Main Idea The word in paragraph is closest in meaning to.... Negative Fact Which of the sentences below best expresses the essential information in the highlighted sentence in the pass
PART I | Understanding Basics
Academic Skills © Skimming and Scanning 14
Chapter 02 Fact and Negative Fact 33
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Academic Skills | Recognizing Coherence 72
Chapter 04 Rhetorical Purpose and Opinion 15
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ACADEMIC SKILLS
CHAPTER | 01
CHAPTER | 02
CHAPTER | 03
They take place every day
(B) They are the main cause of tsunamis.
The Solar System is composed of the Sun and eight planets orbiting the Sun It
Which of the following best explains Pluto?
It is the smallest and brightest planet in the Solar System
Vocabulary questions are used to test your knowledge of words and your ability to use context clues to answer the questions Reference questions ask you to decide what a particular pronoun: or noun refers to:
Vocabulary and Reference © Question Types
The word/phrase in paragraph is closest in meaning to The word/phrase in paragraph could best be replaced by The word/phrase in the passage most likely means
The word/phrase in the passage refers to
The word/phrase in paragraph refers to
Which of the following does the word/phrase refer to?
Vocabulary questions test your knowledge of words
_ Find the highlighted word or phrase in the passage
_ Use context clues (synonyms, antonyms, examples) to figure out the meaning of a word
Reference questions ask you to identify a word or phrase that refers to a pronoun
_ Determine if the highlighted word refers to a person, people, a thing or things
_ Put the answer into the context and see if it makes sense in the sentences
_ Study various pronouns and reference words
Personal Pronouns: I, you, he/she/it, we, they, my, your, him/her/it, me
Demonstrative Pronouns: this, that, these, those
Relative Pronouns: who, whose, whom, which, that, what
18 PARTI Understanding Basics WWW.nbar trivie Lic
Pine trees are classified as evergreen They keep their leaves all year Instead of wide and flat leaves, pines have thin and hard leaves that are described as needles They are also classified as resinous trees It is because they have resin which is a sticky, glue-like fluid that comes from the tree
Pine trees use cones to protect their seeds A pine cone is a hard shell that covers the seeds Some pine cones open naturally when the seeds become mature, while others rely on birds or natural forest fires to open their shell and “téléase’ the seeds
Humans use pine trees for several products, including wood, resin, nuts and decorations Their wood is useful for lumber and paper The resin is used to make turpentine and incense Pines are also used as Christmas trees and their seeds, called pine nuts, are highly nutritious
1 The word 'fffff in paragraph 1 is closest in meaning to
2 The word ‘@th@fS in paragraph 2 refers to
(A) pine trees (B) hard shells (C) seeds (D) pine cones
3 The word release in paragraph 2 most likely means
WM nhantrviet.com 01_ Vocabulary and Reference 19 ocabulary
Write the meaning of each word in Vietnamese stimulate v to cause an activity to begin or develop further syn excite A little exercise will stimulate your appetite react v to have a chemical change
Tron reacts with acids combine v to join together to make a single thing syn compound Water forms when hydrogen combines with oxygen consumer n an animal that cannot make its own food (biology)
Cows and sheep are primary consumers in the food chain, ————— — complex adj consisting of many different parts syn complicated The company has a very complex structure ——————_—_— constant adj Staying the same syn steady I have a constant headache all day long passionate _adj showing or involving very strong feelings syn ardent He is very passionate about learning how to cook adopt v to take someone into one’s family syn take in They hope to adopt an orphan this year alter v to change or make different syn change He has altered a bus and turned it into a house equivalent adj having the same value, purpose, job, etc syn equal I received a bonus that was equivalent to two months’ pay, ————— —
20 PARTI Understanding Basics www.nhantriviet.com
Circle the closest meaning for each underlined word
1 A gallon is roughly equivalent to 3.78 liters
2 Kate was adopted to this family when she was three
(A) taken in (B) separated (C) hung on (D) adjusted
3 Copper and zinc combine together to form brass
4 It is widely known that the Italians are the most passionate people in Europe
Complete the sentence with the correct word reacts complex stimulates consumers
1 Global warming is considered one of the most _—_ —_— phenomena
lemon tree
01_ Vocabulary and Reference 23 uilding Up
Plants differ from animals in that they do not eat other things to survive They produce their own food by using the sun’s energy to convert carbon dioxide and water into food This process is called photosynthesis, which comes from the Latin words for “formation in light”
Photosynthesis takes place in the plant’s leaves Most leaves contain a chemical called chlorophyll Sunlight stimulates the chlorophyll and reacts with carbon dioxide and water Plants obtain carbon dioxide when they breathe in and absorb water through their roots During a series of reactions, the water molecules are broken down into hydrogen and oxygen Then the hydrogen combines with carbon dioxide to produce a basic sugar called glucose The glucose is used for building other carbohydrates They serve as fuel for plants’ growth and metabolism
Photosynthesis is vital to the earth It is the process by which plant life is established It provides food and supports all the other consumers in the food chain Moreover, photosynthesis is responsible for the renewal of the earth’s oxygen supply by releasing oxygen into the environment metabolism — the chemical processes by which food is changed into energy
1 The word They in paragraph 1 refers to
animals (B) plants
24 PARTI Understanding Basics www.nhantrivies.com
2 The word absorb in paragraph 2 could best be replaced by
give off (B) respond to
3 The phrase broken down in paragraph 2 most likely means
analyzed (B) promoted
4 The word whieh in paragraph 3 refers to
plants (B) chlorophyll
Complete the summary is the process by which plants use the to chenge carbon dioxide and water into a basic sugar, glucose It plays an important role on the earth by providing and releasing _ for many other life forms wwwahartrivet com 01_ Vocabulary and Reference 25 oving Up 1
Beavers are the second largest rodents in the world
[heir distinctive broad, flat tails and prominent teeth make beavers easy to spot They originally came (rom Europe and North America
Beavers use their strong jaws and big teeth to cut down trees i hey use the trees to form dams on streams and rivers Dams block the water, so the rivers flood and form ponds The flooding can cause some damage, but the long-term effects are very beneficial for the environment
The benefits of beaver-dams are cleaner water and increased wetlands, which are important homes for other animals Dams also control seasonal flooding of the rivers and help to maintain a steady water level year-round Ponds that are formed by dams help the beavers catch fish and protect their home
Beavers live in a lodge made out of wood It is located in the middle of the pond They build an underwater entrance to the lodge, and this makes it harder for predators to attack them Even though it is built in the pond, the inside of the lodge is dry Usually the lodge has two rooms—one room is for the beavers to dry off after diving in the pond to enter, and the other room is where the beavers actually live rodent any small animal with long sharp front teeth predator an animal that eats other animals
1 The word prominent in paragraph | most likely means
26 PART! Understanding Basics VVW.H1Í1đ11ETIV
2 The word beneficial in paragraph 2 is closest in meaning to
3 The word which in paragraph 2 refers to
(A) benefits (B) beaver-dams (C) water (D) wetlands
4 The word it in paragraph 3 refers to
P1 Main Idea beavers — a kind of large Minor Ideas have wide and flat and big came from Europe and North America
P2 Main Idea the effects of built by beavers
Minor Ideas cleaner water and increased wetlands control of the rivers and maintain a constant water level
P3 Main Idea beavers’ wooden eee
Minor Ideas has an underwater door for protection has rooms to dry off and live in www nhantiiviet.com 01_ Vocabulary and Reference 27
Habitat is the type of environment in which an organism or species normally lives The earth has many different habitats according to the temperature, moisture, light and many other factors Each of these habitats has distinct life forms living on it , forming complex communities A complex community of plants and animals in a region is called a biome
There are generally eight biomes throughout the world The six terrestrial biomes are the rainforest, desert, grasslands, temperate deciduous forest, taiga, and tundra The two aquatic biomes are the freshwater and marine biome
Rainforests are most commonly found in tropical regions close to the equator with very heavy rainfall and constant warm temperatures Deserts are the driest biome Organisms living in the deserts must have special adaptations to survive Grasslands are the prairies They have both a wet season and a dry season But they do not have enough rainfall for many large trees The temperate deciduous forest is generally warm in the summer and cold in the winter with deciduous trees that lose their leaves in the autumn The taiga is the biome of needleleaf forest It has extremely cold winters with a short growing season The tundra is the coldest of all of the terrestrial biomes No trees can survive ‘theré The freshwater biome includes ponds, rivers and lakes The marine biome refers to the area of salt water, especially oceans terrestrial _living on or relating to land
1 The word organism in paragraph | could best be replaced by
area (B) plant
Understanding Basics NWW.nhanthiviet cons
2 The word it in paragraph | refers to
distinct life (B) habitat
3 The word adaptations in paragraph 2 is closest in meaning to
deserts (B) taiga
P* Main Idea — where living things occur Minor Ideas _ different _ classified by their characteristics
— a community of plants and animals under certain climate conditions
P2 Main Idea special features of eight Minor Ideas _ six terrestrial biomes and two biomes
_ rainforest, desert, grasslands, temperate deciduous forest, taiga and tundra
_freshwaterand biomes wwvw/.nhantriviet.com 01_ Vocabulary and Reference 29
1 What is the main idea of the passage?
() Jane Goodall is a respected scientist and activist trying to protect the environment for animals
Jane Goodall became interested in chimpanzees when she learned they are similar to humans ©) Jane Goodall has spent her life trying to help chimpanzees by teaching them to be like humans
@® Jane Goodall followed her passion for animals to research and protect chimpanzees in her life
2 The word eventually in paragraph 2 could best be replaced by
3 The word they in paragraph 2 refers to
4 The word convinced in paragraph 2 most likely means
5 The word which in paragraph 3 refers to
(A3 Jane Goodall Institute UN Messenger © Dame Commander
30 PART 1 Understanding Basics Www nhenativiet com
REVIEW 'VOLUMLE MELP s4 Lea a ae ? mai a
As a young girl in England, Jane Goodall became passionate about animals when her father gave her a very realistic looking toy chimpanzee Her interest in animals, especially in primates, made her take a secretary job working for the famous anthropologist Louis Leakey The two years she worked with him shaped the rest of her career—inspiring her to devote her life to studying chimpanzees and later work as an animal activist
In 1960, Jane Goodall began studying chimpanzees in Tanzania, Africa At first, chimpanzees avoided her, so she used binoculars to watch them, but eventually they came closer to her as she kept trying and she won their trust During her long-term research project, she lived near a chimpanzee group and directly observed their behavior She made many important discoveries about chimpanzees’ social behavior, their culture, mating habits, and how they learn Dr Jane Goodall discovered that chimpanzees are similar to humans in that ‘they have individual personalities, thoughts and emotions She observed chimpanzees adopting orphans, and even going to war with rival groups Perhaps Dr Jane Goodall’s most important discovery was that chimpanzees could use tools They altered grass and twigs into tools to get ants out of termite mounds Previously, scientists had believed that only humans made tools, so Dr Jane Goodall’s research ‘convitided scientists to reconsider their definition of being human
In 1977, Jane Goodall established “The Jane Goodall Institute” to support people who research wild chimpanzees Then Dr Jane Goodall herself has taken on the larger task of promoting conservation worldwide She travels around the world to educate about the importance of conservation In 2002, she was designated a UN Messenger of Peace for her work on conservation, and in 2003 Queen Elizabeth made Dr Goodall a Dame Commander of the British Empire, ‘which: is the equivalent of a knighthood r ==== == -ẽẽẶ— 7) primate a scientific classification of animals that includes humans, monkeys and chimpanzees anthropologist a scientist who studies human cultures knighthood a British title which is given to a man as an honor for doing good things wwv-.nhantrivu+ 01_ Vocabulary and Reference 31
SENTENCE STRUCTURE
oil spills can kill birds and fish
(B) bad weather spreads oil spills faster.
