Restrictive clauses/ defining clauses mệnh đề xác định : Đây là loại mệnh đề mà chủ ngữ cha đợc xác định rõ nên cần phảI có mệnh đề này để làm rõ chủ ngữ hơn.. Non- Restrictive clauses
Trang 1Giỏo Án Định Hướng Năm Học 2010 – 2011
Preparing date: 03/02/2011
Ca 25: RELATIVE CLAUSE
A THEORY
1 Restrictive clauses/ defining clauses (mệnh đề xác định ) : Đây là loại mệnh đề mà chủ ngữ cha đợc
xác định rõ nên cần phảI có mệnh đề này để làm rõ chủ ngữ hơn
Ex: The man who is my brother stands overthere
That is the book that I like best
2 Non- Restrictive clauses/ non - defining clauses (mệnh đề không xác định ) : Đây là loại mệnh đề mà
chủ ngữ đã đợc xác định rõ nên không cần phải có mệnh đề này để làm rõ chủ ngữ hơn mà mệnh đề này chỉ làm một nhiệm vụ là bổ sung thông tin cho chủ ngữ
Ex: That man, whom you saw yesterday, is Mr Pike
3 Differences between defining and non - defining adjectives clauses.
a Form: non - defining clauses đợc ngăn cách với mệnh đề chính bởi dấu phẩy, trái lại mệnh đề xác định thì không
b Structure:
* Tiền ngữ của mệnh đề không xác dịnh là từ xác định :
- Danh từ riêng
Eg: Mr John, who is a world population expert, is teaching at this school
- Danh từ đợc bổ nghĩa bởi:
+ Đại từ phiếm chỉ : this/ that/ these/ those, sở hữu của tính từ
Eg: that man, who gave you my address, is my uncle
Eg: her son, who is the best student in school, has just won the scholarship to study in Australia
- Danh từ đợc bổ nghĩa bởi cụm tính từ
Eg: the man in light blue, who stands next to the door, is a famous artist
4 Notes:
* That ủửụùc duứng trong nhửừng trửụứng hụùp sau:
- Thay Who/ Whom/ Which trong meọnh ủe quan heọ giụựi haùn.à
- Sau so saựnh nhaỏt
Ex: She is the most warm-heated woman I have met her
à She is the most warm-heated woman that I have met
- Sau nhửừng tửứ sau: all, few, any, only, anything, last, first, It + be + …
Ex: Do all the test I gave you them
à Do all the test that I gave you
It is the girl She does this exercises
à It is the girl that does this exercises
- Sau nhieàu danh tửứ vửứa chổ ngửụứi vửứa chổ vaọt
Ex: I see people and cattle They go down town à I see people and cattle that go down town
* That khoõng ủửụùc duứng trong nhửừng trửụứng hụùp sau
Trong meọnh ủeà quan heọ khoõng giụựi haùn
Ex: This is Nam He is my best friend
à This is Nam that is my best friends (wrong)
- Theo sau giụựi tửứ
Ex: Here is the car I told you about it
à Here is the car which I told you about
Here is the car about which I told you
Here is the car that I told you about
Here is the car about that I told you (wrong)
- Ta coự theồ lửụùc boỷ ủaùi tửứ quan heọ trong meọnh ủeà quan heọ xaực ủũnh khi noự coự chửực naờng laứ taõn ngửừ trong caõu
Ex: Here is the car ( which) I told you about
- Đại từ quan hệ làm túc từ ở mệnh đề quan hệ không xác định không đợc lợc bỏ, trái lại, ở mệnh đề quan hệ xác định đại từ quan hệ có thể lợc bỏ
* Khi giới từ đứng cuối Relative clauses là thành phần của động từ kép thì ta không đem ra trớc
