Từ vựng ngữ nghĩa học ôn thi cuối kỳ Mở Hà Nội E learning

Từ vựng ngữ nghĩa học ôn thi cuối kỳ Mở Hà Nội E learningTừ vựng ngữ nghĩa học ôn thi cuối kỳ Mở Hà Nội E learningTừ vựng ngữ nghĩa học ôn thi cuối kỳ Mở Hà Nội E learningTừ vựng ngữ nghĩa học ôn thi cuối kỳ Mở Hà Nội E learningTừ vựng ngữ nghĩa học ôn thi cuối kỳ Mở Hà Nội E learningTừ vựng ngữ nghĩa học ôn thi cuối kỳ Mở Hà Nội E learning

Từ vựng – ngữ nghĩa học – EN11 … exist in language and are reproduced in speech as ready-made units, whereas free word groups or combinations are created in speech every time we need them Set expressions …, some prefixes express the difference between a transitive and an intransitive verb: stay v and outstay (smb) v t With a few exceptions prefixes modify the stem for time (pre-t post-), place (in-, ad-), negation (un-, dis-) and remain semantically rather independent of the stem Preceding a verb stem …distinguishes between the three closely connected components with meaning, that is 1) the sound-form of the linguistic sign, 2) the concept underlying this sound form and 3) the referent, i.e the part or aspect of reality to which the linguistic sign refers Referential Approach …lexicography focuses on the design, compilation, use and evaluation of specialized dictionaries, i.e dictionaries that are devoted to a (relatively restricted) set of linguistic and factual elements of one or more specialist subject fields, e.g Specialized …may form noun plurals (the Germans); genitive case (headmaster’s); 3rd person singular (speaks); past tense (worked); contracted forms (we´re); comparatives and superlatives (bigger; the biggest) or participles (speaking) Inflectional suffixes …related to parts of human body, clothing or instruments people use However, the meaning of the converted words may vary from the meaning of the non-converted words For example, a skirt denotes a woman’s garment that hangs from the waist Conversion employs a vast number of words A form is said to be free if it may stand alone without changing its meaning; if not, it is a bound form, so called because … It is always bound to something else A metaphor is a figure of speech that refers to something as being the same as another thing for rhetorical effect It may provide hidden similarities between two ideas Where a compares two items, a metaphor directly equates them, and does not use "like" or "as" as does a simile Clarity or identify A morpheme is also an association of a given meaning with…But unlike a word it is not autonomous Morphemes occur in speech only as constituent parts of words, not independently, although a word may consist of a single morpheme A given sound pattern A prefix is a derivational morpheme standing before the root and…, cf to hearten – to dishearten It is only with verbs and statives that a prefix may serve to distinguish one part of speech from another, like in earth n–unearth v, sleep n – asleep Modifying meaning A specific group of rhyme-motivated compounds are ablaut motivated compounds Ablaut is a term defining …of two elements, e.g zigzag; or tick-tock Ablaut-motivated compounds are used to imitate child-like speech or to stress interjections Vowel change or alternation A suffix is a …following the stem and forming a new derivative in a different part of speech or a different word class, cf – en, – y, – less in hearten, hearty, heartless Derivational morpheme A word is a minimum free form A morpheme is said to be either bound or free This statement should be taken with caution It means that …forming words without adding other morphemes: that is, they are homonymous to free forms Some morphemes are capable of According to the role they play in constructing words, morphemes are subdivided into roots and affixes …into prefixes, suffixes and infixes The latter are further subdivided, according to their position All major works on semantic theory have so far been based on referential concepts of meaning The best known referential model of meaning is The so-called "basic triangle" An English word does not necessarily contain formatives indicating to what part of speech it belongs This holds true …i.e nouns, verbs, adjectives Not all roots are free forms, but productive roots, i.e roots capable of producing new words, usually are Even with respect to inflexible parts of speech An infix is ….placed with in the word, like – n – in stand The type is not productive An affix Antonyms are words of the same part of speech, but opposite in meaning Many words, especially those denoting concrete objects (chair, tree, tiger) have no antonyms Usually adjectives denoting qualities, verbs actions or state and abstract nouns have antonyms Denoting Blending is also a new, trendy and …which “blends”, i.e joins fragments of two or more words to create a new form The meaning is being retained Enough of the lexeme is usually retained so that the elements are recognisable Eye-catching process Clipping is …in English language which “economises” words Clipping “clips”, i.e shortens lexemes whilst preserves the original meaning Basically, any part of the word may be clipped: A relatively new trend Clippings, blendings and acronyms are subclasses of so called “portmanteau words” … fragments of two or more words Which consist of Criteria of synonymity is interchangeability …that neither the traditional definition of synonyms nor the new version provide for any objective criterion of similarity of meaning It should be pointed out Criteria of synonymity is interchangeability that neither the traditional definition of synonyms nor the new version provide for any objective criterion of similarity of meaning It should be pointed out Derivational suffixes …of the original word: they may change the word class, specify the word or generalise it Most scholars recognise suffixes forming nouns, verbs, adjectives and adverbs Effectively modify the meaning Descripitive lexicology studies the words at a synchronic aspect It is concerned with the vocabulary of a language as they exist at the …time Present Dictionaries of alphabetic languages list words in alphabetical order With non-alphabetic languages, it may be different The order in a dictionary with ideographic entries such as Chinese character is often troublesome and …because each character has different readings Controversial General lexicography …, use and evaluation of general dictionaries, i.e dictionaries that provide a description of the language in general use Such a dictionary is usually called a general dictionary or LGP dictionary (Language for General Purpose) Focuses on the design, compilation General Lexicology is part of General Linguistics; it is