Sự Gắn Bó Trong Quan Hệ Với Cha Mẹ Và Bạn Bè Của Học Sinh Trung Học Cơ Sở Luận Văn Thạc Sĩ Tâm Lí Học Chuyên Ngành Tâm Lí Học.pdf

nhan cua bAt nat tryrc tuyen Cung sy quan tarn, mot nghien cuu cua Felmlee nAm2011 lai My cung chi ra bat nat true tuyenthirong xay ra ven nhung ngtiin khdng cd su ket noi than thict va

Toi xin cam doan rang day la cdng trinh nghicncirukhoah$c do ricng toi thychi§n vdi su hirang dan cua POS TS Nguyen Thj Tir Cacquan diem, lap lugn cac so lieu thu thapduoc cting vdi nhCrng binh luan trong cdng trinh nghicn curu khoa hoc

naydcu co nguon got rorang, (rung thyc va chira timg duruc cong bo

Nghien ciru da dune thong qua boi giang vien hiring dan

Toi xin hoan loanchiutrach nhicmvc $v cam doan nay

Hoc vien cao hoc

Nguyen NgVC KhOi

Trude tien, toi xin bay to long biet on chan thanh va sau sic nhat den ngirdi hudng dan khoa hoc POSTS Nguyen Thj Tu da tan tinh chi ban huting dan toi trong sudtqua trinh thuc hicn luanvan nay.

Toi xin chan than!) cini on cAc giang vien dang edng tac, giang ityy lai khoa Tam Iv hoc - Dai hoc Sir Pham thanh pho Ho Chi Minh da giup dd giang day vacung cap cho tftirat nhicu kicn thirc quy bau trong hai nitn hoc vua qua Dong thin,toi cung xin cam on quy ban giam hicu giao vien chuycn vien tham van.cacban hoc sinh tai cue trixdng (rung hoc co sotrong khao sat dd lyo dieu kicn ho try trong quatrinh thu thap so lieu phyc vu cho vice ihuchicn luan van

Toi cung xin gui Ibicamon den cac ban be cung khoa cao hyc 32 da giupdatdi chia se nhimg thong (in thong b.loquan tryngcung nhu c<5 nhiing nhyn xct gdp

y va ho try lot trong qua trinh hyc tap va thirc hiyn de tai

Cuoi cung toi xin cam <m syquan liim cua gia dinh, hyn vi ngudi than dil ling ho khuycnkhich va dyng vien toi deban Luan van duyc hoan thanh

Xin chan thftnh cam cm?

ThAnh pho HoChi Minh, ngay tliang nfim 2024

Hyevien cao hoc

Nguyen NgQc Khoi

Lot cam on

Muc lye

» * Danh muc cac chu vict tat

Danh muc car bang

Danh muc cac bicudo

MO DAU I Chuang I CO SO LY LU^N VE Sy" GAN BO TRONG MOI QUAN 11$

VO1 CHA ME VA BAN BE CUA HQC SINH THCS 7

I I Ljch sir nghicn ciru ve sy gin bd trong moi quart he vot cha my vi ban be 7

I I I Tren the giOT — — — 7

1.1.2 T^iVi^tNam 22

1.2 Lyluan ve sy ganbd 26

1.2.1 Khai nirm sygin bd 26

1.2.2 Phan loot sygaitbo _ _ 29

1.2.3 Bieuhryncuasyginbd 31

1.3 Ly luan ve sygan bo trong quan hy vot cha me vabanbe cua HS THCS 32

13 1 I Ii.h-sinhTlICSva mot sA d$c diemtarn ly lira nidi 32

1.3.2 Bicu hiyn sy ganbe trong quan he cha my vabyn bccua HS THCS 38

I 3.3 Mucdo bieu hien sygin bdtrong moi quan he vdi chit me va ban he cua HS THCS 40

I 3 4 Mot so you to anh huong den su gan bdtrongmoiquanhecha me va han be cua hpc sinh T1ICS 43

Tieu ket chining 1 52

Chuang 2 KET QUA NGHI&N CUT TlltfC TRANG Si GaN b6 TRONG QUAN H$ VOI CHA M$ VA BAN BE CUA HQC SINH THCS 53

2.11 Xay dung bang hoi va Ichao sat thu nghicm 53

*

2.1.2 Cong cp nghien ciru muc dobieu hien sy gin bo 57

2 13 Tochirc nghien ciru thirc trang 612.1.4 Khuo satdanli gia tinh can thiet vi kha thi cua ciic bicii phap ho In? 622.2 Muc do bicu hicn gan bo trong quan he voi cha, me vaban he cua HSTHCS 64

2 2 1 Mucdobicu hi<-n sugan ho xct theo tong the trong quan he voi cha me vhban be cua hoc sinh THCS _ — — - 64

2 2 2 Miredpbieuhi«*n <qr gan b6 xet then cdc bicu hipn trong quan hy vdi cha

me va banbecua hoc sinhTHCS ~ 6S

2 4 I So sanhmucdo gan bo trong quan h<- v<ji cha, mg vft ban be theo gioi tmh

-96

24 2 Sosanh mire d<i gan bo trong quan he voi cha me vh ban be theo khoi lop 101

2 4 3 So sanh mire do ganhotrongquan hp voicha inp va han betheohex lye 1072.4.4 So sanh mire dogin ho trong quan he voi chava me theo cautrue gia dinh

112

2 4 5 So sanhmucdo gan botrong quan he voi chava me theothu ttr sinh 1132.4.6 So sanhmucdoginb6trong quan he voi chava mp theo hpc vincha me 1142.4.7 So sanhmire do gan hotrong quan he voi cha me va ban be theo mot soboatdpng tuong tic - - - 116

2.5.1 Ty dank gia cua IS ve cac yeti to anh hiringdensir gan bo ven chainc 121

2.5.2 Ty danh gia cua HS ve cue yeu (d anh hiring den migunbo voi bun be 123 2.6 Mot so bicnphap ho tro nang cao mire do ganb6 voi cha me va ban be cua hoc sinh THCS 124

2.6.1 Co so cuavicedexuat bicn phaphotro ho tn? nang caomire do bicu hicn ginbo voi cha me vabynbe cua hoc sinh THCS 124

2.6.2 Dexuat sobicnphdpho tro nang cao mire do bicn hiyn gan bo veri cha niy va banbecua hoc sinhTHCS _ 127

2.6.3 D.inh gia cua h<x-sinh THCS ve linh cinthict vA kha ihi eta mytsdbi$n phap lk> tig nang cao mire do bicu hicnganbo voi cha my va ban be 140

Tieu ket chuomg 2 145

KET LUAN VA K1EN NGH| 147

TAl LlfX THAM KHAO 152 PHV LUC PL I

STT Chfr viet tit Noi dung viet tit

cua hpc sinhTHCS 40

Bang 2.1 Cach tinh diem gan bo chung d khao sat thir nghi?m 53

Bang 2.2 Cach tinh diem gin bdthencacbicu hnjn w khao sat ihu nghiem 54

Bang 2.3 Phan bd thanhphan vi so luyng khach the khao sat thir nghi?m 54

Bang 2.4 He so tin cay Cronbach’s Alpha cua cacthangdokhaosat ihu nghiem 55

Bang 2.5 Phan bd nhpn djnhcacthang do gan bo 58

Bang 2.6 Phan chia mire dp gin b6 cua hpc sinhTl ICS 60

Bang 2.7 Phanbb thanhphan v& so lupng mau nghiencuu chlnh 61

Bang 2.8 Phan chia muc do danh gia cac bicn phap ho trer nang cao mire do bicu hi?n gin bb cua HS THCS 63

Bang 2.9 Mire do bieuhien sixganbd trongquan he veri cha me vabanbe cua IIS THCS 64

Bang 2.10 Sir tin tirongtrong quan he voi cha cua IIS THCS 68

Bang 2.11 Sytin tubng trongquan he vdi cha cua I IS THCS (%) 70

Bang 2 12 Chat luyng giaotieptrongquan he vdi cha cua I IS TIICS 71

Bang 2.13 Chat luong giaotiep trong quan h? vdi cha cua HS THCS (%) 73

Bang 2.14 Gi$n dir v<l xa linh trongquan he veri cha cua HS THCS 74

Bang 2.15 Muc dp giandu va xa lanhtrongquanhe voi cha cua HS 1HCS (%) 75

Bang 2.16 Sytin tudng trongquan h? vm m? cua HS THCS 76

Bang 2 17 Sy tin tudng trongquan he vdi m? cua HS Tl ICS (%) 78

Bang 2.18 Chat luyng giaotiep trongquan h? vdi tn? cua HS THCS 79

Bang 2.19 Chat lupng giaotleptrongquan h? voi me cua HS THCS (%) 80

Bang 2,20 Gi$n dir vA xa lanh trong quan h? vdi m? cua HS THCS 81

Bang 2 21 Mire dp giandiTvi xa lanh trongquan he vm me cua HS THCS (%) .82

Bang 2.22. Sy tin lining trongquan he vdi ban be cua HS THCS 84

Bang 2.25 Chat luong giaoticptrongquan heveri ban cua HS THCS (%) 88Bang 2.26 Giyn du vi xa lanh trong quan hy vCri bun cua HS THCS 89Bang 2.27 Muc do giandu xa lanhtrongquan he vdi ban be cua HS THCS (%)

94Bang 2.31 Moi quan hygiuacac bicu hiyn cua syganbo vui byn cua HS THCS

95Bang 2.32 Sosanhmucdogan bd trong quan hy voi cha cua HS thco giui tinh

96Bang 2 33 Sosanh muc do gan b6 trongquan hy vm me cua HS thco gioi tinh 98Bang 2.34 Sosinh mire do gin bd trongquan hy voi ban cua HS theo gicri tinh

99Bang 2 35 So sinh mire do gin bdtrongquan he vm cha cua HS thcokhoi kip

101

r

Bang 2.36 Sosanh mire do gin bd trongquan hy voi me cua HS theo khoi kip 102Bang 2.37 Sosinh chi net gan bd trongquan hy vdi me cua HS theo khoi Idp 103Bang 2 38 So sanh chi tict mire dy cic bicu hiyn gin bd trong quan hy vdi my

cua I IS theo khoi kip 104Bang 2.39 Sosinh muc dogin bd trong quan hy vdi byn cua HS thco khoi lop

105Bang 2.40 So sanh chi tict muc do cic bicu hiyn gin bd trongquan hy vdi byn

be cua HS thcokhoi lop 106Bang 2.41 So sinh muc d<> gin bd trongquan hy voi cha cua HS theo hoc lye 108

9

Bang 2.42 Sosanh muc do gin bdtrongquan he vdi me cua I IS theohyc lire 109

sinh 114Bang 2.45 So sAnh mire do gin bo trongquan hp voi ine theo trinh do hpc van 115 Bang 2.46 So sanh mire do gan bo trong quan he voi cha cua HS theomire do

cAc hoat dpng tuimglie 116Bang 247 So sanh mucdogan bo trongquan he ven me cua HS theo mire dp

cAc hout dong tuong tie 117Bang 2 48 So sanh muc do gan ho trong quanh? voi byn hecua HS theo muc

do cAc hout dong tuong tic 11KBang 2.49 Phan chia muc dp cAcyeu idanh huimg den syr gin hd cua HS 121Bang2.50 Danh gia cua HS vc cacyeu toanh huung den syrgan bo voi cha me

