Nghiên cứu và đo lường về tiến bộ bình đẳng giới: Một số cách tiếp cận

Nghion cdfu Gia dinh v^ Gidi S^ -2 011 Nghien cufu vd lirang ve tien bo binli fling gioi: Mot so cacli tiep can Ngo Thj Tuan Dung Vi6n Gia dinh v^ Gidi T o m t a t : Trong nhieu thap ki phat trien, cac no lpc nham cai thien vj the ciia phu nP, thu hep khoang each bat binh dang gi6i d cac linh vpc boat dong cd ban da dUdc dat vao trpng tam nhieu ChUdng trinh nghj sp phat trien qudc te toan eau va qudc gia Ngay cang nhieu quoe gia d;\y nhanh viec "npi luat h6a' Cong U6c CEDAW 1979 bang cac dieu luat qudc gia ed ban ve binh dang giPi, tang cUdng nghien cPu cd ban va dac biet la xay dUng he thong cac chi so, chi bao lUdng ve nhiing tien bp phu nP va binh dang giPi (BDC) va c;ie ydu to anh hUdng Cho den nay, nhieu nghien cPu, dieu tra da tien hanh nh;im xay dUng va hoan thien he thong thong ke lUdng danh gia lien quan den tien bo phu nP va BDG d tPng linh vUc va toan bp sp phiit trien xa hoi noi chung i^ai viel trinli bay kh;ii qual mot sd each tiep can lUdng vd t It'll bp BDG ph;\t trien tren the gidi va d Viet Nam, sU can thiel xay dUng he thdng dp lieu giPi bao quat moi chieu (iinh lien bp lien quan den BDG qu;i trinh phat trien Tii k h o a : Gu')!; Binh dang giPi; Do lUdng vd binh dang giPi; He thdng dp Heu gi6i Nghien ciiru, ludng ve tien bo binh dang gidi tren the'gidi Xdy dung he thdng dit lieu gi&i Tren binh dien qudc te, nhu cau can thiet nghien ciiii, xay dung he Ngo Thi Tuan Dung 59 thdng du lieu ve tien bd phu nir va BDG, vdi dp tin cay, cd taeh biel Iheo gidi tfnh, va cac bien sd nhan khau, kinh te - xa hpi quan trpng khac, d cap dp qudc gia/hoac theo timg nganh/lTnh vuc phat tridn , da dupc khang djnh nhieu Hpi nghj qudc te nhu Hpi nghj Phu nir ITie gidi ian (1975) dMehico, Cong udc CEDAW (1979), Hpi nghj Phu nir The gidi lan tai Bac kinh 1995, Chuong trinh Muc tieu phat trien Thien nien ki (UN MDGs, 2000-2015), Theo dd, he thdng dur lieu Ihdng ke gidi phan anh cac dac didm tinh hinh phu nii", nam gidi d mpi ITnh vuc ddi sdng xfi hpi va gia dinh, tren ca sd dd, cho phep phan tfch, theo ddi mpt each he thdng nhirng didm tuong ddng, khac biet gidi d ciic ITnh \uc qua trinh phiit tridn Nd khong dan thuan la he Ihdng sd lieu taeh biet theo gidi tfnh, ma cdn bao gdm cac sd lieu gidi dac thu va cac chi bao nhay cam gidi, phan anh nhirng anh hudng cd lpi hoac bat lpi tuang ddi den mdi gidi, hoac phan anh nhirng khfa Ciinh khac biet, bat binh dang ve x\ the, dieu kien ciia nam va nil Trong dd, dac biet quan trpng la viec nghien ciiru, xay dung he thdng chi bao nhay cam gidi, nham danh gia tien tridn khong chi thd hien qua thay ddi ve lucmg xh chat, ma kem theo cac luan giai ve didn bien va mau hinh bat BDG (UN, 2007) Qua trinh bat dau tir \ iec xac djnh djnh nghia, khai niem, phuong phap luan ludng, phat tridn xa ap dung cac each tiep can, khung khd phan tfch gidi, hoac ket hop su dung nhieu loai chi bao ludng khac nhau, thupc vao bdi canh, cap dp, ITnh \'Uc va muc dfch phan tfch gidi cu thd Nguyen tac long ghep gidi dupc tien hanh qua trinh xac djnh he thdng chi bao, chi sd thdng ke, ludng; each thu thap, phan tfch dir lieu, cung nhu viec cai thien each thiic trinh bay va phd bien dii lieu thdng ke, cac chi tieu gidi qudc gia va viec bao cao theo tiing ITnh vuc boat dpng CO ban (Ngo Thj Tuan Dung \a cac tac gia, 2006, 2007) He thdng chi bao se cung cap thdng tin ve nhirng xu hudng thay ddi quan he gidi theo chidu hudng tfch cue hoac tieu cue, theo ddng thdi gian, hoac hoan canh/lTnh vuc cu thd Dac biet, viec xay dung va sir dung he thdng cac chi bao nhay cam gidi (trong nghien ciru djnh tfnh), giiip nam bat thong tin vd quan niem, trai nghiem vd su thay ddi ciia nam, nii, ve su dam bao quyen phu nir d cac ITnh vuc khac nhau, nhat la viec theo ddi cac tac dpng tir cac can thiep phat trien Tren toan cau, he thdng dii lieu gidi dau tien dupc thiet lap, la he ca sd dii lieu thdng ke vd tinh trang phu nu va lap ke hoach phat trien (theo quan 60 Nghien cUu Gia dinh vi Gidi Quyen 21, so 6, tr 58-72 diein Phu nU jihiit tridn (WID) dupc de xua't tai Hpi nghj Phu nir The gidi kin 1(1975) Cong udc CI'DAW vdi he thdng chi so, chi lieu nham theo ddi, danh gia miirc thuc hipn ciim ket xda bd mpi hinh thirc phan bi6t ddi \ij vdi phu nir d ciie qudc gia