oil remaining causes damage for a long time
3 According to paragraph 3, which of the following is true about the Exxon Valdez?
It polluted the environment for many years
4 Which of the following is LEAST likely?
Oil spills damage a wide range of ocean and coast
Oil spills cause terrible_ ——_————— damage to a large area of the ———_ or
Thicker and poor —— make damage worse
The Exxon Valdez accident in Alaska was one of the most famous oil spills ww .nhantiviet.com 02_ Fact and Negative Fact 41 oving Up 1
Adolf Hitler, Chancellor of Germany and leader of the Nazi Party, has been known as a racist He believed that large groups of people are different from each other and he felt that races have certain characteristics determined by genetics This was one of his core political ideas and it increased his hatred toward other races
Adolf Hitler was born in April, 1889 in a small Austrian town near the German border The outbreak of the First World War provided him with an opportunity to serve in the German army and he became German In the years after World War I, Germany was very unstable Hitler entered politics and gave many passionate speeches that blamed Germany’s problems on Jewish people They became the main target of his hate
In 1933, Hitler gained power of the German government Once in power he started racist policies against Jewish people His policies soon turned into genocide during his time He killed 11 million people and 6 million of them were Jewish He was seldom satisfied with ruling only Germany He invaded Czechoslovakia in 1938 Shortly after that, he invaded Poland Following this, most of the developed countries in the world joined together to oppose him
This was how World War Il began During World War II, Hitler took over most of Europe before the Allies finally defeated him
Chancellor the main government minister, especially in Germany genocide the murder of a whole group or race of people Allies the countries that fought with Britain, the US, etc in World War | and II
1 It is stated in paragraph 1, Adolf Hitler believed that
races are different from each other
42 PARTI Understanding Basics Wwww.nhantriviet.con
2 It is NOT mentioned in paragraph 2 that Adolf Hitler
(A) was born in Austria (B) blamed Germans in his political speeches (C) became German after serving in the army (D) entered politics and accused Jews
3 According to paragraph 3, all of the following are true EXCEPT that Adolf Hitler
(A) committed mass murder (B) controlled many European countries (C) beat Allied countries that were against him (D) caused World War II
4 According to the passage, which of the following is true?
(A) There were changes and problems in Germany after World War I
(B) As a leader of Germany, Adolf Hitler attacked many countries in the world
(C) Jewish people allied with other countries in the world and defeated Adolf Hitler
(D) Adolf Hitler believed races had nothing to do with their genes
P1 Main Idea Adolf Hitler — who has been known as a Minor Idea _ believed that races are determined by
P2 Main Idea Adolf Hitler’s youth
Minor Ideas in an Austrian town served in German army and became entered politics and blamed
P3 Main Idea after gaining of the German government
Minor Ideas started against Jews invaded European countries defeated by the Allies www.nhantriviet.com 02_ Fact and Negative Fact 43 oving Úp 2
Acid rain is a form of pollution It can occur naturally near volcanoes or some wetlands But the main cause of acid rain is from human sources, such as power plants, factories and motor vehicles Factories produce many kinds of toxic chemicals Among them, the key substances of acid rain are SO.(sulfur dioxide) and NO(nitrogen oxide)
When SO: and NO are emitted into the atmosphere in factory smoke, they get absorbed by water droplets in the clouds The chemicals change the water's pH level by turning them to acid Later, when the toxic water droplets fall to the earth as rain, snow or mist, the acid rain has adverse impacts on the environment
When the acid rain falls to the earth, it changes the pH of the soil into lower levels So the soil activates toxins and takes away essential nutrients and minerals It stops the growth of the plant Also, the growth of trees is slowed, and the leaves and needles of them turn brown and die The death of trees is not usually a direct result of acid rain, but it weakens trees and makes them more susceptible to other threats Very strong acid rain can even dissolve building materials Although direct harm to human health has not been proved, some scientists have claimed it causes illness and premature deaths
Nowadays, many people try to safeguard the environment from acid rain power plant a building where electricity is produced to supply a large area
1 According to paragraph 1, which of the following is true?
Pollution from rivers and oceans makes acid
44 PARTI Understanding Basics www.nhentriviet.com
2 It is indicated in paragraph 2 that
the chemicals are absorbed by pollution
3 It is NOT stated in paragraph 3 that acid rain
changes soil pH into the low level (B) stops the growth of the plant
4 All of the following are true EXCEPT that acid rain
can fall as snow (B) has terrible effects
P1 Main Idea the causes of _
Minor Ideas natural causes — , Wetlands human sources — power plants, , motor vehicles
P2 Main Idea how acid rain forms and falls Minor Ideas toxic chemicals (SOz, NO) from factories the chemicals absorbed by ¡inclouds turns water droplets into and falls to the
P3 Main Idea acid rain’s bad effects Minor ldeas stopsthe _—_— _ of plants because of PH in soil dissolves —= materials mayhamto health- , premature deaths www nhantriviel.con 02_ Fact and Negative Fact 45
1 What is the main idea of the passage?
() Everyone has a right to vote in elections
Voting and elections make democracies ©) It is important to vote for the government ©) People vote in elections to decide if the government is fair
2 The word -@xeluded in paragraph 2 is closest in meaning to
3 The word théir in paragraph 3 refers to
@) speeches political campaigns ©) citizens and adults
4 It is NOT true in paragraph 3 that ©®) political campaigns are organized before an election people must register before they vote © after registering, people can vote many times
@) to make a decision, voters use the ideas of each party
5 Which of the following is NOT mentioned in the passage? ©) Citizens can vote in democracies
Elections are always at the same time ©) People mark their choice on a ballot
@®) Political campaigns inform the voters
46 PARTI Understanding Basics Www nhantriviet.con
Elections are the process in which people vote to choose a person or a group of people for an official position By voting, everyone can have a say in the government a of his country This makes voting the best way to ensure that a government acts how the people want Voting is a benefit of living in democracies, but it is also a responsibility Citizens have to vote wisely in order to get a good government that represents them
The question of who can vote is a main issue in elections Not every population of a country is allowed to vote Historically, many people of groups have been excluded from voting For instance, the ancient people of Athens never allowed women, foreigners, or slaves to vote In the early United States, only white males who owned land were able to vote Today, most countries have a law that only citizens and adults can vote
Before an election, the political parties organize political campaigns This means they raise money and hold speeches to communicate their ideas Each party wants to tell the voters why its ideas are the best Voters use this information to make a decision To vote, people must register their names on a voters list This makes it impossible to vote more than once or to use someone else’s vote, which would make the election unfair
On election day, people go to the voting centers They choose which politician they like and mark their choice on a piece of paper called a “ballot” Who the person chooses is a secret This is one of the basic freedoms of democracies The ballots are kept safely until the election is finished After voting, all the ballots are collected and the results are counted After counting all the votes, a winner is declared The person or the party who has the most votes wins the election This person or political party can form the government Democracies are formed through elections party an organization of people with particular political beliefs democracy a country which has a government by the people www.nhantriviet.com 2 Fact and Negative Fact 47
NEGATIVE STATEMENT
The emperor had 8,900 men in his army when he died
(D) The statues are made of clay and 8,900 life-sized spirits
Words to Know statue n an object made in solid material such as stone, clay, wood, etc craftsman n a person who is skilled in a particular craft armor n metal or leather clothing that protects the body against weapons
54 PARTI Understanding Basics WWWw.nhantriviel com
The Nazca Lines are unique man-made pictures located ina very dry desert in southern Peru What makes them unique is their size and location They are so big that they can only be seen by air, so the people who made them never saw the pictures The largest pictures are about 270 kilometers long
The Nazca people made the pictures by moving the top level of gravel in 7 the desert, which exposed lighter colored rocks below This contrast of light | and dark rocks allowed the Nazca people to make patterns and shapes Some of the pictures are simple shapes, but there are also complex pictures of | humans, animals and insects
1 Which of the sentences below best expresses the essential information in the first highlighted sentence in the passage? Incorrect choices change the meaning in important ways or leave out essential information
(A) The Nazca Lines are so huge that people might have made them from the air
(B) The people who made the Nazca Lines must have been giants
(C) The Nazca people never saw their creations because the pictures were too big.
Nobody knows about the Nazca Lines because people never saw them
2 Which of the sentences below best expresses the essential information in the ‘second highlighted sentence in the passage? Incorrect choices change the meaning in important ways or leave out essential information
(A) The Nazca people made pictures of light and dark rocks in the desert
(B) The Nazca people painted desert rocks with two colors of dark and light
(C) The Nazca people made darker pictures with rocks on top of lighter pictures
(D) The Nazca people removed darker surface pebbles in the desert to make the pictures gravel n small stones used to make a surface for paths or roads expose v to remove what is covering something so that it can be seen contrast n an obvious difference between two or more things
Wwi.nhantriviel.cor 03 Sentence Simplification 55
The Pyramids and The Sphinxes
Ancient Egypt built many classic buildings like the pyramids and the sphinxes They are some of the largest buildings made in ancient times and have lasted well through the ages
There are about 110 pyramids in total and they vary in size and shape Some are step-pyramids, which rise in big steps up to the top Others have much smoother sides, creating the classic shape The largest is the Great Pyramid of Khufu This pyramid is the only one of the original Seven Wonders of the World that still exists Sphinxes are ancient icons This statue’s body looks like a lion, but it has a human head, usually a Pharaoh’s head The ancient Egyptians believed the sphinx guarded the pyramids The largest and most famous is the Great Sphinx of Giza near the Great Pyramid
We know that the pyramids were tombs for the ancient Egyptian kings It took thousands of workers many years to make each pyramid The architects had to use advanced math to make the shapes perfect The workers built the pyramids and the sphinxes without any machines —they cleverly used their primitive tools to create these amazing buildings architect a person whose job is to design new buildings
1 Which of the sentences below best expresses the essential information in the first highlighted sentence in the passage? Incorrect choices change the meaning in important ways or leave out essential information.
The pyramids were once the largest buildings in the world but they are mostly destroyed
2 Which of the sentences below best expresses the essential information in the second highlighted sentence in the passage? Incorrect choices change the meaning in important ways or leave out essential information.
Pyramids and sphinxes were cleverly built with amazing machines and primitive tools
The —————— and the are classic buildings from ancient Egypt
The pyramids differ in size and shape and were used as for Pharaohs
The sphinxes near the pyramids were believed to —_——— — the pyramids Both buildings were built with primitive _ ——_——— — skillfully www “ihantriviel.com 03 Sentence Simplification 57 oving Up 1
Stonehenge is one of the oldest and most unique places in England There are more than nine hundred stone rings, and some archaeologists believed that there was twice the number of stone rings originally
But archaeologists do not know who built it or how these people moved the massive stones to this site from Wales, which is about 250 kilometers away
The oldest parts of Stonehenge are a large, circular mound and ditch Inside the ditch, there are wooden posts and massive stones The stones are about 2 meters tall and each stone weighs about 2 tons The stones are arranged carefully in a circle inside the mound and ditch The stones stand upright, and some of the stones are connected by other stones placed on their tops
Nobody knows for sure why Stonehenge was built, but most experts believe it was used for observing the stars’ movements or for religious ceremonies The entrance to the circle matches where the sun or moon appears on the winter or summer solstices The solstices are the shortest or the longest days of the year and they were believed to be spiritually significant days Some historians believe that the trip from wooden posts to stones via water is a symbolic journey from life to death, so Stonehenge could be burial tombs and relate to the ritual funeral ditch =a narrow channel dug in the ground for a waterway
1 Which of the sentences below best expresses the essential information in the first highlighted sentence in the passage? Incorrect choices change the meaning in important ways or leave out essential information
(A) Stonehenge was built with a lot of unique stones
(B) Archaeologists believed that the ancient area had twice its current population
(C) There were two times more stone rings when Stonehenge was built
(D) Stonehenge was made of nine hundred stone rings originally
58 part! Understanding Basics 7WW ap triviet
2 Which of the sentences below best expresses the essential information inthe second highlighted sentence in the passage? Incorrect choices change the meaning in important ways or leave out essential information
(A) Maybe Stonehenge was used to watch stars or for religion
(B) Stonehenge was definitely used for religious ceremonies
(C) Experts know that Stonehenge was built for many reasons
(D) Stonehenge was built by religious experts to watch the stars
3 Which of the sentences below best expresses the essential information inthe third highlighted sentence in the passage? Incorrect choices change the meaning in important ways or leave out essential information
(A) Some historians believe Stonehenge is the most meaningful place for tombs
(B) Stonehenge was a symbol of people’s journey from life to death
(C) Stonehenge was considered to be a site of burying the dead with religious funerals
(D) Some historians thought people in the ancient world would travel around Stonehenge before they die
P1 Main Idea — a prehistoric and unique site in England Minor Idea = unknown who built it or how moved the stones
P2 Main Idea the structure of Stonehenge
Minor Ideas circular and posts and upright standing
P3 Main Idea the purpose of Stonehenge Minor Ideas may be for observing the may be tombs relatedto ceremonlies www nhantriviet.com 03 Sentence Simplification 59 oving Up 2
A mummy is a well-preserved dead body The most famous mummies are the ancient Egyptian kings Most Egyptian mummies were wrapped in bandages and were buried deep inside a pyramid
However, Egypt was not the only place to make mummies They were also found in many places around the world
Some mummies happen naturally Extremely dry or cold weather can preserve dead bodies and turn them into mummies before bacteria eat away skin and muscles of the dead bodies Some of the best-preserved mummies have been found in Peru’s high mountains, which are known for severe climate conditions The climate is so cold and dry on the tops of mountains that the moisture from the dead body evaporates and the body is preserved
Sometimes, humans make mummies by using a chemical called natron to preserve the body for various reasons Most of these mummies were made for religious or spiritual reasons Some cultures in ancient China made mummies to protect their ancestors’ bodies Buddhist monks in Japan also turned bodies into mummies as a sign of their faith In modern times some mummies have been made for medical research Also, a few dictators have chosen to be mummified to preserve their bodies, thereby ensuring that their political ideas continue even after they died
1 Which of the sentences below best expresses the essential information in the fitst’ highlighted sentence in the passage? Incorrect choices change the meaning in important ways or leave out essential information.
