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DỊCH ĐẠI CƯƠNG - EN42.019 …Gist translation is characterized by keeping the main idea/gist of a text, omitting all of its supporting details and subsidiary arguments …Idiomatic translation is based on the meaning of the text which aims to produce the message of the original but tends to distort nuances of meaning by using idioms and colloquialism where there n ot exist in the original …in mind matters involving text adjustments in terms of additions, omissions and adaptations …Literal translation is featured by the fact that grammatical structures and the meaning of words are translated almost as closely as those in the target language without paying attention to the situation or context …meaning is also referred to as conceptual, cognitive or propositional meaning, but the sense is the same Denotative …The interpreter sits next to or behind his “client” doing a great variety of activities under different names: “community interpreting”, “public service interpreting”, “hospital interpreting”, “mental health interpreting” and “social service interpreting” …The readers to whom the translated text is addressed are native or non-native users of the target language …The source language is the language to which the text to be translated belongs In other words, the source language is prior to translation …The subject in the English sentence is usually a noun phrase, pronouns, proper names, to-infinitives, gerunds, or clauses 10 …The translator is the interpreter of the source text, and the producer of the final interpretation which determines the meaning(s) which readers of the translation will read 11 …Translators should be aware of the concepts muli-words convey and the rules how to make and write compound words in English 12 …Word for word translation (or sometimes direct/interlinear translation) focuses on translating words from the source text into the target language while the word order of the original is preserved 13 A consecutive interpreter is one whose job is to change what has been said in one language into another language 14 A satisfactory translation is always possible, but a good translator is never satisfied With it 15 A sentence is a group of words conveying a complete idea which normally contain a subject and a verb predicate in “finite” forms 16 A simultaneous translator changes what is being said in one language into another language as someone is speaking 17 A text could be translated into anything, ranging from one sentence to usually one third of the original length, depending on specific situations 18 A text could be translated into anything, ranging from one sentence to usually one third of the original length, depending on specific situations 19 A Vietnamese-English translated text should follow the language rules and socialcultural features of the English - not Vietnamese - language and vice versa 20 Adaptation can also be considered a translation technique used when the context in the original text does not exist in the Target Text culture 21 Adaptation is a highly free type of translation Here the focus is on socio-cultural phenomena or practices that are absent in the target culture 22 Adaptation translation aims to create an equivalence of the same value applicable to a different situation than that of the source language 23 As can be seen from above, the English sentence is mechanically indicated by means of a period/stop (.), a question mark (?) or an exclamation mark (!) - never by a comma (,) - at the end in writing 24 As for noun phrases (NP), the noun (common noun: love, proper noun: Mai, and pronoun: you) is Head of the phrase 25 As indicated by the word “free”, free translation (sometimes dynamic translation) focuses more on content than form in the target language 26 At the beginning of the 1970s, the focus shifted from the word or phrase To the text as a unit of translation 27 business is business” could be translated Freely as Công việc công việc, khơng chen tình cảm vào 28 Certain strategies to deal with those differences; for example, certain expressions or key terms in their text-to-be need to be selected 29 Communicative translation gives high priority to the message communicated in the text where the actual form of the original is not closely bound to its intended meaning 30 Compared with the source language text, the target language translated text may be so long, longer, or even shorter and may have new features which may not be found in the source language 31 Concept is used in this section to refer not to the form (word) but only To the meaning in any given language 32 Connotation is subjective by the language users, and can be influenced by many factors 33 Coordinating conjunctions are only in mid-position whereas Subordinating conjunctions can be in initial or mid-position in the sentence 34 Different strategies or different methods of translation produce Different kinds of translation 35 During preparations for simultaneous Interpretation, the interpreters’ booth, if not fixed, should be positioned so that the interpreters can see the speakers 36 English prepositions are usually single words in, at, on ; However, there are some prepositions that look like a phrase, phrasal prepositions: because of, in spite of 37 English vocabulary mostly consists in single words, but the amount of multiword vocabulary is not small 38 Faced by a text in a language, as student translators, you should analyze the text by asking and Answering several questions 39 Faithful translation can be described as one kind of translation which tries to convey the meanings of words and context situation according to the grammar rules of the target language 40 Figurative meaning is based on or makes use of figures of Speech such as metaphor (an implied comparison between two things with the same characteristic 41 For simultaneous interpretation, microphones, earphones and a booth are necessary technical equipment 42 Gist translation can be used in language learning situations (using the same language) to summarize a written text at a written test 43 Gist translation canbe used in language learning situations (using the same language) to summarize a written text at a written test 44 He or she reformulates the translation according to the grammar rules word usage cultural norms in the target language 45 However, grammatical words in general and articles and prepositions in particular might cause headache to translators 46 Idiomatic translation can be applied to the English sentence that describes the degree of the sameness of the two girls’ appearance “ They look