cung cang dupc hoan thien Hp thdng dir lieu va Ciie hiio ciio djnh ki cua cac qudc gia vd thuc hien Cdng udc CEDAW bao gdm Ciie chi bao nhiiy cam gidi ca ban, dac biet la cac chi bao ve su Ihay lidi linh hinh phu nir, su tham gia va tao quydn phu nii' Uy ban CEDAW thd gidi khuydn nghj cac qudc gia phat tridn mpt sd chi bao ludng mang tfnh nhiiy ciim gidi, ihuc hien bao cao vd tien bp phu nir/BDG mpt so khfa ciinh van hda, phap if va chfnh trj , vdn thudng chua dupc dua vao cac cupc Khao sal kinh td xa hpi qudc gia djnh ki Cdng udc CEDAW cung lien luc cap nhat, phiin anh nhumg thay ddi dang dien hien nay, tang cudng \'ii md rpng pham vi quan tam, nang cao nhan thiirc, hieu biet ve cong tac thdng ke, bien phap ludng ve tien bd BDG Chang han, Uy ban CEDAW yeu cau cac bao cao qudc gia khdng chi neu rd xe lien bp ban hanh cac dieu Luat lien quan den BDG, ma can cong bd bao cao dir lieu, chi so danh gia, giam sat viec thuc hien cac didu Luat He thdng chi so danh gia, giam sat thuc hien Cdng udc CEDAW tiep luc dupc nghien ciiru va hoan thien (UNIFEM, 2009) ^ Cac Uy ban qudc gia \'i su tien bd phu nOr (UBQGTBPN) d cac qudc gia se phdi hop, tham van ciing cac ddi tac Hen quan cua chfnh phii, di xay dung cac bao cao quoc gia djnh ki trudc Uy ban CEDAW the gidi Cac to chirc phi chfnh phii, xa hpi dan su, thuc hien cac bao cao theo ddi, giam sat ve lien dp, nhung diem lien bp \ a han chd, nhimg khd khan va trd ngai, bien phap khac phuc, v.v Tiim quan trpng ciui \'icc xay dung he thdng cac chi bao theo hudng nhay cam gidi nham theo ddi \ ii danh gia su tien bp phu nir d 12 ITnh vuc chien lupc uu tien ciing dupc khang djnh ro rang d Cuang ITnh, Chuang trinh hanh ddng vi su tien bd phu nir the' gidi (Hpi nghj Phu nxi The gidi lan 4, Bac kinh, 1995) Trong dd didm chfnh dupc nha'n manh la chii trpng dau tu nghien cihi ca ban ve h'ltn trang, ciing cd ca sd dur lieu taeh biet theo gidi tfnh va mpt sd bien sd khac nhu nhdm xa hpi dac biet, theo dp tudi, dan lpc thieu sd, khu vuc cu trii ; Ddng thdi xac djnh he thdng chi bao theo ddi, danh gia ve mirc dp tien bp phu nir va BDG, khac phuc tinh trang thieu hut ca sd dir lieu nen tang d mpt sd ITnh vuc uu tien, ciing nhu tiep tue quan tam nhirng van dd sinh bdi canh toan cau hda Ngo Thi Tuan Dung 61 va phat trien lien quan phu nir va tie em gai Quan diem gidi cung dupc long ghep vao cac nghien ciiii de xay dung bp chi sd Phdt trien ngifdi todn cdn (UNDP, 1995, 2005), cac chi sd va chi tieu danh gia su tien bp kinh te - xa hpi qudc gia, thuc hien Cdc muc tieu phdt tried Thien nien ki ciia Lien Hiep qudc( 2000-2015), dd cd muc tieu vd thiic dfiy BDG va tao quydn phu nir (UNMDGs Summit, 2000-2010) Khung khd loan cau \'e cac muc lieu phat tridn Thien nien ki, vdi 192 qudc gia cam kdt thuc hidn, da dupc "npi dja hda", thong qua viec tang cudng tiep can long ghep gidi, ludng giam sal xe miirc dp nhay cam gidi, cung nhu da dupc phan anh cu the qua cac chi tieu cac kd hoach chien lupc tang tiudng kinh te - xii hpi xa xda ddi giam ngheo qudc gia, va Chuang trinh hanh dpng ciia cac Chfnh phii ve thuc hien muc tieu Thien nien ki giai doan phat trien (2000-2015) vv Nhin chung, nhirng thong tin thu thap djnh ki, he thdng se giiip cac nha nghien cuu, hoach djnh chfnh sach nam bat vd ban cha't, chieu canh, nguyen nhan, dac didm, hau qua xa hpi ciia tinh trang phan biet ddi xir, quan he ba't binh dang gidi d timg ITnh \'Uc hoat dpng Tren co sd dd, cac chfnh phu cac nha nghien cuu, hoach djnh chfnh sach, td chiirc tai trp phat trien, td chii'c phi chfnh phii, cac nha van dpng phong trao phu nil, truyen thong xa hpi cd the theo ddi didn bien thuc trang, nhiimg mong mudn, nguyen vpng ciia cong chiing d ca'p dp qudc gia va dja phuang, giam sat cam ket thuc hien, danh gia ve su gan ket giira muc tieu BDG, tao quyen phu nir vdi hieu qua cua cac ngudn luc hd trp cho phat trien v.v Nhidu td chuc phat trien, cac nha tai trp (nhu UNDP, ILO, UNIFEM,UN-EC Partnership on Gender Equality, WB, ADB ) da xay dung he thdng cong cu, phuang phap luan dd theo doi cac khoan muc dau tu va chi tieu gan vdi muc tieu/hoat dpng BDG ddng ngan sach va he thdng quan If tai chfnh, thue, phiic lpi Hp da sir dung he thdng cac chi bao nhay cam gidi va dii lieu de trinh bay ve nhiimg lpi fch va ket qua ciia cac ngudn luc dau tu nham