WHOM,WHICH
Ex: This is the book which I'm looking for
That is the child whom you have to look after
Trang 2Giáo Án Định Hướng Năm Học 2010 – 2011
B EXERCISES
a Choose the best answer
1 The man hat blew off in the wind chased it across the park
2 The building whose walls are made of glass is the place I work
3 The movie we are talking about is fantastic
4 The little girl I borrowed this pen has gone
5 The boy the piano is my son
A who is playing B that is playing C playing D A, b, or C
6 She gives her children everything they want
7 Why do you always disagree with everything I say?
8 This is an awful film It is the worst I have never seen
9 The hotel we stayed was not clean
11 What was the name of the people car had broken down
12 I recently went back to the town I was born
13 She told me her address I wrote on a piece of paper
14 The dress didn’t fit her, so she took it back to the shop she had bought it
15 The painting sun Flower, ………painted by Van Gogh, was stolen many times
A which is B which was C that is D /
16 ……….was a French Emperor, fought his final battle in Waterloo
A Napoleon Bonaparte who C Napoleon Bonaparte, that
B Napoleon Bonaparte, who D Napoleon Bonaparte, whose
17 A person …….makes bread and cakes and sells them is a baker
A it is who B whom C whose D who
18 .Hai Phong is the place…… I grew up between the age of two and ten
A which B where .C that D who
19 .She is the most intelligent woman I’ve ever met
20 .The police want to know the hotel in Mr Foster stayed two weeks ago
21 .I have not decided the day I’ll go to London
22 .He doesn’t want to sell the house He was born
23 .We enjoyed the city we spent our vacation
24 Mary and Margaret you meet them yesterday are twins
25 The man opinions I respect most is my father
26 Tell me you want and i will try to help you
b Combine each pair of sentences
1 The woman is my mother She understands me best
→
2 What was the name of the boy? You borrowed these books from him
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3 I’ll introduce you to the man His support for the project is essential
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4 The dam is nearly empty We receive our water supply from it
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5 The clerk doesn’t work here any more You asked about him
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6 I don’t like people People lose their tempers easily
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7 He’s the man People like him at first sight
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Trang 3Giáo Án Định Hướng Năm Học 2010 – 2011
8 It is the important matter We are interested in it
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9 The child enjoyed the chocolates Her mother bought them from France
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10 This is the story of a man His wife suddenly loses her memory
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11 Mr Phong hasn’t come yet He is supposed to be at the meeting
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12 Lan went back home She forgot to turn off the faucet
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13 Disney World is a famous amusement park It is located in Orlando, Florida, USA, and covers a large area of land
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14 Dr Oley is our family’s dentist He is a popular dentist in the city
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15 The Great Fire of London broke out in 1666 It destroyed a large part of the city
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16 Van Gogh cut off his ear He was a well known writer
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17 David is going to talk about careers I’m sure you all know him
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18 Romeo and Juliet were lovers Their parents hated each other
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19 This is Mrs Jones Her son won the championship last year
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20 Charlie Chaplin died in 1977 His films amused millions of people in the world
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Trang 4Giáo Án Định Hướng Năm Học 2010 – 2011
Preparing date: 09/02/2011
Ca 26: SOME COMMON ENGLISH STRUCTURES
A THEORY
1 Adverb clause of reason
a BECAUSE + Clause
Eg:
- I couldn’t come to class yesterday because I was ill
- Because the weather was bad, the flight was put off
b BECAUSE OF + Phrase
Eg:
- I couldn’t come to class yesterday because of his illness
- Because of the bad weather, the flight was put off
2 adverb clause of concession
a ALTHOUGH + Clause
Eg:
- They came to the concert though it was raining heavily
- Although it is a very hot day, I shall go for a walk
b IN SPITE OF + Phrase
Eg:
- They came to the concert in spite of the heavy rain
- In spite of a hot day, I shall go for a walk
3 Adverb clause of result
a SO + Adj / Adv + THAT + Clause
Eg:
- He is so famous that everyone knows his name
- They discussed so hotly that they forgot to come to the conclusion
b SUCH + (A / An + Adj + Noun) THAT + Clause
Eg:
- He is such a famous man that everyone knows his name
- It was such a hot discussion that they forgot to come to the conclusion
C TOO + Adj / Adv + (For someone) + TO + Infinitive
Eg:
- It is too late to go to the movies
- The lecture was too boring for us to listen to
- He spoke too fast for me to understand him
4 Adverb clause of purpose
