bài giảng tiếng anh writing 1

Identify the pattern in the Simple sentence following simple sentences.. Compound SentencesHere is the formula for a compound sentence: Notice that a compound sentence has a comma before

Nguyễn Phương Lan

2 periods Mid term test

TABLE OF CONTENTS

PART THREE: SENTENCE PROBLEMS

PART ONE: THE FIVE BASIC SENTENCE PATTERNSPattern One:

1 The train has arrived

2 The birds are flying

3 Dead leaves fall

Extending pattern one:

1 The train has arrived early.

2 The birds are flying to the South.

3 Dead leaves fall on the ground.

2 The books have been the best sellers

4 my father may become chief engineer

Note: * N1 denotes that two noun as the subject and the complement of the base samplesentences say a thing or a person

* Complement is used to define, explain or clarify the subject It is also calledSubjective complement (SC)

* Some other forms of Subjective Complement:

1 The car was mine. (POSSESSIVE PRONOUN)

2 The girl looked puzzled. (PAST PARTICIPLE)

3 The news is dissappointing. (PRESENT PARTICIPLE)

4 Seeing is believing. (GERUND)

5 He seems to understand quite well (INFINITIVE)

7 Alice is like her farther. (PREPOSITIONAL PHRASE)

8 The meeting is here. (ADVERB OF PLACE)

9 The meeting is at 2.30. (ADVERB OF TIME)

10 Who is it?- It’s me / him / her / us (PERSONAL PRONOUN)

11 That is what I wanted to do. (CLAUSE)

Exercises:

I Translate the following sentences into English, using pattern one (S + V+ C)

Pattern Three:

Enlarging Pattern Three: The key components are capitalized

7 THE young MAN on the corner SHOUTED AN ORDER angrily

8 YOU STARTLED ME with that unearthly shout

9 NEWSPAPERS in urban and rural communities INFLUENCE differentPEOPLE in different ways

10 THE little GIRL standing on the sidewalk RECOGNIZED THE fatMAN riding on a horse

Exercises:

I Translate the following sentences into English, using pattern one (S + V+ O)

1.Chính phủ tuyên bố lệnh ân xá cho tất các tù nhân chính trị

4 The salesman offered the housewife a free hair brush

* Pattern four can be transferred to Pattern Three by using a preposition before the

indirect object to form a prepositional phrase or a modifier Sentences 3, 5, 6 can berewritten as follows:

5 His father left a large fortune for the young boy

* Verbs followed by TO:

SUBJECT + VERB + INDIRECT OBJECT + DIRECT OBJECT

* Verbs followed by FOR:

* Verbs cannot be followed by TO, FOR:

* Some verbs can only be used in the pattern V + O + “to” +Noun / Pronoun

EX: He explained the situation to me.

He confessed his crime to the court.

Pattern Five:

3 They have made Richarrd captain of the football team.Note: The two nouns following the verb in this pattern refer to the same person or thing.Therefore they are called N2 One is an object and the other is OBJECT COMPLEMENT( or Objective Complement)

* Some other forms of OBJECT COMPLEMENT:

1 The boy made the teacher angry. (Adjective)

2 I found her weeping. ( Present participle)

4 His threat filled me with terror ( Phrase)

5 We have made him what he is. ( Clause)

Exercises:

I Translate the following sentences into English, using pattern one (S + V + IO +DO)

1 Một người lạ đưa cho cô ta một lá thư vào sáng nay

6 The man bought a new car.

7 Does your sister live with you?

8 Hurry! ( The subject in this sentence is “YOU”)These are not sentences:

9 Hot weather (There is no verb)

10 The man bought (This is not a complete thought)

11 Is very handsome (There is no subject)

PRACTICE: Work with a partner

Recognizing 1 Read each group of words our loud.

Sentences 2 Decide which ones are complete sentences and which ones are not.

3 Write yes next to the complete sentences and no next to the

1 _ My new classmate from Brazil ( )

2 _ He speaks three languages fluently

3 _ Is very handsome

4 _ When arrive here

5 _He wants to start his own business

6 _He isn’t married

7 _Enjoys many sports, especially soccer

8 _Don’t worry

9 _Help!

10 _They didn’t like

Subjects and Verbs

Subject and verbs are the most important parts of a sentence In English, thesubject of a sentence is always expressed except in a command: Hurry! (Weknow that the subject is “you”)

A sentence is a group of words that contains a subject and averb and expresses a complete thought

What is a

Sentence?