thiic day BDG va tao quyen phu nir td chiic va cac chuang trinh/du an phat trien tren thuc te l\ldt so tiep can ludng ve tien bg binh ddng gidi phdt trien Cac tidp can ludng vd ba't BDG gin bd chat che vdi cac quan diem luan ban ve phat trien, bao ham quan diem triet hpc, kinh te, chfnh trj; quan niem ve phat trien, toan cau hda, hien dai hda Viec ap dung each tiep can cu the phu thupc vao gdc dp phan tfch khac nhau, vf du, ludng 62 Nghidn ciiru Gia dinh v^ Gidi Quyen 21, sd 6, tr 58-72 \e binh dang eo' iipi hay iiinh diing ket qii;i (la ke't quii hien thuc hda cac tiem n;ing \'on eci lioae dupc tfch iuy liong chu trinh sdng ciia ngudi) wi Ciie veil to lae dong Do lifdng cinso phdt trien nguoi I if quan dieni gidi Xuiit piiiil diem quan trpng de eae nhii nghien ciiru xac djnh, ludng chi so phiit trien eon ngudi loan cau (HDI) nam 1990 la tu tudng: "Phat trien chi'nh iii eo hpi de moi ngUdi cd tlid hidn thuc hda cac kha nang ciia minh \(ii lu e;ieii iii nipt ngUdi Va mpi ngudi ba't ke nir hay nam, phai ia nhirng cliu llie ciui qiui trinh phai tnen "dai ngudi la trpng tam" Liin diiu lien, td chiic UNDP nghien cuu va xiiy dung Bao cao phat trien ngudi toiin eau, vdi chuyen de diic biet ve BDG nham phuc vu cho Hpi ngiu Phu nir'Ihc gidi iiin ciia Lien hiep qudc tai Bac kinh 1995 (UNDP, 1995) Sau niiy, vice xac djnh chi sd long hap vd bai BDG dupc coi la mpt mue tieu chii chdt ciia cac Bao cao ve phat tridn ngudi loan cau (UNDP 1995,2005) Vice nghien ciru vii tfnh toiin cac chi sd tong hcfp ve phat tridn ngudi (HDD, chi so Phat tridn ngudi lien quan den gidi (GDI) va chi so vd lao quyen phu nu" (nang caa nang luc, vi the - GEM) dupc coi la no luc nghien cii'u, ludng \e phat trien vii tao quyen ngudi tren ca sd gidi dau tien d pham x\ qudc te'" Chi so HDI phan iinh chieu canh phat tridn ngudi, thd hien qua mdt so chi biio quan trpng \'e chiil lupng song ngudi, bao gdm: ti le ngudi dan biet chur vii liep can giao due phd thong co biin; linh trang cham sde sii'c khde (tudi thp); \a diil mirc song diing hoang (decent) udc tfnh theo mirc thu nhi~ip/d;iu ngucti qua Khiio sat Muc song hp gia dinh Ngoai ra, Ciic nhii nghien ciiru cdn tinh toiin chi sd long hop \d su ngheo khd cua ngudi (HPI) dc xiic dinh nhdm ddi lupng muc tieu ciia can thiep, hd Up phai trien Theo dd, dua >eu td biit binh dang gidi vao tfnh toan, thir hiing chi so HDI eua qudc gia cd thd se bj anh huang, thay ddi theo chidu hirc'mg tang ien iioae giiim xudng Thuc id cung cho tha'y mpt qudc gia cd chi sd HDI xep thir hang cao, cung khdng nhat thiet la qudc gia cd su ddi xir cong biing gidi Vd thuc chat chi sd ldng hop GDI (UNDR 1995, 2005) khong nham ludng miirc dp bat BDG, ma nham ludng ve kha nang, nang luc (capabilities cac yeu td dau vao) ciia phat tridn ngudi, va mdc dp chenh lech giira nang luc ciia nam va nii' b tinh trang dupc coi la "ba't binh ding" Neu khoang each chenh lech gidi cang cao d cac chieu canh nay, thi chi Ngo Thj Tuan Dung 63 sd GDI qudc gia se thap di so vdi chi sd HDI qudc gia Su lidn tridn vd chi so tong hop GDI cua cac qudc gia, theo thdi gian, cung ciip nhung minh chirng khoa hpc ro rang rang, chua cd qudc gia niio tren thd gidi ddi xir vdi phy nir binh dang nhu \'di nam gidi, xii su tien bp BDG khong don ihuitn chi phu thupc \ iio miic dp thu nhilp d qudc gia No luc khac liip trung ludmg chi sd lao quydn phu nu (GEM), cung chfnh la the hien quan didm ndi |-»i)t ciia nha kinh id hpc ndi tieng Amatya Sen \e phat tridn ngudi phu nu Theo dd, chi sd idny hop GL:M dupc xay dung nhiim ludmg \e miirc dp tu chii ciia ngudi phu nu, ngiiTa la, vdi tu each la ngudi, phu nu phai dat dupc kha nang lu chii chpn lua va hanh dpng \ii dai dupc mirc dp dpc lap luang ddi xe kinh te dd cd thd lam chii cupc sdng ciia biin than, gia dinh vii ngoiii xa hpi Chi sd tdng hop GEM lap trung ludng cac co hpi va tuu phat trien ngudi phu nir, bao gdm mirc dp tao quydn chfnh trj xh xa hpi ciia phu nir, vdi nhirng chi bao cu the nhu: su tu chii ciia phu nu kha nang phu nir tham gia vao ddi sdng kinh le-chfnh trj; tiep can \ ii giam sat cac ngudn luc tai nguyen kinh te phat trien Cu thd chi sd bao quat khfa canh quan trpng nhu: su tham gia chi'nh trj \ a quydn quyet djnh (tham gia, dai dien d Nghj vien/Qudc hpi, ): tham gia va quyet djnh d ITnh vuc kinh te (the hien sd lupng nii dupc dao tao ve chuyen mon kT thuat, quan If ,) va muc dp phu nir cd the tiep can, kiem soat cac ngudn luc tai nguyen kinh te'(udc tfnh theo mirc thu nhap binh quan dau ngudi theo sde mua ngang gia USD PP/Person) v.