tong hop kien thuc ngu phap on thi DH

I THÌ HIỆN TẠI ÐƠN VERB TENSES Thì đơn giản diễn tả thật hiển nhiên Thì đơn giản dùng để diễn tả thói quen hoạt động hàng ngày CHỦ NGỮ+ ÐỘNG TỪ (động từ tại, động từ thêm "S" hay "ES" chủ từ ngơi số ít) Thì đơn giản diễn tả thời gian tương lai diễn tả thời khóa biểu, lịch trình tàu xe, lịch chiếu phim… Cụm từ từ ngữ thời gian: Always, usually, often, sometimes etc., (a fact, habit, or repeated action), every time, as a rule, every day (every other day), once (a month), once in a while THÌ HIỆN TẠI TIẾP DIỄN Thì tiếp diễn diễn tả hành động xảy thời điểm nói CHỦ NGỮ + IS/ARE/AM + ÐỘNG TỪ THÊM -ING Một hành động xảy tuần này, tháng này, năm Thì tiếp diễn diễn tả thời gian tương lai ý nghĩ định sẵn Thường dùng với phó từ như: always, all the time để hành động thường xuyên xảy gây khó chịu bực bội cho người khác eg: He is always asking questions Or he is smoking all the time The English alphabet consists of 26 letters The sun rises in the east She goes to school every day The boy always wakes up at every morning They always try to help him We study every day The game starts in ten minutes My class finishes next month I'm typing right now It is raining at the moment Shhh! The baby is sleeping She is taking ESL 107 this semester Tammy is writing a letter to her mom tomorrow Jack is visiting his relatives tomorrow SAI: It is raining tomorrow (Rain dự định trước Cụm từ ngữ thời gian: Right now, at the moment, at present, now, shhh!, listen!, look!, this semester THÌ HIỆN TẠI HỒN THÀNH THÌ HIỆN TẠI HOÀN THÀNH TIẾP DIỄN CHỦ NGỮ + HAVE/ HAS + PHÂN TỪ II (PAST PARTICIPLE) Thì hoàn thành diễn tả hành động xảy khứ liên quan, kéo dài đến tại, chưa xảy thời gian không xác định khứ Thì hồn thành dùng với since for Since + mốc thời gian (1995, I was young, this morning etc.) For + khoảng thời gian (từ lúc đầu tới bây giờ) Cụm từ ngữ thời gian: Never, ever, in the last fifty years, this semester, since, for, so far, up to now, up until now, up to the present, yet, recently, lately, in recent years, many times, once, twice, and in his/her whole life Thì hồn thành tiếp diễn nhấn mạnh khoảng thời gian hành động xảy khứ tiếp tục tới kéo dài tương lai CHỦ NGỮ + HAVE/HAS + BEEN + ÐỘNG TỪ THÊM –ING THÌ QUÁ KHỨ TIẾP DIỄN I have been waiting for you about 20 minutes The child has been sleeping all afternoon Cụm từ ngữ thời gian: All day, all week, since, for, for a long time, almost every day this week, recently, lately, in the past week, in recent years, up until now, and so far Thì khứ đơn diễn tả hành động xảy kết thúc khứ với thời gian xác định CHỦ NGỮ + ÐỘNG TỪ QUÁ KHỨ When + khứ đơn (simple past) THÌ QUÁ KHỨ ÐƠN She has never seen snow I have gone to Disneyland several times We have been here since 1995 They have known me for five years I went to the library last night She came to the U.S five years ago He met me in 1999 When they saw the accident, they called the police Cụm từ ngữ thời gian: last night, last year, last time, etc., ago, in 1999, today, yesterday, then = at that time, in the 1800's, in the 19th century, when, and for Today dùng tiếp diễn tương lai đơn For đơi dùng hồn thành (present perfect) - Một hành động xảy có hành động khác xen vào Hành động xảy chia khứ tiếp diễn, hành động khác xen vào chia khứ đơn CHỦ TỪ + WERE/WAS + ÐỘNG TÙ THÊM -ING While + khứ tiếp diễn (past progressive) - hành động song song xảy lúc khứ What were you doing when I called you last night? He was watching TV while his wife was cleaning the bedroom - Một hành động xảy thời điểm xác định khứ Cụm từ ngữ thời gian: While, at that very moment, at 10:00 last night, and this morning (afternoon) THÌ Q KHỨ HỒN THÀNH THÌ Q KHỨ HỒN THÀNH TIẾP DIỄN THÌ TƯƠNG LAI ÐƠN THÌ TƯƠNG LAI TIẾP DIỄN THÌ TƯƠNG LAI HỒN THÀNH THÌ TƯƠNG LAI HỒN THÀNH TIẾP DIỄN Thì q khứ hồn thành diễn tả hành