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EXERCISE 14 1. What is the title of the map? 2. What do the four shades of color indicate in the legend? 3. How much did the population change in the last decade in the state of California? 4. Which states experienced the largest population change in the last decade? 5. Which area experienced a loss?  Political Cartoons A regular feature in American newspapers since the early nineteenth century, political cartoons use satirical humor to comment on a current event. Their purpose is to express an opinion—the political point of view of the cartoonist or the newspaper or magazine in which they appear. A cartoon will often focus and simplify a single issue or event so that readers can easily grasp its message. Cartoons employ few words, often just enough to make their point clear. They sometimes use caricature, a tech- nique in which the cartoonist deliberately exaggerates the features of well-known people (often politicians) to make fun of them. Because of their emotional appeal, political cartoons can be effective tools in swaying public opinion. The power of political cartoons was demonstrated in 1869 when Harper’s Weekly cartoonist Thomas Nast used his art to help end the corrupt Boss Tweed Ring in New York City. Nast first introduced symbols that we still use today: the tiger as the symbol of Tammany Hall, the elephant for the Republican Party, and the donkey for the Demo- cratic Party. – TIPS AND STRATEGIES FOR THE GED SOCIAL STUDIES EXAM– 165 Percent Change in Population for United States: 1990–1999 16.9 to 50.6 9.7 to 16.8 0.1 to 9.6 −14.5 to 0.0 AK WA ID NV UT CO AZ TX GA OR MT ND SD WY NE KS NM OK LA AR MO IA MN WI IL IN OH MI KY TN MS AL FL SC NC VA WV DC DE MD NJ PA NY MA CT RI NH VT ME HI CA Source: Population Estimates Program, U.S. Census Bureau. Interpreting Political Cartoons To understand and interpret a cartoon, you can use the same critical-thinking skills that you employ when find- ing meaning in a written text. This political cartoon is from December 9, 2002. It refers to the United States’s demand for weapons inspections in Iraq. Review the car- toon and ask yourself these basic questions: ■ What are the details or symbols used in the car- toon? Did the cartoonist use a caricature? ■ What is happening in the cartoon? ■ What comparisons or contrasts are depicted in the cartoon? ■ Political cartoons express an opinion. What is the point of view of the cartoonist? ■ What is the historical context of the cartoon? His- torical cartoons may be more difficult for today’s readers to interpret. You will need to consider the conditions of the time period in which the car- toon was created. Copyright © 2002 by Mike Lane. Reprinted by permission of caglecartoons.com. EXERCISE 15 Now use the political cartoon to select the best answer to the following question. The answers are on page 169. Which statement best describes the main idea of the cartoon? a. The U.S. government believes that Iraq is developing weapons of mass destruction. b. The United States believes in a pacifist approach. c. The U.S. government is hypocritical in its demand that Iraq disarm its weapons of mass destruction. d. Saddam Hussein is a leader who cannot be trusted. e. George W. Bush is personally making inspec- tions in Iraq.  Photographs Photographs are powerful visual documents of personal or public life. In addition to recording a specific time period or event, they are effective tools of persuasion. In the nineteenth century, William H. Jackson’s photo- graphs of the Yellowstone region were influential in per- suading the U.S. Congress to designate the area a national park, journalist Jacob Riis’s photographs of New York City slums led to needed social reform, and Lewis Hine’s shocking images of children working in factories resulted in the passage of child-protection legislation in 1916. Photographs are also an important part of the his- toric record. Photographers like James Van Der Zee, who chronicled life in Harlem for 60 years, contribute infor- mation about a past culture. When you look at a photograph, use the same critical- thinking skills you would when reading a written passage or other type of graphic. Does the photograph express a main idea or theme? What is the supporting evidence? Ask yourself the following questions: ■ What is happening in the photo? ■ What details can I learn from the image? ■ What do I think is the message that the photogra- pher is trying to express? ■ Is there a caption or title to the photo? ■ What is the historical context of the image? – TIPS AND STRATEGIES FOR THE GED SOCIAL STUDIES EXAM– 166 Look at the following photograph of children working in an Indiana factory at the beginning of the twentieth century. Then answer the following question. The answer is on page 170. Child Laborers in Indiana Glass Works, Midnight, Indiana, 1908. Source: The National Archives and Records Administration. EXERCISE 16 Which of the following conclusions can you draw from the photo and its caption? a. Laws in the early 1900s protected children from long working hours. b. The photographer believed that children could make significant contributions to the economy. c. Children in 1908 worked in occupations where they would not be permitted today. d. The progressives fought to create labor laws that would protect children. e. Children should work to contribute to their families.  