Ex: Although Bill took a taxi, he still came late for the meeting.. although -> In spite of taking a taxi, Bill still came late for the meeting.. Ex: But for your help, I couldn’t have
Trang 1Basic grammar
points
Trang 2REVIEW OF STRUCTURE A/ ADVERBIAL CLAUSES :
I/ Clause Of Concession: Though, Although, Even Though, Even If………
+ But , Despite , In Spite Of ( Adj + Noun , V-Ing , Possessive + Noun, The + Noun) + Whatever ( Adj/ Object, Subject), However, Adj + As + S + V.
a/ S 1 + V …………But + S 2 + V………
-> S 1 + V +……… , S 2 + V ………
Ex: They live in poverty but they don’t feel unhappy ( although)
-> They live in poverty, they don’t feel unhappy
b/ Although +S 1 + V ………… + S 2 + V……… ( S 1 = S 2 )
-> In spite of + Ving +……… , S 2 + V ………
Ex: Although Bill took a taxi, he still came late for the meeting ( although)
-> In spite of taking a taxi, Bill still came late for the meeting
c/ Although +NOUN + BE+ ADJ ………… + S 2 + V……… ( “Noun” chỉ vật)
-> In spite of + ADJ + NOUN +……… , S 2 + V ………
Ex: Although the weather was bad, the flight wasn’t cancelled ( although)
-> In spite of the bad weather, the flight wasn’t cancelled
c/ Although +S + BE+ ADJ ………… + S 2 + V……… ( “S” chỉ người)
-> In spite of + Possessive adj / possessive case + NOUN +……… , S 2 + V …………
Ex: Although he was ill, he still went to work ( although)
-> In spite of his illness, he still went to work
d/ Although +IT + BE+ ADJ ………… + S 2 + V………
-> In spite of + THE + NOUN +……… , S 2 + V …………( “Noun”chị thời tiết )
* Noun + Y = Adj ( fog, rain, storm, sun, cloud, snow, wind, ) Ex: Although it was foggy, the flight was not delayed ( although)
-> In spite of the fog, the flight was not delayed
e/ Although + S + V + NOUN … = Whatever + NOUN + S + V,
Ex: We must study well though we have any kinds of difficulties ( whatever)
-> Whatever ( kinds of ) difficulties we have, we must study well
f/ Whatever + NOUN + S + V = No Matter What + NOUN + S + V,
Ex: No matter what experience he has , he can’t repair that machine
-> Whatever experience he has , he can’t repair that machine
II/ Clause Of Reason (Cause): Because , As , Since…
+ Because Of + Noun Phrase = Because + Clause( giống như “Although & in spite of”) + So, So ………That, If, To Inf…
+ S + Stop / Prevent + O + From + V-ing = Because of
Ex: The teacher is sick, so we have no class tomorrow (because) -> Because the teacher is sick We have no class tomorrow
Ex: That restaurant is so dirty that nobody wants to eat there (because) -> Because that restaurant is dirty, nobody wants to eat there
Ex: She went to the post office to send a letter
-> Because she wanted to send a letter, she went to the post office
Ex: The fog prevented us from going out
-> Because of the fog, we didn’t / couldn’t go out
Trang 3III/ Adverb Of Result : So / Such …………That……
+ Because, Too, Enough……
1/ S + V + So + Adj / Adv + That ………
+ Uses of Adj & Adv ( Verb followed by adj ) + The ending letters of adjective.(-ful/ tive/ ous ) + Use of “ So many & so much” Ex: He has so much work to do that he can’t go to the cinema with us. 2/ S + V + Such + (a/ an) + Adj + Noun + That ………
+ Use of “a / an” Ex: It is such a difficult lesson that we can’t understand it Ex: Mary is too young to get married.-> Mary isn’t old enough to get married IV/ Clauses Of Condition: If, As/So Long As, Provided That, On Condition That, In Case, Suppose/ Supposing, Even If + Unless, Or, Or Else, Otherwise, And + Because, As, Since, So, Therefore, That’s Why 1/ If ………not = Unless
Ex: If he doesn’t phone her immediately, he won’t get any information -> Unless he phones her immediately, he won’t get any information * Notes: Nếu trong câu có “nothing, no one, nobody” -> “ something, someone, somebody” “No -> Many, Seldom, Rarely -> Always” Ex: He will die if nobody sends him for a doctor -> He will die unless somebody sends him for a doctor 2/ V1 ……….Or / or else / Otherwise + S + Will + V1 -> Unless + S + Verb in the present tense, S + Will + V1 Ex: Do those exercises carefully or you‘ll fail the exams (You) -> You‘ll fail the exams unless you do( if you don’t do) those exercises carefully. Ex: Hurry up ………you will be late for school a unless b or c because d if 3/ a/ Because / As / Since + S1 + Verb………., S2 + Verb………
- If + S1 + Verb ……… , S2 + Verb ………
b/ S1 + Verb ……… , So / Therefore/ That’s why + S2 + Verb ………
- If + S1 + Verb ……… , S2 + Verb ………
+ Tense in present – Type II
+ Tense in past - Type III
+ Use the Verb in opposite form ( Negative -> Affirmative )
Ex: Mai can’t get the job because she doesn’t speak English well
-> Mai spoke English well, she could get the job
Ex: I was very busy so I couldn’t go to the meeting
-> If I hadn’t been busy, I could have gone to the meeting
4/ Without + V-Ing / Noun = Unless + S + Verb / There + Be + Noun
Ex: Without taking the taxi, we will be late
-> Unless we take a taxi, we will be late
Ex: Without rain, we couldn’t stop the forest fire completely.