The subject tells who or what did something It is a noun or pronoun

The verb often tells the action However, sometimes a verb doesn’t tell an action.Sometimes it just links the subject with the rest of the sentence

Action verbs:

The car hit the pedestrian

My family lives in a two-bed room apartment

My roommate lost his car keys

Linking verbs:

Skiing is my favorite sport

I feel sick

You look hungry

The most common linking verbs are be, become, feel, look, seem, smell, sound, and taste.

PRACTICE: Work with a partner.

Finding Subjects 1 Underline the subjects with one line.

And Verbs 2 Underline the verbs with two lines.

3 Write S or V above each underlined word.

Examples:

My little brother is in the fifth grade

He watched TV and does his homework at the same time

1 My best friend is single

2 He likes his job but hates his boss

3 He didn’t go to work yesterday

4 This semester, he is studying English and computer science

5 He and I don’t have any class together

6 He speaks and understand English very well

These are simple sentences Notice that no commas are used in them

1 My younger sister speaks English well

2 My mother and father speak English well

3 My mother and father speak and write English well

The simple sentences above can be written as formulas

SV- simple subject with simple verbSSV- compound subject with simple verbSVV- simple subject with compound verbSSVV- compound subject with compound verb

PRACTICE: A Work by yourself or with a partner Identify the pattern in the Simple sentence following simple sentences

Patterns 1 Underline the subjects with one line.

2 Underline the verbs with two lines.

3 Write S or V above each underlined word.

4 Finally, write the formula for the sentence in the numbered space below

A simple sentence is a sentence that has one-subject-verb combination.

II Compound Sentences

Here is the formula for a compound sentence:

Notice that a compound sentence has a comma before the coordinating conjunction

A coordinating conjunction is a type of connecting word There are only seven

coordinating conjunctions in English We will practice four of them: and, but, or, so.These are compound sentences:

conjunction

1 My family goes camping every summer, and we usually have fun

2 We want to go to Hawaii soon, so we need to save money

3 Next year we will take a cruise, or we may just stay at home

4 Last year we went camping at Blue Lake, but we had a terrible time

It is possible to connect three simple sentences (Don’t connect more than three, however,and don’t use the same conjunction twice)

Ex: We love to camp, but last year we didn’t enjoy it, so this year we will do something

different during our vacation

My grand father1

My grand father is old in years but young in spirit.2

Everyday, he swims a mile and works in his garden, 3He and mygrandmother were married fifty years ago 4They have four childrenand ten grandchildren.5My grand father loves parties and invites ourentire family to his house for a big dinner on his birthday 6Alltwenty of us eat and tell stories half the night 7He never gets tiredand is always the last to go to bed.8On his last birthday, my brothersand I gave him a present.9We all put our money together and boughthim a video game system 10Now he wants us to come over to hishouse every weekend

A compound sentence is two simple sentences connected by a comma

and a coordinating conjunction

Simple sentence , coordinating Simple sentence

Compare the two pairs of sentences below The first of each pair ofsentences is simple and doesn’t need a comma The second one iscompound and requires a comma

Simple sentence with My family goes camping every summer SVVCompound verb: and usually has fun

Compound sentence: My family goes camping every summer, SV, and SV

and we usually have fun

Simple sentence with Last year we went camping but SVVCompound verb: had a terrible time

Compound sentence: Last year we went camping, but SV, but SV

We had a terrible time

A Work by yourself or with a partner.

The sentences in this exercise explain some of the rules ofAmerican football

1 Underline the subjects with one line and the verbs with two lines.

2 Write “simple” or “compound” in the space at the left of each sentence.

Example:

simple One team kicks the ball to the other team to start the game

1 The quarterback is the most important player on the team

2 The quarterback can throw the ball or run with it

3 The quarterback can throw the ball, but the other players can only runwith it

4 Then the other team gets the ball, and it is their turn to try to make a touchdown

5 The offensive team can also kick the ball between the goal posts of the other

team to score points

B Work by yourself or with a partner

1 Analyze each sentence in the following paragraphs Underline the subjects with one line

and the verbs with two lines

2 Write simple or compound in the numbered spaces.

3 Then write the formula for each sentence: SV, (and) SV or SVV or SSV and so fourth.

4 Add a comma to each compound sentence Sentence number six is a command, so the

subjects are not expressed (You will need to add a total of five commas in the twoparagraphs.)

is still at ground level.5Airlines recommend the following techniques to stop thepain 6Pinch your nose closed with your fingers and pretend to blow your nose.7

This action makes the pressure equal and usually stops the pain 8You can also

Work with a partner.