Exactly the same” (Chúng giống hai giọt nước) 47 If any key words are Changed, the text will need to be checked carefully for consistency in the change made 48 If any key words are changed, the text will need to be checked carefully for consistency in the change made 49 If the source text is taken to be the starting point of the translation process, then the translated text is the text which results from the translation process 50 In addition to the changes resulting from the movement from one language to another, translation necessarily changes the receiver or addressee of the text 51 In English, the negation of the verb in the first clause stands for the negation of the verb in the following clause 52 In English, the Prepositional phrase can be used after a verb, an adjective, or a noun and depend on them 53 In English-Vietnamese translation of the predicate verb, the meanings of time and aspect can Correspond to such words as đã, sẽ, sắp, 54 In other words, adaptation translation aims to create an equivalence of the same value Applicable to a different situation 55 In some cases a prepositional phrase at the beginning of the English sentence may make the translator misunderstand that it is the subject of the sentence: 56 In the history of translation development there have been a great number of terms: literal, free, literary, non-literary, borrowing, equivalence, figurative, so on and so forth 57 In the other theory of translation, the predominant purpose is to produce a result that does not read like a translation at all, but rather moves in its new dress with the same ease as in its native rendering 58 In this situation the translator’s task is recreate some form of language to convey the same meaning 59 In Translation the form of the source language is replaced by the form of the receptor/target language 60 In Vietnamese, words that correspond to both lexical And grammatical words in English are numerous 61 In word formation, morphemes which occur at the end of a word are called Suffixes !! 62 In word formation, morphemes which occur at the front of a word are called prefixes 63 It can be said that language cannot exist without words Word ………is the reflection of human perception of the world Categorization 64 It goes without saying that all the types of translation mentioned above may be justified in particular circumstances 65 It is also very useful for the translator to understand and analyze the original text before translating it into the target language 66 It is also very useful for the translator to understand and analyze the original text before translating it into the target language 67 It is clear that words are made up of by morphemes For example, the word “book” has one morpheme and “book-s” two morphemes 68 It is Obligatory that in an English sentence the predicate verb (V) be in finite forms, the predicate agreeing with the subject in person and number 69 It is the structural part of language which is actually seen in print or heard in Speech 70 It may then be possible to translate with a word in the receptor language which is equivalent to the central concept and use a phrase to add a further definition 71 Literal force is of course inevitably lost in these cases and the best that can be achieved is by means of faithfulness to the pragmatic function of the TL cultural reference or practice 72 Literal meaning is direct, denoting what words mean according to dictionary usage, figurative meaning is indirect, connoting/implying some information 73 Mastery of the source language is a Must for the translator, since this mastery is the key to his/her readings and interpretations of the text to be translated 74 Meaning components are ‘packaged’ differently in one language from another That is why the translator needs to be able to analyze the lexical items (words) of the source text in order to translate them 75 Once the translation is completed, the translator should revise it, rarely fewer than three times and, when possible, with a time lapse (after hours or even days) between revisions 76 Polysemes can be compared with homonyms, which are words with several Unrelated meanings 77 Practically, whether the study of translation is termed as ‘Translation Theory’ or ‘Translation Studies’ it culminates with the theory on proper principles of translation 78 Remember that all of our verbalizing must be done in the target language now We must Choose between alternatives and produce a text that is sequentially complete 79 Semantic translation focuses to a great degree on meaning (semantic content) and form (syntax) of the original texts of high status 80 Semantically, the meaning of a word includes a number of meaning components classified as things, events, attributes or relations which are combined into lexical items 81 Since figurative language is not intended to be interpreted in a literal sense, in Translating figurative language, translators should make use of comparison between different things 82 Since the mid-1970s the name ‘Translation Studies’ has been adopted to indicate that the study of translation is not just a minor branch of comparative literary study, nor yet a specific area of linguistics, but a vastly complex field 83 Sometimes the grammar structure or the form of the words in the target language may change 84 Syntactical forms which are used to express grammatical meanings of the verb in English sentences are obligatory, 85 The choice of the right word in the receptor language to translate a word in the sourcelanguage text depends more on the context than upon a fixed system of verbal consistency 86 The classification of words in Vietnamese does not seem to be so distinctive: word classes not have their typical forms, their forms never change in the sentence Classification 87 The classifications of translation types are many according to different points of view, based on either structure, function, or semantics of language 88 The elements of translation interact as elements achieving one function, in Which each element relates to one or more of the rest 89 The forms are Referred to as the surface structure of a language 90 The instructor can then hope to measure the students’ linguistic competence by means of the target language products 91 The language of translation is perceived from the translated text, reflecting the translator's interpretations, the translator's strategies and the translator's abilities 92 The language of translation is Perceived from the translated text, reflecting the translator’s interpretations, the translator’s strategies and the translator’s abilities 93 The linguistic approaches