Trang 4-> If there were no rain, we couldn’t stop the forest fire completely.
5/ But for + Noun = If it were not for/ hadn’t been for + Noun
Ex: But for the storm, we would have had a good crop
-> If it hadn’t been for the storm, we would have had a good crop
* Notes:
Ex: He gave me a lift to the station, otherwise I might have missed the train
-> If he hadn’t given me a lift to the station, I might have missed the train.
Ex: But for your help, I couldn’t have finished the work.
-> If you hadn’t helped me, I couldn’t have finished the work.
V/ Clause Of Comparison: As….As, Not So/As……As, More/ less ……Than, The Most……
1/ Positive degree:
a/ Equality: S + V + ……… + As + Adj / Adv + As + S + Va
Ex: She works as hard as her friend does ( Câu cho sẳn có “Too”)
Ex: This table is one meters long That one is two meters long
-> That table is twice as long as this one
b/ Unequality: S + Verb + Not + As / So + Adj / Adv + As + S + Va
-> S + Verb + Less + Adj / Adv + Than + S + Va
Ex: The market is less crowded than usual today.
-> The market is not so / as crowded as usual today.
2/ Comparative degree:
a/ S + Verb + More + Long-Adj / Adv + Than + S + Va
+ Short-Adj/ Adv+ ER + Than + S + Va
Ex: Mr.Phan doesn’t drive as carefully as he used to
-> Mr Phan drives more carelessly than he used to
Ex: Hung is not good at Chemistry as Minh
-> Minh is better at Chemistry than Hung
b/ S + Verb + The most + Long-Adj / Adv + ( Noun) + Place
+ Short-Adj/ Adv+ EST
Ex: No restaurant in this city is as good as that one
-> That is the best restaurant in this city.
c/ The + Adj / Adv ( SSH) + S + V, The + Adj / Adv ( SSH) + S + V
Ex: The older she gets, the more beautiful she is
d/ More and More + Long Adj / Adv ( Short Adj / Adv + ER)
Ex: The lesson is more and more difficult
Ex: It is hotter and hotter
* Notes :
- Short Adjective: young, hot cold, cheap, late…
+ Two syllables ending in “y, le, et, ow, er” : happy, easy, early, pretty, busy,
simple, gentle, quiet, narrow, mellow, clever, bitter
- Long Adjective : More than two syllables and “Adj + ly”
- How to add “Er / Est”
+ nice – nicer, big – bigger ( ending in “y, w, x”-> without double), happy –
happier + Irregular Adjective “good, far, many, bad, little”
Trang 5* Adjective order:
- articles (a, an, the) , P.adj ( my, his, her), determiners (this, that , these , those)
- ordinal numbers ( first, second….)