A 1 Connect the two simple sentences in each pair to make a compound

sentence Connect them with and, but, or, so- whichever best fits themeaning (There may be more than one possible choice )

2 Be sure to add commas

9 International companies are growing They will soon need more bilingual workers

10 Young people should know a second language They will be at a disadvantage in the international job market

B Make compound sentences by adding a SV combination to each of the following.

Example: A good boss has a sense of humour, and he (or she) is always fair.

1 A good husband comes home from work in a cheerful mood, and ………

2 A good wife has a part-time job, but………

3 An ideal teacher gives take-home tests, or………

4 Good parents want to raise healthy children, so………

C Write compound sentences of your own Use each of these coordinating

conjunctions once: and, but, or and so.

5 A good employee

_

6 A good student

_

7 An ideal roommate

8 A best friend

_

III Complex Sentences

In part A and B you learned about simple and compound sentences A third kind of English sentence is a complex sentence Before we study these let’s learn about clauses

INDEPENDENT and DEPENDENT CLAUSES

A clause is a group of words that contain a subject and a verb There are two kinds of clauses in English: independent clauses and dependent clauses

An independent clause has one SV combination and expresses a complete

thought It can be a sentence by itself A simple sentence is an independent clause

Ex: Paris has excellent art museums

It was cold and windy yesterday

We finished our homework and cleaned up the kitchen

Independent clause It rained.

Dependent clause …because it rained…

A dependent clause is an independent clause with a subordinating conjunction

added to the beginning of it

Ex: …because it has excellent art museums…

…although it was cold and windy yesterday…

…after we finished our homework and cleaned up the kitchen…

A dependent clause does not express a complete thought, so it is not a sentence byitself It needs to be joined to an independent clause to make sense

Art students should visit Paris because it has excellent art museums

We went on a hike although it was cold and windy yesterday

We watched TV after finished our homework and cleaned up the kitchen

Subordinating

Conjunctions

There are many subordinating conjunctions Some introduce reasons, some introduce times,

and others introduce contrasts and conditions A few of them are listed below, and a morecomplete list is in Appendix B

SUBORDINATING CONJUNCTIONS

We cancelled our picnic because it rained

Wait for a green light before you cross the street

I will go straight to bed after I finish this exercise

Where were you when I called?

My neighbors were having a party while I was trying to sleep

My father doesn’t speak English although he lived in England for many years

I will be happy if I win the lottery

Here are some things to remember about subordinating conjunctions

1 A few subordinating conjunctions are also prepositions

after my accident (Preposition)

after I had an accident (subordinating conjunction)

before class (preposition)

before class begins (subordinating conjunction)

2 Because is a subordinating conjunction Because of is a two-word preposition.

because of my accident (preposition)

because I had an accident (subordinating conjunction)

3 Although introduces a contrast conjunction It has about the same meaning as but.

Although they didn’t study, they passed the test (They didn’t study, but they passed the test anyway.)

Although I was tired, I couldn’t go to sleep (I was tired, but I couldn’t go to sleep.)

Although the weather was bad, they went on a picnic (The weather was bad, but they went on a picnic anyway.)

4 If introduces a condition.

If you don’t study, you will fail the text.

If it rains, we will cancel our picnic.

If you visit my country, you should spend several days in the capital.

Work with a partner

1 Write IC (independent clause) OR DC (dependent clause) in the space

to the left of each group of words

2 If it is a DC, circle the subordinating conjunctions

Example:

DC the class was taking a test

1 I take a walk around the block

2 Before I go to work

3 This exercise wakes up my body and clears my mind

4 It’s hard to do this in the winter

5 Because it is still dark when I go to work

6 Although I try to get up early even on weekends

7 I sometimes sleep late on Saturdays

8 When it is raining, of course

9 I never go out

10 I become moody and depressed

11 If I don’t exercise for several days

Now let’s learn about complex sentences

The clauses into a complex sentence can be in any order If the dependent clause is first, put acomma after it

Marca always gets As because she studies hard

Because Marca studies hard, she always gets As

I will quit my job immediately if I win the lottery

If I win the lottery, I will quit my job immediately

We went home after the dance ended

After the dance ended, we went home

We can write the formulas for simple, compound, and complex sentences as follows:

A complex sentence has one independent clause and one or more dependent clauses.