\' Neu quan sat va so sanh cac chi sd GEM giua cac qudc gia d mirc dp phat trien kinh te-xa hpi khac nhau, cd the tha'y, nhieu qudc gia ngheo se khong the dat gia trj chi sd GEM cao bang xep hang Ngupc lai, nhirng qudc gia giau cd hoac tidm luc kinh te kha cd the dat chi sd GEM cao hon, va khoang each gidi d khfa canh neu tren dupc thu hep dan la nhiimg nude giau cd mirc thu nhap cao hon, nen gia trj GEM dupc tfnh toan cung se cao ban Nhieu qudc gia kem phat tridn thi chi so ve tao quydn phu nil (GEM) thudng thap hon dang kd so vdi chi sd phat tridn ngudi lien quan den gidi (GDI), cd the la nhirng qudc gia dat ft tuu ve khfa canh tad quyen phu nir; khong cd hoac chua cap nhat dir lieu thdng ke ca ban va day du de tfnh loan dupc chi sd GEM, v.v Ve mirc xep hang chi sd GEM, Viet Nam dumg thii 52/155 qudc gia (2008), day lamiic xep hang kha cao so vdi mirc dp phat trien d khu vuc va tren the gidi Nhu vay cd the ndi chi sd GDI va GEM dupc coi nhu cong cu phuang 64 Nghien cUu Gia dinh va Gidi Quyen 21, sd 6, tr 58-72 liiuij) iuiin quan trpng, giiip ciie nhii nghien ciru va cac nha hoach djnh chfnh siieii phai trien iiiim li;il nhirng dien bidn tuang quan gidi a pham vi tirng qudc gi;i \'ii giii;i ciic qudc gia vdi Day ia nhirng chi so quan trpng de phan lieii vii Ihiio iiian chfnh sach vc ludng bat binh dang gidi, de lap ke hoiich, eliinii siich vii chuang trinh kinh tc xa hpi dap umg gidi phli hop o Ciie quoe gia, hoac vdi dac diem lirng dja phuang Iie-ii thuc te Iheo nhieu nhii nghien ciiru, cdn kha nhidu va'n de can quan lam linh loan vii ludng cung nhu nang cao nhan thiirc, hidu biet ciia mpi ngudi vd phuang phap iiiiin, each thiirc tfnh loan cac chi sd phat trien ngudi iie-n quan (Kiasen, 2006) Chang han vice cac nha nghien ciru sir dung Ciic kT thuiit kinh le iupng phirc tiip de tfnh loan, ludng cac chi so tdng hpp niiy de lao nen cam giac khd hieu cho mpi ngudi ciing vi vay ma dii phiin niio hiin che su phd bien rpng rai kdt quii thdng ke tdi cdng chiing Ciie nhii nghien ciim vii hoiich djnh chfnh sach v.v Cac nha nghien ciim ihdng kc vd gidi cung nhan djnh rang de ludng BDG ddi hdi phai cd phuang phap so sanh vd GDI va HDI Ngoai ra, tren thuc te phat tridn ngudi mpt sd chieu canh phan anh su chenh lech kha ldn giii'a nam va nir nhu va'n de iham gia, tiep can lao dpng-viec lam (ca lao dpng tren thj trudng va hoat ddng phi thj irudng chat lupng giao due, dao tao hoac tham gia chinh trj a ca'p ca sd chua dupc quan tam va bao quat day dii cac phep ludng, tfnh toan hoac dupc quan tam dung miic lien hanh khao sal thuc tidn Van dd quan trpng niira ciin khac phuc la can ciip nhiii thudng xuyen ca sd du lieu ndn lang, lach biel theo gidi tinh theo nganh nghd/lTnh \ uc hoat dpng cd dp lin ci)y cao, de cd can ciir tfnh loiin, so sanh xep hang chi sd mpt each hieu qua han Vice ciii tien cdng tiic thong tin \ ii each thirc didn giai se giiip ngudi sir dung sd lieu ed thd hinh dung rd rang han ve loai chi sd Nhin chung, cong tiic nghien cim lifinig chi so phdt nien ngudi tif quan diem gidi xim dupc tidp luc Do ludng khodng cdch gidi Bp chi sd tdng hop khac ludng \'d bat binh ding gidi va xep hang BDG qudc gia tren loan cau la GGI (Global Gender Gap Index)'^' Chi so GGI dupc trinh bay lan dau tien tai Didn dan Kinh te the gidi nam 2005 (WEE, 2005; Lopez-Claos va Zahidi, 2005; Greig, F et al, 2006) Chi sd GGI tap trung ludng, xep hang BDG qudc gia vdi 14 chi bao, chi tieu, theo chieu canh chfnh nhu: ca hdi va su tham gia hoat dpng kinh te - lao dpng, tao quyen chfnh trj, trinh dp hpc van, giao due, cham sde y teva kha Ngo Thi Tuan Dung 65 nang sd'ng sdt cua ngudi, nam va nir (WEF 2005) Cd khai niem ca ban ciia chi sd GGI dupc nha'n manh, dd la: thif nhd't, ludng khoang each gidi, chir khong ludng ve mirc dp phat tridn ciia qudc gia NghTa la, ludng khoang each gidi tiep can cac ngudn luc, va CO hpi chii khdng ludng vd miic dp ngudn lire san cd, va co hpi d qudc gia dd; TIn'f hai, ludng khoang each gidi theo bidn sd ket qua dau cudi ciing (Outcomes) han la ludng khoang each ciia cac yeu td phuang