Tóm tắt: Nghiên cứu sinh thái vùng trồng rau ở Thường Tín, Hà Nội và đề xuất một số nội dung Giáo dục môi trường cho trẻ mầm non

Nghiên cứu sinh thái vùng trồng rau ở Thường Tín, Hà Nội và đề xuất một số nội dung Giáo dục môi trường cho trẻ mầm nonNghiên cứu sinh thái vùng trồng rau ở Thường Tín, Hà Nội và đề xuất một số nội dung Giáo dục môi trường cho trẻ mầm nonNghiên cứu sinh thái vùng trồng rau ở Thường Tín, Hà Nội và đề xuất một số nội dung Giáo dục môi trường cho trẻ mầm nonNghiên cứu sinh thái vùng trồng rau ở Thường Tín, Hà Nội và đề xuất một số nội dung Giáo dục môi trường cho trẻ mầm nonNghiên cứu sinh thái vùng trồng rau ở Thường Tín, Hà Nội và đề xuất một số nội dung Giáo dục môi trường cho trẻ mầm nonNghiên cứu sinh thái vùng trồng rau ở Thường Tín, Hà Nội và đề xuất một số nội dung Giáo dục môi trường cho trẻ mầm nonNghiên cứu sinh thái vùng trồng rau ở Thường Tín, Hà Nội và đề xuất một số nội dung Giáo dục môi trường cho trẻ mầm nonNghiên cứu sinh thái vùng trồng rau ở Thường Tín, Hà Nội và đề xuất một số nội dung Giáo dục môi trường cho trẻ mầm nonNghiên cứu sinh thái vùng trồng rau ở Thường Tín, Hà Nội và đề xuất một số nội dung Giáo dục môi trường cho trẻ mầm nonNghiên cứu sinh thái vùng trồng rau ở Thường Tín, Hà Nội và đề xuất một số nội dung Giáo dục môi trường cho trẻ mầm nonNghiên cứu sinh thái vùng trồng rau ở Thường Tín, Hà Nội và đề xuất một số nội dung Giáo dục môi trường cho trẻ mầm nonNghiên cứu sinh thái vùng trồng rau ở Thường Tín, Hà Nội và đề xuất một số nội dung Giáo dục môi trường cho trẻ mầm nonNghiên cứu sinh thái vùng trồng rau ở Thường Tín, Hà Nội và đề xuất một số nội dung Giáo dục môi trường cho trẻ mầm nonNghiên cứu sinh thái vùng trồng rau ở Thường Tín, Hà Nội và đề xuất một số nội dung Giáo dục môi trường cho trẻ mầm nonNghiên cứu sinh thái vùng trồng rau ở Thường Tín, Hà Nội và đề xuất một số nội dung Giáo dục môi trường cho trẻ mầm nonNghiên cứu sinh thái vùng trồng rau ở Thường Tín, Hà Nội và đề xuất một số nội dung Giáo dục môi trường cho trẻ mầm nonNghiên cứu sinh thái vùng trồng rau ở Thường Tín, Hà Nội và đề xuất một số nội dung Giáo dục môi trường cho trẻ mầm nonNghiên cứu sinh thái vùng trồng rau ở Thường Tín, Hà Nội và đề xuất một số nội dung Giáo dục môi trường cho trẻ mầm nonNghiên cứu sinh thái vùng trồng rau ở Thường Tín, Hà Nội và đề xuất một số nội dung Giáo dục môi trường cho trẻ mầm nonNghiên cứu sinh thái vùng trồng rau ở Thường Tín, Hà Nội và đề xuất một số nội dung Giáo dục môi trường cho trẻ mầm nonNghiên cứu sinh thái vùng trồng rau ở Thường Tín, Hà Nội và đề xuất một số nội dung Giáo dục môi trường cho trẻ mầm non

