 tri$u My Kim

NhUng n£u dung m$t cach md h'6 di&n t£ dyi khai m$t s6 liftfng ldn I

c6 S vh thfem gidi til of theo sau Chung dupe dung nhtf danh tOr.

VI dy: h u n d reds o f boys: h&ng trftm difa con trai

thousands o f students: h&ng ngan hpc sinh

m illio n s o f dollars: h&ng tri$u My Kim

b) C&c tOr d o zen (ta), s c o re (20), g ross (144, mudi hai td)

Cung du<?c dung nhu ba ttir trfen Rifeng gross khdng bao co nhii

va lu6n c6 gidi til o f theo sau

Vf du: - a d o zen eggs: m6t ta trtfng

- d ozen s o f eggs: hang td trtfng

c) S6 thdp phan

Ph'&n th&p ph&n va phkn nguyen cach nhau bang d^u cham: point Tb

vi dau pha’y (,) nhu cdch viet cua Vi£t va Phap

Vf du: 1.2 : one point two

12.01 : twelve point nought one

215.34 : two hundred and fifteen point three four

0.3 : zero point three

7.809 : seven point eight nought nine

(Dpc tCmg cha » 6 thQp ph&nj

' Cilng c6 khi 0 d<?c Ik nil

W dy: The result o f the game was: 3*0 i

Dpc: three - nil, three goals to nil

(Ktft qui trQn d/Su lb 3-0).

J) Ph&rt s6 , ph'bn trim , ph'hn nghin

Vi du: — : a (one) half

24 fifteen over (by) twenty - four

1— : one and a half

2

2— : two and a third

2% : two per cent

a few tenths: v&i ph'An mtfiJi

5) T in h t it g i d i hgn (lim itin g adjectives)

Tfnh tOr gidi h?n gidng nhtf d?i tOr btft djnh, nhtfng n6 dd n g trtfdc di

tOr tn3r cAc d?i tOr c6 th&nh ph'An ghep 111 body vA one nhtf everybo

everyone khdng cd tfnh tOr ttfdng dng

MQt vki tfnh tOr gidi h^n th6ng dyng

Vf du: * There are so m e cows in the fields

(Co vai con bd cai a ngoai canh ddng)

* E a ch student has a pen

(M di hoc sinh co mdt cfiy but)

* E v e r y student has a book

(M o i hoc sinh d'&u co mdt qu yin sach)

E it h e r hat is T o m ’s

(Mdt trong hai chi&c non la cua T om )

B o th sisters are beautiful

(Ca hai chi em cfeu x in h dep)

A n y student can answer the question

(Hoc sinh nao co t h i tra Idi duqc c&u h o i)

6) T in h tit chi thi (dem onstrative adjectives)

Tfnh ttf chi thj dung de chi ro cai nay hay cdi kia, no ludn ludn d trtfdc danh ttf Nfeu khdng thi chving lk dai ttf chi thj

each : m6i m^t any : bk't cd some : mdt vai

all : Uft ca both : ca hai

e v e iy : mfii mdt,"

most : h'Au het such : nhtf v&y another: khac several : nhfeu