The mummies in Peru’s mountains have been kept well because of the extreme weather conditions
60 PARTI Understanding Basics www.nhantrivie.com
2 Which of the sentences below best expresses the essential information in the second highlighted sentence in the passage? Incorrect choices change the meaning in important ways or leave out essential information.
Some people preserved dead bodies to make strong chemicals
Which of the sentences below best expresses the essential information in the thitd highlighted sentence in the passage? Incorrect choices change the meaning in important ways or leave out essential information.
Most dictators wanted to become mummies, therefore people could remember their name after they died
Main ldea — well-preserved dead bodies
Minor Ideas ancient kings — most famous mummies other mummies — found in many places around the world
Minor Ideas extremely or weather mummies in *s mountains
Main Idea various reasons for making mummies Minor Ideas or spiritual reasons
research andkeeping ¡deas of dictators www.nhantriviet.com 03_ Sentence Simplification 61
1 What is the main idea of the passage? ©) Away that visitors walk more easily The meaning of Machu Picchu in Incan language ©) How to make popular resort in Machu Picchu
@) The origin of Machu Picchu and how to visit
2 The word elaborate in paragraph 1 is closest in meaning to CA) detailed famous ©) beautiful
3 Which of the sentences below best expresses the essential information in the highlighted sentence in the passage? /ncorrect choices change the meaning in important ways or leave out essential information
CA) The world did not know Machu Picchu because Peru is not well-known
CB Many people wanted a more convenient road to Machu Picchu ©) Few people knew about Machu Picchu because of the location
() People wanted to know more about Machu Picchu but could not before this time
4 The word them in paragraph 3 refers to ©) pre-Columbian people
@) the roads of the Incas
5 According to the passage, all of the following are true about Machu Picchu EXCEPT that
() the Incan rulers used it as a fortress and a resort it was made of many stones ©) it is located at sea level in Peru ©) many people visit there these days
62 PARTI Understanding Basics www.nhantrivietcom
Machu Picchu is sometimes called the Lost City of the Incas Because of its location, size and elaborate construction, it is the most important archaeological site in South America The Incas built Machu Picchu around 1440 It has a large palace and temples around the courtyard with other buildings There are about 140 buildings in Machu Picchu All these buildings were made of large stones
The Incan builders were very clever in cutting the stones and fitting them exactly together, so the buildings were made skillfully and still remain today The Incan rulers used the city as both a fortress and a mountain resort because the city was completely safe from attack Their priests also used it as an observatory of the stars
It is calculated that only about 750 people lived in Machu Picchu at any one time and probably a small number of people lived in the town during the rainy season
After the Spanish conquered the Incans in 1530, Machu Picchu was abandoned
It was not used or visited for many hundreds of years The city was located on top of the high Andes Mountains of Peru, which was remote and very hard to.get to, and that is why it was unknown by most of the world for so long Hiram Bingham, an American archaeologist, was the first foreigner to visit Machu Picchu in 1911
These days the mysterious lost city inspires a lot of people to visit each year
Most visitors walk the famous Incan Road System Among the thousands of roads constructed by pre-Columbian people in South America, the roads of the Incas were some of the most interesting The network of roads met at Cusco, the capital of the Incan Empire One of them went to the city of Machu Picchu Although people must hike a very steep trail for 4 days up into the mountains, the reason people want to hike this route is to see several other archaeological sites and many rare plants and animals along the way pre-Columbian _ related to or from America before Columbus arrived in 1492 observatory a building from which scientists can watch the planets, stars, the weather, etc
Wvv nhanfrjvief.com 03_ Sentence Simplification 63
COMPARISON
Comparison means to look at and think about the differences that two or more things have Adverbs and adjectives often have forms which indicate degrees of comparison Some comparisons are regular, like the ones that add -er and -est, or put more and most before words And some are irregular, like good-better-best
Fill each blank with a correct word from the box below
1 The Antarctic is and has winds than the Arctic
2 Stonehenge is one of the and places in England
3 One of the cases of an oil spill was the oil tanker Exxon Valdez
4 Each party wants to tell the voters why their ideas are the
5 The river might overflow its banks and one of the floods would happen.
6 The one studies, the more one learns
What is the main idea of the passage?
@ Most animals sleep because they are cold-blooded
The body temperature of hibernating animals changes a lot in an irregular way ©) Hibernating enables some animals to survive winter conditions
@ It is healthy for animals to lose weight over winter by sleeping
2 Which of the sentences below best expresses the essential information in the highlighted sentence in the passage? Incorrect choices change the meaning in important ways or leave out essential information
@) Some animals must eat a lot and gain fat while hibernating
Some animals get ready for hibernating by storing food in their places during the summer and autumn © Some animals get ready for hibernating by gaining fat during the warmer seasons
@) Hibernation makes some animals lose a lot of weight, so they are very hungry in the rest of the year.
The word dormant in paragraph 2 is closest in meaning to
4 The word ‘théy in paragraph 2 refers to
@® snakes and other reptiles © some animals
5 According to the passage, which of the following is NOT true?
@) Cold-blooded animals like snakes and other reptiles spend winter in a warm place sleeping to survive ©®) The degree of metabolic depression in small mammals is bigger than what is seen in bigger ones like a bear in hibernation ©) Researchers discovered how hibernating animals know the time they should begin hibernation
@) If some hibernating animals wake up early before the winter is over, they might die because of lack of food
Hibernation is a special and deep sleep for some animals, such as bears, chipmunks and bats, to adapt to extreme cold during the winter Itis hard for these animals to find enough food in the winter, so they must prepare for hibernating by eating a lot of food to gain body fat during the summer and autumn time
By relying on stored body fat, they can sleep in safe caves or dens While hibernating, their body temperature becomes low and their heartbeat and breathing slow down
The reason they slow down their metabolism is to consume energy, stored as body fat, at a slow rate One animal that some famously consider a hibernator is the bear
During a bear's winter sleep state, the degree of metabolic depression is much less than what is observed in smaller mammals
Cold-blooded animals must stay in a warm environment to survive the winter
Snakes and many other reptiles find shelter in holes or burrows and spend the winter being ‘dormant Water makes a good shelter for some animals like frogs and turtles When the weather gets cold, they move to the bottom of lakes and ponds They may hide under rocks or logs and even in the mud Cold water holds more oxygen than warm water and the frogs and turtles can breathe by absorbing it through their skin This is similar to hibernation Insects also look for winter shelter in holes in the ground, under the bark of trees or deep inside rotting logs
How do these animals know it is time to hibernate? Recent research suggests that hibernating animals may have something in their blood and it causes hibernation as the day gets shorter and the temperature changes How and why it happens are still a mystery Nowadays, noise and vibration from vehicles, construction and the like awake hibernating animals, which may suffer severely or die as a result of premature awakening in times of food shortage burrow a hole or tunnel dug in the ground by a small animal www.nhantriviet.com Progress Test 1 67
What is the main idea of the passage?
@) The development of Mesopotamia’s culture let it become the largest civilization
The civilization of Mesopotamia began and developed their religion © Mesopotamia invented many things that changed civilization
@®) The city of Mesopotamia was successfully established because of its geographical setting
7 The word cradle in paragraph 1 could best be replaced by
8 Which of the sentences below best expresses the essential information in the highlighted sentence in the passage? /ncorrect choices change the meaning in important ways or leave out essential information
(A3) Sumerians sold food to send money to the cities ©@® Sumerians taught the city people to use irrigation to grow food © Irrigation brought plenty of food to Sumerians and helped set up cities
@) Sumerians wanted to help the people in the cities with using irrigation
9 According to paragraph 3, Mesopotamia’s religion had
@) people who envied their gods’ supernatural power
@® more than one god who helped the Mesopotamians © people gave everything to their gods to live longer
@®) priests who had strong power and became kings
The word ‘ft’ in paragraph 4 refers to
@ human culture cuneiform writing ©) sounds of words
68 PARTI Understanding Basics WWW ANA TIVIEL.COM) st w V0LUME HELP
Mesopotamia means “the land between the river” As we know from the meaning of it, Ancient Mesopotamia was located between the Euphrates and Tigris Rivers, where Iraq, Iran, Syria and Turkey are today Mesopotamia is often referred to as the
‘ cradle of civilization” because the world’s first civilization occurred there around 3500 B.C
The Mesopotamian people, called Sumerians, were very skillful, so they developed many technologies One of their prominent achievements was irrigation They used water from rivers to grow more crops By devising such an irrigation system, the ancient Sumerians produced a great amount of food to support the people and were able to successfully establish cities
| Mesopotamia made many cultural advances The religion in Mesopotamia is the oldest religion recorded People looked to religion to answer questions about life
| and death They had very many gods and their gods acted like people They could
| be jealous, angry or joyful Every city had its own patron god who owned everything
| and everyone in the city People believed the god had supernatural powers, so they worshiped him in a temple called Ziggurat People thought the priests in the temples could tell them what the god wanted They also believed that the gods could be angry at what people did This made the leaders in the temples almost as powerful as the kings
Perhaps the most significant of the Mesopotamian inventions was writing
Initially they invented a type of writing called cuneiform This writing system was very difficult, so few people knew how to read or write Over time they invented a new alphabet that was phonetic, which means it used symbols that represent the sounds of words This was a big step in human culture It allowed many people in their society to learn how to read and write, so they were the first culture to have widespread literacy In addition to cities, irrigation, religion and writing, they also invented metal working, glass making and cloth weaving All of these skills changed the world Without the Mesopotamian culture, the world would not be the same as it is today oatron someone who supports something
CHAPTER | 04
CHAPTER! 05
To suggest that gravitational force is weak (B) To prove that smaller objects are attracted to larger ones
2 In paragraph 2, the author expresses the opinion that
it is difficult to develop great speeds under the Earth’s gravitational pull
Words to Know attraction n a force which makes things move together or stay together escape v to get away from a place
80 PART Il Making Inference WWww.nhantriviel.cor
When we think of technology, we usually think of machines, electronic devices and other inventions that have been invented since the 20th century
Actually, technology is as old as mankind The word “technology” comes from the Greek word , “technologia”, which means the knowledge and use of man-made tools and crafts In other words, people were using technological know-how when they used natural resources such as plants, animal bones, stones, fire, or water and changed these natural materials to make things
Hence, early technology was simply the use of natural resources for people’s comfort and survival Today’s technology is just more advanced and complex
Things such as engines, computers and robots are some examples of modern technology
Why does the author mention the Greek word in the passage?
To compare early and modern technology (B) To give evidence that technology began in Greece
What opinion does the author express about technology?