HANOI NATIONAL UNIVERSITY OF EDUCATION

NGUYEN HA LINH

ECOLOGICAL RESEARCH ON THE VEGETABLE GROWING AREAS IN THUONG TIN, HANOI AND PROPOSE SOME

ENVIRONMENTAL EDUCATION CONTENTS

FOR PRESCHOOL CHILDREN

MAJOR: ECOLOGY CODE: 9420120

THE DOCTORAL DISSERTATION SUMMARY

HANOI - 2024

Falcuty of Biology - Hanoi National University of Education

Science instructor:

2 Assoc Prof PhD Nguyen Thi Hong Lien

Review 1: Prof PhD Tran The Bach

Institute of Ecology and Biological Resources

Review 2: Prof PhD Nguyen Trung Thanh

VNU University of Science

Review 3: Prof PhD Hoang Van Sam

Vietnam National University of Forestry

The thesis will be reviewed by the Council of Thesis Evaluation at Hanoi National

University of Education

at on hour , date month 2024

The thesis can be found at:

- National Library, Hanoi

- Library of Hanoi National University of Education

1 Associate Professor, PhD Mai Sy Tuan

LIST OF PROJECTS THAT HAVE BEEN ANNOUNCED

1 Nguyen Thi Luyen and Nguyen Ha Linh (2020), “Using the ecological environmental education for preschool children”, HNUE Journal of Science, Vol 64, Issue 4B, 98 – 110

2 Nguyen Ha Linh and Nguyen Thi Hong Lien (2022), “Diversity of wild medicinal plants in the vegetable cultivation areas in Thuong Tin district, Hanoi City”, HNUE Journal of Science, Natural Sciences,Vol 67, Issue 3, 109 – 123

3 Nguyen Ha Linh and Nguyen Thi Luyen (2022), "Organizing experiential activities

to explore biological diversity in vegetable gardens for preschool children", HNUE Journal of Science, Vol 67, Issue 4A, 247 – 259

4 Linh Ha Nguyen, Hong Lien Thi Nguyen, Mai Ngoc Le et al (2024), “Exploring the Distribution of Mecardonia procumbens (Miller) Small in Select Regions of Hanoi

Region”, Asian Journal of Plants Sciences, Vol 23, Issue 1, 61 – 68

Thuong Tin is one of the largest vegetable growing areas in Hanoi, the main products are spices, and leafy vegetables of the Brassicaceae and Cucurbitaceae In recent years, organic vegetable production has become a trend and is encouraged

to expand in scale and area because of its quality safety for users and brings high economic value to farmers In Thuong Tin vegetable growing area, the farmers have two methods of cultivating vegetables: traditional vegetable cultivating and organic vegetable cultivating The basic difference between these two methods is the (non)usage of chemicals (chemical fertilizers, plant protection chemicals…) in farming This can lead to various impacts on the natural environment However, research on the ecology of Thuong Tin vegetable growing areas, Hanoi is still limited Comprehensive research on abiotic and biotic factors has almost not been conducted Therefore, it is necessary to study the ecology of Thuong Tin vegetable growing areas Besides, it is needed to evaluate the impact of vegetable growing on ecological factors as a foundation for building sustainable organic agriculture

Forstering organic agriculture is one of the world's 17 sustainable development goals Sustainable development is expressed in economics, society, environment Environmental Education is an effective method to sufficiently implement sustainable development goals Many studies have shown that Environmental Education needs to

be implemented right from the preschool age In Vietnam, Environmental Education is implemented at all levels in the national education system, including the preschool level The organization and implementation of educational programs at preschool educational establishments is based on the national early childhood education curriculum issued by the Ministry of Education and Training In the implementation process, teachers need to exploit educational content appropriate to the actual conditions local contexts This helps preschool activities to be regionally specific to maximize children's life and experience, creating conditions for children to consolidate and acquire knowledge For Environmental Education, this is meaningful because using materials from the context and environment where children live and study as a means

of teaching; Exploiting educational content about local environmental issues will help children understand the need to protect the environment right around them, not just protecting beautiful scenes or famous places in other places

However, environmental education for preschool children in Vietnam is not fully effective due to many reasons: mainly lack of space to organize activities, educational content is still generally theoretical, limited reference sources, and implementation