121Bang 2.51 Danh gia cua HS vc cac yeuto anh huong den ganbovoiban 123Bang 2.52 DAnh gid ve tinh can thiei vA linh kha thi cua cAc biyn phApho no

nang cao mucdQ gan bo cua HS THCS 140

Bieu do 2 2 Phan bo DTB mucdp bieuhi$nsy gin bo voi mi? tren loanman 66

Bicu do 23 Phan bo DTB mucdy bicu hi<?n gan bo voi ban be tren loan mau 67Bieu do 2.4 So sanh mucdo gin botrong quan he voi cha theothu ty sinh 113

nhan O Vipt Nam tir dau nhimg nam 2000 cung co nhicu tac gia dira ly thuyct gdn

bo vao cdc nghien cuu nhu Nguyen Khac Vi$n (2002), Van Tlu Kim Cue (2003), Nguyen AnhTuyit (2005) Phym Ngpc Thanh (2011)

Hqc sinh trunghoc co so dp tudi thicu men tir 11 - 15 tudi la mol giai do?ndiy bicnd<)ng trongsy phat trien tarn ly cua cu$cddi Bencynhnhftng sy hdn nhien, ngay tho.tudi hong thi cung la lira tudi khung hoang kho bao, "bat tri", Vdisu phat trien virgt bat cua cothe, tarn ly thi cac moi quan hy cua hpc sinh giai dopn ndy cflng

co nhicudiem noi bat quan trong Vdi nguoi km.dje bipl la cha inp tie co xu hudng khdng dinh ntinh da lorn, tinhdoc lap cao va bit dau xuat hien nhieu mau thuan hay cirdng dipu trongtirongtic Tir dayciing nay sinh nhicu vin detrongmot quan hp giua thicu men vdi cha me va dan den nhftng kho khdn nhat dinh Ve mat moi quanh$ ban be, day dirge xem laboat dong chu dao d do tudi nav vdi vi<c md rgng ph^im

vigiao tiep nhu cau ket noi ban be tiingcao Cac sygan ket bpn be co vai tri)rat quan trongtrong sy phat trien cua hpc sinh

Yen to gdn bd trong cdc moi quan hp cua hpc sinh I.) mot phan cua ddi song tarn ly trong sir ph.it men Cangdie biet hem khi cha me va ban he la nhftng sir ginket gan gui nhat cua hpc sinh THCS

Sygan bd giuahoc sinh THCS vdi cha me la mot vande dupe quan t.im va conhftng anh hudng nhat dinh den qua trmh hpc tap phiil tricn cua hpc sinh eftng nhu nhimg van de tarn ly cd lien quan Trong mpt nghiencuu mdi day tai trireme THCS lay Son va THCS Nguyen Du Ha Noi vdi 1111 hpcsinh (Ngb Anh Vinh viepng

su 2022) da chi ra rang mdi lien he gifta ire vdi cha mp co lien quan den li 1c mac

tram cam Trong do, $q mau thuan trong moiquan he c6 khi nAngdanden 54,8% tl1? mic tram cam cao han 2 Ianso vdi ire c6 moiquan hp hoa hop vai cha me (23.1 %) Tucmg nr cac tre co moi quan he mau thuanven cha me cdnguy co Io au cao horn ,7Ian, nguy co b| stress cao him 1.9 Ian so vdi cac Irec6moi quan h? hoa hop vdi cha

me Dicunay cho thay gia dinh la moi truong cd nhicuanh hirongtori suphattricnventft lam ly cua Irevatrong <16 sqgin bd lien ket dong vai (rd quantrong Ngoai ra,

nhicunghiencirucung chi ra vice thieu hut gan bd tinh you thuemg cua cha me cung dan densq khd kliZmtrong doi song lam ly tre Raman Kumar Sanda (2017) iretoti1?Io au va stress king len khi co it tinhycu thuemg cua cha me Zgambo 12012): li lc tram cam o tre vj thanh men giam di neu co su quan tarn dung mire cua bo me va ngtrpe l?i ti lenay gia tang tirong irng vdi muc dp thdo cua bo nqr Zhang Yviepng

su (2011 >: sygan ket gia dinh kern va xungdotco hen quan sc lam tangnguy co tramcam 6 tre vj thanh nien va dSy la yeu tocd the <lq doan v£ y nrdng hofle nguy co tq sat cua tre

Ben canh do, chat lining gin bdtrong moi quan hg gia dinh c6 tac dong I6nden ca nhan (hue va hanh vi cua ca nhan nhat la hoc sinh o dp tuoi 11 den 15 tudivdi ratnhteubicndong, thaydoi Bien hinh co the ke den cAchanhvitqbuy hoai han thin xuat hicn<Jrtre vj thinh men hay theo lufr An lien si num 2019 cua Tran Hing

Ly ve hanh vi gan han cua hoc sinhTHCS hoc sinhcd mire do gav han a mire trung binh,gay ra nhicuanh hqcmg den banthan va cAc moiquan he xung quanh Theo cacnghien ciru tren the giai cac hanh vi neu tren co mqt phan den tir su gin bo cua cd nhan vdi cAc moiquan he xungquanh Minhchungveri de lai cua BureauJF va congsqf2010) chi ra sqxa lanh cua cha m? cAng lam ting tinh de bj ton Ihuimgcua ire va

de dan denhanh vipha buy mo ca the lap di lap lai

Nhu dupe nhac dentrade do ban be doi vdi hpc sinh THCS c6vi tri ralquantrong va la mot net dat trung cua doi tuoi nay voi boat dong giao luu be ban Chat lupng tinh byn dupe Tran VAn Cong (201X) nhyn djnh bao gom nhicu ycuto trong

nhan cua bAt nat tryrc tuyen Cung sy quan tarn, mot nghien cuu cua Felmlee nAm

2011 lai My cung chi ra bat nat true tuyenthirong xay ra ven nhung ngtiin khdng cd

su ket noi than thict va chat chCven ban than

Nhieu t.k gia lien the gidi cung d.I cd nhieu nghien ciru ve gin bd va chat

luong gan bd voi ban be va cd dupe nhieu ket qua quan trong Trong do sir ganbd

be ban dupe xcm la nipt plian co ban trongcuqc song cd nhan dong vai trb quantrongden den song xa hoi Co the kc den Berndt & Ladd (1989) khi cho rang ban becua vj thanhmencung cap syho try (inh than vagangui MJlkhat nhieu nghien ciru cung chi ra cac ca nhan d tudi vj thanhnicn danh nhieu thaigian cho bpn be cua hphemla cha me ban be cua ho tro thanh ngudn chinh cua sythan mat vabpc In nhdng ngiriri han ihiin ihiet irir thanh mpt ngudn ho try xA hpi vA tinh earn (Furman & Bierman 19X4 Hazan & Zalman 1994 Wilkinson 2004k Tir day co the khangdjnh sy gAn ho voi bpn be cua hpc sinh THCS la mpt chudd can dupe quan tain vA nghien cuu

Vi§c nghidn ciru muc dp gin bd cua thieu men vdi cdc moi quan h<j gan gui nhtr cha me va ban be nham hicu rd hon vc lira tudi nay cung nhtr cd nhung danhgia.dinh hirong can tluei la rat quan trong Nentang lythuyetve gin bdcd the gulpcacnhA nghien ciru nhA giAodye vA cac- bye cha my ngudi cham sdc hay chinhbanlhAnhoc sinh co mot each nhinday dii hon rd rang hon vc thuc trang hiyn lai vA lam ticn

de cho nhfcng cAch there thio gdkhd khan, hirong den spr pMtmencan bang vA khoe mpnh cho hpc sinh THCS Mat khac tai Vigt Nam chua co nhieu nghien ciruvc gAn

bd v<5n cha me vA ban be danh cho doi tirpng hpc sinh THCS, nhat la <y dia bAn

TP HCM Xual phat tir c<jso ly lupn vA thycticnneu tren, npi dung, nhiym vy nghien ciru cua de tai dupe xac lap tie gia lira chon nghien cuu de tai “Sir gan bd trong quail he vdi cha my va ban be cua hpc sinh (rung hpc cir sir*

2 Muc dich nghien ciru

Be lAi xacdjnh mire d(> bicu hiyn sy gin bd trong quan hy ven cha my vA bpn

• •

be cua hoc sinhTHCS Tren co so do tac gia de xuat mot so bion phap tang cucrng

sygin ket Ifeheye gida bye sinh THCS vbi cha my vaban be

3 Nhiym vu nghien cuu

3.1 Nhiym vy nghien cTni ly luan

De tai tim hicu lich su cac cong trinh nghien cuu trongva ngoai nuAc ve ly thuyct gin 66 vasy gin 66 trongquan hy vui cha inc.ban be

De tai xaydung co sd ly luan nghien ciruvesugan 66 trong cac moi quan hev6i cha my vi byn bi Hy thong h6a cfic khdiniynt lien quan den de lii

3.2 Nhiym vu nghien ciru thirc lien

tielii khao sit thyc tiang muc dp bicu luyn su gin bo trong quan hy veri cha

f > 9

my va ban be ctiahpc sinhTHCS.phan tfch mol so you toanhhuttag

De tai de xuatmot so burn phap tangcuong su gin Let tfchcut giika hot sinh THCS v6i cha my vft ban be

4 Khach the vaddi tuuiig nghien cuu

4.2 hoi tuymg nghien cuu

Sygan b6 trongquan hy vdi cha me vaban be cua hocsinhTHCS

4.1 Khdehthe nghien cuu

Hye sinh THCS o dp tudi tu 11 den 15 tudi

5 Gi<H han pham vi nghien cuu

5.1 Gi6i han nyi dung nghien cuu

De tai typ tning nghienciruly luan vA thpc lien vesu gin b6trongba mdi quan

hy gan gui cua hpc sinh I I ICS bao gom cha, my vA ban b£ thong qua muc d$ bicu hiyn d ba m$t: su tin tuemg chat luong giao tiep va syr gi$ndu xa lanh

5.1 Giui han dia han nghien ciru

Nghien ciru dupe thuc hiyn tren hpc sinh tai cac tnrimg THCS tren dja ban thanhpho HoChi Minh

6 Gia thuyet khoa hpc

Muc dobicu hicn sugan bo cua hpc sinh THCS vdi cha va me o muc tning binh vii v6i quan hy byn be 6 muccao

Co sukhac biet ve muc do bicu hicn gan botrong cac moi quan he voi cha

my va ban be xet theo gun tinh cap I6p va hpc Ipc

7 Nguyen tic tiepcan vi phuxrng phap nghien cun

7.1 Nguyen tic tiep can

7 11 Nguyen tac he thong cau triic

Sy gin bd Irong cAc moi quan he vdi cha my va bun bd la myt cau true phirutap nhicu thanh phan va anh hircmg nhicu mat den doi song tarn ly ca nhan Tir do

de tii can duyc nghien ciru do ludng myteach cy the va loin dicu Viyc djnh luvng

cac chi bao gan bo can diroc thirc hicn mot cac he thong, chi tict timg thanh to baogomsurtin tudng chat luong giao tiep vi sy: xa lanh - gi$n dQ