Modern technology is better than ancient technology
device n a machine or tool that does a special job mankind n the human race craft n a special skill
04_ Rhetorical Purpose and Opinion 81 uilding Up
Our physical characteristics and some of our personality traits are determined by our genes A gene is a “hereditary unit” located on a short piece of DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid) DNA is a chemical that transfers genetic information from parents to a baby The DNA’s ability to transfer genetic information makes the parents, baby and the baby’s siblings have some similarities For example, when parents have blue eyes , very likely their baby will also have blue eyes The passing of genetic information from a parent to a child is called heredity The genes are recombined and result in a new individual that is similar to the ones who parented it However, because the parents’ genes are recombined from the genes of their own parents, it is not 100 percent certain that two blue-eyed parents will produce a blue-eyed baby
The study of genes, heredity and variation is called genetics Through this study, scientists can diagnose and treat disease Furthermore, genetics is used in genetic fingerprinting If @@éadbody cannot be identified physically, the pattern or sequence of genes in DNA can be used to identify the person gene a part of a cell in a living thing
1 Why does the author mention ‘bhw@@yes’ in paragraph 1?
(A) To support the idea that the genes for blue eyes are dominant (B) To provide an example of how genes are passed on to children (C) To note that there are variations in genes that are transferred (D) To argue that genes from blue-eyed parents are not always transferred
82 PART Il Making Inference WWW.nhanfFrivie! c(
2 What is the author opinion about the transfer of genetic information?
(A) It is difficult to explain the process of gene movement
(B) Genetic information needs to be studied
(C) It is easy to identify a family if its members look like each other
(D) It is reassuring that genes do not make people look completely alike
3 Why does the author mention 4 dead body in paragraph 2?
(A) To cite an important use of the study of genes (B) To contrast the different uses of research on genetic transfer (C) To show that genetic research is still in its early stages (D) To point out that people are unaware of the uses of genetic research
Family members have some _ because of genes that are located on It transfers genetic information from parents to their children the study of genes, heredity and variation, helps scientists treat and identify a dead body www.nhantriviet.com 04 Rhetorical Purpose and Opinion 83 oving Up 1
In the 1870s, two men each designed a device that could transmit their voices as they spoke These men were Elisha Gray and Alexander Graham Bell They both hurried to the patentoffice But a patent gave only one person the right to the invention Bell beat Gray by just a few hours
This is why Alexander Graham Bell is credited with the invention of the telephone
The telephone went through many changes before it became convenient to use Early telephones had a battery to power the transmitter Phones were equipped with a bell, but before that, a caller had to whistle into the phone to alert the person on the opposite end to pick up the phone Over the years, additional inventions included a microphone, the manual switchboard which operators used to connect calls, and the Touch Tone dialing system which allowed callers to press buttons instead of dialing
Today, telephones are technologically highly advanced The cellular phones rely on radio to allow communication between them and a network where the cellular phones are À98996E Asa result, nue can make calls even if they are riding on a tre Wi the Sifeet Cellular phones have been very useful in n calling for help ty Em emergencies In addition, they have become the ultimate digital devices They include not only music and video features, but also Web surfing and e-mail The telephone is more useful than ever before patent a special document that gives the right to make or sell new things
1 Why does the author mention @i@\patenp@ffice in paragraph 1?
To argue that Alexander Graham Bell was a better designer of the telephone (B) To point out that Elisha Gray was nearly recognized as the telephone’s inventor
telephone (D) To tell that the real inventor of the telephone was not Alexander Graham Bell
84 PART Il Making inference WWw.nhantriviet.com
2 The author mentions riding on a train or walking on the street to indicate that
(A) people use their phones outside to keep the connection open
(B) people could not go outside of their cellular phone network
(C) cellular phones enable people to make a phone call anywhere
(D) people like talking on the phone outside of their homes
3 What opinion does the author express in paragraph 3?
(A) Today’s telephones have greater practicality
(B) Everyone should get a cordless telephone
(C) Cellular phones should be used only during emergencies
(D) People should avoid using telephones on trains and streets
Pi Main Idea invention of the Minor Ideas a telephone designed by Elisha Gray and A.G Bell a to the telephone given to Bell
PZ Main Idea many in early telephones
Minor Idea battery, bell, microphone, switchboard and
P< Main Idea today’s highly _— telephones Minor ldeas can be used anywhere — especially, in an emergency ultimate digital devices — music, video, e-mail www nhantriviet.com 04_ Rhetorical Purpose and Opinion 85 oving Up 2
The Structure of the Eyes
Our sight is important to us not only for letting us see where we are and things around us, but also for helping us find our way Our eyes transmit images to the brain, which analyzes these images and helps us understand the world around us
The structure of the eye is very complex Sometimes, an eye can be compared with the lens of a camera, but the structure of the eye is more complex than that The entire eyeball is about as large as a ping-pong ball , but only a small part of it is visible on the face of a person This exposed part is protected by the eyelids and the eyelashes Even the eyebrows protect the eyes When we blink, the lachrymal glands in the upper corner of the eye socket produce tears The tears keep the eyes moist and clean
The colored circular part of the eye is the iris, which controls the amount of light that enters the eye by changing the size of the pupil, a small opening in the center of the iris They act like the lens of a camera , using light to forma clear image When it is dark, the pupil grows bigger to let more light in In the sunlight, the pupil becomes smaller lachrymal producing or concerned with tears gland an organ of the body which produces a substance that the body needs
1 The author's main purpose in paragraph 1 is
to explain what functions the eyes have (B) to point out that the eyes are the most important part of the body
86 PART Il Making Inference www.nhantivet.com
2 Why does the author mention a ping-pong ball in paragraph 2?
(A) To provide an example of how the eyes work (B) To suggest that eyes have layers like a ping-pong ball (C) To point out that only a small part of the eye can be seen (D) To indicate that the eye is a little bigger than a ping-pong ball
3 Why does the author mention the lens of a camera in paragraph 3?
(A) To explain how the iris and the pupil of the eye work (B) To support the idea that the camera lens should be as complex as the eye (C) To explain that the camera lens can see more than the human eye (D) To suggest that the camera lens design was based on the eye
P’ Main Idea — serve us in various ways
Minor Ideas letting us see where weareand — _ around us helping us a
P2 Main Idea the complex oftheeyes
Minor Ideas eyeball — as large as a ping-pong ball exposed part of eye — protected by eyelids, eyelashes and
P3 Main Idea eyes’ process similar toa _ Minor Ideas _ iris — controls light coming into the eye
—asmall opening in the center of the iris www.nhantriviet.com 04_ Rhetorical Purpose and Opinion 87
1 What is the main idea of the passage?
(A) Albert Einstein is the most famous genius in the field of physics
Albert Einstein made great contributions to modern physics ©) Einstein and Newton could not agree on what gravity is ©) The Theory of Relativity is an improvement over Newton's law of gravity
2 The word comprehended in paragraph 1 is closest in meaning to () conducted understood ©) declared
3 Which of the sentences below best expresses the essential information in the highlighted sentence in the passage? Incorrect choices change the meaning in important ways or leave out essential information
() Not many households knew the name Einstein and he was a genius
The Theory of Relativity was introduced to households and applied to living life ©) It was hard for people to understand the Theory of Relativity because Einstein was very brilliant
(@®) The Theory of Relativity made Einstein known to everyone as a genius
4 According to the passage, what cultivated Einstein’s interest in physics?
@) Planets and stars in outer space The needle of a compass ©) Physics literature
@) An error in Newton’s law of gravity
Albert Einstein, a German born in March, 1879, is probably the most famous physicist in history Einstein became interested in physics at an early age When he was 5 years old, his father showed him a compass Even at that young age, Einstein comprehended that something in space was making the needle move From this early interest, Einstein would grow to become the physicist that formulated the special and general theories of relativity He also contributed to the quantum theory and statistical mechanics He received the Nobel Prize in Physics for his explanation of the photoelectric effect and for his contributions to Theoretical Physics
However, it was his Theory of Relativity that made Einstein a household name and people associated Einstein with the word “genius”
When Einstein saw that Newtonian mechanics was insufficient, he first began his scientific work It could not make the laws of mechanics agree with the laws of the electromagnetic field Einstein theorized that a theory of relativity must take the theory of gravitation into consideration So Newton's law of gravity was not completely accurate Einstein’s equation E=mc? replaced Newton's law of gravity
Einstein's theory was believed correct because it took electromagnetic phenomena into consideration It also made allowance for a characteristic of gravitation specifically in that @ curves over space and time This meant that matter such as aiplafiet ora star, could make space and time curve in response to the matter that existed This theory was important because it took into consideration the fact that the universe is constantly changing and expanding
Einstein's works formed an important part of the foundation of modern physics, and brought great fame to Einstein But they were completed without conferring with his scientific colleagues and with very little reference to existing scientific reading materials For this reason, many scientists were resentful of him However, Einstein truly deserved fame mechanics the branch of physics concerned with the motion of bodies
WV/W.nhantriviet.com 04 Rhetorcat PLrp¿sse and )p:nion 89
5 The word accurate in paragraph 2 could best be replaced by
6 The word it in paragraph 2 refers to
@) Einstein’s theory characteristic of gravitation © electromagnetic phenomena
7 Why does the author mention a@planet or astar in paragraph 2?
@) To suggest that matter is large in size
@®) To show that only stars and planets exist in space © To provide an example of matter ©) To support the idea that the universe is changing
8 What is the author’s opinion about Albert Einstein?
@® He is worthy of recognition
@® He should acknowledge his colleagues’ contributions ©) He knew less than Isaac Newton
@®) He has been respected by his colleagues
Albert Einstein, a German born in March, 1879, is probably the most famous physicist in history Einstein became interested in physics at an early age When he was 5 years old, his father showed him a compass Even at that young age, Einstein comprehended that something in space was making the needle move From this early interest, Einstein would grow to become the physicist that formulated the special and general theories of relativity He also contributed to the quantum theory and statistical mechanics He received the Nobel Prize in Physics for his explanation of the photoelectric effect and for his contributions to Theoretical Physics
When Einstein saw that Newtonian mechanics was insufficient, he first began his scientific work It could not make the laws of mechanics agree with the laws of the electromagnetic field Einstein theorized that a theory of relativity must take the theory of gravitation into consideration So Newton's law of gravity was not completely @@euimate Einstein's equation E=mc? replaced Newton's law of gravity
| Einstein's theory was believed correct because it took electromagnetic phenomena
| into consideration It also made allowance for a characteristic of gravitation specifically in that fii curves over space and time This meant that matter such as (@plaReH GRASP could make space and time curve in response to the matter that existed This theory was important because it took into consideration the fact that the universe is constantly changing and expanding
Einstein's works formed an important part of the foundation of modern physics, and brought great fame to Einstein But they were completed without conferring with his scientific colleagues and with very little reference to existing scientific
| reading materials For this reason, many scientists were resentful of him However, Einstein truly deserved fame mechanics the branch of physics concerned with the motion of bodies www.nhantriviet.com 04_ Rhetorical Purpose and Opinion 91
PASSIVE VOICE
Passive voice is used when the focus is on the action The form of passive is Subject + a form of Be + Past Participle When rewriting an active sentence in passive voice, the object of the active sentence becomes the subject of the passive sentence
Rewrite the sentences in passive voice
1 They built a new factory in Portland
2 The committee is considering action on the bill
— Action on the bill by the committee
3 Scientists have conducted experiments to test the hypothesis
— Experiments to test the hypothesis by scientists
4 People have invented electronic devices and other inventions since the 20th century
— Electronic devices and other inventions a since the 20th century
5 Our genes determine our physical characteristics and some of our personality traits
— Our physical characteristics and some of our personality traits by our genes
6 The eyelids and the eyelashes protect this exposed part
— This exposed part by the eyelids ard the eyelashes
92 PART Il Making Inference WWw.iiha^trIViet
_ It can be inferred from paragraph that
— Which of the following can be inferred from paragraph _?
_ It is implied in the passage about ?
_ According to paragraph _, what can be inferred about ~?
_ Look for the key words inferred, most likely, probably and other similar words to identify the inference-type questions
_ Refer to the stated information in the passage and draw a conclusion
In an inference question, the answer is not directly stated
_ Go to the paragraph if the question refers to a specific paragraph and look for clue words given in the question
Take a look at the following example.