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instructions In vegetable growing areas, vegetables are close and familiar objects to children Exploiting and using the results of ecological research in vegetable growing areas to propose some environmental education content for preschool children contributes to improving the effectiveness of environmental education Besides, this helps children to love their homeland and respect labor products

For the above reasons, the thesis "Ecological research on the vegetable growing areas

in Thuong Tin, Hanoi and propose some environmental education contents for preschool children" was carried out

2 Research objectives

2.1 Providing data on the differences in some abiotic and biotic ecological factors in vegetable growing methods in Thuong Tin, Hanoi, as a basis for the development of organic agriculture, contributing to sustainable development Thuong Tin vegetable growing areas

2.2 From research results on some abiotic and biotic ecological factors in Thuong Tin vegetable growing area, Hanoi, some environmental education contents for preschool children are proposed

3 Research content

3.1 Research on the characteristics of some abiotic and biotic ecological factors in Thuong Tin vegetable growing area and evaluate the effectiveness of environmental protection, sustainable development of different vegetable growing methods in the study area

3.2 Using practical research results in Thuong Tin vegetable growing area, propose some environmental education contents for preschool children

5.2 Practical significance

The research results are the basis for state management agencies to make planning and plans for the sustainable development of vegetable growing areas in Thuong Tin district, Hanoi

Improve the effectiveness of environmental education for preschool children through proposing environmental education content, associated with local practice

6 Arguments

6.1 Traditional vegetable growing and organic vegetable growing have different effects

on the local environment, including the soil environment and biome From the research results obtained, planning solutions can be proposed to expand the scale of

of ecological research in vegetable growing areas to propose some environmental education content for children will contribute to improving the effectiveness of environmental education in local preschools

7 New contributions of the thesis

7.1 For the first time, this research investigates abiotic ecological factors combined with biotic ecological factors in vegetablegrowing areas Provide scientific data on environmental ecology in Thuong Tin vegetable growing area: soil properties (mechanical composition, physical and chemical properties of soil); characteristics of wild plants, soil and above-ground animals)

7.2 Assessed the impact of vegetable growing methods on ecological factors: soil, wild plants, and soil animals in Thuong Tin vegetable growing area, Hanoi

7.3 Discovered of the genus Mecardonia Ruiz & Pav., species Mecardonia procumbens (Miller) Small, supplementing the Vietnamese flora

7.4 For the first time, using the results of ecological research on vegetable growing areas to propose some environmental education content for preschool children

8 Structure of the thesis

In addition to the introduction, conclusions and recommendations, references and appendices, the thesis includes 3 chapters:

Chapter 1: Overview

Chapter 2:Research objects and methods

Chapter 3: Research results and Discussion

CHAPTER 1 OVERVIEW 1.1 The role of some ecological factors on the structure, yield, and quality of vegetables

1.1.1.2 Temperature

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Temperature is an important factor that contributes to regulating the growth and development of plants Lin et al (2010) reported that increased temperatures can be beneficial for vegetables provided they do not exceed a critical threshold Temperatures exceeding the critical level will affect morphological characteristics and physiological activities, thereby reducing the yield and quality of grown vegetables Improper temperature also reduces the "deliciousness" of vegetables Plants that are stressed by heat and drought reduce their resistance to pests and diseases

1.1.1.3 Water

Water is an essential factor for the life of organisms, determining crop productivity and quality Different vegetables have different soil moisture needs and this need can change depending on the growing period (Ta Thu Cuc, 2005) Humidity also affects the quality of vegetables when harvested Too high humidity makes stems and leaves weak, reducing resistance to adverse conditions; Reduces crispness and sweetness, making it difficult to preserve and transport However, when the air humidity is too low, vegetable plants will lose water quickly due to evaporation, which can cause wilting and death of the plant (Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Development, 2021)

1.1.1.4 Soil

Among all types of soil, loam soil is suitable for most crops and vegetables On loamy soil, they will grow and develop better, cultivating it with less effort and cost but still ensuring good productivity (Nguyen Duy Lam et al., 2019) Soil pH from 5.5 to