- cardinal numbers ( one, two, some, several )
- adverb degree ( too, very, extremely)
- quality ( lovely, beautiful, difficult, interesting, good…)
- size ( small, big, huge, little)
- age ( new, old, young)
- length ( long, short, tall)
- shape ( round, square)
- colors ( black, white, blue )
- nationality ( Vietnamese, Italian, Chinese )
- purposes /metal ( reading, walking, steel, nylon, cotton…)
- head noun( book, car…)
* Question with “HOW”
- how old: ( số + tuổi / at the age of + số)
- how tall / high : ( số + tall / high , the height of)
- how far : ( số + mile / kilometer )
- how fast : (số + mile / kilometer + per hour)
- how deep ( số + deep, the depth of )
- how long ( số + meter/ mile long , the length of, for + số + tgian)
- how wide ( số + wide, in width)
- how often ( once/ twice + a + time)
- how many / much + noun : ( số + noun)
- how much : ( số + money, số + pound )
VI/ Clause Of Time:
When, As, ( On + Ving), While, As Soon As, Before, After, Since, Until, By The Time.
1/ Time in the sentence is in the past ( yesterday, last , ago, in pat time) or verb in past tenses
a/ After / as soon as + S + Had + V 3 , S + V 2
-> After + V-Ing = After + S + Had + V 3
Ex: After finishing our work ,we went home
-> After we had finished our work ,we went home
b/ Before / by the time + S + V2 , S + Had + V 3
-> Before + V-Ing = Before + S + V 2
Ex: I made sure I had the car keys before locking the door
-> Before I locked the door, I made sure I had had the car keys
c/ While + S + Verbs in past continuous , S + Verb in simple past or past continuous
- On + V-Ing = while + S + Verbs in past continuous
Ex: On walking to school, I saw my teacher
-> While I was walking to school, I saw my teacher
* Các động từ diễn đạt các hành động ngắn luôn ở thì quá khứ đơn : “ see, hear, meet,
go, come, get, arrive, start, begin, enter”
d/ When / As + S + V, S + V ………
+ QKĐ : hành đôïng ngắn hay sự việc xảy ra sau
Trang 6+ QKTD : hành động dài hay sự việc vẫn còn tiếp diễn khi hành động thứ nhất xảy ra
d1/ On + V-Ing = when + S + Verbs in past continuous or simple past.
Ex: On driving home from office , I saw an accident.
-> When I was driving home from office , I saw an accident
d2/ When / While + S + be……., S + V ……… ( hai động từ đều dùng ờ thì QKĐ)
Ex: When he was at school, he studied very well
d3/ When + S + V in simple past ……… , S + V in past perfect ( “Already / So + S + V”)
Ex: When I got to the station, the train had already left
Ex : When we arrived at his house , he had gone to work, so we didn’t meet him
d4/ S + Had + No Sooner + V 3 ……… Than + S + Verb in simple past
S + Had + Hardly / Scarely + V 3 ……… When + S + Verb in simple past
Ex: We had no sooner left home than it started to rain
Ex: No sooner had we left home than it started to rain
e/ S + verb in present perfect ………… + Since + S + verb in simple past.
e1/ S + Verb in simple past ……….+ Time + Ago.
-> It is / was + Time + since + S + Verb in simple past ……….
Ex: He lost his job three months ago
-> It is three months since he lost his job
e2/ S + Have / has Not + V3 ………+ For + Time.
-> It is + Time + Since + S +( Last) + Verb in simple past.
-> The last time ( when)+ S + Verbs in simple past ……… + Was + Time + Ago.
Ex: We haven’t seen Minh for two years
-> It is / has been two years since I last saw Minh
-> The last time we saw Minh was two years ago
e3/ Uses of “For” and “Since”.
f/ S + Verb in simple past + Not ……….Until + Clause in simple past / Phrase of time
-> It was not until + Clause / Phrase + That+ S + Verb in simple past.( mãi cho đến khi)
Ex: Tom didn’t begin to read until he was ten
-> It was not until Tom was ten that he began to read.
Ex: The noise next door did not stop until midnight
-> It was not until midnight that the noise next door stopped.
2/ Time in the sentence is in the future ( tomorrow, next ) or verb in the future
S + Verb in the future ………+ Conj + S + Verb in the present
Ex : When I meet him tomorrow, I will give him your letter
Ex: You will fell better after you have something to eat
Ex: You will have something to eat You will feel better
-> After you have something to eat, you will feel better
3/ Notes on tenses
a/ The simple past tense:
+ Formula: S + V2 – Did not + V1 – Did + S + V1?
+ Usage: “yesterday , last , ago, in + time in the past”
: From …………to ………… ( from 1990 to 1995)
Ex: Jane ………just a few minutes ago
a leaves b has left c had left d left
Trang 7Ex: My uncle lived in Hanoi since 1990 to 1998, but he is now living in Hue.