a SO THAT + Clause
Eg:
- I’m studying hard so that I can keep pace with my classmates
- The man spoke loudly so that everyone would hear him clearly
b IN ORDER TO} SO AS TO}+ Infinitive(Inf phrase of purpose)
Eg:
- I’m studying hard in order to keep pace with my classmates
- So as not to be late for class, John must get up early
- We learn English to have better communication with other people
C Adj / Adv + ENOUGH + (for someone) + TO + Inf
Eg:
- The questions were easy enough for her to answer
- The teacher spoke clearly enough for us to understand him
5 IT + Takes / Took + SOMEONE + TIME + TO + Inf
Eg:
- It took me five minutes to walk to the post office
- It takes us two hours to fly from Hanoi to Ho Chi Minh City
6 Causative form
a HAVE + Object + Past Participle
Eg:
- Mary is going to have her hair done
- He had his car washed yesterday
7 IT + BE + Adj + (for someone) + TO + Inf
Eg:
- It is difficult for us to master a foreign language
- It is dangerous to drive too fast
EXERCISE D : Combine these pairs of sentences using “so“that“ :
1/ That woman was very tall She could almost touch the ceiling
- That woman was so tall that she could almost touch the ceiling
2/ This coat is very big I can’t wear it
3/ The coffee was so strong She couldn’t go to sleep
4/ That bag was very heavy None of us could carry it
5/ The stadium is very large It can hold 60,000 people
6/ Those lessons are very difficult He can’t understand them
Trang 5Giáo Án Định Hướng Năm Học 2010 – 2011
7/ She was very busy She couldn’t do the housework
8/ The clmate was very bad All the plants couldn’t grow well
9/ I’m very tired I couldn’t keep my eyes open
10/ That boy is very lazy He never does his homework
EXERCISE D2 : Combine these pairs of sentences using “too“to“ :
1/ The bag was very heavy She couldn’t carry it
- The bag was too heavy for her to carry
2/ He is very old He can’t run
- He is too old to run
3/ She is very young She can’t go to school
4/ Tom is very short He can’t play volleyball
5/ It’s very late We can’t go to the movies
6/ The question was very hard We couldn’t answer it
7/ The TV programme is very exciting The children won’t miss it
8/ You’re very young You can’t drive that car
9/ She was tired She didn’t go anywhere
10/ These shoes are very small I can’t wear them
EXERCISE D3 : Combine these pairs of sentences using “such“.that“ :
1/ Tom was a tall man He could almost touch the ceiling
- Tom was such a tall man that he could almost touch the ceiling
2/ Mary is a good swimmer She has won two gold medals
3/ He drank strong coffee He couldn’t go to sleep
4/ It was a long walk The children got tired
5/ He told interesting stories They all like him
6/ The boy made rapid progress It surprised everybody
7/ He had a difficult exercise He couldn’t do it
8/ The speaker gave a long talk Most of the audience felt sleepy
9/ We watched an exciting competition We didn’t want to go home
10/ It was an excellent show We all enjoyed it
EXERCISE E : Combine into a sentence using “so that“ :
1/ The boys stood on the beach They wanted to get a better view
- The boys stood on the beach so that they could get a better view
2/ We lowered the volume of the radio We didn’t want to bother our neighbours
3/ I will write to you I want you to know my decision soon
4/ These men were whispering They didn’t want anyboby to hear their conversation
5/ The lecturer spoke loudly He wanted eveyone to hear him clearly
6/ John gets up early He doesn’t want to be late for class
7/ Mary hid the novel under the pillow She didn’t want her father to see it
8/ They did their jobs well They hoped the boss would increase their salary
9/ You should walk slowly Your sister can follow you
10/ He hurried to the station He didn’t want to miss the train
EXERCISE F : Rewrite the sentences using “enough” instead of “too…to”:
1/ He is too old to wear this colored shirt
- He is not young enough to wear this colored shirt
2/ She is too weak to carry this box
3/ This pen is too expensive for me to buy
4/ Bill was too stupid to understand what I had said
5/ This bag is too heavy for her to carry
6/ The test was too difficult for them to do
7/ I’m too poor to help you with the money
8/ This book is too dull to read
9/ The room is too dark for us to study
10/ The shelf is too high for her to reach
EXERCISE G : Rewrite the sentences using “It takes / took…” :
1/ I go to school by bicycle in ten minutes
- It takes me ten minutes to go to school by bicycle
2/ He did that exercise in an hour
3/ I need fifteen minutes to get to the post office
4/ He spent the whole morning writing the composition
5/ We needed two days to paint the house
6/ He will need three hours to do this work
7/ He spends one hour reading newspapers
8/ They finished their work in three days
9/ Jane will need a lot of time to complete this report
10/ We spent a day cleaning the house
EXERCISE H : Rewrite the sentences using the causative form :
1/ The Smiths are going to build a new house
- The Smiths are going to have a new house built
2/ Please tell someone to take my luggage to the station
Trang 6Giáo Án Định Hướng Năm Học 2010 – 2011
3/ We must find someone to add an extra room to the house
4/ Order the porter to carry these boxes up to my room
5/ She has just asked the dressmaker to make a new dress for her daughter
6/ I paid a man to sharpen these knives and scissors yesterday
7/ My mother is going to pay a doctor to test her eyesight
8/ Did you order the boys to plant some trees in the garden?