7 1.2 Nguyen lac lich sir

De til xay dung he thong ly luan dyra tren lien deIjchsunghienciruvegan b6 vdi cic doi 11rimg khac nhan cdcanhInrdng cua gin bd vi s\r phat trirn cua hyc sinhTHCS Cac edng cy nghien cuu cua de tai co sy kc thua thang do lu nhung nghien cirutnrdc dd, dugc dicu chinhvixAydimgl?i de phu h<rp hem vdi hdicanhViyi Nam 7.1.3 Nguyen tac thirc lien

He tii lim hieu mucdy gin bd cua hpc sinh THCS vdi cAc moiquan hy quan trong cha my va ban be trong giai Joan thirc tc lai Vigt Nam nghien cirucac moituong quan trongcacyen tothanh phan va giua cac ganbd khac nhau

7.2 Phuomg pbAp nghien ciru

7.2.1 Phuong phapnghien cuu ly luan

- Myc dich: Xaydung co $0> K luan cua dd til, gom cAc nyi dung

+ Lich sir nghien cirucacedng trinh trong va ngoai nude co lien quan den su gin

bd trongcac moi quan he cha m? vibanbe

-t Khaimym vi cac vande ly lu$n lien quan den s\r gin bd hyc sinh THCS

- CAch tien hanh: Thu thap thong tmkhoa hoc tren ccr sdnghiencuuvAnhan tai lieu

di cd ve du tai Sau do loai di cac dd hyu khdng phu hop ho$c khdng dang tin cyy Cuoi cungsudungcac lhao tac tit duy logic rtit ra cac ket luan khoahoccan thict7.2.2 Phuong phapnghien cuu thyc lien

a Phuong phap dicu trahangbang hoi

- Muc dich; Khao sal lliyc iryng muc dy bicu hi£n su gin bd trong quan h? vdi cha

my va ban he cua hoc sinh THCS

b Phuong phap phong van

• Myc dich: Tim hieu thuc (rang gin botrong quan lie voi cha me vi ban b£ thong qua ty danh gia cuahycsinh THCS img voi cac chi bdo nghien cuu Cung co bo sung nhung phdt hiyn hay nhandinh tir ket quanghien cuu

- C<k‘h lien hitnh Xaydyngphien phong van vh lien he khich the Thu th$p vA xir ly

du li?u voi dang djnh tinh phyc vy cho nghien ciru

7.2.3 Phuong phap xirly so li£u

- Muc dich: Dinh luong cac ket qua nghien cuu lien quan den gan bo trong quan hy cha my vft ban be cua hQCsinh THCS

- Cach lien hanh: Sudung phan mem SPSSdexir ly va phan tichcac so hyu Ihu (hip duyc tir bang hoi bang danh gia va sir dung nhihrg cong cu quy chieu cho viyc do luimg muc dy gin bd v 6i cac- mdi quan hy gin gin cua hpc sinh

Chwumg 1 COSO LY LUAN VE SUGAN BO TRONG MOI QUAN Hf V Ol CHA M£ VA BAN BE CUA HQC SINH THCS

1.1 L|ch sir nghien ctni vesygin bd tning moiquan hf vdri cha nig vi ban lit1.1.1 Tren thegidi

a Gin bd vdi cha inc

Tit dau the ky XX hoc thuyct gan bo dirge nghiencuu due biy-tla moi quan

he dau den mA mot dira tre cd dirge quan he vdi cha mg Cdc nha khoa hgc di cdnhicuquan tain den nhftng mdi quan he dot tugng cua mot ca nhan vi anh h trong cdlien quan dendin song tam ly ca nhan khoi dau la mdi quan hegiftatrevangtrdi mg.Freud (1933) cho ringcam xdc gin b<5 cua tre ddi vdi me si IA lien dl cho tie ca mgi mdiquan hg cua tre ve sau Nhung nghien ciru theo tiep can phan tarn hpc sau nay dacung cd them ly thuyct cua Freud Cac chuycn de tieu bicu ve quan he ddi tugng (Anna Freud 1936; Winnicott 1971) ve gin bd (John Bowlby 1991 Rene Spitz.1946; Margaret Mahler I960), ve ngucn me du tdt (Winnicott, 1975)di ly giai ratnhicu vande trong c;k mdiquan he gin bdvitrong lien trinh phat tricn cua ire

Caclythuyet ve su gin bo trong tam If hpc bat nguon tir cong viecnrvan tam 1J cua JohnBowlby (I95K) VAo nhftngnim 1930 JohnBowlby lam bac si lam than tai mot Phong kham I Itrdng dan Tre cm d London, nori dng tiep xnc vdi nhicu tre cm b| roi loan cam xuc Trai nghigm nay di khienBowlby luu y lionden tam quan trong cua mdi quan hg cua tre vdi me ve su phat tricn xa hpi tinh cam va nh.in thuc cuachung Cy the no da dinh hinh memtin cua dng ve moi lien he gida sy tach bipt Ire

so sinh voi nguoi me vi khi cm khuyrt hiinh vi sau nay M$c dii vdi xuat than la mgt nha phan tarn hoc Bowlby quan tam va b| anhhiring nhku boi thuyct lienhda cuaDarwinvi quan diem t$p tinh hgc cua Konrad Lorenz Tir do Bowlbydft Mt dauxfly

dgng ly thuyet cua minh ve sy gan bd John Bowlby liun vige cung vdi James Robertson (1952) d3quansat thiy ringnhOrngtretraiquadau kho dur dpi kin bj tfchkhoi my chung.Du nhung diratre nay dupe num diring chain chut boi nhung nguoi khfc sy quan tam, chAm soc cua ho cung khong lam giant di sy Io ling cua tre

• »Miller, 1950) cho rang str gan bd la mot tap hopcac hanhvi dupe hoc.Cosochovice

hpc lap cac sy gin bd la vi$c cung cap thyc pham Ban dau myt dua ire so sinh schinh thanh str gan bo vdi bat cu ai chobe an Be hoc each gan bd vdi ngudi cho 5n (thudng la m?) vdi sy vui ve khi duyc choin va tao lien phan xa co dicu kidn de lien

lac vdi ngudi me Cac nhanghien cuu cung thay rang mot so hanh vi nhat dinh cua

be (vi du; khde, numcudi) mang l?i phan img mong muon tir nguoi khAc (vi du sychil y thoai mai) va thong qua qua trinh lap di lyp lai cac hanhvi cua ngudi chant sdc

de lueu dicu mong muon cua be Ly thuyet hen hoa cua sy gin bo (vi du Bowlby Harlow, Lorenz) gyi y ring ire em den the gidi dtryc lap irinh sAn ve rn^t sinh hyc de hinh thanh cac gan bo vdi ngudi khac boi vi dicu naysc giup chung song sot Tre scrsinh tyo ra cAc hinh vi “ty vyban than” bam sinh nhu khde va mint cudi Rich thich phan ung chain sdc bam sinh tir ngudi Idn Ycu toquycl djnh cua sy gin bo khdng phai la thirc pham mA la syquan tarn vA dip img

Lv thuyet Gan bd (Bowlby 1988) cho rang khi cha me khdng the dinh cho con cai sy quan tarn hay tinh yeu thuong nipt each nhat quan (khi tinh veu thuemg hay syquan tain thay doi tuy thuyc vAo vice con cAi cd dip img dupe cic ky vyngcua cha mi; hay khdng), con cai cd the cam thay ban than khdng xung dang duoc chap nh«in va veu thuong, tu dddantdi nhdng roi loon trong cAc chirc nang tarn lyxi hyi Nghien ciru cua Moller Roth Niemiec, Kanat Maymon, va Deci (2019) dicho thay

sy gin bd thieu an loan giOra cha me va con cAi xuat phat tir syquan tarncddieukt$n

cd the duyc l.ip Ipi trong nhung moiquan h| lien cA nhan cua con cai khi da truongthanh Trong nhi'mg moi quan he nay, cAc ca nhan nhan dupe syquan tarn co dicu kiyn di kem va do do thuong cam thay khdng dupe thoa man c.ic nhu cau tarn ly ccrban tir dodantdi tinh trang ganbothieuantoan

Bowlby dinh nglna sygin bo1A nipt “sy ket ndi lam ly lau dii gifcicon ngudi

» »verinhau."Va ongcho rang sy gan bd co the dupe hicu ngudi chant sdc cung cap su

an loin cho tre so sinh trongquA trinh phat triAn cua Ire Sy gin bd la myt qui trinh

thich nghi vi no tflng cudng ccr hoi song sdt cua tre so sinh Theo ong nhu can gSn

M khdng phai la nhu cau thirphai nhuquan diem cua phan tarnhqc khi cho rang chi khi ire duoc m? dap ung nhung nhu cau co ban nhu bu an ngu be bong cam giacquycn luycn, muon gan bd vdi me mdi hinh thanh Sugin bd d treIh nhitng hanhvimangtinh ban ning chi cd doi tuong cua su gin bd mdi mang tinh dieu kirn Cdnghia la tre luon co khuynh hudng timkiem sir an toan tir ngudi lcmnhu mot bicu hi$n cua ban nang sinh ton The nhung doi tuong ma Ire hudng den khdng chi gidihantrongquan he mc-con mil la bat cuaicd su gan gui thirdng xuycn, cham sdc, nudi dudng dap ling nhdng nhu cau sinh li va yeu th unrig tre nhu bohay ong ha Ly giaituong tu cung duoc chi ra trong nghien cuu cua Lorenz 11935) va Harlow (I95K) Theo Bowlby, da so tre sosinh cd nhu cau tim kieni su gan gui tu ngudi cham sockhi irebj eSngthingho$cdedqa (Prior & Glaser, 2006)

Theo ly thuyctganbd< Bowlby 1909/1982) he thong gan bd va kluun pha cdmdi lien In; chji chi voi nhan - tie em kham pha mdi tnrdng cua chting khi cluingcam thay duoc ngudi cham soc bao vf va an ui (hicn tuqng duoc goi la “co so antoin") Tuy nhien, khi bjcSngthing, tre lit bd cite vi$ckham phi va lim kiem su gan gui vdi ddi tuqng gan bd cua thung (duqc gdi la hi<-nLuong“tru anan toan") Nhungdua tre nhan duoc su cham soc dap ung em diu va cam thay ngudi chSm soc cuachung la huru (ch sin sang, ird ncn gin bd mot cich an toan Tuy nhien, khi ngudi chim sdc khdng the thyc hi§ndiy du cfic chirc n5ng cua co so an toan va noi trii an

an toan, cam giacan toan cua tre Sibi ton hai flat phong cich khic bict de ddi phd vdi sy bat an vc sy gan bd d3 duoc xacdinh ( Finnegan RA, Hodges EVE 1969) Lo?i dau lien, syganbdban tarn, duqc dietrung boi nhu cau m^nhmi doi vdi ngudi cham sdc trong ciic tinh huong cing thing, mm la va khd cd duqc su thoai mai tu ngudi cham soc, danden han chc hanh vi kham pha cua tre Mat khac tranh su rang budc dje irung boi sy gan bd (inh cam han chc vdi ngudi cham sdc, nc tranh ngudi chini soc ca trong thdi gian doan tu khone tim ngudi cham sdc de duqc ho try ddi pho (Ainsworth MDS Bell SM Slayton DE 1974; Finnegan KA Hodges EVE 19691

Theo Ainsworth (1989) va Bowlby 11970), sir ganbd la mot moiquan he tinhcam sau sic va lau ddi ket ndi ngudi nay vdi ngudi khat xuycn Ihdi gian vi khdng

gian Trong do syganbd khdng nhiit thict phai lap di lap lai nhumq( hanh vi dim lc

