EXPLANATORY OR EXAMPLE AN S WER S AN D AUOIO SC RIPTS FOfl MODEL TE S T~ OOEL TEST 7 747 rou.·""'"""'!l /.:;;.~ '-4·~ ~-, ~.;- ' . " "'" ,. Reflection Is what we see In e mi r ror, so every reflection has a mirror line. A r eliectiOn or the leiter R Is a mirror Image or a backwards leiter R. So , unlike the rotation around a circle, this type 01 symmetry flips the object over . TOU.· _ f __ "' ,~-" ~, . '/ " •• 10 R lPyrigh ma r I 748 ANSWERS AND AUDIO SCRIPTS FOA ACTIVITIE S, QUIZZES, ANO MODEL TESTS s tit uent configu ration on opposite skSes 01 a dividi ng line or plane or about a center or an axis ." And 1 1'5 also identified In the same source as ~auty as a result of balance or harmoolous arrangement" So we expe rie nce beauty and harmony when symmetry ollorm Is ellPressecl , and the lorm may be Interpreted by any 01 the senses as, uh, harmonious. But In this class we ' re going to locus on symmetry In the visual arts, and thaI's symmetry in a visual plane. Let's j ust i0oi< at some examples. In general. there ate lour types 01 symmetry In a plane, and a pat· lern Is symmetrical if there's at least one type of symmetry. So. let me show you the fou r types since Ir s much easier 10 u nclef"Sland when you see them. TO!Fl-""_ ::;;. 4-; - ~ \ -;',-, . " , ,- ,, " . . _ - " This Is rota/ion symmetry. F or this example, I used t he letter R, bu t any obIect could have been used. And In the rotation, the object, in this example, the lener R, Is turned around a cen t er. In th is case, there 's a right angle. bu1 any angle could h ave been se lected. • l oe l 'h m ~ ~ EXPlANATORY OR EXAMPlE ANSWERS AN D AUDIO SCR IPTS FOR MODEL TE STSIMOOEL TEST 7 7 51 Aud io 13. Identify the main periods of mass extinction. An swer A pernjan C Cre lacoous Aud io 14. Usten again 10 part of tt\e lecture and then answer !he following question. R eplay "You see, it's obvious from the fossil r ecolds thai species e)tiSt during a certain ge0log- A udio -, Ao _ • A ud io ". An a_ D Aud io 16 . . ,- • A ud Io 17. M_ e ical time period, and then. they disappear, and we have solid evidence for that. But why they disappear Is. well, more speculative Wtry does the professor say this: 'SuI whylhey disappear is. wei , lOOfe speculative." The word "speaJ1ativ(l" expresses uncertainly. What is the Impad hypothesi s? The premise that an asteroid aashed , bIoddng the sunlight on Earth What is the evidence f or the impact hypothesis? The clay from the Cretaceous Period contains an elemenl that Is fate on Earth . What can be Inferred about the professor's opinion? He thinks tha i mass extinctions were important to ewiution. Aud io Co n vefAti on Narrator: Usten to part of a oonversalion between two students. Man : Woman: M.,,, Woman: Man : Woman: M .,,, Woman: Hi. fIijii CIIif ~Pll'ln~ Rea lly weU . See . I told you . I know , but I was really OOIVOUS . So what n&ppenecI ? Well, the T.A. asked for volunteers to go fllSt, and I raised my hand right away because I wanted to get it ove r with before I got any more nervous than I already was. So you went first . Yeah. I UiiiS . 101: - I had about twenty slides 00 PowerPoilit. and that really helped me to stay on tract . I mean, I didn't read the slides to the class 01 any- thing, but, you know, some of the titles kind of jogged my memory so I knew what I wanted to say whi le each slide was Shown . Man : That's the beauty 01 P0W9rPoInL ~ Woman: ",," , Woman: Woman: ",," , Woman: ",," , So you could have used the ovemead PI ojettor as a back up . Good idea. And 1 had most of the stu" on handouts so they could IoIow along wiIhout spendi ng a lot of lime taking notes. That way I could move along faster and get more in in len minutes. Yeah. Ten minutes Isn't very long when you're trying to present something as complex as population density. That's lor sure. The maps reaJIy helped. A picture's worth a thousand words. So !rue . USten, I can' remember whether you had a group or you had to present all by yourself. righted aler EXPLANA.TORY OR EXAMPLE A.NSWERS AND AUDIO SCRlPTS FOfI MOOEl TESTSiMOOEl TEST 7 753 Dr. Jackson: Bill: Dr, Jackson: ~ Bill: Dr. Jackson: Bill: Dr. Jackson: ~ Bill: Or. JackSOn : Bill: Sandy: Dr . Jackson: Sandy: Dr. Jackson: Tr acy: violence. Over time. a spiril of solidarity aod an attachmenllO a local territory kiod of forms. What's most interesting, besides the long history of gangs in the United States, the In teresting part ifs the fact that not much has changed over the years. And, on yes, gang behavior seems pretty slmllar even across cultures. That Is Inte rest ing. Or . Jackson, may I go next? I have ju st a brief comment that seems to fit in here. Please, we can ~:~~h":;:: gangs actually form In play groups whe re children of a very young age I usual games like hide-and-seek or klckbaIl, and progress as they get oldSf to playing craps or engaging In petty !hell on the street. Now , back to Moore, Bill? Right. Well , , , What about Moore's de finition of a gang? That relates to ~~,", ,,!,,,,,,,-,,,,,,~ . see 'MIat . I have that ~~'!!o ",," as participating in a crime, either stealing something and bringing it back to the gang, or , . , Of elf8n kJlllng someone in an Initiation. Dr . Jackson, IloolIed up the definitions of gang members by police departments and law enforcement agencies. 