9/ Bob doesn’t pay anyone to cook his meals He cooks them hinself
10/ He will ask someone to mend his shoes
EXERCISE I : Rewrite the sentences using “It + be + adj + to inf” :
1/ Learning English is not easy
- It is not easy to learn English
2/ Knowing a foreign language is necessary
3/ Swimming in the river is dangerous
4/ Doing that exercise is not hard for us
5/ Seeing you again is very nice
6/ Practising morning exercise is good
7/ Finding out the answer to that question is not easy
8/ Telling her the news now is unwise
9/ Working in that room was pleasant
10/ Thinking of what will happen is horrible
Trang 7Giáo Án Định Hướng Năm Học 2010 – 2011
Preparing date: 16/02/2011
Ca 27: COMPARISIONS
A THEORY
I Comparison of equality
1 Affirmative
as + adj/adv + as
Ex: - I’m as tall as Tom
- John works as hard as his father
2 Negative
not as/so + adj/adv + as
Ex: - This watch is not as/so expensive as mine (= my watch)
- She does not sing as/so well as her sister
Note:
+ Khi so sánh bằng danh từ, sử dụng cấu trúc sau:
S + V + the same + (noun) + as + {noun/ pronoun}
1 My house is as high as his
- My house is the same height as his
II Comparative of adj/ adv
1 Form:
* Note:
1 Khi động từ ở hai mệnh đề cùng giống nhau ta có thể thay đọng từ trong mệnh đề 2 bằng trợ động từ phù hợp.
Eg: She earns less than he earns
- She earns less than he does.
2 Động từ trong mệnh đề 2 có thể lược bỏ khi động từ trong hai mệnh đề cùng thì
Eg: I am not old as you are - I am not old as you
+ She has more time than I have - She has more time than I
3 Trong văn phong không trang trọng người ta có thể sử dung tân ngữ sau than và as:
Eg: She has more time than I - She has more time than me
III Superlative of adj/ adv
1 Short adj/ adv
the + adj/adv + EST
Eg: Yesterday was the hottest day of the year
2 Long adj/ adv
the + MOST + adj/adv
Eg: She is the most beautiful girl in the class
* Note:
- Trong hình thức so sánh hơn nhất ta có thể lược bỏ “the”
+ Đặc biệt là khi đi với từ “ worst/ best/ most”
Eg: I love my mother best
+ Khi có tính từ sở hữu thì chúng ta cũng không sử dụng “the”
Eg: She is my best friend
IV THE DOUBLE COMPARATIVE FORMS (SO SÁNH KÉP)
1 Phân loại:
+ Có hai loại so sánh kép: loại 1 mệnh đề và lọai 2 mệnh đề
1.1 Loại 1 mệnh đề:
a Meaning: Cấu trúc này có nghĩa là : càng lúc càng , hoặc càng ngày càng
Trang 8Giáo Án Định Hướng Năm Học 2010 – 2011
b Form: Công thức là :
+ Short Adj: S + be + short + ER and short + ER
Eg: It is darker and darker : trời càng lúc càng tối + Long Adj: S + be + MORE and MORE + tính từ dài
Eg: She is more and more beautiful : cô ta ngày càng đẹp
1.2 Loại 2 mệnh đề
a Meaning: Cấu trúc này có nghĩa là : càng thì càng
b Form: The + + clause, the + + clause
Eg1: He eats a lot He is fat - The more he eats, the fatter he is
Eg2: He eats a lot of pork He is fat - The more pork he eats, the fatter he is
B EXERCISE
1.His new job is - than mine
A important B as important C importanter D more important
2 Of the four ties , I like the red
3 Nobody is - than Miss Snow
4 Today Engish is the - of languages
A most international B most intonation C more international D as international
5 Jonh is much - than I thought
6 Benches are - than arm-chairs
A comfortable B the most comfortable C as comfortable D more comfortable
7 Bill is - than you thought
8 Mr Bush is the -person I have ever known
A more delightful B delightful C most delightful D delightfully
9 Disk is the - of the two workers