Mot c & nh.in cd the gin bft vfti mot ca nhan nao do ma khdng nhat thiet phai c<5 $v

9

chia sc tuOTig dong giua hai ca nhan Su gdn bd dune d$c trung bin cac hanh vi cythe dtre em, vi du nhutimkiemsugan gui vdri nhan vat ma cic em gan ho khi buon

ba ho(ic khi b| dedya(Saul McLeod, 2019) Sygin bd cua ngirdi 1cm doi vdi ire cm

non vanhoa thi cic lianh dongtren van dupe ghi nhan vicdnhftng y ngliia tuemg ty

khi nan vianh hudng densu phit trien tiep theo cua ire ra sao

Kinh nghicm dau ddi vdi nguoi cham sdc co anh hudng manh me den phat trien cua sygan bo trung nhung nam sau do (Sullivan R va epng sy, 2011) Sy gin1x5 cua tre so sinh vdi ngudi cham sdc la ngudn an loin khi tre cam lhay khd chju hojc bi de dpa Neu nguoi chain sdc dap ung va lien tyc dieuchinhcac(rangthatcamxiic cua treso sinh, thi ngudi chim sdc sC phiittrien unit md hinhgin bd an toin M$1

cm va ngudi cham sdcchung Thco ly thuyctgin bd tac dong l.iu dii cua nhftng trai nghiym ban dau vdi ngudi cham sdc lado syr tdn tai cua *md hinh lAmviqc npi bd ’ -

lucre do nhan thuc/tlnh cam hodc dyi dtyn cua ban than trong mdi quan he vdi cacdoi tac quan he than thiet (Bartholomew 1991) Ve niAt 1£ thuyet nhftnghieu hi£n niiy anh huong den ky vpng.c<im xiic syr phong i hu vahanh vi quan hg cua myt ngudi trongtatcacac moi quan hethan thiet Mlc du lythuyct khdng gia dinh hoic yeucauring cac mo hinh hoyl dpng nyi by Idn (yi ma khdng lhay ddi trong suot cudc ddi ca

ly thuyct va bangchungthuc nghicm tir cacnghien cthi doc da khiencac nhanghiencuu nghi ngd tac dong cua c£c nidi quail he gin 1x5 thdi thu au keo dai dentudiIruung

•thanh nori chungcd the ducrc nhin thay trong linh virc nuoi day con cai va cac moi quan lie dong ding bao goincue mdi quan he than thiet (Bartholomew, 1991, 1998)

Ly thuyet"Tinh hudng kv la" cua Ainsworth - nhatarn li hoc ngtroi My - la m^t dong gdp to Ian vaoly thuyetgJnbo noi rieng va tarn li hocphai tncn noi chung.

Lythuyct“Tinh hudng Icy la" nghiencuusutiromg tac inc controng nim dau den cuaIre Tinh hudng la duyc dvngnhamUm sing Io nhilng sykhacbi?< ca nhan trong ddi phd vcri stress chia tach: tir do Ainsworth dira ra 4 dang phan irng xuathicn a tre

- Gin bd an loin: Tre thudng cd roi lo<m stress khi bi chia tich; vui mimg.nhanhchongan tarn va tiep trie vui chai khi tai hop vdi me

- Bal an - nd trinh: Tre chi the luyn moi vir dau Ineu cua roi loan stresschiatach,thirdngddi khdng de y den me irong lan thir 2 tai hop khi tac nhanstressmanhhan tre chi nhinme ho^t ddng chai bi uc the

- Bal an nude ddi (but an -chongddi) Tre bj rdi loyn stress m?nh khi chiatach va van hep lye phan ung khi tai hup doi my nhung lai hon ddi khi iuv tro lai

- Dang ebn lpi, trethudnghi ddng cung, khdng cd nhihig ddng tac dinh hinh

Ke tir edng trinh ticn phong cua Klaus va Kcnncll 11976>, nhieu nha nghiencuu tir nhieu link vuckhic nhau di t$p irungvao sy phit trien bandau cua mdi quan

he my-con Mac du co sy khac biyl dang kc vi du, thuyl ngu-("gan bo” so vdi "lien ket") va hoat ddng cua luenlining (quan sal hanh vi so voi tirbaocin cam xiic) van ion tai syddng thufn ve thyc lc la $vph At tncn cua lien kel tinh cam giira me viconbit dau tir dau thai ky(Shich va cong sy 2(M)I > Tuyso lining ft han het cac nghienciru dyev£ sy gin bd cua ngudi me tnrde khi sinh cho thiy sy gia tang dan dan cuacam giacgin hovaocudi ihai ky Tuy nhien myt so nghiencuucung xac dinh nhung phyndcdmiredo on dinhhoic giam dan cua tinh cam gin bd nuiu tir (Condon 19x5;Mikulinccr va Florian 1999) Trong ba thang dau cua ihai ky phu nirbi han chc vccac each (xue giac thi giac ) ma ho cd the ket noi vdi thai nhi hen trong (Rubin1984) MqI so(de gia di gui y ringphu mJ lap day khoang irong nay bing nhOrng bieu hicn gan bo cua cha me tir thcri thaau cua chinh ho (Ilicali va Fi$ck 2004) Sau do khi qua trinh mung thai dien ra mdi ••U thay dot dien ra tir c£c dai diyn dyalien quakbit sang dai dien dua tren kinh nghiem thuc tc chang hgn nhir syphat tncn nhanhchong cua b.lo that (Damato 2(MM) va hinh dung cua nd qua sieu am iJi va cung sy 2005; Rustico va cong sir 2005)

Nhieu nghienciruda tim hieu vecXcyeuto gdp phan v3 ire chd cua sy gin bd

Hiyn tyi, ngudi tacho ring moiquanhegin 1x5 li khicy the (Howes C, Spieker

S 2008) Do do syganbd vai my cd the khac vdi suganbo vdi cha hoac ngudi cham sdc khac Yeu to quyet dinh quan trong nhat cuuchat luong gan bo giua con cai vacha my la synhyy cam cua ngudi my duyc dinh nghia 15 khaningcua ngudi chant sdc trong vicenhan thuc va suy luan chinh xac y nghia cua cac tin luyu cua dira tre dong then phan hoi chiing ngay l$p rue vJi thich hyp (Ainsworth MD.S Bell SM,Slayton OF 1974)

Moi lien hy giflra sy gin bd gifta cha my vil con cdi hj roi loyn chirc nang vahilnh vi ty lam hai ban than da duyc ho try bui cac bang chung 1J thuyet va thyc nghiem rung rai Vi du cong trinh cua Calkins and Hill <20()7) va Linehan 1993)cho thay ring sy tuong tac giua ngudi chain sdc tre cm thdng baockh thuctre so sinhtraiqua su hieu dong varoi loan trong trang thai kich thich Neu ngudi chflmsdckhdng dip ling vdi sy dau khd cua tie so sinh, tie so sinh cd the plut trien myt so hilnh vi khong lanh manh ve cic ky vong lien quan den hoanhao ma cudi cungduycnoi tarn hda va c6 the tong quit hoa cho tat ca c5c tuong tac xi hoi I Xs do, nhttng canhan hj roi loyn cam gi.k g3n bdcd the dua viocik chicn lirpc ly huy hoyi ban thannhuNSS1 de cd cacquy dinh hoan hao nhu mot each de bu dap cho suthieu ho try gifra c.k cfi nhan vdi nhau (Crowell Sli va cyng sy 2009)

Mot nghien cuu duyc Johan C II van Busse l Bernard Spitz & KocnDemyttenaere, 2009, thyc hicn lyi Ila Lan ve Thang diem gin ket me trade sinh (MAAS) Trong nghien cuu thuantap.403 ba me tuong lai da hoan thanh mot tap tai liyu vdi bang cuu hoi trung 3 tlung dau thai ky Trong nghiencuu niy, gia In trung

• • •hinh cua thangMAAS tang len khi thai ky lien trien Dotin cyy noi bd tot duyc tim

thay doi vdi thang do l ong MAAS, thang con Chat luyng vll thang con Moi quan tarn Cac moi tuong quantirnhoden trungbinh duyc tim thay vdi ham muon xa hoi.dinh hircmg cua ngum me, sir cham sdccua cha me vasugan bo cua ngudi Idn Tam trang cua ngudi mg lien quan yeuden pham chat nhung khdng lien quan den cudng

do cua tinh cam mau tir Nhin chung nhung phathicn cua nhom nghienciru cho thay ring pluen ban Ha Lun cua Thang do gin ket trade khi sinh cua ba mg la myt chute

do dang tin cay va hop Ic cho moi quan he tinh cam ban dau giua mot phu nu mangthai va duacon chua chao ddi

Ngudi d tuoi vi thanh nicn diem soganbd cua cha mg co tuong quan vua phaivdi Ban than ve Giadinh va Xa hoi tu Thang diem Ban than Tennessee va dot vdi hiu het cac thang diem phy tren Thang diem Moi trtrdng Gia dinh (Armsden AGreenberg 19X7) Diemso ganbd vdi cha my cua tre tu 12 den 18 tuoi cung tuong quan vira phai vdi diem tren FACES, va vdi muc dy ddi phd richeye cua gia dinh

tgiao tiep giua cac thanh vien trong gia dinh va ho hang ve cac van de) (Lewis,Woods & Ellison, 19X7) Trong myt mau bynh nhan him than tir 10 d£n 16 turn.sygan bd kem an toiin cua cha me co lien quan den chan doan lam sang ve bynh tram cam danh gia cua cha my ve cac uiyu chungtram cam cua thanhthieu men va muc

dd tnim cam ty too too cua bynh nhan (Armsden McCauley Greenberg, Burke, A Mitchell 1991) Sir gan bd vdi cha me da duyc phat lucn de phan biyt gida nhung duatrephamphApvon nhdng trekhac tir 12 den 17 tuoi(Redondo, Martin, Fernandez,

& Lopez 19X6) Nhung tre vj thanh men traiqua sy g.1n bd vdi cha va my an toanhemchobiet it xung dot gida cha me va it camthaycd don hem ( Armsden, 19X6)

Theo DSM IV (So lay chan doan va thong ke toe roi loan tarn than xuat ban Ian thu 4 - ban sua doi roi loan gin bd phan ung (RAD) mo ta tinh trang him shngtrong ddtre cm do hjjuqua cua viyc cliSm sdc gay bynh khdng tim duyc sygan gui vdi ngudi cham sdc uu ticn va bi khdng the tac mdi quan he gan bd DSM IV phanbiyt hai dang RAD kieuphy b| uc chc vi khdng bj cam Cfc phien ban DSM tradeday thira nhan mot trong hai loai RAD la mot ph:in cua ciing mot roi loan DSM 5 hicn lai phan biet RAD thanh hai roi loan khac nhau Thay xao do cachanh vi bi irechc van duyc coi la toe triyu chung cua Roi loan gSn bo phan ung nhimg cac hanh

vi bi cam doan hi<*n dune md ta li cat trieu chung cua Rdi lo?n Tuong tac Xi h«>i BiCam Bang chungdan den s\r phan chia RAD nay chii yeubit nguon tu myl mau duy nhat cua tre cm Romania duoc the chc hoa<Du an Can tluep Sam Bucharest).