7.0 is suitable for most vegetable crops (Ronen, 2016) Cultivated soil has less accumulated OM content than uncultivated soil; the longer it is cultivated, the greater the decrease in OM (VandenBygaart, et al, 2013) The way that soil is exploited and used will affect the OM and N content in the soil(Mikhailova et al, 2000)

The availability of chemical elements in the soil determines the yield and quality

of crops, affecting the development of resistance to pests and diseases in vegetables The chemical elements necessary for vegetables are divided into 3 groups: macronutrients, secondary elements and microelements based on the needs of the plant

It is necessary to periodically add nutrients to the soil to maintain the yield and quality

Earthworms improve the biological, chemical, and physical properties of soil and act as indicator organisms for the degree of change, soil origin, soil properties, or

et al, 1992), (Gunstone et al, 2021) Soil insects also eat weed seeds, helping to reduce the spread of weeds (Honek et al, 2003)

1.1.2.2 Weed

Weed management is a major challenge for vegetable growers, especially those using organic methods Vegetables vary in their sensitivity to weed competition (Madden et al, 2021) In some cases, weeds are beneficial for vegetable crop productivity, such as as alternative food, alternative vegetable hosts for leaf-eating arthropods, and parasitic species (Araj et al, 2019) Weeds are the breeding ground and residence of many types of vegetable pests, so their existence can be one of the reasons why vegetables are more damaged by pests (Norris et al, 2005)

1.1.2.3 Vegetable pests and natural enemies

More than 70 families of Arthropods are considered crop pests They eat leaves, reducing leaf area; Some species suck sap from leaves, stems or roots; or is the main vector of diseases that harm many vegetables (Inoue-Nagata et al, 2016), (Shivalingaswamy et al, 2002) Increasing the abundance of natural enemies can reduce the density of a common group of plant pests helping to increase crop productivity (Cardinale et al, 2003)

In Vietnam, there are some studies on the composition of vegetable pests and their natural enemies on some popular grown vegetables Ho Thi Thu Giang (2002) discovered 29 species of pests on Brassica vegetables and 77 species of natural enemies

in vegetable growing areas on the outskirts of Hanoi Cao Hoang Yen Nhi et at (2014) reported 34 species of Arthropods, including 17 species of pests, 17 species of natural enemies on the biota of choysum, mustard greens, spinach, and amaranth in some cultivated vegetable gardens

1.2 Overview of vegetable planting and care techniques

1.2.1 Land preparation techniques before planting

Using machinery in plowing and cultivating helps improve soil structure, promoting root development, higher earthworm population density, effective weed control, and crop yields equal to or greater than with conventional tillage (France et al,

2017) However, frequent tillage is also detrimental to plants, increasing the risk of erosion and nutrient leaching There are many different ways to prepare the land before planting, such as using herbicides to remove weed seeds; retain plant residue from previous generations to create a source of organic matter before planting (Dao, 1998); Use mulch with plastic film or straw, grass clippings, compost etc (Zhao et al, 2014)

1.2.2 Seeds and sowing techniques

In ecological research, people are interested in the suitability of seeds to the

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environment and farming techniques Currently, vegetable varieties with good resistance to environmental harshness and changes in pests and diseases are of great interest.(Perez et al., 2017) such as salt- and drought-resistant vegetable varieties that are able to cope well with climate change (Abdou et al, 2013), (Sarker et al, 2020).Many types of vegetables are grown from seedlings The seedlings planted must be strong, big, fat, sturdy, with straight roots, free from pests and diseases

1.2.3 Planting season

Choosing the right time to plant vegetables for each variety will help improve productivity and quality of harvested products and require less labor and care materials (ICAR, 2006) Many vegetable growing regions around the world have changed sowing dates to avoid impacts harmful effects of high temperatures during flowering and harvesting to adapt to climate change (Singh et al 2013), (Olesen et al, 2011) Organic vegetable farms are often equipped with protective systems such as net houses, and greenhouses so they can adjust and reduce adverse environmental conditions for vegetable crops, so growing off-season vegetables is more suitable than farming traditional work (Tewari, 2007)