A more careful B most careful C carefully D careful
10 Sam’s conduct is -than Paul’s
11 Thank to progress of science, human life
12 Bill
13 Then teachers speaks English - than we
A fluently B more fluently C the most fluently D more fluent
16 These boys are - for employment than my children
A ill-prepared B the most ill-prepared C more ill- prepared D as ill-prepared
17 The competition makes the price of goods
-A cheaper and cheaper B cheap C the cheapest D as cheap
18 Charles is - than Tom
A hard-working B more hardworking C as hardworking D the most hardworking
19 Is this the book - than the one you read last week?
A interesting B interestinger C the most interesting D more interesting
20 Of the two boys, Harry is the -boy
A.most industrious B more industrious C industrious D as industrious
21 Mary is - as her sister People now live than before
22.She dances than her sister
a beautiful b the most beautiful C the most beautifully d more beautifully 23.She thought German was more industrial France
24.HCM city is than HaNoi
Trang 9Giáo Án Định Hướng Năm Học 2010 – 2011
25.The bus takes than the train
26.Melbourne is than Sydney
27.I speak French than my sister
28 David doesn’t work very hard I work
29 Are oranges than bananas?
A more expensive B expensive C more cheap D cheap
30.I am two years than my brother
31 His father works much than he does
32 Your E is very You speak English very
33 There is no prettier pool this one
34 The south of England is characterized as the North
35 She plays the piano than I do
A more beautifully B quite beautifully C most beautifully d as beautifully
II Rewrite these following sentences
1 I am not so tall as my mother
à My mother ………
2 Jane is the tallest student in her class
à No one………
3 I prefer coffee to tea
à I think coffee ………
4 There are fewer people in Taiwan than in Korea
à The population of Korea ………
5 We enjoyed the evening more than the children
à The children ………
6 The party ended earlier than I thought it would
à The party didn’t ………
7 It isn’t as warm in Canada as it’s in Mexico
à Mexico is ………
8 My school and hers aren’t the same
à My school ………
9 Nam is more intelligent than Tan
à Tan is not ………
10 There are fewer rainy days in Paris than in New York
à There aren’t………
11 My homework is worse than yours
à Your homework is
12 He does the test more easily than Nga
à Nga
13 An dictionary is more expensive than an English book
àAn English book _
14 He behaves now worse than he used to
à He used to
15 My uncle is fatter than my father
à My father
16 Viet Nam isn’t as large as the USA
à Viet Nam
Trang 10Giáo Án Định Hướng Năm Học 2010 – 2011
17 My friend cooks better than I do
à I _
18 Hue to Ha Noi is nearer than HCM City to Ha Noi
à HCM City to Ha Noi _
III Rewrite the sentences using the double comparative forms.
.You put a lot of money in the bank, and you’ll get high interest
2 We offer good – quality products, and we’ll have many customers
3 You work very hard, and you’ll have a good chance of success
4 We practice speaking E often, and we’ll speak it fluently
5 We’re honest in our trade, and we’ll have many customers
6 We export many goods, and we can create many jobs in our country
7 We devote ourselves to our work, and we’ll have a good chance of getting a promotion
8 You work long hours, and you’ll be very exhausted
9 My father gets old, and he doesn’t want to travel much
10 My uncle works very hard, and he has very little time for his family