En11 từ vựng ngữ nghĩa học bài 21

Ngữ nghĩa học là nghiên cứu ngôn ngữ và triết học về ý nghĩa trong ngôn ngữ, ngôn ngữ lập trình, logic hình thức và ký hiệu học. Nó liên quan đến mối quan hệ giữa các từ, cụm từ, dấu hiệu, những biểu tượng và những gì chúng đại diện cho trên thực tế. Trong từ vựng khoa học quốc tế ngữ nghĩa học cũng được gọi là ý nghĩa học. Từ ngữ nghĩa được sử dụng đầu tiên bởi Michel Bréal, một nhà triết học người Pháp.[1] Nó biểu thị một loạt các ý tưởng khác nhau từ phổ biến đến kỹ thuật cao. Nó thường được sử dụng trong ngôn ngữ thông thường để biểu thị một vấn đề về sự hiểu biết bắt nguồn từ việc lựa chọn từ hoặc hàm ý. Vấn đề hiểu biết này đã là chủ đề của nhiều câu hỏi chính thức, trong một thời gian dài, đặc biệt là trong lĩnh vực ngữ nghĩa hình thức. Trong ngôn ngữ học, đó là nghiên cứu về việc giải thích các dấu hiệu hoặc biểu tượng được sử dụng trong các tác nhân hoặc cộng đồng trong các trường hợp và bối cảnh cụ thể. Trong quan điểm này, âm thanh, biểu cảm khuôn mặt, ngôn ngữ cơ thể và không gian giao tiếp có nội dung ngữ nghĩa (có ý nghĩa) và mỗi loại bao gồm một số nhánh nghiên cứu. Trong ngôn ngữ viết, những thứ như cấu trúc đoạn văn và dấu chấm câu có nội dung ngữ nghĩa; các hình thức ngôn ngữ khác mang nội dung ngữ nghĩa khác.[2] Nghiên cứu chính thức về ngữ nghĩa giao nhau với nhiều lĩnh vực khác của việc tìm hiểu, trong đó có từ vựng học, cú pháp, ngữ dụng học, từ nguyên học và các lĩnh vực khác. Một cách độc lập, ngữ nghĩa học cũng là một lĩnh vực được xác định rõ theo đúng nghĩa của nó, thường với các thuộc tính tổng hợp.[3] Trong triết học ngôn ngữ, ngữ nghĩa và tài liệu tham khảo được kết nối chặt chẽ. Các lĩnh vực liên quan khác bao gồm triết học, truyền thông và ký hiệu học. Do đó, nghiên cứu chính thức về ngữ nghĩa có thể rất đa dạng và phức tạp. Ngữ nghĩa học tương phản với cú pháp, nghiên cứu tổ hợp các đơn vị ngôn ngữ (không liên quan đến ý nghĩa của chúng) và ngữ dụng học, nghiên cứu về mối quan hệ giữa các biểu tượng của ngôn ngữ, ý nghĩa của chúng và người sử dụng ngôn ngữ.[4] Ngữ nghĩa như một lĩnh vực nghiên cứu cũng có mối quan hệ quan trọng với các lý thuyết đại diện khác nhau về ý nghĩa bao gồm các lý thuyết chân lý về ý nghĩa, các lý thuyết mạch lạc về ý nghĩa và các lý thuyết tương ứng về ý nghĩa. Mỗi lý thuyết này có liên quan đến nghiên cứu triết học chung về thực tế và đại diện cho ý nghĩa.

HANOI OPEN UNIVERSITY MID -TERM TEST ON LEXICOSEMANTICS

FOR STUDENTS OF ENGLISH (No 1)

Subject Code: EN11 Full name:

Date of birth:

Group:

I Answer the following questions: (40 points)

1 What is a word? its typical features?

Answer:

A word is an autonomous linguistic unit possessing both audible and written forms,

capable of forming a coherent sentence independently It stands as a fundamental building block

of language, with sound and spelling constituting its integral components

Typical Features of a word

Sound and Spelling Forms: A word has both audible (pronunciation) and written (spelling)

forms The spoken form represents the sound structure of the word, while the written form signifies its representation in written language

Semantic Content: words carry meaning Each word represents a specific idea, object,

action, or concept The semantic content of a word is what allows it to convey information and contribute to the overall meaning of a sentence

Independence: A word is capable of standing alone and forming a complete unit of

meaning It can function independently as a standalone entity within a sentence or discourse

Grammatical Function: Words have grammatical roles within sentences They can

function as nouns, verbs, adjectives, adverbs, prepositions, conjunctions, and other parts of speech, contributing to the syntactic structure of a sentence

Morphological Structure: Words often consist of morphemes, which are the smallest units

of meaning Morphemes can be classified as free morphemes, capable of standing alone (e.g.,

"book"), or bound morphemes, which need to attach to other morphemes (e.g., the "-ed" in

"walked")

Arbitrariness: The relationship between the sound or written form of a word and its

meaning is arbitrary In most cases, there is no inherent connection between the way a word sounds or looks and the concept it represents This characteristic distinguishes linguistic signs from non-linguistic signs

Flexibility and Creativity: Language is dynamic, and words can be combined in various

ways to create new meanings Speakers have the ability to coin new words or use existing ones in novel ways, showcasing the flexibility and creativity inherent in language

Cultural and Historical Context: Words often carry cultural and historical connotations.