Critics of children’s books are usually teachers, librarians and other
Some believe that children should read only educational or practical books Others think that it is best for children to read books that are fun and entertaining
What can be inferred about critics of children’s books?
It is based on more than one particular work the author has done
2 itis implied in paragraph 2 that the standards for nominations
are precise (B) are too ideal
Words to Know institute v to set up; establish tendency n being likely to do or become it nomination n the act of officially suggesting someone or something for a position
98 PART Il Making Inference WWW hantniviel.con
The Mona Lisa, a portrait of a young woman painted hy Leonardo da Vinci, may be the most famous painting in the world Some people have studied it and it has been a subject of many songs and films Others make fun of the Mona Lisa and produce works in a humorous way
People are deeply interested in the Mona Lisa because of the woman's mysterious smile They want to know who Mona Lisa really was The Italian name of the Mona Lisa, La Gioconda, is the feminine form, which means
“light-hearted” Some think this name refers to the Mona Lisa’s smile There are many theories as to who posed for the painting, from the wife of a wealthy businessman to Leonardo da Vinci himself
1 What can be inferred about the popularity of Mona Lisa in paragraph 1?
It raised an interest in how da Vinci painted it
2 Which of the following can be inferred from paragraph 2?
The woman who posed felt light-hearted
(B) The mystery of the Mona Lisa won’t be solved.
Da Vinci could not afford a sitter for the portrait
portrait n a drawing, painting or photograph of a person feminine adj typically belonging to or having characteristic of a woman light-hearted adj cheerful and not serious www.nhantriviet.com 05 Inference 99 uilding Up
Mosaic is an art form that utilizes small pieces of glass, stone or other material to form a picture The tiny pieces cannot be seen from afar, but up close, an observer can clearly see how the pieces are arranged
Although it is uncertain whether the Macedonians invented the art, these artworks were found in the Macedonian city of Aegae in the 4th century The art spread through Rome, Britain and North Africa where the Roman Empire had spread
Ceilings, walls and floors were decorated with mosaic art Even churches made use of this art, not only in their interiors but also on their facades Today, commuters can view modern mosaic art at the museum of Natural History station of New York’s subway
There are two ways of making mosaic art One is called the direct method, which involves putting each individual piece onto the supporting surface This method is useful for smaller works of art The indirect method is used for larger works which have a repeating pattern Mosaics of this type are usually found on the sides of buildings It is amazing considering how artists could have the patience to attach each and every piece facade the front of building
1 What can be inferred about the origins of mosaic art in paragraph 1?
It began in the 4th century B.C
100 PART II Making Inference ww.nhantriviet
2 It can be inferred from paragraph 2 that mosaic art
is popular in New York subways (B) looks better in modern times
3 Which of the following can be inferred from paragraph 3?
The indirect method is easier than the direct method
Complete the summary art makes use of small pieces of material It has a long history and nobody knows how it began The artworks were found in the _ city of Aegae and spread through _, Britain and North Africa There is the direct method for works of art while the indirect one is for ——— works www.nhantriviet.com 05 Inference 101 oving Up 1
> Se abs cL The musical phenomenon called rock and roll did 4 ae c— not have a simple beginning It slowly emerged in md America in the late 1940s and became popular in the early 1950s It developed from different musical genres: the blues, boogie woogie, jazz, folk music and gospel music At the start, it was called rhythm and blues Rock and roll took its name from a recording by Louis Jordan and the Tympany Five's version of
Early rock and roll sounded like the boogie woogie because both had eight beats to a bar The difference is that rock and roll has a stronger backbeat than the boogie woogie Although there are debates as to who began this sound, some of the most respected rock and rollers such as Ray Charles and Smokey Robinson say that Little Richard was the first However, before Little Richard’s wild style became famous, other African-American singers shouted as they sang
Rock and roll had a very big impact not only on musical styles but also on the way people lived, their attitudes, the clothes and the language The term
“rock and roll” was shortened to rock Rock became associated with the youth of the world who played their music as a sign of rebellion However, as these young people grew old, rock became a more accepted part of popular culture bar musical notation for a repeating pattern of musical beats backbeat a short rhythm and characteristic of rock music
What can be inferred about rock and roll in paragraph 1?
(A) It was phenomenal to Americans
(B) It developed over a period of time
(C) It competed with other genres of music
(D) It was completely different from other musical genres
2 Which of the following can be inferred from paragraph 2?
(A) Rock and roll’s beat is repetitive
(B) Rock and roll is characterized by loudness
(C) Little Richard shouted louder than other African-American singers
(D) Ray Charles and Smokey Robinson developed backbeat
3 What does the author suggest about rock and roll in paragraph 3?
(A) Rock stars were idolized for their appearance and outfit
(B) The changing of music styles was the biggest impact of the rock and roll
(C) Only the youth of the world could appreciate rock and roll
(D) The massive and worldwide popularity of rock and roll had social impact
Note takinq aan ee ee
Pi Main Idea the origins of Minor Ideas developed from the different musical — got its name from a recording by Louis Jordan and Tympany Five’s version °
P2 Main Idea the sound of rock and roll and who began it Minor Ideas _ eight beats to a bar stronger than the boogie woogie Little Richard and African-American singers
P3 Main Idea the impact of rock and roll Minor Ideas affected musical styles, fashion, played as a sign of in the youth became more popular as the youth grew old wwvy .nhantriviet com 05_ Inference 103 oving Up 2
_ — Ä In another legend will be clue words in the given sentence Based on these clue words, In one legend can be found in the passage Then put the given sentence in @, and the contents are correct logically
126 PART Il Developing Organization www.nhantrisie.com
In colonial times, letters were delivered by friends and family But as the population began to grow and the society became more complicated, people were not able to go anywhere to send letters due to lack of transportation
They needed a special means for mailing Therefore, postal service among the colonies was organized in 1691
People were very pleased because it was now possible to send mail abroad even if they could not afford to travel They paid only for the price of stamps, which differed by the weight of the package and the distance to the destination ZZ] He made post roads to deliver mail faster and introduced the parcel post system for the first time He established the United States Postal Service, which still exists today Hq The aim of the United States Postal Service has been to deliver mail faster and more efficiently
1 Look at the four squares [m] that indicate where the following sentence could be added to the passage
When more colonies were established, merchants sometimes delivered mail
Where would the sentence best fit?
2 Look at the four squares [m] that indicate where the following sentence could be added to the passage
Years later, Benjamin Franklin, who played an important role in gaining America’s independence, became the first postmaster general
Where would the sentence best fit?
Write the meaning of each word in Vietnamese reinforce v to make something stronger or more intense syn strengthen My father added some cement to reinforce the pole sophisticated adj elegant and advanced
Everyone admired her because she was very sophisticated revolution n an attempt to change the political system by force syn rebellion The dictator did not have any clue about the revolution manual adj done by the hands or physical strength
My grandmother is skilled at manual work accommodate v to provide someone with a space to live or stay syn lodge The camp is able to accommodate 100 people at a time invincible adj too strong to be defeated or conquered syn, unbeatable The superheroes in the comic books are invincible dignity n the quality or state of being worthy of respect syn nobility When he yelled at me, I felt like losing my dignity demonstrate v to show or make something clear syn prove This experiment demonstrates that the result was wrong exile v to force someone to leave his country syn banish He was exiled to an island for disagreeing with the king reserve adj being saved for another time or use syn kept She had some reserve money in case she got broke
Write the word and its synonym for each definition
1 too strong to be defeated or conquered - a
2 to force someone to leave their country : 3 to make something stronger or more intense _ 4 to show or make something clear - 5 to provide someone with a space to live or stay a Complete the sentence with the correct word reserve revolution sophisticated manual dignity
1 All of the dolls are made by the _—_ — sewing of a craftsman
2 The mayor lost his _ when people found out he received a bribe
3 The actress showed off her _—— —_ look for the magazine
4 In 1649, the Puritan _ ————— led by Oliver Cromwell arose
5 When the water was shut off yesterday, my neighbor let me use water
Vnaanyes com 06_ Insertion 129 tarting Up
By the early 1700s, the colonies in America had become more independent
CONCESSION
Some organisms live in coral reefs and help the reefs grow by providing calcium
Words to Know skeleton n the framework of bones in a human and an animal sea urchin n a creature that has a shell covered with sharp points sponge n a sea animal with a soft round body made of natural sponge fragment n a small piece or part broken off of something
148 PART Il Developing Organization WWWW.nhantrivietcom
Mt Kilimanjaro, which lies on the border of Tanzania and Kenya, is the most notable mountain in Africa It is the tallest mountain on the continent
Kilimanjaro has seven summits and three of them were found more recently than the other peaks The highest point is Uhuru Peak on the volcano Kibo which is 19,340 feet Kibo has a wide crater on the top of it
Kilimanjaro is actually an inactive volcano When the volcanoes were active, the Wachagga people did not live near the area Now, they live there because the soil is very fertile
Scientists continue to study the volcano They know that there is magma 400 meters below the crater of Mt Kilimanjaro They do not know if or when it will become active again If they knew that, every disaster caused by volcanic eruptions could be prevented
Complete the summary below by selecting the THREE answer choices that express the most important ideas in the passage An introductory sentence is given
In Africa, the most notable mountain is Kilimanjaro
(A) Mt Kilimanjaro is really a sleeping volcano
(B) Kilimanjaro consists of seven peaks
(C) The Wachagga people did not live near Kilimanjaro
(D) Kibo is 19,340 feet and has a wide crater on the top
(E) Scientists are still conducting researches on the mountain
(F) The mountain is located between Tanzania and Kenya summit n the top point of a mountain or hill fertile adj capable of producing vegetation, crops, etc eruption n the explosion of steam, lava or rocks from a volcano
Www,nhantriviet.com 07_ Summary 149 uilding Up
The Channel Tunnel is the link between Britain and France It is located beneath the English Channel and consists of two outer tunnels and one inner tunnel
In history, this link had been suggested on many occasions Then it began to receive serious attention after World War II
Finally, in 1987, TransManche Link signed the contract to build the tunnel which runs across the English Channel from southeast England to northeast France During construction, it was called by its nickname of “Chunnel”
The Channel Tunnel is considered a marvel of engineering because it goes through the seabed between the two countries Beginning in 1987 and lasting seven years, 15,000 workers worked from two ends of the English Channel
Engineers used tunnel boring machines to go through the seabed The material from the seabed was removed, and the tunnel walls were built and lined with concrete The British and the French raced each other to reach the middle of the tunnel The British won by just a short lead
The Channel Tunnel is equipped with safety features because it is a long undersea tunnel It has a good ventilation system and provides access for vehicles that assist when an emergency occurs The tunnel also has a means to prevent flooding There are additional devices installed in the tunnel to monitor accidents and other problems
Millions of people now use the Channel Tunnel Completed in 1994, the tunnel cost 21 billion dollars The tunnel is operated by Eurotunnel There are four types of train services operating: Eurostar high speed, Eurotunnel shuttle, Eurotunnel freight shuttle trains and Freight trains boring the act or process of making or enlarging a hole ventilation —_ the act of supplying fresh air and getting rid of dirty air
150 PART Il Developing Organization www.nhantriviet com
Directions: Complete the summary by selecting the THREE answer choices that express the most important ideas in the passage An introductory sentence is given
The Channel Tunnel was built under the English Channel
The Channel Tunnel is an amazing engineering accomplishment
The Channel Tunnel was built under the _ —— — ltis the link between _ Britain and France lt is thoughttobeamarvodloio.e — _ andis equipped with_. —_—_ — Many people now use the Channel Tunnel
Wwwv¿.nhantriviet.cor 07_ Summary 151 oving Up 1
Mount Everest The highest mountain on the earth is Mt Everest
Located on the border of Nepal and Tibet, it is part of
\ : the Himalayan mountain range Measuring the exact
29,002 feet by early surveyors However, their measurement was inaccurate If ' height of Mt Everest is difficult because snow and ice covers the top of the mountain It was once measured they had considered the height of snow and ice that covered the top of Everest, it would have been more accurate In May, 1999, the American Everest Expedition determined a new height for Mt Everest— 29,035 feet above sea level— using GPS (Global Positioning System)
The mountain was not always called Everest In the ancient Sanskrit language, it was called Devgiri In 1865, the Englishman Andrew Waugh named the mountain “Everest” after his predecessor, George Everest The Nepalese government refused the name at the start and invented a new name, Sagarmatha However, the English name has become popular
Mt Everest is the most challenging mountain to climb because of its height The first climbers to reach the top of Everest were Edmund Hillary from New Zealand and Tenzing Norgay, a Nepalese guide skilled at mountain climbing They reached the top on May 29, 1953 For Hillary’s success, Queen Elizabeth knighted him
Unfortunately, a lot of climbing attempts in the past were unsuccessful or even deadly In 1996, fifteen people died trying to reach the summit The deaths were attributed to the lower levels of oxygen that resulted from a snowstorm on the mountain Other people who have died climbing were killed because they took a more dangerous route, which is the Northwest side of the mountain
152 PART Il Developing Organization W/V/+V \trlviet.c
Directions: Complete the summary by selecting the THREE answer choices that express the most important ideas in the passage An introductory sentence is given
Mt Everest is the highest mountain on the earth
Mt Everest had several different names
(F) Many climbers have died or were unsuccessful in climbing Everest
P1 Main Idea Mt Everest-the mountain on the earth Minor ldeas located on the between Nepal and Tibet known as 29,035 feet high
P2 Main ldea the background of the name, Mt Everest Minor Ideas Devgiri from the ancient Sanskrit language got its name by Andrew Waugh Sagarmatha by the Nepalese government
P3 Main Idea the most challenging mountain to climb Minor Idea first successful — Edmund Hillary and Tenzing Norgay
P4 Main Idea many climbers — unsuccessful or deadly Minor Ideas’ died because of the lower level of from a snowstorm
died because of taking the
The Pacific Ring of Fire
The Pacific Ring of Fire is an area of frequent earthquakes and volcanic eruptions It is called the Ring because it encircles the basin of the Pacific Ocean Actually, it is more of a horseshoe shape and is
40,000 kilometers long The Ring of Fire covers the
Approximately half of the world’s active volcanoes may be found within the Ring
P1 Main Idea the Pacific Ring of Fire — an area of frequent _ and
Minor Idea encircles the Pacific Ocean — shaped of _ volcanic
P2 Main Idea most of the world’s — arise in the Pacific Ring of Fire
Minor Ideas the movement and of crustal plates the motion of the caused by the pressure from the constant movement
P3 Main Idea active in the Pacific Ring of Fire Minor Idea _ have erupted at least once
P4 Main Idea _ _ earthquakes caused by eruptions in the Ring of Fire Minor Idea particularly in certain areas www.nhantriviet.com 07_ Summary 155