A B C D
Ex: Nobody was hurt in the accident , ……… ?
a was he b did he c were they d did they
* Tag- question:
S + Verb in affirmative ………, Va + Not + S?
S + Verb in negative ………, Va + S?
+ Va ( Auxiliary verbs : be, have, do, can, may, must, shall , will)
+ Subject in the tag question must be pronouns “I, we, you , they , he, she, it”
- Some/ Any/ No/ Every + One / Body = They
- Some/ Any/ No/ Every + Thing = It
- “No” : Không dùng “Not” trong phần câu hỏi đuôi
b/ The simple present:
+ Formula: S + V1 / Vs - Do / Does + Not + V1 – Do / Does + S + V1?
+ Usage : “Sometimes, often, usually, always, seldom, rarely, never”
“ Every + Time ( day, week, month …… ) ”
“ Once / Twice / Three times + A + Time (day, week, month …… )”
Ex: My father seldom ………… tea after meal
a drink b drank c drink d is drinking
Ex: They go to this club ………
a a once week b once a week c a week once d once week
c/ The simple future:
+ Formula: S + will / Shall + V1
+ Usage : tomorrow, next + Time , In + Hour / day …… ( trong … nữa)
If / When + S + verb in the simple present , S + verb in the simple future
Ex: They say the train ……… in ten minutes
a arrive b will arrive c arrived d is arriving Ex: If we go to London, we ……….Hyde Park
a will visit b visit c visited d would visit Ex: We ……… him at the station tomorrow
a are meeting b will meet c are going to meet
d all are correct
* To express the near future, we can use the present continuous, “Be going to”
d/ The present continuous:
+ Formula: S + Am / Is / Are + V-Ing:
+ Usage: now, at present, at the moment, right now ,but today, but tonight
: Look, Listen, Don’t …………
Ex: They ………… on the field now
a worked b are working c have worked d will work Ex: Don’t talk while the teacher ……….the lesson
a is explaining b was explaining c explained d explains Ex: She often goes to school by bicycle but today she ……….to school
a walks b walked c is walking d will walk
Ex : We ………… her sing on the radio now
Trang 8a hear b are hearing c heard d will hear
* Verbs are not used the continuous tenses:
- Giác quan: see, hear, smell, taste, sound, be
- Tình cảm : like, love , hate, dislike, want, envy, need
- Sở hữu : have = own = possess, belong, cost, exist
- Tinh thần : know, realize, recognize, think, remember, forget
* Verbs are often used in the simple present although there is “Now” in the sentence: “Live,
teach, work, learn , study ”
e/ The past continuous:
- Formula: S + Was / Were + V-Ing
- Usage: At + Hour / At this time + Time ( Yesterday, last…)
- When / while / as ……
Ex: Tom ……… the news on TV at this time (at 7 o’clock) last night
a was watching b watched c watch d had watched Ex: Tom ……….the news on TV last night
a was watching b watched c watch d had watched
f/ The future continuous:
- Formula : S + Will be + V-Ing
- Usage: At this time + Next ( Month / year)
When / While ………
Ex : At this time next year, my brother will be studying in America
Ex: Tomorrow when you come I will be having dinner
g/ The present perfect:
- Formula: S + Have / Has + Past Participle.
- Usage : just , already, recently, lately, never, ever, not… yet,
: So far = up to now = up to the present = as yet
: For / Since + time
: Many times , several times
Ex: She ………… English for ten years
a studied b is studying c has studied d had studied Ex: She ………… English for ten years, but she stopped last month
a studied b is studying c has studied d had studied
h/ The past perfect:
- Formula : S + Had + Past participle
- Usage : By / Before + Time in the past , After / Before/ When- clause
Ex: They had finished their work before the lunchtime
i/ The future perfect:
- Formula: S + Will have + Past participle.
- Usage: By / Before + Time in the future , After / Before/ When- clause
Ex: By this time next year I will have finished my English course
j/ The present perfect continuous:
- Formula : S + Have / Has + Been + V-Ing
- Usage: S + Verb in present perfect continuous, But + S + Verb in the present perfect + Yet Ex: She has been reading that book for two weeks but she hasn’t finished it yet
Trang 9VII/ Clause Of Purpose:
So That , In Order That, In Case………
+ To – Inf, In Order To- Inf, So As Not To – Inf.