tien, dau vao (Inputs), va sir dung mdt sd bien sd co ban nhu mirc dp tiep can y te giao due, kinh te chfnh trj (vf du sd iupng viec lam cd chuyen mon cao, lanh diio quikn if,,,.); Thu ha, ihuc hien viec xdp hiing qudc gia \'e mpc tieu BDG han lii \'d tao quydn phu nu' (ngliia la mirc thu hep khoang each giiia nam \ii nir d mpt sd chi bao (theo chidu ngang), hom la miic dp phat trien ciia ngudi phu nir hoac nam gidi (theo chidu dpc) Viec lap ban dd xep hang chi sd GGI va cung cap thong tin didn bien vd khoang each gidi se giiip cac ddi tac phat trien nhu Chfnh phii, gidi kinh doanh, td chiic xa hpi dan su, nha tai trp, cac dpc gia tren toan cau nhan thiic rd rang hom vd nhumg thaeh thiic, bat lpi khoang each gidi tao d cac xa hpi, ciing nhu nhiimg co hpi, lpi fch phat trien mdi me va ben viing, neu mdi qudc gia tap trung ap dung cac bien phap thu hep khoang each gidi d tiTng ITnh vuc Cac Bao cao ve khoang each gidi loan cau GGI (WEF 2006, 2007, 2008) cung se giiip cac dpc gia nhan dien rd hon vd su tien bp, miic dp, pham vi chenh lech dua tren cO sd gidi dupc "lupng hda", va cung cap can cii khoa hpc cho cac nha hoach djnh dua cac khuyen nghj hieu qua de khac phuc tinh hinh bat BDG tren toan cau Ching ban, cac Bao cao GGI toan cau nam cho thay, d mpt sd qudc gia khoang each gidi dupc thu hep nhanh nhat d ITnh vuc la y te va giao due Ngupc lai, d ITnh vuc kinh te va tao quydn chfnh trj, khoang each giira nam va nii cdn chenh lech rat ldn Theo bang xep hang GGI nam 2008, Viet Nam xep d mirc trung binh, dirng thir 72/134 qud'c gia xep hang (WEF 2008) Chi sd GGI toan cau dupc ki vpng su dung nhu mpt cong cu hiiu fch ddi vdi cac nha hoach djnh chfnh sach hp can xac djnh cac uu tien, phan bd ngudn luc theo hudng cong bang phat trien va can cii de djnh vj, xep hang qudc gia hdi nhap qudc te Chi sd GGI cQng giiip cac qudc gia theo ddi mdi tuang quan chat che giua khoang each gidi va mdc dp nang luc canh tranh qudc gia bdi canh toan cau hda va phat tridn 66 Nghidn curu Gia dinh va Gidi Quyen 21, sd 6, tr 58-72 Niu')in liie giii xay dung ciie chi sd eiing khuyen nghj rang can tang cudng Irao diii kinh nghiem, ciing cd quan iie ddi tac va giai quyet va'n dd inpi ciicli ti)]) liie, ciic nhdm ddi tiic d qudc giii, khu vuc va qudc te Do ludng cong hdng gidi Bp chi sd ve cong biing gidi phat tridn (GEI) Td chii'c Social Watch nghien ci'ru vii de xuiVt iip dung Day i;i mdt mang ludi lien minh tap hpp Ciic tP chirc xii lipi dan sir cua 70 qudc gia (.Social Watch Org, 2005, 2009) Id chuc niiy tham giii Xiiy dung cac bao cao, giam sat viec thuc hien e;ic chinh siich xiiii ddi giiim ngheo va cdng bang gidi, thuc diiy cac cam kei tiien khai Cuedig ITnh, Chuang trinh hanh dpng vd tien bd phu nCr i^iie kinh ke tir nam 1995 Vice xiie dinh chi sd GEI se phan anh thuc Irang bat ipi ddi vdi phu nir vii khuyen cao chfnh sach cai ihien tinh hinh Quan didm cin'nh mil id chii'c neu ien la su phat tridn, tang trudng kinh te si: khong tu ddng dtin ddn BDG hoac BDG khdng didn ddng deu a mpi chidu canh, khu vuc Viec mdi qudc gia dat dupc muc lieu BDG d miirc dp nao la liiy thupc liii ldn cac yeu id nhu: nhurng cam ke't chfnh trj, viec tfch cue theo dudi he gia trj binh ding, va no luc nham ihay doi mau hinh van hda, tap quiin cu, \ ii thuc hien viec phan bd ngudn luc phat tridn theo hudng cong bang, hop if horn cac xa hpi Dua tren ca sd dir lieu qudc gia tin ci\y (152 qudc gia) To chiirc niiy tien hanh so sanh xep hang, xay dung bao cao \e hien tiiing, theo doi su tien trien khoang each bat BDG d ITnh \'Uc la giiio due; kinh te-\ iec lam; tao quydn phu niir, nam gidi Chi sd khdng lap irung luang vd mirc dp phat trien, phiic ipi cua nam, nur d cac qudc gia, khu vuc tren toan cau TTico Td chirc nay, tinh tiiing ihieu hut so lieu taeh biet theo gidi tfnh, khdng Ciip nhat sd lieu Ihdng ke ndn uing, djnh ki, \di dp tin ciiy ciia mdt so nude cung lii khd khan ldn dd cd thd tien hanh nghien ciru, phan tfch, so Siinh hoac xep hiing chi sd GEI toan ciiu Do lifdng vi' dia vi gidi Bp chi bao khac ludng \d dja \i gidi Uy ban Kinh te Chau Phi thii nghiem vii de xua't d 12 nude d khu vuc Chau Phi (Economic Commission for Africa, 2004) Theo dd, cac nha nghien ciru se ludng anh hudng ciia cac chi'nh siich den su tien bp phu nu, cac khac biet gidi nang luc, ca hpi, quyen