1.2.4 Arrange plants

1.2.4.1 Intercropping

Intercropping is an agricultural activity of growing two or more crops in the same space and time, helping to increase productivity per unit of land area, reduce the risk of crop failure, and control erosion, weeds, and harmful insects (Hugar et al, 2008)

In intercropping, it is necessary to choose the appropriate crop combination to be compatible with factors such as density, root system, shade, and nutrient competition (Ijoyah et al, 2012)

1.2.4.2 Rotational

Crop rotation is the rotation of crops so that the same crop is not grown in consecutive seasons in one location, helping to minimize pests, reduce chemical use, and support and contribute to increased soil fertility (Diacono et al, 2021), (Benicasa et

al, 2017), (Gabriel et al, 2012)

Organic farming practices intercropping and crop rotation to limit pests and ensure product quality; Limit the risk of nutrient loss in the soil Currently, traditional farming does not maintain monoculture farming systems because it reduces organic matter content, reduces soil microbial activity, affects soil enzymes, and is very susceptible to pest outbreaks (Reynafarje et al, 2016)

1.2.4.3 Planting density

The spacing density of vegetable plants depends on the variety (morphological characteristics, genetic characteristics of the variety), external conditions and growing techniques Planting density can affect plant height, number of leaves, fruit set rate, fruit size thereby affecting the yield of vegetables (Satodiya et al, 2015), (Nguyen Minh Tuan et al, 2015) Vegetable yield reaches its maximum level when plants fully utilize nutrients in the environment

1.2.5 Use fertilizer

Fertilizer helps improve production and increase crop productivity, but if applied

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unbalanced, it will lead to consequences: low productivity, poor quality, easily damaged during transportation and difficulty in preserving ,and negative affect on human health and the environment Organic fertilizers can be used as an alternative for inorganic fertilizers to improve soil structure (Lema et al, 2013) Ullah et al (2008) stated that applying only poultry fertilizer is more effective than applying only chemical fertilizers Using Trichoderma biological organic fertilizer combined with the appropriate chemical fertilizer ratio can help achieve maximum efficiency in terms of yield, quality, and fertilizer savings (Ye et al, 2020)

1.2.6 Pest care and management

Farmers often use pesticides to increase vegetable productivity However, that can affect consumers and vegetable growers themselves if the necessary protection tools are not used Overuse of pesticides can cause pest resistance, the reappearance of harmful organisms, and pesticide poisoning, creating risks to human health and health affect the ecosystem (Yadav et al, 2015)

In addition to using pesticides, there are three main groups of interventions that limit pests and have little impact on the environment, which are: using biological control methods (Schreinemachers et al, 2015), (Tran Dinh Chien et al 2008), (Tran Thi My Hanh et al., 2023); Grafting high-yielding seedlings onto disease-resistant rootstock (Davis et al, 2008) and investing in protected farming systems (Schreinemachers et al 2016)

1.2.7 Organic vegetable production

Organic farming is a system that eliminates the use of chemicals in farming and replaces it with management networks that maintain and increase long-term soil fertility, increasing organic matter content, easily digestible NPK, water, and the quality

of the environment (Rao et al, 2007), (Bhat et al, 2013) The difference in crop yields

in organic and conventional production systems is 20% depending on the crop type, and region (De Ponti et al, 2012) Organically grown vegetables have higher sugar, vitamin C, Fe, Mg, and P content; NO3- or energy metal content is significantly lower and productivity is higher (Pradeepkumar et al, 2017), (Suja 2013)

1.3 The effects of vegetable growing on the natural environment

1.3.1 Effects on the soil environment

1.3.1.1 Effects organic matter content in soil

Soil used for farming results in less accumulated organic matter than uncultivated soil; the longer it is cultivated, the more organic matter decreases.(VandenBygaart et al, 2003).Excessive chemical fertilization, especially nitrogen fertilizer, negatively affects nitrogen-fixing bacteria Rhizobium sp (Savci, 2012) Organic fertilizer increases organic matter content, fertility, and sustainable structure of the soil (Dao, 1998)