động xảy kết thúc trước hành động khứ CHỦ NGỮ + HAD + PHÂN TỪ II I had just finished watering the lawn when it began to rain She had studied English before she came to the U.S After he had eaten breakfast, he went to school Cụm từ ngữ thời gian: Until then, by the time, prior to that time, before, after Dùng q khứ hồn thành cho hành động thứ Dùng khứ cho hành động thứ hai We had been living in Santa Ana for years before we moved to Garden Grove Khi đoán (predict, guess), dùng will be going to Khi dự định trước, dùng be going to không dùng will CHỦ NGỮ + AM (IS/ARE) GOING TO + ÐỘNG TỪ Khi diễn tả tình nguyện sẵn sàng, dùng will không dùng be going to CHỦ TỪ + WILL + ÐỘNG TỪ (ở tại: simple form) ÐOÁN: Dùng WILL lẫn BE GOING TO According to the reporter, it will be sunny tomorrow HOẶC According to the reporter, it is going to be sunny tomorrow I'm going to study tomorrow (không dùng WILL) I will help you your homework (không dùng BE GOING TO) I will be watching the "Wheel of Fortune" show when you call tonight Don't come to my house at five I am going to be eating Thì tương lai tiếp diễn diễn tả hành động xảy thời điểm xác định tương lai CHỦ TỪ + WILL + BE + ÐỘNG TỪ THÊM -ING CHỦ TỪ + BE GOING TO + BE + ÐỘNG TỪ THÊM –ING Cụm từ ngữ thời gian: In the future, next year, next week, next time, and soon Thì tương lai hồn thành diễn tả hành động: thời điểm xác định tương lai việc hồn thành xong CHỦ NGỮ + WILL + HAVE + PHÂN TỪ II (PAST PARTICIPLE) Cụm từ ngữ thời gian: By the time, prior to the time (có nghĩa before) Thì tương lai hồn thành tiếp diễn diễn tả: thời điểm xác định tương lai, hành động hồn thành xong tiếp diễn CHỦ NGỮ + WILL + HAVE + BEEN + ÐỘNG TỪ THÊM -ING I'm going to go to school at eight My friend is going to come to my house at nine tomorrow By the time my friend comes to my house, I will have gone to school She will have put on some make-up prior to the time her boyfriend comes tonight He will have been studying for four hours by the time he takes his examination tonight Exercise: I am sitting in class right now I in class at this exact time yesterday a am sitting b sat c was sitting d will be sitting I got a package in the mail When I opened it, I a surprise a was finding b have been finding c found d had found Ali to a party at Sally’s apartment last Saturday night And she since then a went/ hasn’t come b went/ didn’t comec has gone/ hasn’t come d has gone/ didn’t come It is the first time I snow a ever saw b ever see c have ever seen d had ever seen Alex is an artist He many beautiful pictures in his life time Last week he a beautiful mountain scene a drew / drew b has drawn/ has drawn c has drawn/ drew d drew/ has drawn What since you here? a have you learned / came b did you lean / have come c have you leaned / have come “ Do you like lobster?” – “ I don’t know I .it” a am never eating b never ate c have never eaten d had never eaten The last time I saw John was five years ago a I didn’t see John five years ago b I have seen John for five years c I haven’t seen John for five years d I didn’t see John for five years It all day I wonder when it will stop a is snowing b has been snowing c has snowed d had been snowing 10 “ able to reach Bob yet? “ – “ Not yet, I for the last twenty minutes, but all I get is a busy signal? a Have you been / have been trying b Have you been/ has tried c Have you been/ tried 11 Since classes began, I much free time, I several big tests to study for a haven’t had/ have had b didn’t have/ had c didn’t have/ have had d haven’t had/ had 12 The weather has been terrible lately It off and on for two days a rained b was raining c has rained d had been raining 13 In all the world, there only 14 mountains that above 8, 000 meters a is/ reach b are / reach c have been/ have reached 14 I called on her yesterday, she a meal at that time d was/ reached a cooked b had cooked c was cooking d cooks 15 They were too late The plane off ten minutes earlier a took b has taken c had taken d was taking 16 “ When did you go to work?” – “ As soon as they had come in, we to work” a went b were going c had gone d go c have you studied d had you studied 17 “ How many pages so far?” – “ Ten” a you study b did you study 18 How long here by the end of next year? a will you work b will you have worked c are you working d are you going to work 19 No sooner the news than she fainted a she heard b had she heard c as she heard d she had heard 20 “ I miss my brother very much? – “ him lately” a Haven’t you seen b Didn’t you see c Don’t you see d Hadn’t you seen 21 Television only for the last forty or fifty years a existed b has existed c had existed d exists 22 Cathy head mistress of the school yesterday a is made b is being made c was being made d was made 23 He you now, but he won’t believe you tomorrow a believes b is believing c believe d has believed 24 “ When can you come?” – “ I’ll come as soon as my work” a I finished b I’d finished c I’ll finish d I’ve finished 25 Every morning since last Christmas, I my dog out for a walk in the park a take b took c have been taking d had been taking 26 We missed the ferry It by the time we arrived at the pier a went b was going c has gone d had gone 27 By the time the book is finished, he an agent a is finding b finds c has found d will have found 28 After the ancient Greek athletes had won a race in the Olympics, they a simple crown of olive leaves a received b had received c were receiving d have received 29 Studying late at night is one of those things that .me tired a makes b are making c making d were making 30 “We should go home now” - “ I will wait here until Mary tomorrow” a come b will come c comes c will have come 31 When I into the office, my boss for me A came / was waiting B had come / waited C was coming / waited D came / waiting C have started D will have started C have built D will have built 32 We our plan next week A started B will start 33 They a house by June next year A will build 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 B are building We have seen(A) and tell(B) you the situation next(C) Monday Please wait for(D) us Our(A) teacher explained(B) that lesson to(C) us tomorrow(D) We will wait(A) for you when(B) you will get(C) back tomorrow(D) I will practise(A) my English lesson with(B) my classmate at(C) 7pm next(D) Sunday When I see(A) Mr Pike tomorrow(B), I remind(C) him of(D) that He works(A) on the(B) report at(C) this time tomorrow(D) Please(A) sit here(B) and wait until(C) the manager will return(D) Our parents arrived(A) next Wednesday I’m sure we will receive(B) a lot of(C) presents from(D) them I gave(A) him your message(B) and letter when(C) I see him(D) By(A) the time you arrive(B), I will finish(C) writing an(D) essay We will be going(A) home as soon(B) as we have finished(C) our work(D) Mr Green has taught(A) English this school since(B) he graduates(C) from (D) the university in1986 At (A) yesterday morning(B) when I arrive(C) at his house, he was still sleeping(D) II Conditional sentences TYPE 0: thể điều kiện tương lai Ex: If you put a paper into the flame, it burns at once If you meet Jane, please give my best regard to her If John comes, tell him I am waiting for him at school Đảo ngữ (Were you to meet Jane, please give my best regard to her.) If +S+ Present simple tense, Imperative form (mệnh lệnh cách) TYPE 1: Điều kiện xảy (open/likely/possible condition) If + S + Present simple tense, S + simple future (will+V) EX: If it doesn’t rain, we will go to the beach If you study hard, you will pass the exam Đảo ngữ (Should you study hard, you will pass the exam.) TYPE 2: Điều kiện không thật (present unreal condition) If + S + simple past tense, S + past future (would+V) (past simple tense but present meaning) EX: If it didn’t rain now, we would go to the beach.