luc anh hudng Cu the la ve quyen luc xa hdi the hien qua viec phu nir tiep can giao duc-dao tao; quyen luc kinh te qua ca hpi, tiep can sir dung cac ngudn luc kinh te; ve quydn luc chfnh trj qua miirc dp tu chii, kha nang anh hudng d cac khu vuc cong, va cac td Ngo Thi Tuan Dung 67 chiic xa hpi dan su ) Khu vuc cac nude phat tridn My la tinh cung nghien ciru va phat trien tap hpp ciic chi sd ludng ve BDG Do lifdng vc cdc quyen phii nit Bp chi sd ludng vd ciic quydn xa hdi ciia phu nir (WOSOC, 2007) cung la chi bao bd sung cho cac ludng BDG ndi tren song nhan manh tii khfa canh quan didm quyen ngudi phu nir nghia iii ludng \'e mu'c dp cac quydn xa hpi phd quat qudc te dupc cong nhan ddi \di phu nCr (Cong udc ve cac quyen van hda, xa hpi 1966) da dupc phan anh nhu the nao d he thdng luat phap, che tai xii thuc thi cupc sdng d ciie qudc gia Nhin chung hau het ciic bp chi sd ludng \'d bat BDG thudng tap trung vao ket qua the hien cudi cimg (Kiasen 2006, 2007) Do lifdng tifoiig quan giifa the che \d hgi vd gidi Mpt nhdm nghien ciim ciia td chiic OECD dd xuat mpt each tiep can ludng mdi Thay \i ludng hien trang bat binh ding gidi d tirng ITnh vuc nhu giao due, y te, kinh te hoac tham gia chfnh trj-xa hpi va cac chidu canh Idiac nhdm nghien ciiu da su dung mpt cong cu mdi dd tim hidu va phan tfch mdi tuomg quan giira //// che' xd hgi vd gidi phat trien (SIGI) (OECD, 2005) Chi sd ludng SIGI bd trp cho cac cong cu ludng trudc dd xe BDG/bat binh ding gidi Nhdm nghien ciiu cung khing djnh ro quan diem la su phat trien, tang trudng kinh te ciia qudc gia khong dii de dam bao BDG va can thiic daiy tao quyen phu nir va thay ddi moi trudng van hda xa hpi theo chidu hudng tien bp, tfch cue horn Theo dd, tap trung nghien ciim, ludng mirc dp anh hudng cua cac ydu td van hda - xa hpi den vj the phu nir va kha nang tham gia vao ddi sdng kinh te, chfnh trj, van hda, xa hdi ciia phu nir d cac nude dang phat trien Viec nghien ciiu, phat trien chi sd SIGI nhim xac djnh cac van de va chidu canh ciia the che xa hpi lien quan den bat BDG, cung nhu phd bien rpng rai thong tin ve miic dp tien bp hoac nhirng rao can thiic day muc tieu BDG d cac nude dang phat trien va phat trien Cdc the chexa hgi, dupc djnh nghTa la "nhimg qui tic u'ng xii, chuin muc xa hpi, nhirng luat tue vdn tdn tai lau ddi la nhirng nguyen nhan gdc rd tao nen tinh trang bat BDG d mpi ITnh vuc ddi sdng, hoac hanh dpng phan biet ddi xir, nan bao luc gia dinh va cpng ddng" Cac the che xa hpi ddng vai trd chi phdi quan trpng, theo nghTa la, chiing cd the tac dpng thiic day hoac kim ham ca hpi phat trien cua phu nii va nam gidi, tao ndn tang phan tang gidi/xa hpi va gin ke't chat che vdi cac ket qua BDG/xa hpi" Dac biet la tfnh da dang van hoa d cac cpng ddng dia phuang cin dupc nghien ciru kT ludng 68 Nghien ciTu Gia dinh v^ Gidi Quyen , sd 6, tr 58-72 \i lui chi plidi liii miinh me ddn ket quii chfnh sach BDG/xa hpi (UNESCOOl-Ci), 2010) Bo eiii sd SIGI liiiig hpp gom 60 chi bao/bidn so ludng, la nhiing cPng cu de so siinii, khiii quiil ve vi the xil hdi cua phu nir d nhdm qud'c gia dang phiit tiidn (162 nude), bfin iigoiii khiii OIX'l) (nhdm 30 nude phat trien) Chi so long hop (SIGI), bao gdm tidu-chi sd (Sub-index), nhim ludng nhu'ng chidu ciinh/bidn si) anh hudng cua cdc the che xd hgi de'n ba't BDG, chpn lpc mpt sd bieu hipn dac biel cua biii BDG, nghTa la, xem xet yeu td diiii \'iio dAn den ciic kdt quii bit binh ding cudi cimg, bao gdm: Luat hon nhan-giii dinh; Su diim bao lu dan su; Ven loan than thd va nhan pham phu nii; lu ludng thai do, "tam if trpng nam"; va quydn sd hiiu (kha nang tiep can dat dai, vay vdn, sd hiru lai san,,) Chi sd SIGI lien quan chat che den linh tiiing cham sde sire khoe, giao due va miirc dp tham gia phat tridn kinh le ciia phu nir SIGI cho biel ve miu hinh bat BDG va miirc dp phan biet ddi xii dupc ihd hien qua cac thd che xa hpi, theo cac nhdm diem tii cao den thap (5-1 diem), lien quan den su tham gia ciia luc lupng lao dpng tren thj trudng,,,, Ne'u miirc dp phan biel ddi xii phan anh d cac thd che xa hpi la cao, Ihi su tham gia hoat dpng kinh te ciia phu nir tren thj trudng se la thap ban nam gidi,\,v Cac nha nghien cum ki vpng, viec xep hang qudc gia theo chi sd SIGI se thu hiil su quan tam ciia cac nha hoach djnh chfnh sach, va tao