Web Resources The following resources can help expand your knowl- edge of the kinds of material covered on the GED Social Studies Test. www.bls.gov Website of the U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics with information about U.S. employment and unemploy- ment rates, consumer spending, productivity, and other statistics. www.census.gov Official U.S. Census Bureau website—provides statis- tics from the 2000 census. www.congresslink.org Educational website operated by the Dirksen Congres- sional Center—offers a guide to Congress and posts historical materials. www.constitutioncenter.org Website of the National Constitution Center (NCC), a nonpartisan, nonprofit organization established by Congress in 1988—gives information about funda- mental principles of the Constitution and offers basic research tools. www.federalreserve.gov Official website of the U.S. Federal Reserve—includes consumer information about personal finances. www.fedstats.gov Offers statistics and maps from over 100 federal agencies. www.firstgov.gov Official Internet portal to all U.S. government informa- tion with links to agencies of federal, state, local, and tribal governments—provides frequently requested federal forms and information for citizens, businesses, and government employees. www.geographyiq.com Online world atlas with geographic, political, and cul- tural information. www.HistoryCentral.com Covers American and world history topics, includes links to primary historical documents. www.ilo.org Website of the International Labour Organization with information about working conditions around the globe. www.memory.loc.gov Historic collections from the U.S. Library of Congress—includes primary resources about the history and culture of the United States. – TIPS AND STRATEGIES FOR THE GED SOCIAL STUDIES EXAM– 167 www.socialstudies.org Website of National Council for the Social Studies— includes links to teaching resources on a wide range of social studies themes. www.supremecourtus.gov Offers an overview of the Supreme Court—its history, procedures, and traditions—and transcripts from Supreme Court cases. www.un.org Website of the United Nations—includes information and maps about economic and social development, human rights, and peace and security issues around the world.  Answers and Explanations for Exercises Exercise 1: Religion, page 133 1. d. Based on the information in the column marked “Origin,” you can conclude that each of the major religions has existed for over a thousand years. The column with the heading “Character- istics” describes some of the influences each reli- gion has had on human culture. Exercise 2: Age of Enlightenment, page 134 1. d. John Locke contributed the most to the Enlighten- ment philosophy is a statement of opinion. Scholars might argue about who contributed the most to the Age of Reason or who is consid- ered the most influential writer or thinker of the time. 2. a. Although the proponents of the Enlightenment were reacting against the influences of the Mid- dle Ages—feudalism, the Crusades, and the Roman Catholic Church—the most likely fac- tors that contributed positively to the Age of Enlightenment were the scientific discoveries of the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries. Exercise 3: World War II, page 136 1. b. Because racism takes many forms and exists in places throughout the world, it is not likely that even a powerful event like World War II could stop it from occurring. 2. c. Choice c is the most likely assumption. You can theorize that Hitler’s focus on national pride and strength appealed to a population in a dire economic situation (described in the passage about World War II). Exercise 4: The U.S. Constitution, page 137 1. e. The passage states that the Bill of Rights was added to the Constitution to protect the rights of individual citizens. Exercise 5: Big Business, page 138 1. d. Rockefeller believed that the government should not interfere with business, so he would most likely support the motto, “That Government Is Best Which Governs Least.” 2. b. The progressives wanted to curb big business, so they would support legislation that restricted business practices. Exercise 6: Political Systems, page 142 1. b. Because the military has total control of the nation’s media and he has declared himself the sole leader, he has created a dictatorship. 