(e.g It is now raining outside.)  If I were you/ If I were in your position is used to give an advice EX: If I were you, I wouldn’t buy that expensive bicycle Đảo ngữ (Were I you, I wouldn’t buy that expensive bicycle.) If I knew it, I would tell you earlier Đảo ngữ (Were I to know it, I would tell you earlier.) TYPE 3: Điều kiện không thật khứ (past unreal condition) If+ S + had+ PP, S+ would have + PP EX: If it hadn’t rain yesterday, we would have gone to the beach.(e.g It rained heavily yesterday.) If I had known she was ill yesterday, I would have come to visit her (e.g You didn’t know she was ill yesterday.) If he had worked harder, he could have passed the exams (e.g he didn’t work hard.) If we had brought a map with us, we mightn’t have got lost (e.g You didn’t bring a map with you) Đảo ngữ (Had you worked hader, you could have passed the exam) TYPE mixed (mệnh đề if khơng có thật q khứ, mệnh đề khơng có thật tại) If I hadn’t stayed up late, I wouldn’t be sleepy now (I stayed up late and now I am sleepy) If + S + had + PP, S + would +V *** As long as, so long as, provided, providing:'nếu', 'trong trường hợp mà', ‘miễn là’ VD: You can use my car as long as you drive carefully (= You can use my car but you must drive carefully - this is a condition) Travelling by car is convenient provided (that) you have somewhere to park (= but only if you have somewhere to park) Providing (that) she studies hard - she’ll pass her exams Provided (that) she studies, she’ll pass her exams (=She must study hard - if she does this, she will pass) Khi đề cập tới tương lai, không dùng will sau unlless/as long as/ provided/ providing Hãy dùng We’ll be late unless we hurry (khơng nói 'unless we will hurry') Providing she studies hard, she will pass the exam (khơng nói 'providing she will study') Một số câu đặc biệt: IF ONLY: nhấn mạnh tình giả thiết If only I were in your position If only he had known she was in hospital, he would have visited her Sử dụng were to/ had been để tăng tính giả thiết - If I were to ask you to lend me some money, what would you say? - If it hadn’t been for her children, she wouldn’t have sold her house WISH - Ước tại: I wish I had a bigger house - Ước khứ: I wish I hadn’t been ill - Ước tương lai: I wish it wouldn’t rain I wish he wouldn’t keep on smoking If he _tickets yesterday, he _ on the beach now A had booked- would be lying B had booked- would have lied C booked – would lie D books- will lie If you _ less last night, you _ so bad today A had drunk- would not have felt B drank- would not feel C had drunk- would not feel D would have drunk- would not feel Had you told me that this was going to happen, I _ it A would never have believed B don’t believe C hadn’t believed D can’t believe I’m playing tennis tomorrow _ it’s raining A unless B if C as long as D provided Tell him to ring me if you _ him A see B saw C have seen D had seen Unless she _, she’ll be late A hurries B didn’t hurry C hurried D doesn’t hurry Would George be angry if I _ his bicycle without asking? A.took B take C had taken D would take I _ you a postcard while I was on holiday if I _ your address A would have sent / had had B would have sent / had C would send / had D would send / had had III Cleft sentence (câu chẻ) Nhấn mạnh vào CHỦ NGỮ - Muốn nhấn mạnh vào ………………… gây hành động, người ta dùng ……… để diễn đạt đặt trọng tâm vào chủ thể Để nhấn mạnh chủ ngữ, ta đưa chủ ngữ vào ………… It is/was that - - Chúng ta dùng ………… (chỉ người), ………… (chỉ vật, vật) thay cho that nhấn mạnh chủ ngữ Khi chủ ngữ số nhiều nhấn mạnh, động từ mệnh đề quan hệ chia thích hợp với chủ ngữ số nhiều VD: My mother bought me a present on my birthday  ……………………………………………………………………………………… Nhấn mạnh vào TÂN NGỮ - Để nhấn mạnh vào ………….