1 What is the main idea of the passage?
@) The tropical cyclone is the most powerful force on the earth
The tropical cyclone can cause flooding and damage to structures © A tropical cyclone forms over the oceans and has great power
@ The tropical cyclone is called by different names around the world
2 Which of the sentences below best expresses the essential information in the highlighted sentence in the passage? Incorrect choices change the meaning in important ways or leave out essential information
(A) Water vapor reduces the sun’s energy during strong storms
Water vapor and the sun’s heating are the ingredients of strong storms ©) Water vapor disappears at higher altitudes because of the hot sun
@) The energy of the storm decreases at higher altitudes
3 According to paragraph 2, which of the following is true about the eyewall?
CA) The eyewall is formed in cold weather
(® When the eyewall passes overhead, the wind weakens © The temperature is highest around the eye
@ The eyewall is a cloud band that surrounds the eye
4 Look at the four squares [m] that indicate where the following sentence could be added to paragraph 3
The weakest is a tropical depression, with winds of less than 62 kilometers per hour
Where would the sentence best fit?
5 What can be inferred about typhoons, cyclones and hurricanes?
@) Typhoons, cyclones and hurricanes form together above the oceans
@ A typhoon is stronger than both the cyclone and the hurricane ©) Typhoons, cyclones and hurricanes are all most powerful over a humid ocean
@) Although tropical cyclones have different names, they are basically same
156 PART fl Developing Organization www.nhantriviet.com yall C62 Pe A w Y0LUMC cata BACK ass k : Cs 7 =
A tropical cyclone is a violent low pressure storm that usually occurs over warm oceans of over 80°F or 27°C It winds counterclockwise in the Northern
Hemisphere and clockwise in the Southern Hemisphere as it is described for the term, cyclone itself This powerful storm is fueled by the heat energy that is released when water vapor condenses at high altitudes, the heat ultimately derived from the sun
The center of a tropical cyclone, called the eye, is relatively calm and warm.The eye, which is roughly 20 to 30 miles wide, is clear, mainly because of subsiding air within it The ring of clouds around the eye is the eyewall, where clouds reach highest and precipitation is heaviest The strong wind, gusting up to 360 kilometers per hour, occurs when a tropical cyclone’s eyewall passes over land
There are various names for a tropical cyclone depending on its location and strength EZ In Asia, a tropical cyclone is named according to its strength
The strongest is a typhoon; its winds move at more than 117 kilometers per hour
In India, it is called a cyclone Over the North Atlantic and in the South Pacific, they call it a hurricane
On average, there are about 100 tropical cyclones worldwide each year A tropical cyclone peaks in late summer when the difference between temperature in the air and sea surface is the greatest However, it has its own seasonal patterns May is the least active month, while September is the most active
The destruction associated with a tropical cyclone results not only from the force of the wind, but also from the storm surge and the waves {iit} generates It is born and sustained over large bodies of warm water, and loses its strength over inland regions that are comparatively safe from receiving strong winds Although the track of a tropical cyclone is very (MRAM, the Weather Service can still issue timely warnings to the public if a tropical cyclone is approaching densely populated areas
If people ever experience a cyclone, they would know how strong it could be altitude the height of anything above sea level on the earth precipitation the amount of rainfall torrential flowing with rapidity and violence www.nhantriviet.com 07_ Summary 157
6 The word it in paragraph 5 refers to
@) a tropical cyclone the wind © torrential rain
7 The word erratic in paragraph 5 is closest in meaning to
8 Directions: An introductory sentence for a brief summary of the passage is provided below Complete the summary by selecting the THREE answer choices that express the most important ideas in the passage Some sentences do not belong in the summary because they express ideas that are not presented in the passage or are minor ideas in the passage
A tropical cyclone is a very powerful weather system that forms above the oceans
) A tropical cyclone can grow as wide as thirty miles
@®) People should leave the coastal areas as a tropical cyclone approaches © Tropical cyclones are known by various names around the world
@) Tropical cyclones are most frequent in the Atlantic Ocean
€ There is the eye that has little or no rain, and the eyewall, which has the violent storm ©) Tropical cyclones can be very dangerous, especially in the coastal areas
158 PART fi Developing Organization www.nhantriviet.com
A Tropical Cyclone A tropical cyclone is a violent low pressure storm that usually occurs over warm oceans of over 80°F or 27°C It winds counterclockwise in the Northern
Hemisphere and clockwise in the Southern Hemisphere as it is described for the term, cyclone itself This powerful storm is fueled by the heat energy that is released when water vapor condenses at high altitudes, the heat ultimately derived from the sun
The center of a tropical cyclone, called the eye, is relatively calm and warm.The eye, which is roughly 20 to 30 miles wide, is clear, mainly because of subsiding air within it The ring of clouds around the eye is the eyewall, where clouds reach highest and precipitation is heaviest The strong wind, gusting up to 360 kilometers per hour, occurs when a tropical cyclone’s eyewall passes over land There are various names for a tropical cyclone depending on its location and strength In Asia, a tropical cyclone is named according to its strength
The strongest is a typhoon; its winds move at more than 117 kilometers per hour
In India, it is called a cyclone Over the North Atlantic and in the South Pacific, they call it a hurricane
On average, there are about 100 tropical cyclones worldwide each year A tropical cyclone peaks in late summer when the difference between temperature in the air and sea surface is the greatest However, it has its own seasonal patterns May is the least active month, while September is the most active
The destruction associated with a tropical cyclone results not only from the force of the wind, but also from the storm surge and the waves it generates It is born and sustained over large bodies of warm water, and loses its strength over inland regions that are comparatively safe from receiving strong winds Although the track of a tropical cyclone is very erratic , the Weather Service can still issue timely warnings to the public if a tropical cyclone is approaching densely populated areas
If people ever experience a cyclone, they would know how strong it could be altitude the height of anything above sea level on the earth precipitation the amount of rainfall torrential flowing with rapidity and violence www.nhantriviet.com 07_ Summary 159
SUBJUNCTIVE MOOD
The subjunctive mood is a verb mood of a language It expresses a conditional statement which is not necessarily relevant to reality
Choose the answer which can replace the given sentence
1 If he had a job, he would get up earlier
(A) He gets up earlier because he has a job
(B) He does not have a job, so he does not get up earlier
2 If | had known the test was today, | would have studied last night
(A) I knew the test was today, so I studied last night
(B) I did not study last night because I did not know the test was today
3 If they knew that, they could prevent every disaster caused by volcanic eruptions
(A) Because they do not know that, they cannot prevent every disaster caused by volcanic eruptions
(B) They prevented every disaster caused by volcanic eruptions because they knew that
4 If there were none of this calcium, the structure of a coral reef could not grow
(A) This calcium has nothing to do with the growing of a coral reef
(B) Without this calcium, the structure of a coral reef cannot grow
5 If they had considered the height of snow and ice that covered the top of Everest, it would have been more accurate
(A) It is accurate because they considered the height of snow and ice that covered the top of Everest
(B) They did not consider the height of snow and ice that covered the top of Everest, so it was not accurate
160 PART Il Developing Organization VW IW ANTE COT
CHAPTER 108 Category Chart
About 3,474 kilometers away from planet
(F) Has a shape that is round ‘ spherical adj round, like a ball radius n the length of a straight line joining the center of a circle to its edge revolve v to move in a circular course or orbit ebb v to flow back or away, like the water of a tide www.nhantriviet.com 08_ Category Chart 167 uilding Up
A galaxy is an enormous system of stars, gas, dust, dark matter and interstellar clouds from which stars form Some galaxies are small or dwarf galaxies that have fewer than 10 million stars Some are extraordinarily large They have as many as one trillion stars There are probably more than 100 billion galaxies in the Universe Most of them have either a spiral or elliptical shape Other galaxies may have a starburst shape, an irregular or unusual shape
A spiral galaxy is a galaxy with a central, dense area and spiraling arms which are often sites of star formation The spiraling arm contains a dense cloud of interstellar matter and young stars A central bulge has older stars
The Milky Way and the Andromeda Galaxy are two of a multitude of known spiral galaxies
An elliptical galaxy has a rounded egg-like shape It is also called an “E” or “E-type” galaxy Unlike a spiral galaxy, an elliptical galaxy is generally yellow-red in color and does not have spiraling arms It contains little interstellar dust or gas It has older stars It is believed that elliptical galaxies form when two galaxies collide and merge interstellar | between or among the stars trillion the number that is represented as a one followed by 12 zeros
Directions: Select the appropriate phrases from the answer choices and match them to the galaxies to which they relate TWO of the answer choices will NOT be used
Probably formed when they smashed into another galaxy (D) Become extended when stars move in and out
(E) Contain older stars in the middle bulge Elliptical Galaxies
Include the Milky Way as an example (H) Consist of not much interstellar matter
ảte'a hủgb $y$tớrf oÝ stars —————— —— tưst and othbrˆceléstial bodies There are spiral, elliptical, starburst and irregular shaped galaxies A spiral galaxy has
| a central, dense area and arms Milky Way and are widely known An _—_———— — galaxy has rounded egg-like shape and it is generally yellow-red in color
WWW.nnantivie§r com 08 Category Chat 169
The most distinctive thing about Mars is its color
Throughout the centuries, people who saw the planet noticed its red color They believed that Mars had some similarities to the Earth because it was nearby
Astronomers who looked through their telescopes saw grids or crisscrossing lines They concluded that the grids were irrigation canals, so it would be evidence that Mars had water, and also this is why people believed that Mars had intelligent life Scientists also noticed as they studied Mars from afar that Mars’ surface seemed to change its color with the seasons of the Earth They thought the change in color meant that plants grow on Mars
However, the first Mars exploration showed that Mars did not have canals, water or vegetation Microorganisms did not even exist in the soil of Mars
Although there was some disappointment that Mars was not what people thought, the Mariner 4 in 1965 and the Viking landers 1 and 2 in 1976 did discover many interesting things about Mars The planet's atmosphere was different from that of Earth’s Nitrogen and oxygen are the primary components of Earth’s atmosphere, while Mars consists of 95 percent carbon dioxide (CO), 3 percent nitrogen, and 1.6 percent argon There is no oxygen The average temperature on Mars is -63 degrees Celsius The geographical features of Mars show that it probably once had water This water made water passages to the north and east of a canyon system that scientists call Valles Marineris Other discoveries about Mars are the low and smooth Northern hemisphere and the numerous craters in the Southern hemisphere microorganism any organism too small to be viewed by the naked eye
Directions: Select the appropriate sentences from the answer choices and match them to Mars to which they relate TWO of the answer choices will NOT be used
Answer Choices What People Believed about Mars
(A) Mars has a planned canal system
(B) Mars contains life forms that can think
(C) The Martian atmosphere is mostly carbon dioxide
(D) The atmosphere of Earth and Mars are the same What is True about Mars
(E) Water carved out waterways in a canyon system
Mars is heavily cratered in the Southern hemisphere
(H) Mars is heavily cratered in the Southern hemisphere
P1 Main Idea what people believed about _ Minor Idea similar to the Earth
— irrigation , intelligent life, seasons and
P2 Main Idea things found out after explorations
Minor Ideas no canals, water, different _ from the Earth — 95% CO; or microorganisms low temperature of -63°C the low and smooth Northern hemisphere the Southern hemisphere with many craters www.nhantriviet.com 08 Category Chan 171 oving Up 2