2. d. Citizens in a direct democracy vote on every law. They would have the most influence over lawmaking decisions. Exercise 7: Political Parties, page 144 1. c. Choices a and d are statements of opinion. Choice b is incorrect, and choice e is not dis- cussed in the passage. Only choice c is sup- ported by the information in the passage. – TIPS AND STRATEGIES FOR THE GED SOCIAL STUDIES EXAM– 168 Exercise 8: The Marketplace, page 148 1. a. The point where the lines connect is at $1,400. That is the point of equilibrium. 2. b. As the price increases, the demand decreases. Exercise 9: Measuring Economic Growth, page 150 1. a. The graph’s baseline is an item that costs $100 in the time period 1982–1984. The graph shows that an item that costs $100 in the base period costs about $176 in 2001. Something that cost $50 in the base period would cost about $88 in 2001. 2. e. Choice a is not a conclusion based on the graph. Choices b and c are not true, and choice d is speculation not supported by the information of the graph. Only choice e is a valid conclusion. Exercise 10: Cultural Geography, page 153 1. c. Today, more than 60% of the world’s popula- tion, or about three in five people, live in Asia. This fact is supported by the information in the graph. The word “should” in choices a and e alerts the reader that they are opinions. Choices b and d are predictions—they are based on cur- rent factors that may change in the future. Exercise 11: Tables, page 162 1. Two hundred and eighty-five quadrillion Btu 2. Five hundred and fifty-two quadrillion Btu 3. The trend of world energy consumption is increasing. You can answer this question by sim- ply observing that the numbers in the right-hand column are increasing. 4. The period between 2000 and 2005—consump- tion increased by 57 quadrillion Btu. The years in the left-hand column are divided by five-year increments. To answer this question, find the greatest difference between each of the first eight rows in the right-hand column. 5. About 3 times, from 207 to 612 quadrillion Btu. Divide the quantity predicted for the year 2020 by the quantity consumed in 1970. Exercise 12: Line Graphs, page 163 1. The trend was increasing. Even though the graph plots small rises and falls in immigration, between 1950 and 1990, the plotted line increases overall. 2. Between the years 1930 and 1950—the line graph shows a “valley” where immigration rates decreased in these decades. 3. The year 1991—this is the highest “peak” on the graph. Exercise 13: Circle Graphs, page 165 1. Forty-four percent 2. Individual income taxes 3. Social security 4. Nineteen percent goes to the Medicare and Medicaid programs. Exercise 14: Maps, page 165 1. Percent Change in Population for U.S. States: 1990 to 1999 2. Black—highest gain; dark gray—average gain; medium gray—smallest gain; and light gray— loss 3. Between 9.7 and 16.8 percent 4. Washington, Idaho, Nevada, Utah, Colorado, New Mexico, Texas, Georgia 5. North Dakota, Rhode Island, Connecticut, Washington, D.C. Exercise 15: Political Cartoons, page 166 The correct choice is c. By exaggerating the power and force of the U.S. aircraft, the cartoonist suggests that the United States is developing its military force while, at the same time, demanding that other nations (Iraq, in this case) halt any efforts to do the same. The cartoonist uses the symbol of the American flag to show that the fighter plane belongs to the United States, and he uses the initial “W” to convey that its pilot is President George W. Bush. – TIPS AND STRATEGIES FOR THE GED SOCIAL STUDIES EXAM– 169 Exercise 16: Photographs, page 167 c. This is the only choice supported by the caption and photo. The photo contradicts choice a—clearly, laws did not protect children from working as late as midnight. The photo does not support choice b—the image does not express a positive opinion about child labor. Choice d is true—the progressives did seek to heighten aware- ness about working children—but the photo does not supply evidence of their involvement. Choice e repre- sents an opinion. – TIPS AND STRATEGIES FOR THE GED SOCIAL STUDIES EXAM– 170 . AND STRATEGIES FOR THE GED SOCIAL STUDIES EXAM– 165 Percent Change in Population for United States: 1990–1999 16. 9 to 50 .6 9.7 to 16. 8 0.1 to 9 .6 −14.5 to 0.0 AK WA ID NV UT CO AZ TX GA OR MT ND SD WY NE KS NM OK LA AR MO IA MN WI IL IN OH MI KY TN MS AL FL SC NC VA WV DC DE MD NJ PA NY MA CT RI NH VT ME HI CA Source:. and 16. 8 percent 4. Washington, Idaho, Nevada, Utah, Colorado, New Mexico, Texas, Georgia 5. North Dakota, Rhode Island, Connecticut, Washington, D.C. Exercise 15: Political Cartoons, page 166 The. President George W. Bush. – TIPS AND STRATEGIES FOR THE GED SOCIAL STUDIES EXAM– 169 Exercise 16: Photographs, page 167 c. This is the only choice supported by the caption and photo. The photo contradicts