Nghien cuu cua Caroline S Junkmanvicongsynim 2014 vui 126ire eni dugc nhan nudi, cic trieu chung duoc danh gia bang bang phong van roi loan ganbo Cachinh thuc chim sdc gavbynhdi duoc xac dinh dua tren cat phan tich ho so Mdi hen

he giua cac trieuchung cua roi loan gan bo vdi cacvan de vcben trong va benngoai

di duoc kiem tra Cic kiem nghiem Omnibus cho thay khdng cd moi lien quandang

kc giua trieuchungthieu gan bd va kicu cham see gay benh Cac phan tich tham do

da tiet Id moi lien quan don le giua cat hen su bj cam doan va lien su lam dung the chai Cac Iri^u chungbj uc chc cd lien quan den nhieu van de vc ben trong vii ben ngoai hern (d s <0,50)

Anna Kamza (2019) xac nhjn thdi au the la giai doan thay dot dang ke cd vinhjn thuc va hoat dpng xa hoi cua mot dua tre Tac gia xct den chu de phat trien ccr

ban cua syr gin h<> d tre em nhu la sycan bdng gifta tinh iy chu ngay cing ting cua

vi nhu cau hen ket thuemg xuven sy khac biyl van hoa vc xu hudng phat men trong

sugin bdco the dupe coi li mot chuc ning cua chunghia ca nhan va chu nghia tap the Vdi miu 132 treodo tudi 8 den 12 t$i Ba Lan (nam chiem 51%) mot so ket qua

di lip lai cac nghien ciru tnrocday dune thuc hicn d cic non vin hoa phuong Tay.Tuong ty vdi cic n$n vin hdatheo chu nghia ci nhan, tre em Idn hem o Ba I.an chobict itban tarn hon vi c<5 nhieu chicn lune ddi phd vdi cha me hon so vdi tre nho lion

I hu hai, cac tre gai Idn hon cho diet cam giac an loin vdi cha cao hon vdi me, dieu niy cho thay myl so thay ddi dang kc trong mdi quan he gin bd lien quan den gidi tinh cua dua tre Tuy nhien trai nguerc vdi cac non vin hoa phuong Tay, khdng cdmdi hen he nio gifta gidi tinh cua dua tre vdi viceban tain va nc trinh ddi phd Tre

cm Ba Lan cung cho bict ty le ddi phd vdi mdi ban tarncao hem so vdi tre tranh ne Cudi Cling, nhiing duaire cd cam vuc tuong doi thap cho bictmuc dd an loan gin bdvdi ca cha va m<; cao hem nhung dua trecd cam xue tuong ddi cao hem

Amaiendra Gandhi va c(>ng sy (2019) lien hinhnghiencuu vesu lien he giihi

9

su gin bd va hanh vi tu gay thuemg tich cho ban than khdng tv sit (NSSI) (Hanh vi

phii huvmoco the cua mot nguoi Up di Up lai,tryctiep va co chu ? ma khdng cd y dinh chet) Thongqua hadm du lifu bangcau hoi tubao cao (cdchnhau I nam) dupe thu thapvc sugan bd vdi me, ban be va NSSI tir hpc sinh cua mot truing trung hpc

d Bi (lyi Thiri diem 1: Tudi (rung binh = 15.0 ludi SD = 1.85 ph^in vi = 11-19tudi,50,6% nui Ket qua cua cac phan tfch chi ra moi lien quan mot chicu giua cacbicnnghien cuu C4c phan tfch cho thay nidi hen hy giilra dodoccua su gin bd vdi my vi

do doc cua NSSI Cac mo hinh gan bo ngang hang khdng phii hyp vdi du lieu

Trong cac lai lieu hicn co su gin bd dune do luting o hai dang khac nhau do

lh tu goc dp phan loai due Ih cik kicugan ket rdi rac) va gee nhin thco hanh vi (tire

la sugan bd dupe the hicn bang nhicu bieu hicn cythe> Ban kiem ke ve sugan bdcua cha me va ban he (IPPA) li mpl trong nhung bing cau hoi dupe su dyng thudng xuyennhat trong tai lieu NSSI de do ludng cackhia canh giaotiep tin cay va xalanhciia sy gin bd Nghien cuu hicn tgi di chi ra ring sy tin tuemg vi giao tiep cua cha

*

me to lien quan ticu cue den NSSI M$t khac su xa lanh cua cha me cang lain tangtinh de bi ton thinmg cua mpt ngirdi doi \t*n NSSI (Bureau JF vi cong sy, 2010).Trong ba khiacanh.syxa lanhco the liycu to dy bao mgnh nhat ve NSSI Quan satnay dupe ho trp ben cac moi quan hg cua Yurkowski va cac dong nghiep (2015) nhung ngudi da quan sit thay ringtrong mpt mau Idn thanh thicu men, sy xa Unh cua cha mg cao hern co lien quan denty Ip tham gia van NSSI cao han Ngoai ra cactic gia nay cOng bao cao ring sy xa linh cua cha mp lam ting xiic suit tham gia vio NSSI bingeach ting rdi loan dieu hoacam xiic

b Gin ho vdi ban be

Sygan bd veri banbd cd lien quantfch eye den khai niy-inbanIh.in x3 hpi dupe danh gia bdi Thang do khai niem ban than Tennessee va str the hicn cua gia dinh trenThang do mdi trudng gia dinh, cd nidi luong quan manh vdi sy cd don Sy gin bd veri han be tuemg quan thap vdri su gan bo cua cha me thco danh gia cua IPPA ciing nhu cat thudc do ve hoyt dyng chung cua gia dinh va quan niyin ban than la thanhvien trong gia dinh (Armsden & Greenberg 1987: Armsden 1986)

Theo Wilkinson R B moi quan he ban be, nhat la ban be dong(rang liraphattricn tir thin au tho va phat tricn ngiiy ciing on dinh quan trong doi vdi ca nhan khi

hy trvdng thinh Trong khi ban be doi von tre mau giAo chu yeu lit mot nguon vui chai tkh eye (Ladd Koehendorfcr & Coeman 1996) vao nhung num trunghoc.Ire

em cho rang ban be cua chung cung cap sy ho try tinh than vi gan gui (Berndt & Ladd 19891 Cd the thay sy gin bd beb?n cua cac giai <lo?n lua tuoi cd nhung sythay doi nhat dinh Mac dti tinh ban thai tha au rat quan trong dot vai sy phat trien

vi dicu chinh hanh vi cua Ire.chung lai thuong cd lam quan tryng khdng gtbng nhau

ma chu you co the tap trung a tuoi thieu nicn vatuoitruangthanh (Erwin 1998).Cac

ca nhan d tuoi vj thanh men danh nhieu then gian choban be cua hy him la cha me.ban be cuahytrathanh nguon chinh cua sy than mat vibye ly nhung ngiroi ban than thiel tru thanhmyt nguon ho try xa hoi va tinh cam (Furman & Bierman 1984 Haxan

& Zcifman 1994; Wilkinson 2004), Syhinh thanh moi quan h? byn than u tuoi vjthanh men co the duyc coi la mot phan cua sy mu rong va phattrien cua hy thong gan

bd tna dinh diem lit gin bd ddi vdi byn bd dong trang lira visyphiittrien cua cdc moi quan hy than myt co ban an toan u tuoi trueng thanh (Kazan & Zcifman 1994 Doherty & Feeney 2004)

Cac nghiencuu vc thyc trang mot quanhyban be cd nhung ket luan dang chu

y Nghien ciru cua Parker va Seal (1996) da chi ra rang khoang 15% den 20% tre em

vi thanh thieu men khdng cd ban hojc khdng cd bat ky ngudi b^n nrong giao nAo Bowker vi cong sy (2006) cung phat hiyn tv le phan trilm lining tu so thanh thieu men khdng cd b?n be lien tyc va key dai Dicu dang Iongai lathey nghien ciru cuaParker va Seal (1996) nhung dua tre khdng co banthirong cdcam giac codanhannhitng dira tre cd ban Ket qua cho thay moi quan lid, gin bd ban be cdanh h trangquan tryng den ddi song lain 1£ ca nhan Tinh trang thieu byn be keo dai du b.io sc

trong thai tho au, kha ning hinh thanh cac moiquan h£ ddng ding dap ung cdc khfa canh cua thuc ning gan bd nay sinh (Hazan & Zalman 199-4) Su hinh thanh cuacac moi quanhe niy khdng chi chinanh hudng cua he thong gan bd ma conbang he (hong lien ket va chain sdc tudi d$y (hl, lie thong hai Idng (Furman& Wehner 1997).

Tinh ban voi mot ngudi ban tot nhat" la mot moiquan he ratben chat va than (hict (hudng ph.it trien trong thdi ky thieu men bao gdm mpt s6 bunt quan trong trong cuoc song cua mot ca nhan Nd thirdng duoc dac tnmgben mire do quan tarncao gan gui, ddng hanh va ddng cam (Cleary, Ray LoBello A; Zachar 2002) Vinhung ly do nay nd cd the anh hudng munh me den h^nh phtic lam lycua ca nhan vadac biet la su phattrien cua sy ddng cam(Lemen.se &.Arsenio, 2000) Mdi quan heben chflt dupe phat trien vdi mpt ngtrdi h^in lol - mpt irongnhi'mg nguon hd trp xii hpi

vi tinh than quan trong nhat cho ca tie cm (Scbanca Kcarnsa Hernan deza & Galvina, 2007) vi thanh thieu nien (Baiocco Di Pomponio, Nigito & Laghi 2011;Chen French & Schneider 2006) - co the anh huong tich cue den ca nhantrong mdi quan h$ gia dinh (Baiocco, Laghi, Cacioppo & Taft, 2013; Cacioppo, Pace & Zappulla 2013 Tala & Baiocco 2009 Wilkinson 2004) va su lunh thanh bansac

ca nhan (Dunn 2004)

Hon nua, mdi quan he vdi b^n than dupe d.k trung ben mpt lo?t cAc tuong tacthan mat va an todn, ddng mot vai tro quan trong trong sy phat trien cua cac mdiquanh<j than m$t (Miller & lloicowitz, 20041 Md« sd tac gia choring mot quan he thanthict vdi mot ngudi ban "tot nhat”cd the mang nhung iftc diem cua moi quanh? gfln

bd (Miller & lloicowitz, 2004; Wilkinson, 2008, 2010): Thanh thieu men mpt phan chuycn giao cho byn be cua hp co sd an loan va cusd cua cac chuc niing an todn.trudc dd van de naychu veu o cha me, thong qua trung gian cua cac mo hinh lam vftc noi bd- Nglfti ra, ncu cha me mat su lien ket cua hp Irong cupc song tinh camcua thanh thieu men I Allen & Land 1999) trong nhung thdi diem khd khan, ho co the hudng ve nhttng ngudi b^n tot nhat cua ho nhdng ngudi dyi dipn cho hinh anh gin bocua ho va ngiroc lai (Furman 1996: Miller & Iloicowitz 2004) Ngoai ra, tinhbanlolnhat du doan ban than, ning lye ban than va thai dd hire ftp (Wilkinson, 2010)