Ex: David signed the paper He wanted to work at the construction company
-> David signed the paper so that he wanted to work at the construction company.
-> David signed the paper ( in order to ) to work at the construction company.
1/ S1 + V ……… S2 + want / hope + To-V1
-> S1 + V ……….So That + S2 + can / could + V1
-> S1 + V ……… + To/ In order to-V1
-> S1 + V ……….So As Not + To-V1 ( Khi mđề sau ở phủ định)
* Nếu mđề sau ở phủ định ta có thể viết lại bằng:
-> S1 + V ……….LEST + S2 + Should + V1
Ex: I hurry home so as not to miss my favorite TV program.
-> I hurry home so that I won’t miss my favorite TV program.
-> I hurry home lest I should miss my favorite TV program.
2/ S1 + V ……… S2 + want / hope + O + To-V1
-> S1 + V ……….So That + S2 + can / could + V1 ( lấy O xuống làm S2 )
-> S1 + V ……… + In order for + O + to-V1
Ex: I spoke loudly I wanted the man to understand what I said
-> I spoke loudly so that the man could understand what I said
-> I spoke loudly for the man to understand what I said
VIII/ Clause Of Place : Where
Ex: I don’t know where I should go now.
IX/ Clause Of Manner: As, As If , As Though,……
Ex: You didn’t see a ghost -> You look as if you had seen a ghost.
Ex: He isn’t my brother -> He talks as if he was / were my brother.
B/ NOUN CLAUSES :
1/ Passive Voice: Basic Structures, Noun Clauses
Noun clause:
S1 + V + THAT + S2 + V ………
-> S2 + TO BE + V3 + TO INFINITIVE
Ex : Many years ago people believed the earth was flat
-> Many years ago the earth was believed to be flat
-> Many years ago it was believed that the earth was flat
* Basic structures:
Ex: They are going to build a new hospital near our school.
-> A new hospital is going to be built near our school.
Ex: People have to keep dangerous chemicals in a safe place.
Trang 10-> Dangerous chemicals have to be kept in a safe place.
Ex: Paul Mc Cartney wrote the famous song called “Yesterday”.
-> The famous song called “Yesterday” was written by Paul Mc Cartney
2/ Wish Clauses: Three Types:
+ Want, Be Afraid, Be Sorry, What A Pity, It Is A Pity.
+ Like, Regret, Hope.
+ ‘d rather/ sooner, It’s time.
Ex: I’m sorry that I didn’t finish my homework last night
-> I wish I had finished my homework last night
Ex: Tom regretted buying the second-hand car
-> Tom wishes he hadn’t bought the second- hand car
Ex: What a pity he can’t go with us
-> We wish he could go with us
Ex: I really want you to return the book next week
-> I ‘d rather you returned the book next week
Ex: I’m afraid that our team will lose the game
-> I wish our team wouldn’t lose the game
Ex: She must go to bed now
-> It’s ( high) time she went to bed now
3/ Reported Speech: Statement, Imperative, Questions
Ex: “ Don’t talk in class”, the teacher told us
-> The teacher told us not to talk in class
Ex: Sue said, “ Do you like music, Lan ?”
-> Sue asked Lan if she liked music
Ex: “ Why didn’t you come to class yesterday, Tom?” His mother asked
-> His mother wanted to know why Tom hadn’t come to class the day before
Ex: Mary said “ I get up earlier than you do, Tom”
-> Mary told Tom that she got up earlier than he did
Ex: “ Could I see your driving license?” said the traffic policeman ( asked)
-> The traffic policeman asked me to give him my driving license
4/ INFINITIVE OR GERUND
1/ Bare Infinitive( V 1 ):
+ Modal Verbs ( Can, May, Must, Shall, Will)+ Bare Inf
* Be Able To, Be Likely To, Have To, Ought To, Be Going To, Be About To) + Bare inf + Perception Verbs + 0 ( See, Notice, Observe, Watch, Hear, Listen To, Bid)+ Bare Inf + Other Verbs + 0 ( Let, Help, Make) + Bare inf
+ Can’t But, Than, Except, Why Not, Would Rather, Let’s + Bare inf + Causative Forms.( S + Have + Someone + Bare inf)
2/ Full Infinitive / To Infinitive ( V 5 ):
+ It + Be + Adj + To Inf + V-Ing / To Inf……….+ Be + Adj + Wh / There Is Nobody/ Anybody Somebody( Thing/ One) + To- Inf……