Compound sentence = IC, co ord conj IC

PRACTISE A Work with a partner.

Complex Sentences 1 Underline the independent clauses with a solid line and the

dependentclauses with a broken line

2 Draw a circle around the subordinating conjunction

3 Add a comma if one is needed

Example:

I won the lottery last year, my wife and I traveled around the world

1 We were very excited when we won the lottery

2 After we got our first payment we started planning out trip

3 We decided to visit Italy first because our parents came from there

4 Before we left on our trip we wrote to our cousins in Rome

5 Although we didn’t know our Italian cousins they invited us to stay with them

B Combine a dependent clause from column A with a an independent clauses from column B

to make complex sentences You can write the clauses in either order, but be sure to

punctuate them correctly

1 Before my two brothers and I got to the lake a) I always get seasick

2 Because we forgot our fishing licenses b) It was almost noon

4 If my brothers invite me to go fishing again d) It started to rain hard

5 After we had been fishing for a while

6 Before we could get back to shore

e) We had to drive back tenmiles and buy new ones

7 While my brothers were catching fish after f) I hate it

8 Although my brothers love fishing h)We were wet from head to foot

 independent clause:"I haven't had the time to go lately"

 independent clause:"I haven't found anyone to go with"

 dependent clause:"Although I like to go camping "

2 We decided that the movie was too violent, but our children, who like to watch scary movies, thought that we were wrong.

 independent clause:"We decided that the movie was too violent"

 independent clause:"(but) our children thought that we were wrong"

 dependent clause:who like to watch scary movies

Practice Exercise

Identify the independent and subordinate clauses in the following sentences and determinewhether they are complex or compound-complex You can check your answers below

1 Jason decided to stay up late because he had a lot of homework to do.

2 If you hurry, we might get to school on time.

3 Although Monica had a cold, she went to school because she had a test.

4 While washing the car, Todd slipped on the soap and he fell.

5 Dad takes the train to work even though he has a car.

A compound-complex sentence is made from two independent

clauses and one or more dependent clauses.

SUMMARY: KINDS OF SENTENCES

Let’s summarize what you have learned about the three kinds of sentences

PRACTICE: Simple Compound, and Complex sentences

Work by yourself or work with a partner

1 Underline all independent clauses with a solid line and all dependent clauses with

a broken line

2 In the space at the left, write the words Simple, Compound, or complex to identify

each sentence type

UNSUAL VACATIONS

Complex 1 Some people like to relax and do nothing when they take a vacation

_ 2 Other people like to travel, and still others like to have an adventure

_ 3 Unusual vacations are becoming popular

_ 4 For example, people go hiking in Nepal or river rafting in Ecuador

_ 5 Some people spend their vacations learning, and some spend their vacationshelping others

_ 6 A friend of mine studied Japanese during his vacation because his company isgoing to send him to Japan to work

_7 A friend of mine during his summer helping to build a school in Bangladesh. 8 After he returned home, he wanted to go back to build a medical clinic

9 The travel business is changing because people are taking different vacations. 10 After people have been in the jungles of Guatemala, they may find the beaches ofFlorida a little boring

PRACTICE: After each sentence, select the option that best describes that sentence.

 A simple sentence has one independent clause.

It was a sunny day.

 A compound sentence has two or more independent clauses joined by a

comma and a coordinating conjunction

It was a sunny day, so we went to the beach.

 A complex sentence has one independent and one or more dependent

clauses A comma is needed if the dependent clause comes first

We went to the beach because it was a sunny day.

Because it was a sunny day, we went to the beach.

 A compound-complex sentence hastwo independent clauses and one

or more dependent clauses

Although I like to go camping, I haven't had the time to go lately, and

I haven't found anyone to go with.

3 Bruno, on the other hand, likes the view that he gets from the log cabin up in the

mountains, and he enjoys hiking in the forest

A Simple Sentence

B Compound Sentence

C Complex Sentence

D Compound-Complex Sentence

4 Pauline says there is nothing relaxing about chopping wood, swatting mosquitoes, and

cooking over a woodstove

6 Bruno tends to get bored sitting on the beach, watching the waves, getting sand in his

swimsuit, and reading detective novels for a week