concerned with the study of vocabulary … the specific features of any particular language Irrespective of Grammar, which is inseparably bound up with Lexicology, is the study of the grammatical … of language Structure Historical or diachronic lexicology deals with …of the vocabulary and the changes it has undergone Ex In descriptive lexicology the words « to take « ,«to adopt « are considered to be English not to be different from such native words as « child »,» foot «,» stone « etc But in historical lexicology they are treated as borrowed words The development If we realize that suffixes render the most general semantic component of the word’s lexical meaning…, the reason why suffixes are as a rule semantically fused with the stem stands explained By marking the general class of phenomena to which the referent of the word belongs In an encyclopaedia the entry influenza discloses the causes, symptoms, characteristics and varieties of this disease, various treatments of and remedies for it, ways of infection, etc Though, …, it is with linguistic dictionaries that lexicology is closely connected and in our further consideration Strictly speaking It is easily observed that the sound form of the word is not …There is no inherent connection between the sound cluster [d/\v] and the meaning of the word dove Identical with its meaning It may be easily …that the lexical meaning of the word “ boy ” and the lexical meaning of the root-morpheme boy — in such words as boyhood, boyish and others are very much the same Observed It will at once be noticed that the root in English is very often homonymous with the word This fact is of fundamental importance as …arising from its general grammatical system on the one hand, and from its phonemic system on the other It is one of the most specific features of the English language Lexicography, the science, of dictionary-compiling, is closely connected with lexicology, both dealing with the same problems — the form, meaning, usage and origin of vocabulary units — and making …of each other’s achievements Use Lexicology also … all kinds of semantic relations (synonyms, antonyms etc) and semantic grouping (semantic fields) Studies Lexicology is … with words, variable word-groups, phraseological units, and with morphemes which make up words Concerned Lexicology is …derivational affixes, the other group being the domain of grammarians The derivational affixes in fact, as well as the whole problem of word-formation, form a boundary area between lexicology and grammar and are therefore studied in both Primarily concerned with Lexicology is a branch of linguistics which studies the …of a language Vocabulary Lexicology is a branch of linguistics, the … of language Science Many English words consist of a single root-morpheme, so when we say that most morphemes possess … we imply mainly the root-morphemes in such words Lexical meaning Metaphor : a figure of speech based on similarity (hidden comparison between the object/ notion …denoted by the word and the object/notion in question.) Metaphor gives freshness and vivacity to speech Generally Motivation denotes the relationship between … and structural pattern of the word on the one hand, and its meaning on the other Motivation can be of three types: morphological, phonetical and sematic The phonemic or morphemic composition Phraseological fusions are word-groups with a completely changed meaning but, in contrast to the unities, they are demotivated, that is, their meaning cannot be …the meanings of the constituent parts; the metaphor, on which the shift of m.eaning was based, has lost its clarity and is obscure Deduced from Phraseological unities are word-groups with a completely changed meaning, that is, the meaning of the unit does not correspond to the meanings of its constituent parts They are … or, putting it another way, the meaning of the whole unit can be deduced from the meanings of the constituent parts Motivated units Rhyme-motivated compounds are usually composed of two elements The major motivating factor is the rhyme, e.g flower-power; or brain-drain Formation of …compounds is a very productive process excessively used in advertising or journalese style and, consequently in everyday speech Rhyme-motivated Roots-are main morphemic vehicles of a given idea in a given language at a given stage of its development A root may be also regarded as the ultimate constituent element which remains … all functional and derivational affixes and does not admit any further analysis After the removal of Some English words can change their word class … their form Thus, they can function as nouns (e.g a Mother) or as verbs (to mother somebody) without any affixes or inflections Such change of a word class without any derivative means is called conversion Without changing their form The go, goes, went, going, gone possess different grammatical meanings of tense, person, number, but in each form they have one and the same semantic component denoting 'the process of movement' word-forms The …is the meaning proper to the given linguistic unit in all its forms and distributions lexical meaning The definition of the meaning is especially difficult the process by which language and human consciousness serve to reflect the reality and adopt it to human needs Due to the complexity of The modern approach to … the assumption that the inner form of the word presents a structure which is called the semantic structure of the word Semasiology is based on The semantic realization of an English word is therefore very specific …by the widespread occurrence of homonymy both among root morphemes and affixes Its dependence on distribution is further enhanced The subjective part of meaning is the connotation of the word are subjective, they characterize the speaker, his attitude, his social role.There are four types of connotation: Connotations The term morpheme is derived from Gr morphe ‘form’+ eme Linguists to …or the minimum distinctive feature have adopted the Greek suffix – eme (Cf phoneme, sememe) The morpheme is the smallest meaningful unit of form Denote the smallest unit There are many different types of English dictionaries First of all they may all be roughly divided into two groups — encyclopaedic and linguistic The two groups of … differ essentially in the choice of items included and in the sort of information given about them Reference books Unlike roots, affixes are always bound forms…, it will be remembered, is not confined to their respective position, suffixes being «fixed after» and prefixes «fixed before» the stem It also concerns their function and meaning The difference between suffixes and prefixes