1.3.1.2 Effects on the physicochemical properties of soil

Tillage activities help increase soil microorganisms' access to organic matter, thereby increasing N release (Dao,1998) Chemical fertilizers hurts soil pH, changing soil structure and soil microflora Using only organic fertilizers and microbial fertilizers helps improve water holding capacity, porosity, available NPK content, N fixers, P solubilizers, and dehydrogenase activity in soil (Suja, 2013)

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1.3.1.3 Effects the content of elements in the soil

Regular use of N, P, K fertilizers along with manure will contribute to increasing organic matter and N content in the soil compared to neighboring areas without crops (Thomas et al, 1993) Using inorganic fertilizers for a period of time increases the content of heavy metals (Nziguheba et al, 2008) In the Hanoi vegetable growing area, the further south you go, the higher the metal content in the soil (Ngo Thi Lan Phuong, 2010) Vegetable growing soil in Gia Lam, Dong Anh, Thanh Tri has a content of nutrients (N, P, K) in many places are at the poor level and in some places the content

of Zn, Pb, Cu exceeds the allowable limit (Tran Khac Hiep, 2008) Vegetable cultivation soil in Tien Le, Hoai Duc is mostly contaminated with As and Cd (Nguyen Ngan Ha, 2016)

1.3.2 Effects on the water environment

Agricultural cultivation pollutes surface water and groundwater with pesticides and fertilizers (Norse D., 2005), (Belmans et al, 2018.]which is mainly caused by nitrogen fertilizer (Khan et al, 2018) Groundwater pollution due to agricultural chemicals also depends on weather, climate, hydrology, and soil conditions in the farming area (Srivastav et al, 2020)

1.3.3 Effects on the air

Using fertilizers and plant protection chemicals in agriculture is also one of the causes of air pollution Fertilizer production and nitrification of fertilizers create greenhouse gases that cause global warming and damage the ozone layer Applying lime or fertilizing ammonium with urea can evaporate NH3 and change it into HNO3, creating acid rain, destroying vegetation, and changing the habitat of aquatic organisms (Savci, 2012)

1.3.4 Effects on living creatures

1.3.4.1 Effects on weed

Weeds cause damage to vegetables due to their vigorous reproduction, high level

of nutrient competition, and wide ecological niche Growing organic vegetables has a higher above-ground weed biomass than traditional growing vegetable method (Poudel

et al, 2002) Weed abundance was higher at the edge of the field than in the middle of the field, and this difference was more evident in traditionally cultivated fields Monocotyledonous weed species often dominate the group of wild plants due to their small size and high regeneration ability compared to Dicotyledonous species (Rydberg

et al, 2000),(Hyvonen et al, 2003)

1.3.4.2 Effects on the animals on the ground

Pesticides negatively affect terrestrial animal populations: decline in the number

of raptors, mammals (Mahmood et al, 2016).Populations of beneficial insects such as bees and beetles are also significantly reduced by broad-spectrum insecticides in vegetable farming Insects in organic vegetable farms are more numerous than in traditional farming method (Pilling et al, 2006) Using pesticides has a negative impact, causing imbalance and instability in nature because pesticides destroy harmful species while also killing many beneficial species (Bueno et al, 2004)

Among agriculturally important beneficial organisms, natural enemies of

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arthropods are most notable because they contribute to reducing pest outbreaks (Bueno

et al 2017) Overuse of pesticides in farming seriously affects the natural enemies of pests, often leading to the resurgence of pests, the appearance of secondary pests, and strong drug resistance (Fernandes et al, 2010)