nhirng cupc thao luan rpng rai hom xe \iin dd Viec nghien cim, khai thac ca sd dir lieu hien cd vd cac thd che xa hpi d cac qudc gia se goi md cac djnh hudng phan tfch chuyen sau cQng nhu phat tridn ciic chi bao ludng djnh tfnh nhim lann sang td rd ban \'d nguyen nhan, cac yeu td tac dpng, va de xuat giiii phap khic phuc linh triing bat BDG mdt each manh me han Tdm lai, cong lac nghien eihi co ban \ii viec hoan thien he thdng chi lieu thdng ke, nang cao nang luc didu tra, khao siii ciing nhu viec thu thap, luu trir va phd bien sd lieu thdng ke gidi, cac chi sd, chi bao theo ddi, danh gia ve vj the phu nur, quan he gidi cang dupc diy manh d cap qud'c gia va tren loan cfiu Cac so lieu thdng ke va phan tfch ve cac chieu canh, chi sd BDG phat tridn d nhidu ITnh vuc cho tha'y birc tranh kha da dang, cd nai da cd su cai thien song tinh hinh cai thien nhin chung cdn kha cham chap Didu cung gpi nhiing ham y chfnh sach ra't quan trpng ring, nhumg thdng ke, ludng ve su tang truang kinh tequdc gia (GDP, GNP) can phai khic phuc nhiing mat han che va vuot len cac quan niem, khuon khd tu cii, nghTa la khdng chi dan thuan dua tren nhihig tfnh Ngo Thi Tuan Dung 69 toan ve miic thu nhap GDP/dau ngirdi, ma can bao quat mpi chidu canh tien bp lien quan den binh ding gidi/xa hpi qua trinh phat tridn Nghien cufU va lirdng tien bo binh dang gidi d Viet nam O Viet Nam, thap ki qua viec quan tam va dau tu cho nghien ciru CO ban, xac djnh hien U'ang van dd gidi long ghep quan diem gidi thuc hien cac cupc tdng didu tra va khao sat djnh ki cap qudc gia tren nhieu ITnh vuc/nganh nghd da dupc day manh Cho den nay, nhidu danh muc chi tieu ve phu nu \ ii BDG da dupc xay dung Vf du, Tdng cue Thdng ke vdi su hd trp tai chfnh, kT thuat cua cac td chirc qudc te da phdi hpp vdi cac Bp/nganh, Hpi Lien hiep Phu nir nghien ciru, phat trien cac danh muc, chi tieu gidi lap ke hoijch va theo ddi vd BDG bao gdm: Chi tieu theo doi giam sat viec thuc hien Cong udc CEDAW 1979; Bp Chi sd ve Quydn phu nir; Bd Chi tieu theo ddi, danh gia cac muc tieu phai tridn Thien nien ki qudc gia (MDGs VN); Chien lupc, Ke hoach phat tridn kinh te xa hpi; He thdng chi tieu thdng ke qudc gia; CPng udc Quydn Tie em; Danh muc chi tieu ciia cac Bp/nganh, chfnh quydn Tinh/Thanh phd Nhieu sd lieu dieu tra ca ban, theo ITnh vuc, chuyen dd ve gidi cua cac Bp/nganh, ca quan nghien cihi da dupc thu thap va cong bd Dac biet, la cac nghien cim, phan tfch, xay dung chi sd ve Phat trien ngudi Viet Nam (HDI, GDI, GEM) giai doan 2001-2005 (Chuang tnnh KHKX 05 thupc Vien Khoa hpc xa hpi Viet Nam, 2006; Tdng cue Thdng ke, 2000, 2005; Truang Thj Thiiy Hing, 2005) Nhidu bp, nganh tien hanh xay dung CO sd du lieu, bao cao djnh ki lien quan nhu UBQGTBPN, Hpi Lien hiep Phu nii Viet Nam, Bp Y te, Bp Giao due, Bp Npi vu ) Mpt sd bp Luat nhu Luat Thdng ke (2003), dac biet la Luat Binh ding gidi (2006), Luat Phdng chdng bao luc gia dinh (2007) cd qui djnh, hudng din, nhim the che hda viec ludng vd muc tieu BDG Npi dung xay dung he thdng cac muc tieu qudc gia, chi tieu vd BDG, cong cu theo doi danh gia va'n de long ghep gidi xay dung van ban qui pham, phap luat da dupc dat Gan day, mdt sd boat dpng, nhiem vu nghien ciiu, thdng ke co ban da dupc cu the hda cho tiing Bd/Nganh giai doan tdi Nghj quyet sd 57/ NQ- CP nam 2009 ciia Chfnh phu Viet Nam (CPVN, 2009) Tren ca sd dd, cd the tien hanh cac nghien cum, phan tfch, hoach djnh chien lupc, bien phap/chfnh sach xda ddi giam ngheo, phat trien ngudi, phat trien ngudn nhan luc theo hudng nhay cam gidi va phii hop vdi muc tieu BDG phat trien 70 Nghien cUu Gia dinh va Gidi Quyen 21, so 6, t r 58-72 () Viet Nam, viee ap dung quiin didm ldng ghep gidi nhidu chuang trinh, du ;in phat trien, nhim muc tieu lidn bp phu nir va BDG da dupc li ien khai lien thuc tien song cdn bpe ip mdt sd ban che nhu sau: Cdn fl cac ngiiien ci'ru long ket vd phuang phap iuiin nang cao hieu biet \'e he thdng chi hiio iheo doi, danh giii va giam sal, cung nhu cac kinh ngliiem ve Idng uliep gidi lien thUc lien, Cdn niiieii ban eiie dim lu cho nghien ciiru cO ban, cdng tac dieu tra thu thap so lieu, vii diu tu nang cao nang luc phan tfch sd lieu, bao cao djnh ki d ciie ITnh vuc ciing nhu vice [itid bien cac dir lieu gidi de phuc vu cho nghien ciiru, hoiich djnh chi'nh sach va truydn