…… hay đối tượng hành động, người ta dùng câu chẻ để diễn đạt đặt trọng tâm vào ……………… Ta đưa tân ngữ vào It is/ was …………… Khi nhấn mạnh tân ngữ ta sử dụng …………… VD: Lan bought her son a nice gift at this shop -  ……………………………………………………………………………………… Nhấn mạnh vào TRẠNG NGỮ - Muốn nhấn mạnh vào ………………….( thời gian ,địa điểm) mệnh đề, người ta dùng câu chẻ để diễn đạt đặt trọng tâm vào trạng ngữ Để nhấn mạnh trạng ngữ, ta đưa trạng ngữ vào ……………… that Khi nhấn mạnh trạng ngữ ta sử dụng ……………… VD: His presence at the meeting frightened the children -  …………………………………………………………………………………………… The strong wind blew the roof off The woman answered the man rudely He bought the book from that corner shop III Comparison For ……………… , it is certain that in the future some things will be very different A the better or the worse B the good or the bad C good or bad D better or worse Her grandfather’s illness was………………… we thought at first A more seriously as B as seriously as C more serious than D as serious than My brother was feeling tired last night, so he went to bed………… usual A more early than B as early as C more earlier as D earlier than 4. _ you study for these exams, _ you will A The harder / the better B The more / the much C The hardest / the best D The more hard / the more good His house is _ mine A twice as big as B as twice big as C as two times big as D as big as twice Of Charles Dickens’ novels, Great Expectations is perhaps to many readers A the most satisfying one B most satisfying one C more than satisfying one D the more satisfying than He says: “These neighbors are the others.” A friendlier than B friendly than C friendlier as D more friendly than The Mississippi is The Thames A the longer than B longer than C the longest than D more long than 10 tools are screwdrivers, hammers and saws A The usefulness B The most useful C The more useful D The best useful 11 Some computers can work 500,000 times any person can A faster than B fast than C fatter than D more fast than IV Những động từ dễ gây nhầm lẫn  Những động từ bảng sau dễ gây nhầm lẫn mặt ngữ nghĩa, tả phát âm ris e lie Nội ros độngrise e n lay lain risin g lying rais e lay Ngoại raise động raise d d laid laid raisin g layin  To rise : Dâng lên The sun rises early in the summer  To raise smt/sb: Nâng ai, lên The students raise their hands in class  To lie: Nằm, ở, To lie in: To lie down: nằm xuống To lie on: nằm The university lies in the western section of town Don't disturb Mary, she has laid down for a rest *Lưu ý: Cần phân biệt động từ với động từ to lie (nói dối) mẫu câu to lie to sb about smt (nói dối gì): Ex: He is lying to you about the test  To lay: đặt, để To lay on: đặt I’m not ashamed ………….what I did My sister won’t have dinner 11.30 p.m She is engaged ………….an American Who was responsible ………… all the noise last night? Your writing is similar ………….mine Ann wasn’t keen ………….going out in the rain The city centre was crowded ………….tourists 10 I always try my best to get along other officers XV Comparison I so sánh ngang ( Equal comparison) S + “be” + as + adj + as + N ( đại từ ) Ex: -He is as tall as his father -Mai is as beautiful as her friend S + V + as + adv + as + N ( đại từ ) Ex: - John sings as well as his sister Notes: * Có thể dùng “So” thay cho “as” câu phủ định Ex: - His job is not so difficult as mine • Ý “bằng nhau, nhau” diễn đạt cách khác: S+ V + the same + (N) + as + N (pronoun) Ex - My house is as high as his → My house is the same height as his Tom is as old as Mary → Tom and Mary are the same age - * Chúng ta dùng “ the same as” không dùng “ the same like” Chú ý tính từ sau danh từ tương ứng chúng Adj N - Heavy, light → weight - wide, narrow → with - deep, shallow → depth - long, short → length - big, small → size - old → age II So sánh ( Comparatives) So sánh ( Comparatives) - Adj ngắn âm tiết + er: Ex Thick → thicker, colder → colder… + Với tính từ âm tiết có câu tạo: phụ âm + nguyên âm + phụ âm ta gấp đôi phụ âm cuối thêm er: Ex Hot → hotter, big → bigger - Với tính từ 2âm tiết có tân đi: –y, -er, -ow ,-le: ta them er: Ex dirty, simple, clever, narrow → Dirtier, simpler, cleverer, narrower + Còn lại tính từ âm tiết khác ta thêm more đằng trước tính từ - Với tính từ âm tiết trở lên ta thêm more đằng trước: EX More beautiful more intelligent S + be + short Adj +er More + long Adj more interesting + than + N ( đại từ) Ex -Today is hotter than yesterday -This chair is more comfortable than the other S + V+ short Adv +er + than + N ( pronouns) More + long Adv Ex.- She speaks English better than me - My father sings more beautifully than my brother So sánh kép ( double comparatives ) a) So sánh đồng tiến: ( càng……thì càng) The+ comparative + S + V +(O), the + comparative + S + V +(O) Ex The hotter it is, the more terrible I feel The sooner you leaver, the earlier you will arrive at your destination The more you study, the smarter you will become b) So sánh lũy tiến: ( ngày càng… ) - Tính từ trạng từ ngắn: S+ V+ more+ and +more + adj/ adv Ex She becomes more and more beautiful ( Cơ ngày xinh.) Tính từ trạng từ dài: S + V + adj/ adv +er and + adj/ adv +er Ex Dung is younger and younger ( Dung ngày trẻ ) III So sánh ( Superlatives ) So sánh bắt buộc phải có từ đối tương trở lên S + V + the + short adj/ adv +est +( N )+ ( in/ of ) + N most + long adj/ adv * Các quy tắc khác giống dạng so sánh Ex Hottest, biggest Ex - John is the tallest boy in my class - These shoes are the least expensive of all • Các trường hợp adj/ adv biến đổi đặc biệt - Một số adj đồng thời adv: Early, soon, hard, fast, long COMPARISON CHART ADJECTIVE One syllable adjective: old, fast, clean, long One syllable adjectives ending in –e: wide, nice Two syllable adjectives ending in –y, -er, -ow ,-le: dirty, simple, clever, narrow Other adjectives with two or more syllables: honest, modern, comfortable Irregular adjectives: good, bad, far, old COMPARATIVE Older, faster, cleaner, longer Wider, nicer SUPERLATIVE The oldest, the fastest, the cleanest, the longest The widest, the nicest Dirtier, simpler, cleverer, narrower The dirtiest, the simplest, the cleverest, the narrowest More honest, more modern, more comfortable Better, worse, farther/further, The most honest, the most modern, the most comfortable The best, the worst, the farthest/the furthest, the older/elder(only with family members) oldest/the eldest (only with family members) I love you ………………… than I can say A much B many C more D the most 20 It’s ……………… to go by bus than by car A cheaper B cheapest C more cheap D more cheaper 21 That house is ……………… one on the street A oldest B the oldest C old D older 22 This hotel must be ……………… than the small one next door A expensive B more expensive C the most expensive D the more expensive 23 An orange is ……………… than a plum A more large B more larger C larger D the largest 24 What is the ……………… thing you have ever done? A more difficult B most difficult C difficulty D difficult than 25 This river is than that river A narrow B narrowest C narrower D.most narrow 26 The test is not ………….… difficult ……………… it was last month A as / as B so / as C more / as D A and B 56 The more paper we save, preserved A more is wood pulp C wood pulp is B the more wood pulp is D the much wood pulp is 57 The more polluted air we breathe, we get A the more weaker B the more weak C the weaker D weaker more 58 The more we study, the we are A more good B better C better thanD good 59 The more I tried my best to help her, she became A less lazy B the lazier C the more lazy D lazier XV Inversion Rewrite the following sentences, using inversion: He spent all his money He even borrowed some from me  Not