Their usage and meanings can evolve over time, reflecting changes in society, technology, or cultural norms

2 What is a morpheme? What are the differences between a word and a morpheme?

Anwer:

 Content Words: These are free morphemes that can stand alone as independent

words, encompassing nouns, verbs, prepositions, adjectives, and adverbs Examples include "manage," "mother," "pen," and "tea." This category, referred to as lexical content words, constitutes an open class, allowing for the incorporation of new words over time

 Function Words: Also falling under free morphemes, function words are part of a

closed class, where no new words can be added They include articles (e.g., "the,"

"a"), pronouns (e.g., "I," "you"), conjunctions (e.g., "but," "if"), and demonstratives (e.g., "these," "that") Function words primarily serve structural roles, indicating grammatical relations

 Bound Morphemes:

 Bound morphemes differ from free morphemes as they cannot exist independently but rather attach to other morphemes Examples include "-ment" in "management" and "un-" in "unhappy." These morphemes contribute to the overall meaning of a word but require attachment to free morphemes for coherence

The differences between a word and a morpheme

Definition A standalone unit with both

audible and written forms, capable of conveying meaning independently

The smallest unit of meaning in language, which can be independent (free morpheme) or dependent (bound morpheme)

Independence Capable of standing alone

within a sentence or discourse May be independent (free morpheme)or dependent (bound morpheme),

requiring attachment to convey complete meaning

Meaning Represents specific concepts,

objects, actions, or ideas Carries meaning but may not conveycomplete meanings on its own,

especially for bound morphemes

Examples "Book," "run," "happy" are

standalone words with complete meanings

In "unhappiness," "un-" is a bound morpheme contributing to the meaning of the base word

"happiness."

Morphological

Structure Words can be simple orcomplex, consisting of one or

more morphemes

Morphemes are the building blocks of words, either free or bound, contributing to word formation

Grammatical

Roles Function as different parts ofspeech (nouns, verbs,

adjectives, etc.) within a sentence

Play grammatical roles but may not function as standalone words, especially for bound morphemes

Arbitrariness The relationship between the

form of the word and its meaning is arbitrary

Similar arbitrariness exists in the relationship between the form of a morpheme and its meaning, especially for bound morphemes

II Exercises

Exercises on Prefixes

I Which negative adjective fits each of the following definition?

1 Single not having a husband or wife.

2 Inedible means impossible to eat

3 Illiterate means unable to read and write.

4 Unemployed means not having a job.

5 Impartial means fair in giving judgement, not favouring one side.

6 Irreplaceable means unable to be replaced.

II Answer the following questions

1 What kind of oven cooks things particularly fast?

Microwave oven

2 What kind of drug can help somebody with an infection?

Antibiotics

3 What kind of company has branches in many countries?

 A multinational company

4 How does a passenger aeroplane normally fly?

By using its engines to generate lift and thrust, allowing it to travel through the air

5 What is a student who is studying for a second degree?

A postgraduate student or a graduate student pursuing a second degree

6 What means "underground railway in the US " and " underground passage in the UK"?

 In the US, "underground railway" typically refers to a subway or metro system In the

UK, "underground passage" generally refers to a pedestrian subway or underpass

III Rewrite the following sentences, using prefixes.

1 He's in favour of the American approach

 He's pro-American approach

2 The BBC tried to avoid pronouncing foreign words incorrectly

 The BBC attempted to mispronounce foreign words

3 Most people say they have to work too hard but are paid too little

 She's still in good relationship with her ex-husband

6 He made so many mistakes in the letter that he had to write it again

 He made so many mistakes in the letter that he had to rewrite it

IV Use your knowledge of prefixes to write definitions of the underlined words

Although Jim is an ex-soldier, he's only semi-literate When he tries to write a letter , he misspells half the words and his wife has to rewrite it for him His wife used to work

in a sub-department of the post office where her main job was redirecting mail Jim's very pro-army but he over-emphasizes its good points His wife, on the other hand, is rather anti-army and she undervalues its positive aspects

Answer

Although Jim used to be a soldier, he’s only patty literate/ half-literate When he tries

to write a letter, he spells half the words incorrectly and his wife has to write it again for him His wife used to work in a not very important department of the post office where her main job was forwarding mail to new addresses Jim’s very much in favour of the army but

he gives too much emphasis to its good points His wife, on the other hand, is rather against the army and she doesn’t give enough value to its positive aspects

V Which word is the odd one out in each set and why?

1 egible, loyal, legal, legitimate. egible, because "egible" is not a valid English word.

The other words ('loyal,' 'legal,' 'legitimate') are all common English words with clear meanings, while "egible" appears to be a non-existent term

2 insert, internal, inedible, income. inedible, because "inedible" stands out as it refers

to something that cannot be eaten, while the other words relate to aspects like placement ('insert'), location ('internal'), and financial gain ('income')

3 uncomfortable, unlock, unfold, unzip  uncomfortable, because it describes a state

of discomfort or unease, while the other words ('unlock,' 'unfold,' 'unzip') all involve the action of opening or releasing

4 extract, ex-wife, ex- communicative, exhale. ex-communicative, because it seems

to be a less common or invented term The other words ('extract,' 'ex-wife,' 'exhale') are established words with clear meanings

5 worship, kinship, friendship, partnership  worship, because the remaining words

('kinship,' 'friendship', 'partnership') all describe various forms of interpersonal connections, while "worship" denotes reverence or devotion to a deity or entity