A constellation is an accidental arrangement of stars that looks like a figure or pattern when seen from the Earth
People have always been looking up at the stars On a clear night, about 1,000 to 1,500 stars can be seen by the human eye Although the stars may actually be very far away from each other, they appear to be in a single group and to have a pattern from a human being’s point of view Sometimes, people see the arrangement of stars as something in their culture—a god they believe in or an animal such as a bear
It is believed that the Babylonians and Sumerians made the early constellations because the oldest groups could be seen easily from where they lived There are no recorded constellations in the celestial sphere directly above the Earth’s South Pole These skies are uncharted, probably because the Babylonians and Sumerians could not see the stars in this area clearly
In 1929, the International Astronomical Union made 88 constellations official The 88 groups are called the modern constellations These constellations have set boundaries This means that all the stars that are within a set boundary are part of the constellation These official constellations are based on the Greek tradition of listing and describing constellations Ptolemy made a catalog of 1,022 stars from which 48 constellations could be arranged
These were added to by astronomers as the years passed Some older constellations are not considered constellations today They include groups of stars that astrologers named after themselves
Ptolemy a person who was a Greek scientist and an astronomer
172 PART fl Developing Organization WWW.nhanfrIvief.com
Directions: Select the appropriate phrases from the answer choices and match them to the constellations to which they relate TWO of the answer choices will NOT be used
Made by people from Babylon and Sumer (E) Saw the pattern of stars as something people
are familiar with (F) Consist of all the stars within the boundaries Constellations of the Past (G) Became official in 1929
1) Included only those in the area above
Stars experience several stages from birth to death
A star has several characteristics when it is in equilibrium ©) Astar dies depends on the star’s characteristics
@® Stars live billions of years before they die
2 The word undergo in paragraph 1 is closest in meaning to
CA) run away go through © turnon ©) pass through
3 According to the passage, what causes a protostar to fall inward? ©) its mass its gravitational pull ©) its equilibrium
4 Which of the sentences below best expresses the essential information in the highlighted sentence in the passage? /ncorrect choices change the meaning in important ways or leave out essential information
() The star grows old because it does not produce nuclear fusion fast enough
@®) As astar grows older, it starts to generate nuclear fusion much more slowly © Asstar will not grow older if its inner part allows nuclear fusion to occur
@) Unless a star produces slow nuclear fusion, it will not grow
5 The word it in paragraph 2 refers to
C) nuclear fusion mass ©) inner part
174 PART H Developing Organization A/WW.nhar:tr¡Viet.com
The Life Cycle of Stars
Stars are born in the dense clouds of gas found mostly in the arms of spiral galaxies The thickest part of the cloud falls apart and forms a protostar, which is an early stage before the object becomes a star The protostar keeps collapsing because it has a strong gravitational force in its core When the protostar has contracted enough so that its core can burn hydrogen into helium, the protostar is called a main sequence star It is like a nuclear furnace which produces energy and pushes the energy to the surface of the star For most of its life, a star will continue to undergo nuclear fusion The radiation that is pushing forward is balanced by the gravity that is pulling it inward This is the equilibrium state of stars
The star will continue to grow older until the inner part of the star begins to produce nuclear fusion too slowly When this happens the star becomes unstable
This usually occurs billions of years after the star was born EJ The more mass a star has, the brighter it will burn and the faster it will use up the hydrogen in its core An unstable star begins to contract and expand until it grows very large
This stage is called a red giant When the red giant runs out of fuel, the star begins to get smaller @ The core heats up because of the contraction However, because it has no fuel, the outer layers of the star begin to come off EJ The core of the star becomes a white dwarf When the white dwarf uses all its energy, it is called a black dwarf or dead star Stars with very big masses collapse to a very small size called a neutron star Stars that are about forty times larger than the Sun may collapse into a black hole , an area with so strong gravitational force that even light cannot escape trom it This is an interesting phenomenon which is worth continued study nuclear furnace an area where nuclear fusion takes place
| nuclear fusion the process of joining of two nucle: to produce energy 08 Category Chart 175
6 Why does the author mention a neutfon star ¡in paragraph 2?
CAS To give an example of the kind of star a protostar can become To cite a type of star that is not common in the Universe © To describe a stage of a star before it reaches equilibrium
@) To explain what may take place when stars with great masses cave in
7 What is the author’s opinion about a black hole in paragraph 2?
) It is hard to understand
Scientists know nothing about it ©) It should be researched further
@) It is too difficult to study
8 Look at the four squares [m] that indicate where the following sentence could be added to the passage
This is the reason larger stars die sooner than smaller stars like the Sun
Where would the sentence best fit?
9 Directions: Select the appropriate sentences from the answer choices and match them to the life cycle of stars to which they relate TWO of the answer choices will NOT be used
Answer Choices How Stars are Formed
Gravity at center pulls in matter
Outer layers are shed What Happens to Unstable Stars
Energy from core is pushing forward 8 Gravity pulls energy to core
The star swells into a huge red object
CD The star becomes a small white object 9988668
The Life Cycle of Stars
Stars are born in the dense clouds of gas found mostly in the arms of spiral galaxies The thickest part of the cloud falls apart and forms a protostar, which is an early stage before the object becomes a star The protostar keeps collapsing because it has a strong gravitational force in its core When the protostar has contracted enough so that its core can burn hydrogen into helium, the protostar is called a main sequence star It is like a nuclear furnace which produces energy and pushes the energy to the surface of the star For most of its life, a star will continue to undergo nuclear fusion The radiation that is pushing forward is balanced by the gravity that is pulling it inward This is the equilibrium state of stars
The star will continue to grow older until the inner part of the star begins to produce nuclear fusion too slowly When this happens the star becomes unstable
This usually occurs billions of years after the star was born EJ The more mass a star has, the brighter it will burn and the faster it will use up the hydrogen in its core An unstable star begins to contract and expand until it grows very large
This stage is called a red giant When the red giant runs out of fuel, the star begins to get smaller The core heats up because of the contraction However, because it has no fuel, the outer layers of the star begin to come off EB) The core of the star becomes a white dwarf When the white dwarf uses all its energy, it is called a black dwarf or dead star Stars with very big masses collapse to a very small size called a neutron star Stars that are about forty times larger than the Sun may collapse into a black hole , an area with so strong gravitational force that even light cannot escape from it This is an interesting phenomenon which is worth continued study nuclear furnace an area where nuclear fusion takes place nuclear fusion the process of joining of two nuclei to produce energy
PARTICIPIAL CONSTRUCTIONS
Subordinate clauses can be reduced to a verbal phrase when they begin with words such as after, while, before, because, since or any relative pronoun This reduction is possible when the subject of the subordinate clause is the same as the subject of the main clause
Example: Because it has a lot of oil, Saudi Arabia is a rich country
— Having a lot of oil, Saudi Arabia is a rich country
Reduce the subordinate clauses to verbal phrases
1 After he saw that his education in English was going to waste, Ira tried writing lyrics for George’s musical composition
= —„Ira tried writing lyrics for George’s musical composition
2 Because it is located beneath the English Channel, the Channel Tunnel is equipped with safety features
— , the Channel Tunnel is equipped with safety features
3 Because it has a 27-day orbit around the Earth, the moon revolves more slowly than Phobos and Deimos
== , the moon revolves more slowly than Phobos and Deimos
4 Because it has so strong gravitational force in its core, the protostar keeps collapsing
5 Because they have no fuel, the outer layers of the star begin to come off
> _—_— _„ứ the outer layers of the star begin to come off
What is the main idea of the passage?
() Clara Barton helped wounded soldiers and she was the founder of the Red Cross
Clara Barton was a kind and strong woman who helped people in need ©) Clara Barton became a nurse during the American Civil War
@®) Clara Barton worked for disaster victims until she was old
According to paragraph 1, which of the following is true of the young Clara Barton?
(A) She helped her father when he was a soldier
She suffered from an accident when she was 11 ©) She helped her brother who was hurt in an accident
@® She made a decision to live with her brother for 2 years
The phrase broke out in paragraph 2 is closest in meaning to
CA) extended broke down ©) closed
The word this in paragraph 2 refers to
(@ recognized each soldier as a person ©) cooked for soldiers ©) took care of the sick and hurt
The word acknowledged in paragraph 2 could best be replaced by
What can be inferred about the government?
@) It did not always agree with Clara Barton
It did not have the money to help Clara Barton ©) It showed Clara Barton great empathy and kindness
(®) It had respect for Clara Barton
Clara Barton became known as “The Angel of the Battlefield” during the American Civil War Born in Oxford, Massachusetts in 1821, Clara Barton's interest in helping soldiers on the battlefield began when she was told army stories from her father Another event that influenced her decision to help soldiers was an accident her brother had His injuries were cared for by Barton for 2 years At the time, she was only 11 years old Barton began teaching school at the age of 15 She taught for 18 years before she moved to Washington, D.C in 1854
The civil war broke out 6 years later Immediately, Barton started war service by helping the soldiers with their needs At the battle of Bull Run, Clara Barton received permission from the government to take care of the sick and hurt Barton did this with great empathy and kindness She acknowledged each soldier as a person Her endurance and courage on the battlefield were admired by many When the war ended in 1865, she used 4 years of her life to assist the government in searching for soldiers who were missing during the war
The search for missing soldiers and years of hard work made her feeble physically
| In 1869, her doctors recommended a trip to Europe for a rest EY While she was on
| vacation, she became involved with the International Red Cross, an organization set
| up by the Geneva Convention in 1864 Clara Barton realized that the Red Cross
| would be a big help to the United States EE After she returned to the United States,
| she worked very hard to create an American Red Cross She talked to government
| leaders and let American people know about the Red Cross &§ In 1881, the National Society of the Red Cross was finally established with its headquarters in Washington, D.C Clara Barton managed its activities for 23 years Ei)
Barton never let her age stop her from helping people At the age of 79, she
| helped flood victims in Galveston, Texas Barton finally resigned from the Red Cross
| in 1904 She was 92 years old and had truly earned her title “The Angel of the Battlefield” injury any physical damage to the body caused by an accident or an attack feeble lacking physical strength; weak www nhantriviet.com Progress Test 3 181
7 Which of the sentences best expresses the essential information in the highlighted sentence? Incorrect answer choices change the meaning in important ways or leave out essential information
@) She asked the government to help her look for soldiers who participated in the war
She spent 4 years helping the government look for missing soldiers ©) Many soldiers were missing when the government’s war ended in 1865
@) The war did not end until the government helped Clara Barton find some soldiers who were missing
Look at the four squares [m] that indicate where the following sentence could be added to the passage
At that time, the United States was not a member of that convention
Where would the sentence best fit?
What does the author mention about the American Red Cross?
@) It was disapproved again and again by the Geneva Convention
@®) Barton tried to have it set up in America © The American people were not interested in the Red Cross
@) It was first established in the United States
Directions: Complete the summary below by selecting the THREE answer choices that express the most important ideas in the passage and arrange them in the correct order An introductory sentence is given
Clara Barton loved to help people even at a young age
() Clara Barton’s father taught her to help people
Clara Barton played a big role in establishing an American Red Cross ©) The American government permitted Clara Barton to work on the battlefields
@ The Geneva Convention was central to the formation of the Red Cross
CE) During and after the American Civil War, Clara Barton gave support to the soldiers
) Clara Barton continued to help people until she was old
182 PART Il Developing Organization www.nhantrivet
Clara Barton became known as “The Angel of the Battlefield” during the American Civil War Born in Oxford, Massachusetts in 1821, Clara Barton’s interest in helping soldiers on the battlefield began when she was told army stories from her father Another event that influenced her decision to help soldiers was an accident her brother had His injuries were cared for by Barton for 2 years At the time, she was only 11 years old Barton began teaching school at the age of 15 She taught for 18 years before she moved to Washington, D.C in 1854
The civil war broke out 6 years later Immediately, Barton started war service by helping the soldiers with their needs At the battle of Bull Run, Clara Barton received permission from the government to take care of the sick and hurt Barton did this with great empathy and kindness She acknowledged each soldier as a person Her endurance and courage on the battlefield were admired by many When the war ended in 1865, she used 4 years of her life to assist the government in searching for soldiers who were missing during the war
The search for missing soldiers and years of hard work made her feeble physically
In 1869, her doctors recommended a trip to Europe for a rest While she was on vacation, she became involved with the International Red Cross, an organization set up by the Geneva Convention in 1864 Clara Barton realized that the Red Cross would be a big help to the United States EJ After she returned to the United States, she worked very hard to create an American Red Cross She talked to government leaders and let American people know about the Red Cross {gj In 1881, the National Society of the Red Cross was finally established with its headquarters in Washington, D.C Clara Barton managed its activities for 23 years FE)
Barton never let her age stop her from helping people At the age of 79, she helped flood victims in Galveston, Texas Barton finally resigned from the Red Cross in 1904 She was 92 years old and had truly earned her title “The Angel of the Battlefield” injury any physical damage to the body caused by an accident or an attack
| feeble lacking physical strength; weak
11 What is the main idea of the passage?
@) Eclipses are heavenly events involving the Sun, Moon and Earth
Solar eclipses do not occur as often as lunar eclipses ©) Solar and lunar eclipses cannot occur unless the Moon is full
@) Celestial objects are visible in the sky when an eclipse occurs
12 The word blocked in paragraph 1 could best be replaced by CA) tied found © hidden
13 According to the passage, which of the following is a reason why solar eclipses terrified ancient people?
@ The Moon appeared bigger than the Sun
Both the Moon and the Sun were visible in the sky © People did not know the reason why everything grew dark
@) The Sun was not as bright as it used to be
14 Which of the sentences best expresses the essential information in the highlighted sentence? Incorrect answer choices change the meaning in important ways or leave out essential information
@) People travel to see solar eclipses for a religious reason ® People are not afraid of solar eclipses, and they want to see them © Solar eclipses are now the most important events of the year
@) People travel to see solar eclipses because they are terrified
15 All of the following are mentioned in paragraph 2 as a possible consequence of a solar eclipse EXCEPT that
@) the Sun appears as a shining band the Sun’s rays are completely blocked out © the Sun partly disappears for a short time
@) the Sun’s corona can be seen
16 The word rare in paragraph 2 is closest in meaning to
The word eclipse refers to astronomical occasion when the light of one celestial object is partly or completely blocked by the shadow of another object Eclipses are usually classified as solar or lunar They occur as often as seven times in a year
A solar eclipse occurs when the Moon passes between the Earth and the Sun It partly or totally blocks the Earth’s view of the Sun This happens when the Moon is exactly between the Sun and the Earth A solar eclipse can only occur when the Moon is a new moon Thousands of years ago, solar eclipses were terrifying events because everything went dark and no one could understand why Today, solar eclipses are no longer frightening, and hundreds of people do travel to areas where a solar eclipse is occurring A total solar eclipse occurs when the Sun is completely blocked by the Moon and only a faint corona can be seen It is rare and usually lasts for a few minutes A partial eclipse occurs when the Moon covers parts of the Sun The longest solar eclipses occur when the Earth is farthest from the Sun, making the solar disc smaller and the Moon is at closest to the Earth, making the Moon’s diameter larger
A lunar eclipse occurs when the Moon passes through a part of the Earth's shadow The earliest recorded lunar eclipse happened on March 19, 721 B.C
A lunar eclipse can only occur with a full moon and when the Sun, Earth and Moon are in a single line The shadow of the Earth is divided into two parts The outer part of the shadow is called the penumbra In the penumbra, the Earth can block only part of the Sun’s rays which reach the Moon A penumbral eclipse occurs when the Moon passes through the Earth’s penumbra {EQ The inner part is the umbra, a region where the Earth blocks all the direct sunlight [2 When the Moon travels completely under the Earth’s umbra, the Moon partly disappears or has a red glow
\ celestial belonging or relating to the sky corona the outermost region of the Sun's atmosphere v›w.nhantriviet.com Progress Test 3 185
17 What can be inferred about solar eclipses?
(®) They are not as attractive as they were in the past
They are harder to study than lunar eclipses ©) They are interesting events for a lot of people
@) They occur only in the daytime
18 The phrase outer part in paragraph 3 refers to
() the Earth’s shadow a single line © umbra
19 Look at the four squares [m] that indicate where the following sentence could be added to the passage
The penumbra does not cause any noticeable darkening of the Moon’s surface
Where would the sentence best fit?
20 Directions: Select the appropriate phrases from the answer choices and match them to the eclipse to which they relate TWO of the answer choices will NOT be used
Occurs several times a month Has a reddish color when it passes under umbra Occurs when the Moon is in the middle of the Earth and Sun Is partial when it passes through penumbra
Happens when light is blocked by the Moon Lunar Eclipse
Happens when the Moon is a new moon Blocks the Earth’s view of other planets
18ó PART II Developing Organization WW nihantiy et con
ACTUAL TEST
The word |This in paragraph 3 refers to () grazing grasses and grain
legs farther up front on their bodies ©) walk on land
@ more land birds than water birds
6 Look at the four squares [m] that indicate where the following sentence could be added to the passage
They think it might be an instinct for survival
Where would the sentence best fit?
The name geese is used for birds belonging to one family called Anatidae They include swans and ducks However, there are two types of geese that people are acquainted with These are gray geese from the Anser family and black geese from the Branta family Geese are found in Europe, Asia and North America They are migratory birds that breed in the north and go south for the winter
Geese are generally the same wherever they may be found They have a tail, head and neck that are black The cheeks have a white patch and the body is white and various shades of brown Their length varies from about 25 to 45 inches Male and female geese look very much alike, although the male may be slightly bigger and have a higher-pitched voice
Geese are more land birds than water birds | heir legs are tarther up front on their bodies than those of ducks ‘This makes it easier for them to walk on land
They get their food by grazing grasses and grain in the spring field A flock of geese can make a lot of noise, especially when a stranger comes near
The most unusual thing about geese is their behavior to imprint When a baby goose is born, it believes that it is the same species as any moving object it first sees
Thus, if it sees a human being first, it will believe that it is also a human
Scientists do not know why imprinting happens & Imprinting allows the formation of a strong bond between the hatchling and the parent or whoever the young bird sees Geese that imprint a human being at birth (reat the human like a parent when young, and as the geese grow older they may not try to mate with the other geese &@ Hence, it is important for farmers or other people living with geese to make sure that the first living thing a baby goose sees is another goose The capacity to imprint can also be seen in ducks, but animals such as cats and dogs do not imprint Although they are born and see a human being first, they know immediately that they are not humans patch a small piece or part, especially that differs from the whole hatchling —a baby bird or animal which has just come out of its shell
7 According to paragraph 4, some baby geese become attached to human beings because
(@ humans care for them properly they walk on land just like human beings © ahuman being is the first thing they see when they are born
@) geese have an emotional connection for human beings
8 What is the author’s opinion of newborn geese?
() They can survive best by bonding to other geese
They should develop an instinct for survival © They should be exposed to their own kind
@ They cannot grow properly on farms
9 Why does the author mention cats and dogs?
(A3 To give an example of other animals that are able to imprint To suggest that some animals do not imprint because they hate water ©) To argue that animals can develop the capacity to imprint
@) To explain that not all animals have the behavior pattern to imprint
10 Directions: Complete the summary below by selecting the THREE answer choices that express the most important ideas in the passage and arrange them in the correct order An introductory sentence is given
Geese belong to a family called Anatidae
(A) Geese are seen more on land than on water
All geese eat grass and grains © Geese are some of the noisiest birds existing
(D) Geese have some similar physical characteristics
C) Geese latch onto the first moving object they see when they are born
CF) Geese prefer to imprint human beings.
The name geese is used for birds belonging to one family called Anatidae They include swans and ducks However, there are two types of geese that people are acquainted with These are gray geese from the Anser family and black geese from the Branta family Geese are found in Europe, Asia and North America They are migratory birds that breed in the north and go south for the winter
Geese are generally the same wherever they may be found They have a tail, head and neck that are black The cheeks have a white patch and the body is white and various shades of brown Their length varies from about 25 to +5 inches Male’and female geese look very much alike, although the male may be slightly bigger and have a higher-pitched voice
Geese are more land birds than water birds Their legs are farther up front on their bodies than those of ducks “Phis makes it easier for them to walk on land : They get their food by grazing grasses and grain in the spring field A flock of geese can make a lot of noise, especially when a stranger comes near
The most unusual thing about geese is their behavior to imprint When a baby goose is born, it believes that it is the same species as any moving object it first sees
Thus, if it sees a human being first, it will believe that it is also a human
Scientists do not know why imprinting happens & Imprinting allows the formation of a strong bond between the hatchling and the parent or whoever the young bird sees Geese that imprint a human being at birth treat the human like a parent when young, and as the geese grow older they may not try to mate with the other geese {QJ Hence, it is important for farmers or other people living with geese to make sure that the first living thing a baby goose sees is another goose The capacity to imprint can also be seen in ducks, but animals such as cats and dogs do not imprint Although they are born and see a human being first, they know immediately that they are not humans 8 patch a small piece or part, especially that differs from the whole hatchling a baby bird or animal which has just come out of its shell
WwWiv.nbantriviet.com Actual Test 193
11 What is the main idea of the passage? ©) The idea that Neanderthals are the ancestors of humans is flawed
The Neanderthals have many similarities to human beings © The Neanderthal species are descendants of the apes
@ There is no evidence that Neanderthals are not related to humans
12 The word custom in paragraph 1 is closest in meaning to
13 The word them in paragraph 1 refers to
14 All of the following are descriptive of Neanderthals’ physical features EXCEPT
@) brow bones that stick out broader neck © tinier brain
15 Which of the sentences below best expresses the essential information in the highlighted sentence in the passage? /ncorrect choices change the meaning in important ways or leave out essential information
() However, scientists considered their belief that apes and humans were related to each other to be significant
It was important, however, for scientists to find the link between human beings and Neanderthals ©) Scientists did not know whether the link between apes and human beings was important, but they wanted to find out
@) There was an important link between apes and humans, but scientists did not know what it was
Neanderthals The first Neanderthal skull was discovered in Engis, Belgium in 1829, but scientists did not become interested until a third skull was discovered in Germany in 1856 Hundreds of Neanderthal skeletons were found since that year Many of them are in excellent condition and complete skeletons Some scientists concluded that the Neanderthals had the custom of burying the dead This led them to believe that Neanderthals were related to humans in spite ol the differences in their skulls In biology books, Neanderthals are said to be a species of Homo sapiens that populated Europe and Asia Homo sapiens are animals that can walk on their two feet Human beings belong to this species