kĩ năng viết trong các bài test 1 docx

They formed a separate government called the Confederate States of America.. Here is the division between free and slave states in 1861: FREE STATES New Hampshire Illinois Massachusetts

The Civil War

Abraham Lincoln, considered by the South to be a threat

to slavery, was elected president in 1860 Eleven southern

states withdrew from the Union They formed a separate

government called the Confederate States of America.

Here is the division between free and slave states in 1861:

FREE STATES

New Hampshire Illinois

Massachusetts Wisconsin

Rhode Island Iowa

Connecticut Minnesota

Pennsylvania California

Ohio

SLAVE STATES

North Carolina*

TERRITORIES

*Confederate States

In 1861, Confederate soldiers opened fire on Fort

Sumter in Charleston, South Carolina, and the Civil War

began The “War Between the States” lasted four years

and eventually killed 600,000 people It also destroyed an

estimated $5 billion in property The war ended in 1865

after the surrender of Robert E Lee, the most important

Big Business

From 1860 into the next century, the United States expe-rienced an explosion of industrialization Just as the

Industrial Revolution changed Europe, it altered life in the

new nation Natural resources, technological advances, railroad expansion, and a new wave of immigrants in the workforce made industrial growth possible Businesses began to operate over broad geographic areas and grew into large corporations Tycoons of the steel and oil industry like Andrew Carnegie and John D Rockefeller controlled much of the marketplace The powerful

industrialists supported the policy of laissez-faire: They

believed government should not interfere with business Large-scale production changed the workplace Laborers were more likely to work in large factories than

in small workshops Machines and unskilled workers replaced skilled workers to keep costs down Many worked long hours doing monotonous work in

danger-ous conditions As a result, national labor unions began

to form to protect the rights of workers The first

national labor union was the Knights of Labor, which organized in 1869 In 1886, the American Federation of

Labor (AFL) formed, joining together a network of local

unions Led by Samuel Gompers, an immigrant cigar maker, the union rallied for improved hours, wages, and

working conditions Reformers, called the Progressives,

wanted to curb the power of big business and protect working people Among other goals, progressive reform-ers wanted to end child labor and introduce a minimum wage Through their efforts, government at the local, state, and national level began to regulate business

EXERCISE 5

Use the information from the big business passage to select the best answer for each question The answers are

on page 168

1. Which of the following slogans would industrial-ist John D Rockefeller most likely support?

a Live Free or Die

b Our Union, Our Voice

c Equal Pay for Equal Work

d That Government Is Best Which Governs –W O R L D H I S T O R Y–

2. Which of the following was NOT a goal of the

Progressives?

a improve workers’ safety

b stop legislation that restricted business

practices

c increase government regulation

d prohibit child labor

e set a minimum level for wages

The Great Depression

In the 1920s, the country enjoyed a prosperous period

Business expanded and investors speculated in the stock

market, often borrowing money on easy credit to buy

shares of a company Money flowed into the stock

mar-ket until October 24, 1929, when the marmar-ket collapsed

Investors lost fortunes overnight, businesses started to

close, workers were laid off, and banks closed The stock

market crash of 1929 marked the onset of the Great

Depression, which lasted through the 1930s By 1933,

unemployment reached 25%, more than 5,000 banks

were closed, and over 85,000 businesses had failed

Elected in 1932, President Franklin D Roosevelt

started a relief effort to revive the economy and bring aid

to people who were suffering the effects of the

depres-sion He called his program the New Deal In what is now

called the First Hundred Days, Roosevelt and Congress

passed major legislation that saved banks from closing

and regained public confidence The following box lists

some of the important measures passed in 1933, the first

year of Roosevelt’s presidency

The New Deal

Agricultural Adjustment Act—paid farmers to

slow their production in order to stabilize food prices

National Industrial Recovery Act—outlined

codes for fair competition in industry

Securities and Exchange Commission—

established to regulate stock market

Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation—

insured bank deposits in the case that banks fail

Public Works Administration—built roads,

public buildings, dams

Tennessee Valley Authority—brought electric

power to parts of the Southeast

Although the New Deal brought relief, it did not end the Depression The economy did not revive until the nation entered World War II in the 1940s However, the New Deal had long-lasting effects It expanded the pow-ers of the central government to regulate the economy, and it created “safety-net” programs that would assist citizens

–W O R L D H I S T O R Y–

1 4 1

IN T H I S C H A P T E R, you will learn about the basic ideas of civics (the rights and responsibilities of citizens)

and government (the way that political power is organized and distributed) After an overview of the dif-ferent types of political systems that exist in other countries, you will review the American system of gov-ernment: its structure at the federal, state, and local levels; voting and election procedures; political parties; and the process of becoming an American citizen