1.3.4.3 Effects on soil animals

The farming process causes significant effects on the lives of animals living in the soil: reducing the density of Collembola arthropods (Endlweber et al 2005)and adversely affecting the reproduction of earthworms (Panda et al (1999)), (Goulson, 2013) Earthworm populations often decline under continuous cultivation over long periods of time (Curry et al, 2002) The density of Earthworm species increases when plowing, the density of night-active Reptiles is often higher in the case of unplowed or harrowed soil (Riley et al, 2008)) Pesticides and synthetic fertilizers are believed to be the main factors leading to insect decline and are a growing threat to the environment

in general and the soil environment in particular

Besides the negative impacts on soil animal groups, the farming process also has positive impacts on their lives such as rotational farming, increasing earthworm density and biomass (Riley et al, 2008) Biomass and earthworm density in organic farming systems are higher than in other farming systems (Scullion et al, 2002)

1.4 Summary of Thuong Tin vegetable growing area, Hanoi

Thuong Tin district has favorable conditions to develop specialized vegetable cultivation: (1) The entire district is a plain, built up by the Red River and Nhue River, the soil is mainly loam and sandy soil suitable for many vegetable (2) Convenient irrigation system, abundant surface water system and ponds and lakes to store water during the dry season (3) The four-season climate is suitable for growing many different types of vegetables (4) Convenient and diverse transportation system (road, railway, waterway), close to Hanoi inner city, so transporting products quickly and easily

Thuong Tin has about 545 hectares of safe vegetable areas (2022), concentrated mainly in 3 communes Thu Phu, Ha Hoi, Tan Minh The district's vegetable growing model includes traditional vegetables, safe vegetables, and organic vegetables These models belong to two basic farming types: traditional vegetable growing (using chemical fertilizers and plant protection chemicals); Growing vegetables organically (absolutely no chemicals are used in farming)

Currently, the use of agricultural land in general and vegetable growing soil in Thuong Tin still has many shortcomings It has not yet been possible to consolidate land and exchange plots, form large sample fields and bring grid electricity to the fields

in some communes, making it difficult to expand production scale The structure of shifting from rice cultivation to annual crops such as vegetables, ornamental plants, and medicinal herbs brings significant economic efficiency, so Thuong Tin's agricultural development orientation shifts from food production to annual crops, in Vegetables have the largest area (Do Thi Duc Hanh, 2012), (Pham Thanh Son et al., 2023)

It can be seen that research on vegetable growing ecology in the world focuses

on four directions: (1) Abiotic factors (temperature, light, water, soil ) and (2) biotic

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factors (weeds, soil animals, pests, natural enemies) affect the structure, yield and quality of vegetables; (3) Techniques for growing and caring for vegetable plants; (4) Research the effects of vegetable growing on the soil, water, air environment and biological communities (weeds, soil animals, pests, natural enemies) However, these studies are often carried out in individual directions, without comprehensive results in

a specific vegetable growing area There is very little data on wild plants, mainly on the effects of weeds on vegetable productivity Research on the effects of vegetable growing on soil animals and their role in vegetable growing ecology is not rare, but only focuses on earthworms, with very little scientific data on other soil animal groups

In Vietnam, research on vegetable growing ecology often focuses on assessing the impact of farming on soil and water environmental quality The impact of vegetable cultivation on wild plant species has almost no data The effects of vegetable growing

on animals are mainly studied on pests and natural enemies, not paying attention to soil animals Data on vegetable growing areas in Hanoi often focus on long-standing vegetable growing districts such as Thanh Tri, Gia Lam, Dong Anh There is currently

no complete data on Thuong Tin vegetable growing areas In previous studies, people only studied in one commune because Thuong Tin was only one of the research sites along with other vegetable growing areas in Hanoi

Therefore, it is necessary to have ecological research as a basis for management levels and people to improve knowledge and apply science to vegetable cultivation that

is productive, safe and protects the environment

1.5 Environmental education for preschool children

“Environmental education is the process of purposeful, planned impact of educators to form and develop in learners an understanding of environmental issues, positive attitudes and behaviors to preserve the environment" (Hoang Thi Phuong,

1.5.2 Content of Environmental Education for preschool children

The Early Childhood Education Program issued by the Ministry of Education and Training is a framework program, schools can deploy content appropriate to the actual situation in the locality to meet the requirements of the program Therefore, the content of environmental education at different units and schools may be different, but