Cd motdjc diem chung ring mdt moi quan he <han thiet vdi mot ngirdi ban

"tot nhat" d tudi vj thanh men cd the mang nhurngd$c diem cua moi quan he gan bd

<Furman 1996: Miller & Hoicowitz 2004) Phan Ion thanhthicu men cd it nhatmotngudi b?n than cd the dupe md la lib^n than nhat cua hy matdu nhQng ngudi dugc

de cu la ban thanco the thay ddi trong nhung khoang then gi.in ngan i Brown 2004).Thong thudng, nhOiig tinh ban niiy sd lacung gidi tinh va cac cd gai sd de lhe hi§nsythan thiet hem con trai (Brown & Klutc 2003) Hau het thanh thicu nicn cung thudcmang ludi md rone cac moi quan hengang hang duyc gyi la "be phai".Cac be phainhy cd quy md khac nhau so luong tir ba den mudi veri trung binh nam thanh vicn (Ennett, Bauman & Koch 1994) Phan Idncac thanh vien cua mot nhdm cddotudiv;i gidi tinh luong tu nhau va trong cac moi inrdng cd nen v3n hoa quan trpng dadang, gidng nhau ve sac toe (Brown 2004) Ca ban than vabe phaidcucoanh hudng den hanh vi cua vj thanh nicn viichai luong cua ca hai loai quan In? ndy Cling cd tacdyng dieuchinhhanh vi den vi thanh men ( Wilkinson & Kraljcvic 2004)

Brown vii Klute (2003) chi ra ringphan Idn nghien ciru ve mdiquan hy d tudi

vi than!) nicn da that bai trong viyc phan biet giua tinh banthuan tiiy vitinh ban bephai Dav la mot van de quantrong vi dieu nay cung the hiyn suphan biet giua nhung ngudi ban 'lot nhat’ va ’ddng nghiyp'd cap ddthuc nghicm vA syphan biet giua mdi quan h$ gin bdvamdiquanh§ lien ket <r cap do lythuyct Trong khi tinh byn tot nhat

cd the duyc coi la lien quan den c4c qu<i trinh gin bd, vide hinhthanh cac mdi quan

hy ddng ddng nhucac moi quan hy gflnbdcd the bi dat sai vi tri vi thco dinhnghTa,cac qu4 trinh gin bd dupe cho la chi gicn hantrongcac moi quan he lachau (Bowlby, 1988; Ainsworth, 1989) Dieu nay khdng co nghTa la cac mdi quan hy ddng dingkhdng co anh huomg ma la chung cd anh hudng thong qua cac qua trinh nhdm henket lion Id thong qua kha ning giai quycl cic uhirc ndng gin bd cho cii nhan

thyc te, chi cobathudc do co the dune sir dung dedanh gia sy gin bd vdi cac dong dang: Ban kiem ke ve sy gdn bd cua cha me vabanbei IPPA; Armsden & Greenberg 1987) Kinh nghiem trong moi quan he chit chc Da sua dot (ECR-RS; Fraley, Heffernan Vicary & Brumbaugh 2011) va Thang do Gin ket Tinh byn Vj thinhnicn (AFAS Wilkinson 2008).

Cong cy duyc su dyng ryng rai nhat de do ludng cy the cAc khiacynhhen quan

den sygan bd cua cac moi quan he dong dang a tuoi vi thanh nicn la Bang kiem ke

ve v(r bti < uu chu me va bun be (IPPA) (Armsden & Greenberg, 1987) I hangdo

•

gan bobanbecua IPPA cd 25 muc danh gia ba thangdo phy: sy tin tuong.chatlucmggiao tiep va muc do gian du va xa lanh Ngudi tra loi duyc yeu cau xep hang rungmyc trenihangdiem Liken 5 diem, tut“haunhu ludn I non hoyc ludndung"den "hannhu khdng bao gid hojc khdng bao gio dung" Noi chung long so diem cua Ihang dicm gin bo duyc sir dyng thay vi diem sd theo ihang diem tieng le Phien ban 25 myc gdcda duyc su dyng trong met so nghien cirukiemtra cac moi quan hy ban be

vA sire khoe him ly (Cd the ke den Armsden & Greenberg, 1987; Paterson Field, & Pryor 1994 Wilkinson & Walford 2001 Wilkinson 2004) Myt sd phienban khac nhir phien ban 12 muc d.1 dune sir dyng trong inoi loyt cac nghien ciru (Meeus.Ostcrwegcl.& Vollebergh 2002; Raja McGee & Stanton 1992) cimg nhuphienbanmum lam muc (Wilkinson & Kraljcvic, 2004; Wilkinson & Parry Nfim 2004) Cahai phien ban day du va nit g<>n ddu cdcac dac tinh do ludng t.im ly totvi d<1 du<rcchung minh lac.icycutodu bao doc lap ve ket quagfln ho d tuoi vj thanh men

Diem tren IPPA cung dupe phat hicnco lien quan den myt so bien tinhcAch

O nhung ngudi o tuoi vj thAnh nicn sygan bd cua cha my va ban be cd tuong quan

vm sutich cue va on dinh cua long tu trong, su hai longvdi cuoc song vatinh trang(inh cam (tramcam.Io ling, oangiyn/ xa lanh lire giyn bi myt va co dim) (Armsden

chien Iuqc doi pho giai quvetvande hon so vdi no lye quin lycamxuetrongcdc tinhhudng cang thang (Armsden 1986k

Diem so tren IPPA khong co lien quan dang kc den tinh trang kinh tc xa hoi Irong nghien cuu cd 400 ngudi tir 18 den 20 ludi Trongcung niQl nghien cuu cdc moi tuong quan tich cue khdng dang kc nhung co y nghia thu duoc giua sugan bo

vi trinh dd hoc van cua cha iny (Armsden 1986)

Mot khd khan ddi vdi IPPA lano duoc ph.it tncn trade khi co nhieu nghien cuu limrdcackhfacanhchinh cua gin bd Cung thengianvdiArmsden vaGreenberg(1987) dang phat trien vH xuat ban IPPA Kazan va Shaver (1987) da xuat ban congtrinh nghien cuu quan trong cua ho ve cac mdi quan he gan bd lang man o nhung ngtrin tre tudi Hql(ip lu;in ringsy gin bd d ngtrdi Idncd the dupe hieu lii cd cdc mo hinh khac bict ca nhan tuong ty nhu cac mo hinh khac bict duoc xac dinh o ere so sinh bin Ainsworth va cac dong nghiyp (Ainsworth Waters & Wall 1978)Bartholomewva Horowitz (1991)da mo rpng cong trinh nayvanhatquan vdi nguycn Ide cua Bowlby (1969/1997) lap luanring 'cac loaf gin Ixi dupe lao ra tir hai chieu gan ket coban Mo hinh cua Bun than vaMohinh cua Ngudi khac Hiyn da xual hiyn nhieu bang chung de ung ho luan diem ring coit nhat ba kieu gan ho I An loan I.o ling.Tranh nc) hofle bon kieu (An loan, mau thuln, trinh ne, hdn loan> vdi cau truechicu caban (Brennan, Clark & Shaver 1998; Crowell.Fraley.& Shaver 1999)

Cac tac gia xem xet I y thuyct vi sygin bd thanmat, hayhen k6t c$p, dupe C Kazan vfi P R Shaver xaydungban dau vao nfini 1987 va mo tano da phattncnnhuthe naotrong hem mot thap ky NgoAi ra ho than luan v6 5 van de lien quan den 1J thuyct can dupe lam rdthem (a) ban chat cua c«k mdi quan hy gin bd (b) sy lien hda

va chuc ning cua su gin bo khi tradng thanh, (c) cac mo hinh vc sykhac bict gifracue cdnhan Irong sy gin bd (d) tfnh lien lye v;1 sy thay ddi Irong gin b6, vi (c) sytich hop cua su gan bd tinhdue va su cham sdc Khi thao luan vc nhung vandenay

hy dua ra tilling hutmg dan cho cac nghien cuu Irong tuong lai va phic thao mpt lythuyctday du hem vc sugan bd (Fraley R C & Shaver P R 2000)

Mot mau cit ngang gdm490 HS tinh nguycn tir cac trubng THCS vi) TH PT a

Uc vdi dp tudi dao ddng tir 13 den 19 tudi bang thang do gan ket tinh han vj lhanh

nien (AFA$) va danh gid vdi IPPA Nghien ciru danh gid chat Itrpng cua moi quan h<j b$n be cua vj thanh nien nhumpt moi quan he gan bd va khai thac cac khiac?nh

ca ban cua qua trinh gin bo Nghien ciru cung ung ho quan dicm ringcomdi quan

hy tfch eye gifta gin bd vi chut lupng cua vac moi quan he cu lhe Iren m?ngxi hpi (Kazan & Shaver 1987: Simpson 1990) va ket qua cua nghien cuu hicn tai phu hopvdi nhftng phdt hiyn do Cau thang do cua AFAS phft htjp vdi cacac thudc do phan

loai va chicu cua phong each gan bo chung dupe do bangBang cau hoi ve cac mdi quan hy mic du cac mdi quan he nay tir yeu denhung binh lhay vi manh Mpl solacgia (vf du Feeney & Hohaus, 2001) phan bipt gifta tinh bao mat cua gan bd vi sftc manh cua sy gin bo va cho rang cacthudc do chat luong mdi quan he la chi so cuacai sau hem hi cAi tnrdc.Tuy nhien cd the l;ip lu$n rang AFAS dinh gia ca d<> anloancua mdi quan he gan bo v a dpben cua moi quan he vi no dupe thiet kc de phan anh carkhia eynh gin kit ccban trong diiu kiyn m<»t mdiquan hy cy thd Neu ly thuyct

gan bo hftu ich de hicu cac md hinh va tam quan trpng cua m?ng ludi cac mdi quan

hy th) s\r khde biyt cA nhan trong car md hinh him viyc nhu dupe phan anh trong phong each gan bd phai dupe phan anhtrongcacmdi quan hy cu lhe cua chungla

Ciing cong cu IPPA dupe thich nghi vdi dan soaTay Ban NhaiDelgado vac$ng su 2016) nhdm nghien ciru cua Isabel Laporta-llertero (2020) didua ra cacket qua lien quan gifta sy gin bo vdi cha my vft ban be cua nhdm hoc sinh co luditrung binh la 15 vdi chung rdi loan in udng Mpc tieudau tien cua nghien cuu nay likiemtra xemco bat kysykhac biet nio gifta sugin bd cua cha me vib?n be o thanhthieu men co va khdng coED (Eating Disorders -chung rdi loaninuong)hay khdng Trong nghien cuu thanh thicu nicn bj ED it tin luong hon vdi cha me.giao tiep kern hem vdri cha me va ban be dong trang lira, ddng then xa lanh cha me va ban he nhicuhorn Ket qua phi)hyp vdi nghiencuu dupe Ihyu hicn bdi Vega viepng sy 12011) vi trinh bay mdt so khac biet lien quan den nghien cuu cua Orzolek-Kronncr 12002).Thanh thicu nien bi ED khdng cdsu xa lanh Ion hon vdi cac bi me so vdi cac b^n

• •cimg trang lua khdng bi ED Co the vice thicu cac khia canh tfch eye cua mdi quan

hy thing han nhu giao tiep vildngtin cd anh hudng Idn hem den cduh thiet l^p mdi lien ket gifta cha me vA thanh thicu nicn mac chung ED

Gin bb cflng du<yc nghien ciru a khfa canh nhbm vhcdc thanh vien tham gia nhbm Do syr khac biet giua sugan bb giua nhbm va thanh vien cat van de moi danay sinh lien quan den moi tuong quan cua moi nhbm Dua tren nghien cuu trade day ngudi la dua ra gia thuyet ring su gin bdcd the lien quan den phuc Iqi cua nhbm (Utz & Sassenberg 2002) danh gia nhbm (Karasawa 1991; Utz 2003)vathbi gian tham gia cua thanh vien(Utz.2003).