 P o l i t i c a l S y s t e m s

Varying types of political systems can be found around the world These types differ in how power is attained and how it is used See the chart on the next page

C H A P T E R

Civics and Government

THE PERCENTAGE of civics and government questions on the

2002 GED was greater than in any previous year The material on the Social Studies Test will come from both national (American) and global contexts, so it will be to your advantage to be prepared to answer a wide variety of questions

15

1 4 3

TYPE OF

Monarchy ■One person from a royal family is ruler. ■Saudi Arabia

■Power is inherited from generation to generation. ■Morocco

■Absolute monarchs have complete authority. Absolute monarchy:

■Swaziland

■Constitutional monarchs have limited authority; Constitutional

a representative democracy governs. monarchies:

■Great Britain

■Japan

■Sweden

Dictatorship ■It is ruled by one leader who has absolute power over many ■Nazi (National

aspects of life, including social, economic, and political Socialist)

govern-■Leader is not elected by the people ment of Adolf Hitler

■General Augusto Pinochet in Chile from 1973–1990 Oligarchy ■It is governed by a small upper-class group. ■City-state of Sparta

■Leaders are not elected by the people. in ancient Greece

Democracy ■In direct democracy, decisions are made by the people Representative

■In representative democracy, people elect officials to democracies:

represent their views. ■United States

■Canada

■Most European nations

–C I V I C S A N D G O V E R N M E N T–

E XERCISE 6

Use the information from the chart to answer the

fol-lowing questions The answers are on page 168

1. A military leader uses his power to overthrow a

country’s government and names himself the

absolute leader of the government He takes over

all the nation’s television stations and

newspa-pers What kind of government has he set up?

a absolute monarchy

b dictatorship

c oligarchy

d direct democracy

2. In which of the following political systems would citizens have the most influence over lawmaking?

a absolute monarchy

b dictatorship

c oligarchy

d direct democracy

e representative democracy

 T h e A m e r i c a n S y s t e m o f

G o v e r n m e n t

The United States is a federal republic—a representative

government is divided into three branches: the legislative,

executive, and judicial Each branch has an important

function:

■ The legislative branch makes laws.

■ The executive branch carries out laws.

■ The judicial branch interprets laws.

The U.S Constitution also allows each branch to place

controls or limits on the power of the other two

branches, so that no one branch dominates This

frame-work is called the system of checks and balances For

example, the legislature (U.S Congress) may pass a bill,

but before it can become law, the executive (the

presi-dent) must sign it The president can refuse it by vetoing

it However, Congress can still pass the bill into law—in

an action called overriding the veto—if two-thirds of its

members vote for it (See table at bottom of this page.)

State and Local Governments

State governments resemble the framework of the federal

government The governor acts as the chief executive and

can veto legislation Most states have legislatures made of

two houses, and each state has its own court system,

con-stitution, and a system of checks and balances Local

gov-ernments vary from the state and federal model There are three basic forms of local government:

Mayor-council—in this form, voters elect a

mayor as city or town executive and they elect

a council member from each specific ward

Council-manager—in this form, voters elect

council members, who, in turn, hire a manager

to run the day-to-day operations of the city or town

Commission—in this form, voters elect

commis-sioners to head a city or county department, like the fire, police, or public works

department

State governments must approve and grant power to, or

charter, all town and city governments.

Political Parties

Although the U.S Constitution does not mention the existence of political parties, they have played an influ-ential role throughout most of the country’s history A political party is an organization that presents its posi-tions on public issues and promotes candidates that sup-port its point of view

–C I V I C S A N D G O V E R N M E N T–

1 4 5

STRUCTURE OF FEDERAL GOVERNMENT

Executive Branch President ■A president is elected by the voters for four-year term.

Vice President ■A president cannot serve more than two terms.

Agencies ■Vice president becomes head of state if the president

Departments becomes disabled or dies in office.

■Agencies carry out a president’s policies and provide special

services.

■Department heads advise a president and carry out policies.

Legislative Branch U.S Congress: ■Number of representatives for each state is based on the

House of population of that state.

Representatives ■Representatives serve two-year terms.

Senate ■Each state has two senators.

■Senators serve six-year terms.

Judicial Branch U.S Supreme Court ■U.S Supreme Court is the highest court in the nation.

Circuit Courts ■The president appoints the nine justices of the Supreme Court.

of Appeals ■Term is for life.

Federal District Courts