thdng xa hpi, Vi vay nhidu khia ciinh vim ciiii dupc tiep luc hoan thien (Tdng cue Tiidng ke, 2000 2005; Nguydn Bui Linh, 2009; Ngan hang the gidi, 2009) Viec cung ed, cap nhat hoiic vipc truy cap he ihdng dCr lieu gidi ndn liing d cac ITnh vuc cdn gap nhidu khd khan Ching ban nhu su thieu hut dir lieu, khong cd su chia se dir lieu gidi, hoac cdn ban che hidu biet ve each thiirc thdng ke, vd phuang phap luan, phuang phap tfnh loan chi so, chi tieu, each thiirc trinh bay phd bien thong tin vd cac chi sd/chi tieu lien nganh hoac chuyen biet Vi vay cac nha nghien cum, cac nha quan If, hoach djnh chi'nh sach va cdng chiing ft cd ca hpi liep can \ii cap nhat thong tin, ket qua nghien cum ve tien bp phu nir ve cac chi so ludng BDG phat tridn d tren the gidi Day la rao can ldn cho cong tac giam sat, danh gia lien bd BDG d Vict Nam Nhieu chi so ludng ve binh ding gidi ma ciic qudc gia tren the gidi thudng dimg nhu da neu tren chua dupc ap dung thuc tidn nghien ciiru vii quan ly xa hpi d Viet Nam Vf du Luat Binh ding gidi (2007) chi de cap den chi sd GDI \ii chua cap nhiit \d chi sd GEM hoac chi so GGI SIGI Chuang trinh UN Women lai Viet Nam va Tdng cue Thdng ke (2010) da phdi hop boat dpng nhim tang cudng nang cao nang luc d ITnh vuc thdng ke xay dung he ca sd dir lieu gidi qudc gia ca ban Tdm lai, xet ca vd if luan \'ii thuc tidn, viec nghien ciiru va ludng vd bat binh ding gidi, xe khoang each gidi va su tie'n bp BDG, ve quan If va danh gia tac dpng chfnh sach tii gdc dp gidi/xa hpi (d tiing ITnh vuc, chuang trinh/du an d phijm vi qudc gia hoac so sanh xep hang tren toan ciu) la boat dpng cap thiet va quan trpng, song hoan toan khdng dan gian Viet Nam cang hpi nhap sau rpng, theo hudng cong nghiep hda va hien dai hda, viec tiep luc day manh nhiing nghien cum ca ban, cap nhat, Ngo Thi Tuan Dung 71 van dung each thirc tiep can nidi nghien ciru, thu thap va phan tfch sd lieu thdng ke gidi, hoan thien cac chi sd ludng, danh gia va giam sat tien bp BDG d nhirng boat dpng phat tridn, cung nhu cung cd cO sd dir lieu gidi/xa hpi la vii'n dd quan trpng Ngoai ra, cin tang cudng phd bien, truyen thong xa hpi, thdng tin djnh ki \'e BDG, dac biet vd hien trang va danh gia ve tien bp phat tridn ngudi lien quan den gidi (nhu GDI, GEM GGI ,) md rpng thao luan vd nhurng ban che yeu kem nguyen nhan, cac bien phap kinh nghiem tdt dd gdp phan ciii thien tinh trang bat BDG, bat binh d i n g xa hdi d timg ITnh vuc phat trien • Chii thich '" Nghien ciiru niiy dupc tien hanh duPi sU chi dao ciia hai hpc gia kinh te va xa hpi hpc ndi tie'ng la Anand Sudhir \';i Amatya Sen (nha kinh te hpc dat giai Nobel) '-' Cac chuyen gia kinh te cua Dien dan kinh te the giPi cpng tac vPi cac chuyen gia Dai hpc Harvard \ ii Dai hpc California bat d^u nghien ciiru va tinh toan phat tridn chi sd tdng hop tir nam 2005 Tai lieu tham khao Chinh phu Viet Nam (CPVN) 2009 Nghi quyet so 571 NQ- CP ve Chuang trinh hdnh dgng ciia Chinh phii giai dogn de'n ndm 2020 Greig F et al 2006 The gender gap index A new framework for measuring equality Kiasen S 2006 "UNDPs Gender- related measure: Some conceptual problem and possible solutions , fournal of Human development Kiasen S 2007 Gender-related indicators of well-being in M Mc Gillivray( ed) Human Well-being: concept and measurement NY Palgrave Macmilian Lopez- Claros A and Zahidi H 2005 Women empowerment: Measuring the global gender gap Davos: WEF Ngan hang The giPi 2011 Ddnh gid gidi tgi Viet Nam (Ban Du thao), Ha Npi Ngo Thj Tuan Dung va cac tac gia 2007 Mot sdvd'n de li ludn cabdn ve gidi vd kinh nghiem gidi quyet van de gidi d mgt sd to chicc vd qudc gia Bao cao tdng hpp de tai cap Bp Vien Khoa hpc xa hpi Viet Nam Ha Npi Ngo Thj Tuan Dung Vu Thj Ciic 2006 Bdo cdo de tdi cap Vien "Mgt sd vdn de phuang phdp ludn nghien cifu gidi Vien Gia dinh va GiPi, Ha Npi Nguydn Bui Linh 2009 Bdo cdo nghien cifu thdng ke gidi Ngan hang the giPi tai Ha Npi OECD 2005 Gender, Intitutions and Development Database Social Watch 2005 Roars and whispers gender and poverty; Promise versus action, Montevideo Social watch Tdng cue Thdng ke Quy Nhi ddng Lien hpp qudc Uy ban Dan sd Gia dinh va Trd em 2007 Dieu tra ddnh gid cdc muc tieu tre em vd phu nU Viet Nam ndm 2006 Ha Npi 72 Nghien cUu Gia dinh va Gidi Quyen 21, so 6, t r 58-72 Tong cue riion