Nhinchung cac tac gia tren the gidri da cdnhicu nghien cuu lien quanden su gin bo trong cdc moi quan he vdi cha me vi ban be (dong ding) b nhieu giai doan luatuoikhac nhau phan Ion t$p trungvao giai doan truck- tuoidi hoc Nhung nghien cuutren nhbm doi tuong la hoc sinh, nhat la do tuoihoc sinh I HCS con hant he Cat nghien cuu chi ra nhung gdcnhin khac nhau ve ly thuyet gin bdnhu khai mem qii;itrinh hinhthanhva phattrienhay nhung yeuto anh hubng densuganbd cua ca nhan Cung vdi do li nhftnganh hudng cua gin bd din sy phdt men vidfri song cua m5i

ca nhancung duyt de cap baogom vi(-c ly giai nhung hanh vi cam xue gin lien ven cac mbi quan he, nhimg roi logn hay nguv c<tco the co khi ciic mil quan h$ bj gidn doan dut gayhaycacthanh tuu trong vice xaydungcac cung tu do ludng.danh gia

cd lien quan den yeu to gin bd cung nhir van dung ket qua nghien cirutrong nhung tinh hubng cu the Nhung de tii tren gbp phan chung minh be diy Ijch sq nghien cuu

ve su gin bd vh cd mot ncn tang ly luan cho su phat trien cua cac nghien cuu vesau1.1.2 TaiViftNam

Tir dau nhung nam 2000.ciic tac gia tyi Viet Namcungbit dauquan tain him den sir gin ket trong cAc mbiquan he

a.Gan bd vdi cha my

Nguyen Khic Viendi de cap den moi quan he gin bo me con va vai tro cuangudi mt- trong mbi quan he niiy Theo ong tu lik mbi sinh, ire em di cd nhfrngphanimg de gay su chu y quan tarnva chim sdc cua ngudi me mut.bam viu khoc mim cudi, tim theo nhin theo Tuy thenmuc d<> doi hoi cua em be va tach ngudi me dip ung mot moi gan bd tot ho$c xau dam hay nh^t khac nhau s£ ducrc tao ra Va tir thing thir 6 m(»l hy thong duot hinh thanh va dandan thi phbi loan b<3 quan he me con chi phoi s\rphattrien cua tre manh me ve nhicu mat Day khdng demthuan la su

tac dong cua me len con, mil la mot sy tie ddng qua lai giQa me va con anh hudng den ca tain ly hai ben(Nguyen Khac Vien 2002).

Van Thi Kim Cue phan tich: "Khi noi tori chia ly tarnly khdng the khdng ndi (disu gin bd Bdi vi neu khdng cd gin bd thi chia ly turn ly khdng co y nghia” (VinThi Kim Cue 2003) Theo nghienciru cua tac gia nay, ddi ven nhimg trexa each me tCr 8-18 thang, trui qua khoang thdigian nhu b| bo roi mat mat ddi tui/ngyeu thuong

(ngudi me) la nguon goc cho cam giac lo hai va buon ba Nghien cini da chi ra sychialy hay each bict cdkharuinggay ra ton thuemg tarn ly neu nd xay ra vao cac thdidicm: 6 thang tudi va thdi diem Oedipe (3-5ludi) Bd me lyhdn khi dthiconconnhd(0-3 tudi) co the gay ra o tre cic roi nhieu lain the va cat roi nhieu nay vang tram trqngneu dura con khdng cdsy chia scva cam thong cua ngudi nudi dudng (Phan Thj Ngoc.2014)

Nguyen Anh Tuyct cung chi ra ring trong mdiquan h<J gin bd inc con cd hai dcu can phai phat ra tin hiyu cho nhau Trong giai doan dau doi ngudi me ddng vai trd rat quan trong cho s\r ph.it trien hinh thudng cua ire Ngudi m^ ehaiti sdc nudi dudng tre hang ngay bang mot linh yeu thuung tu nhien mang tinh vo thuc sc giup cho qua trinh xa hoi hod cua ire, li nhipcau cho ire budc vao kham pha the gidi vi

xi hdi loAi ngudi "Chinh tir trong cat ndi gia dinh ngay tu luc lot Ibng m«?, dir a tre

dinhyn duoc sy giao due xue cam dauticn thong quacir chi flu yemhay dung dung; yiu thuemg trlu menhay ddc ac.tin nhan cua nhtfng ngudi iryrc liip cham sdc, d$cbigt la ngudi m?" (Nguyen Anh Tuyct 2005)

Pham N§qc Thanh cd nhung nghien cuu vd roi loan gin bd a tie lac gia dineu ngin gon mot ca dien hinh cua roi lo^in gin bd vdi nhung bicu hiyn: nim vtgn khoang 6 thing moi nim vdi cic trieuchung non di, chan in, thda, khdng thich giao tiep khd An, chi An qua bug thong dy day chi Ihich dhenli vien chu khdng muon ve

• f •

nha Theo dd cac nguycnnhan danden roi loan chu veu la do str chia tach qu.i sum hay sq thieu ihdn linh cam yeu thuemg tu Irong mdi quan hy xa hQi dau lien cua tre Tre co nguy co roi loan gan bovdi me neu ha me gap phai van de bat bn va cang thing trong luc mang thai khdng quan tain den su hicn dien cua bio (hai Hoic ire

song trong su bat on (cha mg di ving.cha me ban vice khong cd thi gid cham sdc

con; do vd gia dinh do cha me khdng hup, tre phai di nhatre sdm ma khdng cdsychuan bi; xem tivi qua sum vft suot ngay) cung co nhung nguy cu rdi lo?n Co hai dang phan ung khi tre ving cha me khdng dune dapung tinh cam cua cha me: Mot]& ire that vpng ly Ihu ininh lai trong the gidi neng khdng liep xue vdi ai bo bu khoc dem an kern, khdng giao tiep bang lui hay khdng lai Hai la nguuc lai tretohanh vi, tinh cam vdi ngudi la.cd the- hdn bat kiatva thick dupe hong bd C3c hy quatrong qua trinh phat tricn saunay cd the gap phai d tre la rdi loan hanh vi va tinh khi hieuddng kem lap trung rdi loan giac ngu lieu darn,beo phi chain phat trien ( Rum Ngpc Thanh 2011).

Phan Thi Ngoc nghiencuu vesygan bd me con sdm va anh huung cua cddenqu.i trinh phai trien (am ly cua tre 2-3 mdi De tai ihyc hicn tren hai irudng hup dienhinh dupe nghienciru phantfch Ket quacho thay sy gan bo giura me va tre la mdimdi quan he vd cung can thiet ddi vdi sy phat trien uimly cung nhu xay clirng hinh anh cat Tdi va sytrudngthanhnhan eachcua tre sau nay(Phan Thi Ngoc 2014) Tacgia cung nh$n thay ire cdcdc hifiu hiyn ve chflm trong cac giai doyn ph.1t trien tarnvanddng.rdi loan ung xu khd khanirongbaonhapxa hpi ngdn ngu kern, thoai lui khi cd nhftng dirt gaytrongsygfinbdvdi nguoi chilm sdc

Pliam HoAi Thao Ngan dira ra nhung luu y trong viyc cham sdc tre dya Iren hocthuyct g3n bd cua John Bowlby Trong do, lac gia hudng den cac ddi luong dang Ihyc hnjn edng vice chim sdc tre vdi myc dich tim hieu nhftng npi dung chinh ydu cua hpc thuyct gin bd de tim each cai thien chat luung moi quan he tuung tac giiratre vdi cha me ndi ndng v3 chat luong song cua ire noi chung De tai di gdp phan gnip cac b$c cha m? va ciic nha gilo due ty xay dung dinh hudng cho rieng minhtrong vice cai thien vh nang cao chat luung mdi quanhe vdi tre tao dieu kien cho sy phdt trien tot nhat cua ire (Phpm Ilo3i Thao Ngan 2014)

Nguyen Ngoc Quang cung dat suquan tam den ganbdgiira me va tre Cu the tac gia xem xei moi lien he giftasyquan tam co dieu kipn cua me vdi mire dp Io au

va tram cam cua concai Veri mau nghienciru 416 sinh vicn tai Ha Noi va chua tirng song xa me bun mpt nJm de till thi ra nhftng quan tam lieu eye cd dieu kiencd lhe

• •gay ra nhftng he qua lieu cue ngay lam lire ddi vdi dui song tam ly va xa hdi cua con

cai trong khi syquan tainti'ch eye cddieu ki£n lai dat eon cAi vaotinh trangd6hi ton thirongtrong dai h?n (Nguyen Ngqc Quang 2019).

b Gan ho vdi ban be

Ve phia tryc (ryng cAe moi quan byn bfe, nghien cuu cua Nguyen Thi PhuongHoa da de cap den mire do chap nhan cua ban be doi vdi minh cua hoc sinh

Tl ICS Ket qua cho thaycd 4,4# hycsinh cam nhan khdng cd bat kyaitrongIdpyeuquyminh, 5.7% nghi sc khdng coai san sang giup do khi minh gap kho khan 1,9%bAo cAo khdng cd ai trong Idp ndi chuycn vai minh Ngoai ra.cd 2.6% den 3,8% hyc sinh timg bicaIdp hat nat noi xau gay go trcu choc va phdt Id(Nguyen ThiPhuongHoa 2014) Cd the thay trong Idp cd 1 2 hoc sinh covan de ve nidi quan he ban bevi)chju nhung hanh vi lieu eye d nhicu hinh (hue khac nhau tir banbechungIdp

Tac giai TranVan Cong nghiencuu ve moi quan he tinh band HS THPT va

sy lien h<* vdi bSt nat tryctuyen De tai d.l chi ra tim quan trong cua moiquan h$ b$n

be ddo tuoi thieu men Chat luyiig tinhban ban than cd anh hudng den suy nghi vahhnh vi cua hoc sinh Khicac em co xungdpt.iranh cai vdi l\in than haybjchinh ban (han phan bdi cang nhicu tlu cang co kha nang trd thanh Ihupham hvac nannhan cua bit nat tryc tuyen (Tran Vfln Cong, 2018) Mot nghienciru khac cua tAc gia da chi ra 51.6% hoc sinh THCS vA THPT t$i Ha Ndi di bi bat n$t tryc tuyen bi bit nat truyen thong hoAc bi ca hai hinh thuc vh mot trong nhirng nguycn nhan den tir kho khSntrong gin bd ban be (Tran VAn Cong, 2019) Ket luan d<1 chi ra vai trd cua gAn bdtrong tinh ban cua hocsinhvi mot khfa cynh ma vice dut gay gan bd cd the dan den

Nghien cuu cua DoThi l.e Hang va Dinh Thi Hong Van the hien moi quan heb?n bdla ycu to dung thu hai trong so cAc ycu to trirdng hyc gay ra tryng thai boon

ba cho hoc sinh THCS ma cac em nhd nhat Trong do, nhimg vandepho bicn trong quan he b^n be khicnhpc sinh budn bi gom; “bi byn be Ireu qua dang, bi l\m hieu lam ghet bo khdng quan tarn, khdng choi cung, xa lanh tav chay, cai va gian hdn.xfch im'ch vdi byn, bj byn ca khja, ndi xau sau lung, bit nat "(Do Thi l-V Hing vi Dinh Thi Hong Van 2020) Vice kho khan trong moi quan he ban he va nhirng helyy lien quandi de lai nlittng an tuong tieu eye va d lyi lau trong lain tri tre