011, greal.lel's hear II. Okay. Well, aCCOl"dlng to the California Youth Gang T ask Force, lor example, a gang member will be recogrU:abIe because of gang-related tattoos. clothing. and paraphema· lia like SC8fV8S and hats thalldentily a particul8f 98ng and, sometimes these are called the colors, so that allows othef people 10 confirm that the people with the colors on . that they have a right 10 be on the gang's tun . And , to 1~1ow up on Tracy's comments about the history 01 gangs, it looks like these criteria have been in place for a long, long ~me. Good job. So far, what I 'm hearing though, what I'm hearing refers to gang membership in general. So now let's talk &bout the ages a/ gang members. Typically, who belongs to a gang? Well, this was an eya-opene r. There seem to be • or maybe not , but al C8tegor1es of gang I they start writing ijral1it1 on or their notebooks, and they look up 10 the gang memb&~ who are about 14-20 . So the little kids are 'Peew efl;" and the teenagers are called "Gang Bangers.' But the members who are 20-25 years old. They' re the "Hardcofes," and most of the gangs that I read about didn~ have very many members over 25 years old. So I would say that, In general, gang membership Is lor young men. Dr. Jackson: Thanks loryour assessment 01 membership by age. And I would certainly agree with you. But what about females? Did anyone find any research on their role in gang activity? 754 ANSWERS AND AUDIO SC RIPTS FOR ACTlYITIES, OUIZZES, AND MODEL TESTS Bill: Sandy: Bill: Sandy; Audio 23. Answer A Aud io 24 . Answer D Audio 25. Answer B Audio 26. Aeplay AudiO Ae play An s_ r B Au dio 28, Th :;;';;; ' k;;;;r;;;;:. And anolher interesting thing. Maybe this is naI ve, boll sort of imagined thai gang activity was always , , , always criminal activity, But, uh, according to a sludy by • , • II was James Lasley , , • he looked at gangs In Los Angeles abouIlen years ago , , . and anyway, he round that they &pent a lot of time hanging out, listening to musiC, drinking beef, and /Ust partying with their glrtlriends. And he made another good point. Since they don~ have spending money, to go places ~ka tha movies or bali games , the neighborhood Is thalr , . , entertainment. Yeah. I read th.al stl.ldy. Oidn, he say thai some 01 the criminal actMty was lor fun not really lor financial gain? Exactly, ~ ~ ,or course , there ara Ins tances 01 crimes for revenge or honor to maintain the reputation 01 the gang, bot a lot oi the time, crimes si mply occur while gang membef5 are looking lor something to do , How does the prolessor organize the discussion? By definlng gang activity, using inlormation from articles What was surprising about Thrasher's study? TI'Ie lact Ihat gang activity haS oeen prevalenl for $0 long According to the study by Moore, what causes gang activity? Normalleellngs 01 Insecurity in teen. Usten again to part oItha discussion and then answer tha following question. "And one other Ihing, Moore emphasized that the gang had to define Itsel1as a gang, you know, with some kind 01 criteria lor membership that would be recognl1:ed by all 01 the gang members," "Such as ?" Why does the prolassor say this: "Such as?" To encourage the student to give an example What Is the role 01 women in gangs? They are a support system for the gangs. In lhe discussion, the students identity aspects 01 gang activity. Indicate whether each of the folloWing is one of the aspects. Click in the corract box for each phrase, y" No A A replacement for high school cliques ~ B A group socialized on the streets ~ C A peer group thai is 14-20 years old ~ o Young people who have dropped out of school ~ E A group thai makes care fu l plans ~ EXPlANATORY OR EXAMPlE ANSWERS AND AUDIO SCRIPTS FOR MOOEL TESTSPAODEL TEST 7 759 Audio 38. An_ C What does the pro/essor SuggeSI? Immediata withdrawal from one oIlhe courses What can we Inter about the situation? Audio 39. An a_ A The student will probably talk with his adVisor belore registration next term . LAn J 8 " hrr:HtlLlJlJr CI us" AudiO Lec:t\lre Narrator: Usten to part of a lecture in a psychology class. ~'''' Healih has seen-di:!!ng some Int8lesti~ research on chemica s in lhe , by looIIing al brain images, and . •. alleasl 50JTKl ot Iha rll58<1rdl has shown that the bfaln circuits responsible lor sleep, appetite, concentration, and. Uh , . and mood !hey are aHered durtng depressad states. So, basically, we e concluded that depfession Is caused by chemical Imbalances In the bfaln. But we' re still unclear about what triggers those Imbalances In the first ""~ . Some types of depression appear to be genetically inherited, but olten there's no family hi stOl'y of depression. or, conversely, a person with a family history may never develop a depressive disorder. So II ' ,al i called brain responds the secretion 01 a become suicidal. mty cause ,Supposedly, there's an area althe the retina of the eye. so this area oJ the called melatonin. [0 iiiiIti a!!;m.!!Q!Y. short: the more ~ \he Ies!i Is SAO. We dlffii11 be 6 '!!!