only He had hardly left the office when the telephone rang  No sooner I had only just put the phone down when the boss rang back  Hardly _ He didn’t finish his work until the bell rang  Not until We only began to see the symptoms of the disease after several months  Only _ I have never seen anyone in my life drink as much as you  Never A sleeping dog was lying under the table  Under the table His brother had rarely been more excited  Rarely If you should decide to accept the post, you will be expected to start work on 1st April  Should _ 10 The facts were not all made public until later  Only _ 11 If I had realized what would happen, I wouldn’t have accepted the job  Had 12 Harry broke his leg, and also injured his shoulder  Not only 13 If you happen to see Helen, could you ask her to call me?  Should _ 14 Mr Brown has read a novel by Charles Dickens and he has seen the film made from it  Not only 15 The bus driver can not be blamed for the accident in any way  In _ 16 The snow fall was so heavy that all the trains had to be cancelled  So 17 As soon as I got into the bath, someone knocked at the door  No sooner 18 It’s not common for there to be so much rain in March  Seldom _ 19 I only realized how dangerous the situation had been when I got home  Only when 20 You won’t allowed in until your identify has been checked  Only _ 21 The Prime Minister has hardly ever made a speech as inept as this  Rarely 22 If I knew her I would invite her to the party  Were 23 We had just arrived home when the police called  Scarcely 24 The pavements are both narrow and crowded  Not only 25 She’s tired She’s hungry  Not only 26 If you had given it on time, you would have got a high mark  Had _ 27 I understood Hamlet only after seeing it on the stage  Only _ 28 If I were you I would work harder  _ 29 If my parents hadn't encouraged me, I would have taken pass exam  Had _ 30 The book that you wanted is here  Here XV Stress * Quy tắc riêng I: - Những từ có hai vần tận -ANT hay -ENT thường nhấn mạnh vần đầu TD: constant, distant, instant, absent, accent(giọng đọc, nói), current - Nhưng nhữ động từ tận -ENT thường lại có chủ âm vần thứ hai TD: to accent(nhấn giọng), to consent(thỏa thuận), to frequent (năng lui tới), to present Ngọai lệ: Những từ có hai vần tận -ENT sau đâu nhấn giọng vần thứ hai, dù danh từ, động từ hay tính từ: event, lament (lời than vãn), descent (sự xuống), descend(nguồn gốc), consent (sự ưng thuận), to lament, to descent, to consent, to content (làm hài lòng) * Quy tắc riêng II: _ NHững từ có hai vần tận ER nhấn mạnh vần đầu TD: father, mother, flower, to enter, to suffer Ngoại lệ: Những động từ sau tận ER lại nhấn mạnh vần sau: to confer (bàn bạc, hội ý), to prefer, to refer (tham khảo, viện đến) * Quy tắc riêng III: _Những từ có hai vần mà vần đầu mẫu tự a (hay tiếp đầu ngữ a-) ln nhấn mạnh vần thứ hai TD: abed(ở giường), abaft(ở phía sau), alive(cịn sống), alone, about, above, aback, ago, asleep, again, abroad, aside, achieve, abuse, abyss (vực sâu), afraid, alike * Quy tắc riêng IV: _ NHững từ tận ETY, ITY, ION, ICAL, OUS, có chủ âm vần liền trước tận TD: gaiety (tính vui vẻ), piety( lịng hiếu thảo), equality, fertility, dictation (bài tả), election, public, civic (thuộc cơng dân), historic( thuộc lịch sử), historical( có tính lịch sử),electrical, famous, nervous Ngọai lệ: catholic ( tính đồ cơng giáo), lunatic(người điên), arabic, rhetoric( thuật hùng biện), politics, arithmetic * Quy tắc riêng V: _ Những từ có dạng cấu tạo P+ I+ N ( P= phụ âm: I =mẫu tự I, N=nguyên âm) TD: optiian, policticain, impatient, obidient, vegetarian, laborious, industrious, inferiơr, superior, curious, artifical, melomania( tính mê âm nhạc), direction, ambition, courageous, erroneous, cutaneous(thuộc da) Chú ý: Tất từ tận ION nằm quy tắc * Quy tắc riêng IV: Trong từ có ba vần(bốn năm vần), chủ âm thường vần thứ ba từ cuối đếm lên TD: familiar, particular, interpreter, geography, goemetry * Quy tắc riêng VII: _ Những từ tận ATE, từ có hai vần, chủ âm vần thứ Nếu từ có ba vần ba vần, chủ âm vần thứ ba đếm từ cuối lên TD: Chữ vần: climate, private, senate(thượng nghị viện), nitrate(muối nitrat) congratulate, originate, communicate, concentrate, regulate * Quy tắc riêng VIII: _ Những từ tận URE, thường nhấn mạnh vần trước tận TD: creature, feature, fixture, lecture, nature, adventure, pressure Nhưng:literature, temperature, mature, unmature (không chín chắn) * Quy tắc riêng IX: _ Những chữ tận ADE-ESE-EE-EER-OO-OON nhấn mạnh tận này: TD: lemonade, colonnade(hàng cột), balustrade (lan can), Vietnamese, Japenese, absentee, refugee, engineer, bamboo, taboo, typhoon(trận bão, cuồng phong), tycoon, saloon (hội trường), balloon * Quy tắc riêng X: _ Tất trạng từ thể cách (adverb of manner) tận LY có chủ âm theo tính từ gốc (radical adjective) TD: patiently, differently, difficultly, comparatively, continuously XVI Subjunctive Dùng với động từ Bảng sau động từ đòi hỏi mệnh đề sau phải dạng giả định câu bắt buộc phải có that trường hợp advise demand prefer require ask insist propose stipulate command move recommend suggest decree order request urge Động từ sau chủ ngữ dạng nguyên thể không chia bỏ to Nếu muốn thành lập thể phủ định đặt not sau chủ ngữ trước nguyên thể bỏ to Subject + verb + that + subject + [verb in simple form] + The doctor suggested that his patient stop smoking The doctor suggested that his patient not stop smoking Dùng với tính từ Bảng sau số tính từ địi hỏi mệnh đề sau phải dạng giả định, câu bắt buộc phải có that động từ sau chủ ngữ dạng nguyên thể bỏ to advised necessary recommended urgent important obligatory required imperative mandatory proposed suggested Lưu ý bảng có số tính từ phân từ cấu tạo từ động từ bảng Nếu muốn cấu tạo phủ định đặt not sau chủ ngữ trước nguyên thể bỏ to It + be + adj + that + S + [verb in simple form] It is necessary that he find the books It is necessary that he not find the books It has been proprosed that we change the topic XVII rather – rather than – would rather (than) – would prefer 1.rather : phần nào, hơi, khá - The performance was rather a failure - He felt rather tired at the end of the long climb - The book is rather long - You've done rather badly in the test rather than : .hơn ., thay - He seems to be clever rather than honest - We ought to invest in machinery rather than in buildings - I decided to write rather than phone / phoning 3.would rather (than) A thích(muốn) , - I would rather not go - I would rather have something to eat - We would rather die than be slaves - I'd rather walk than take a bus B.Muốn làm việc - I’d rather you went home now - I’d rather you came next week - I’d rather you hadn’t done that =I wish you hadn’t done that 4.would prefer: thích I would prefer to walk 5.Chú ý so sánh câu sau I would rather not go (Infinitive without “to” ) I'd rather walk than take a bus (Infinitive without “to” ) I would prefer to walk (Infinitive with “to” ) I would prefer to go in August rather than in July (Infinitive with “to” ) I’d rather you went home now (present and future) I’d rather you hadn’t done that (past) ... is a long time to wait  Khi chủ ngữ la` đại từ bất định: each, any, one, everyone, someone, anyone, every, either, neither, another, something… Ex1 Each of the boys has a bicycle Ex2 Someone... we, you, everyone khơng cần ghi Ex: Studying abroad is the wonderful thing that we must think about Studying abroad is the wonderful (for us ) to think about - Nếu trước relative pronoun có giới... congratulated + s.o + on + v-ing Ex: John said, “I heard you received the scholarship Congratulations!” -> John congratulated me on receiving the scholarship “I hear you passed your exams Congratulations!”