Nghien cuu ve mdiquan heb$n be cua Phan Thi Mai Huong va Nguyen MinhTrang (2021) tren 28X hpc sinh THPT t?i Ha Npi da cd nhung ket luan dang chu y.Theo do, phan Idnhoc sinh dd trai qua van de vc ban he va chi 14%hoc sinh khdng

cd van de trong mdi quan lie n«ty Ben canh do tac gia cung chi ra cic van de trong gan bd ban be co tuomg quanthuan vdi cam xue am tinh tuong quan nghich vdi camxueduring (inh va cam nh$n hynh phut d Irudng hpc

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Nhu vay tai Viet Nam cung cd cac nghien ciru lien quan den sugan bo daphan lap trung vio gin bo trong moi quan lie vdi ngudi me- Ket qua tuong tu cacnghien cuu tren the gidi vc nhung cam xue kho chiu hanh vi tieu cue hoyc cac roi nhieu dupe ghi nhan khi co cic van de xay ra voi sygan bd thong qua nhQng nghienciru trong nude Mpt so tik gia cdquan tarnden nhdrn doi tirpnghpc sinh (THCS vA THPT) ket qua nghiencuu du ra nhung nguy co kho khan cua hpc sinh lien quanden sv gin bd vdi cha me va byn Ik Tuy nhien, chtra cdcac nghien ciru mang tinh tong qu.it vc muc do gan bd trongcac mdi quan hp vdi cha my vaban be d.uih cho hpc sinh THCS ndi chung vd dja him TP HCM ndi rifing

1.2 Ly luan ve Sy gin bd

1.2.1 Khai niem su gan bd

Tu the ky XIII Ihu?l ngu gin bd xuat hiyn dau lien vdi dpng tu "attcher” (thay

cho co cstachicrtrong tieng Phap) cd nglua la gan bo lien ket J J Rousseau vdi nhung t.k phain cua minh dd de c^p den gia tri cua sy tiep xue me con mpt dieu ma trade dd (the ky XVIII khong duoc nhfleden hoac ratmo ho Theo ong ngudi me vacon hup nhat vdi moi lien ket cam xue vA thdng qua vice nudi con bang sda my da(90nen syg&n gui nAy(Knibicler & Fouquet 19X0) Sau dd sy gin bd me-con duyv quan tarn nhieuhontu cAt nhakhoa hpctrong nhung nain50 cua the ky XXvadantrd thanh moi khai ni$mcy the C;k nha (ftp tinh hpc phan tfim hpc cd nhieu nh$ndupevegan bdlioncung nhung phan ung lien quan den sy chia tach (Bowlby 1959 Ainsworth 1962; Karen 1994)

Macdu cac lac gui dcu hudng gan bo giua cac ca nhanlacd nhung anh hudng d^n quatrinh phdt tridn chung Nhungchua cd sy thong nhit nfto vekhfli mgm "gin bd" I lien nay cic djnh nghia dua ra hudng tkp can rang gan bd li mpt qua trinh

tuyen tinh, dua vAo nhilrngdie trung cua cha my hay doi tilinggin bd va mangtinh

• *

ca nhan him dye trimg ve moi quan he Ngoai ra.nhicu tac gia con nham gan bd vdi motso khai niem khac nhir tinh ycu thuong moi quan he qua lai, moi quan he rAng buQc (Bell L Goulet, C St-Cvr Tribble D., Paul D & POlomcno, V 1996)

Bowlby (1969) veri lythuyctgan bo da khangdinh "gan bd nhu mot moihenket quyenning hupnhat hai ngudi vdi nhau" Dongquandiem vdi dng Ainswworthcho rangquan he dau ticn vachuycu cua treliic mdisinh la vdi ngudi cham sdctruetiep (cd the IA me de ngudi dddau hojc me nudi)chu khdng phai dd vat xung quanhtre Nhungthangdau lien sau sinh, tre khdng doi my cham sdc mot each thy ddng ma chu dong trong mdi quan he vdi me cdc ung xu thuung thay nhu khoc, la.cudi bam vfu nhin hay tim theo my de nhyn dupe syquan tAm vA cd the xem dd la nhihig tinhiyu each dicn dal cua tie Tir day tie co die su dyng gan bonhu mot dieu anloan

trongmdiquan hy Do dd khi my vfingmdt.trecdhieu hiyn quyen luycn nhat la khi tre cam thaymyt moi hay kho chju bye byi Tir each dap irng cua nguoi my cd the phfln biet cdc kien gin bd ngudi my dapirng hinh thudng ihoai mai hay ngudi my gap khokhan trong dap ung danh nc Ire qua nudng chicu ho$c hit hui tre (Nguyen Khic Viyn 1994)

Tac gia Bourges dinh nghia ve gan bd; “Gin bd duqc xem U mdi quan he uu tien noi ket giua ngudi nav vdi ngudi khac ma su lira chonnay dune duatren motsyham muon hay m<St nhu cau Gin bd duve quydinh bo»i cac kinh nghiym cdduyrcquacac giai doan nhay cam" (VanThi Kim Cue 2003)

Vdi vice dinh nghia gin Ixi lasu ring buqc cam xue sAu sic vi lau dat, ket noi nguoi nAy vdi ngudi khac thong qua thengian vii khdng gian Bowlby xAc nhyn ring gin bo nhu mot su ket noi tam ly bin vtYng giira con ngudi vdi nhau (Xguyon AnhTuyel, 2012) Theo dng, gin bd cd the duve d<il vAo mpt hoan canh lien hda khi ngirdi cham sdc dapung sir an loan va cam giac duoc an loan cho tre tir do lam tang

cu h(>i song cuu lie Ket luyn nay edng duve chung minhtrongcue edng trinh nghien ciru cua Lorenz (1935) vii Harlow (1958) Nhu cau tim kiem sir gan gui,than thietvdi ngudi chdm sdc, nhat IA vancac linli huong cAng thing, hi de dqa duve xem la

• • •

motnhu cau pho bicn 6 tre (Prior & Glaser 2006)

Theo tir dien tarn ly hpc cua David Matsumoto, su gin bo dupe xem la nhdng hAnh vi tre sir dyng de gianh sychu y vai ngudi cham sdc nhu cudi goi khcfc lahet (David Matsumoto, 2009) Tir dien tam lyhoc va lien nganh khoa hoc cua M.S Bhatia cung nliyn djnh gin bd la moi quan he gan sau sic ve m£tearn xik gitta hai ngudi ciing sy tim kiem gan gui va an loan (M.S Bhatia,2009).

Tu dien lieng Viyt djnh nghia "gin bd"’ de md ta mot phuwng thuc ung xu

trongquan he me - con nhat la trong nhirng namdau ddi ke ca gan ket the chat vatinhthan Tac gia cung de cap khdng nhat thiet la me de ma cd the la ngudi chAmsdchang ngay Ganb6la cd quan he hoac lam cho cdquan hg tinh than, tinh cam vii kho tach rdi nhau(HoangPhe 2010)

ThroTruong Thi Khanh HA, tir nAmdausau sinh, tre da cdxu hudng gin bd vdi ngudi dapung nhu cau ve mat sinh ly cho tre mol cach thuong quycn Thong quaquan sit va chu y den cAch tre lira chon nhirng dap ung d$c bi£i vdi cha me cd th6

nhjn thay nhicueach phan ung tre chi danh rieng cho cha hoac my Cy the tac gia decap: “Sy gin bd dd la cam giAcrAngbuoc chit chfi vairiumen mA chting ta cam nhQiitir phia nhurng ngudi quan trong trong cupc song cua chungla.co the klucnchochung

ta cd dupe cam giac thich ihu va vui ve khi chung ta giao tiep vai ho vA cam giac thoai mAi khi d c?nh ho nhimg khi met moi" (TruongThi KhAnh Ha 2013)

Vu Dung trinh bdy khai ni<jm vc gan bd: "Gin bd la moi lien ket cliAt chC giuangudi nAy vdi ngudi khac Gin bd mo ta mdi quan he v4 mat thanthe, ciing nhu tarn

ly giflra nhung ngudi co y nghia d$c bigt vdi tre nhat la ngudi me hay ngudi numdirbng I re so sinh tim kiem su cham sdc, gin bonhu mot hudc de thiet lap cam giacdupe an toAn Gan bd dupe quan salrd net d nhung ire 6 den 2 thfing tuoi khi nhung ngudi quan trong doi vdi chung (nhir: ho me, nhung ngudi trong gia dinh va nhung ngudi tie quf men) dangchai vdi chung rm bb di Tre thuong khde hojc timeachdetheo ngudi do Khi ho quay lai tie cam thavmime hoac hai long”(Vu Dung, 2008)

Ben cynh nhihig nghien cuu ve gdn botrong moi quan hy my - con hay giCracon va cha me cac nha nghiencuu ngay cang mdtrong pham vi nghien ciru nhat lagin bd giiku Ire vdi ban bd Theo Wilkinson sy hinh IhAnh moi quan he ban than a tuoi vi thanh nicn cd the dupe coi la mot phan cua su mb rong viiphat trien ciia he

thong gin bd ma dinh diem la gin bo doi vdi ban be dong trang lira Day cung duoc

xem la mot mdiquan he gin bd quan Irong vacdnhieu anh hudng den ca nhiin

Trong pham vi cua nghien cuu tham khao vA kc thira cdc nhan dinh kc tren, tik gia xac lap quandiem vesygin bd Irong de t£i: Gan bd la sir lien ket ket ruii ve

9

tarn iy - ram xue mot edeh chat rhe, sdu sdc va Idu din giua cdc cd nhan thong qua cdc hoqt itdng tut mg lite va coy nghia due diet irong cdc mdi quan hy.

1.2.2 Phan loai sygan bo

Dya tren nen lang Iv thuyet gin bd cua Bowlby, Ainsworth <13 chia thanh 3

Chat luyng mdiquan he dime thihien dcdc dang gan bd Ly tuong nhatduoc

ke d6i IAdang bdn chfcl sy hi$n dien cua me tjio cho irecamgiAc an loan cd thd chudong kham pha the gidi vaco the tuong tac vdi ngtrdi la khi cd mAt ngudi chant sdc

d do Dgngchong ddi the hi<jn sy mau thuan, “hai chiiu" trong bieu hign cua tre vA

co the den tu sydap ung thiit thirdng, khi nong nhigt luc Iola cua ngudi chdm sochoAc cung cd tire tre duoc cham sdcben qua nhieu nguoi khac nhau Cam giac antoAn

vA sydap ung nhu can trong quan h? vdi ngudi nudi dudng lhap the hi?n chod?ngtron tranh Tre the hicn dA quenvdi vicemot minh va cd the cung den tir vide hoc Iocam xue kern

Tir nhung quan sat hanh vi cua dua tre qua cac giaidoan hinh thanh gan bd

cd mot ni6 hinh gin bd an loan vA ba mo hinh gin bd khdng an loan duyc vac dinh (Main & Solomon 1990)

Daphancac Cjp gin bd me - con(60 65%) duyc bio cao cdkieu gin bd antoan Trong trudng hop nay ngudi m? hay ngudi chAm sdc dtroc tre xcm nhuco sd