}' severe and' exlreme cases, II 'S lile·threatening when patients So anyway. as you can approctate. the winter here Is vlIIY dark, cold. and gray. By spring, almost It\IlIIf}'Orl8ls IIrlKl 01 the gloom, bul lOf some peoopte , those sufferlog with seasonal atlectlve di SOJder .1I can be a serious problem. People with seasonal affective disorder experience deep and prolonged depression ttvoughout \he winter months, with what looks like a spontaneous alleviation of the condition • . . when spring arrives. Before the disorder was IdentifJed . It was rath9f a myslery for friends and fam- 11y"~";".,;,., ~~ c ""'". ", ~ , ,,,, . 'm~" ~ retum later. apart tong , dar1t days course, these heredity and stresS. What are the symptoms? Well. the usual speclrum of problems associated with depressl on- anxiety. lack 01 ooocentration, a tendency to sleep more and eat more, cravings lor food with a high sugar conlent. This may be accompanied by weight gain. On the oth9f hand, some people act\Ially lose their appetites and lend to lose a significant amount of weig h\. We also see lower energy levels and lor some people, a dun headache may accompany the problem. J}'ngllt maier 762 ANSWERS ANO AUDIO SCRIPTS FOfI ACTIVmE S, aUIZZES, ANO MODEL TESTS Professor Blake: Wen , Jim, lhe choice isn' that clear, Um, not at all. There are a lot of scienllsts in between, and by thai I mean lhat they see the lheory 01 everythi ng In a lTlOfe Nmit ed way, They Ihlnk that string theory, and understand thai Siring theory is inCorporated Into the theory 01 everything , , • um, that string theory can eKplaln all of the properties 01 the forces that cause the particles to interact and Influence each other. Yes, Ellen , Did yoo have a commenl? Ellen : Well, a questlon, feally. Would n' it be In.Ie that il you understand everythi ng about the , , , I think yoo called it the fundamental characteristics 01 the universe so II you understand that, don' yoo under- stand everything? Jim: Walt a minute. So that would mean that we know ~ all flaoN and t he re Isn' anything else to discover, right? Because. uh , everything Is physics _ . _ everything Is Just a reaction between vibrating slrings. Ellen: I see your polnt, but you could, you might look at it as a . , . as a . , , starting place 10, uh , to build our knowledge, Dr , Blake, you said that i1'd be a structura, didn' you? So we'd have to linin a lot of infor- mation but , , • we'd have e s\ruclure to start with. In my math elliS! we wera talk ing alloul string theory because soma 01 the recant advances In mathemallcs have been possible because 01 string theory. Professor Blake: T rue enough. And, string theory isn' finished by any maans. It 's evolved from the beg inni ng when we first started to th ink about it and, uh , the aally models that included both open slrings and the closed strings that I just described to you - the ones that look lika a thin rubber banet And !here 's a lot 01 discussion allout vibration or rather variOus types 01 vibration, Then there's the possibility 01 branes- b-r-a-n-e-s-whlc:h are kind 01 like closed strings with a membrane over them, Jim: But all of th is Is theoretical, right? Because we don' havelhe technology 10 obselYe strings-closed or open- and we certainly can' verily that thera are branes out !here. El len : Sure, But there are some very complex and . , , and , , , persuasive, uh, mathematicallormulas, and they're presented In support 01 the theorie S. It Isn' like someone's jusl dreaming th is up without caJcula - """ . Jim: But I don' see why we should accept calculations when some of those calculations require us to think beyond what we can obselYe. Professor Blake: And many physicists would agree with you, Jim. Siring theory 's unverified. Richard Feynman wrote 8 very interesting book, The Character 01 Physical Law, and to Feynman, to hi m, the test ot any scienlific theory has to be whether the coosequences agree with the measurements we take in e~periments , 01 course, that assumes that the experiment was performed correctly and , uh , that the calculetions were done without error, but anyway, I think you see the point. )pyrightoo maier . easier 10 u nclef"Sland when you see them. TO!Fl-""_ ::;;. 4-; - ~ -; ' ,-, . " , ,- ,, " . . _ - " This Is rota/ion symmetry. F or this example,. or rather variOus types 01 vibration, Then there's the possibility 01 branes- b-r-a-n-e-s-whlc:h are kind 01 like closed strings with a membrane over them, Jim: But all of. AN D AUOIO SC RIPTS FOfl MODEL TE S T~ OOEL TEST 7 747 rou.·""'"""'!l /.:;;.~ &apos ;-4 ·~ ~-, ~. ;- ' . " "'" ,. Reflection