basically saw translating as a code-switching operation 94 The linguistic approaches basically Saw translating as a code-switching operation 95 The manner in which the target reader responds to the target text must be the same as that in which the source reader responded to the source text 96 The meaning of words are translated almost as closely as those in the target language without paying attention to the situation or context 97 The number of words and the sentence length may vary, depending on the Subjectivity of the translator when he/she adds explanations or comments to make clear the meaning of the original 98 The predominant purpose of theories of translation is to express as exactly as possible the full force and meaning of every word and phrase in the original 99 The presentation here is conducted in a systematic manner with Somewhat restricted interactivity and closeness and much faster than consecutive interpretation 100 The producer of the final interpretation Which determines the meaning(s) which readers of the translation will read 101 The readers to whom the Translated text is addressed are native or non-native users of the target language 102 The sentence is structurally made up of a group of words which has subject and verb predicate as indispensible elements; the complement, object and adverbial are optional: 103 The source language, as has been seen earlier, is not only the very central and initial point for the Start of the translation process but also is the background for all translation processes 104 The source text is the text which has been chosen for translation The translator cannot, without a good reason, change any part of the source text 105 The source-language content, form, style, function, etc must be preserved, or at least that the translation must seek to preserve them as far as possible 106 The stage of editing the translated text which takes the form of a careful lastminute checking and correcting of possible mistakes or other inaccuracies is implemented in most cases of translation 107 The structures of the source language will be preserved as closely as possible but not so closely that the target language structure will be seriously distorted 108 The target language is the language into which a text from another language is translated 109 The theory of translation involves normative approaches, putting a strong emphasis on prescribing to translators how to and how not to translate 110 The three elements of source language, source text, and translator, theoretically and Practically precede the translated text 111 The translated text is the actual definite material, Which has been produced by conveying the meaning of a source text in terms of another language and culture 112 The translated text is the actual definite material, which has been produced by conveying the meaning of a source text in terms of another language and culture 113 The translator begins drafting the translation piece by piece, section by section by using the lexis and structures 114 The translator discovers the meaning behind the forms in the source language and does his best to produce the same meaning in the target language 115 The translator has to think over his/her translation to suit a reader according to the reader’s social norms in the target language, so the language of translation is social 116 The translator is supposed to be beyond the influences of the social and Cultural environment of any of the two languages 117 The translator is the initial knower of two languages, or more, who Has the ability to move between two languages 118 The translator is the most important element in translation, since the study of translation and the language of translation is no more than the study of the translator's linguistic ability 119 The translator is unable to change any aspect of the source language Rather, many aspects of the translator’s work are conditioned and determined by… the source language 120 The translator must guard against trying to match parts of speech from language to language, since each language has its own system for arranging concepts into different parts of speech 121 The translator must strive for equivalence rather than identity In a sense this is just another way of emphasizing the reproduction of the message rather than the conservation of the form of the utterance 122 The translator should examine his reasons for choosing the text and the potential for its use by the Receptor audience 123 The translator should remember to use the zero article with plural count nouns in English to mean generally 124 The translator should try to find in the text those differences (usually by underlining) both in linguistic and cultural aspects between the source and target language 125 The translator tries to come as close as possible to the meaning conveyed by the words, by means of word order change or word choice so that the true meaning is conveyed 126 The translator, like the linguist who takes all human languages to be on an equal footing, is among the first candidate to be liberated from the dominance of one language/ culture 127 The translator's judgments, strategies and manipulations Do all potentially exist in the translator's interpretation of the source text and the formulation of the translated text which is governed by the target language 128 The translators should read the text several times, then if possible read other materials that may help in understanding the culture or language of the source text 129 The verb predicate in the English sentence usually stands right after the subject, giving information about the subject 130 There are a variety of cultural elements to take into consideration when starting a translation 131 There are some word classes that are only typical in certain languages, so the number of word classes in all languages is not similar and their Syntactic functions are not the same 132 There is a skewing between the semantic classification And the grammatical classification Some words are made up of more than one concept 133 There is any place where information has been added, omitted, or subtracted subtracted 134 There is no article in Vietnamese whereas the Use of article: indefinite articles a, an, definite article the, or zero article is a must in English noun phrases 135 There is some unusuality or Unnaturalness in the target language 136 There will be words which have some of the meaning components combined in them matching a word which has these components with some additional ones 137 Things are defined as all animate beings and all inanimate entities Events include all actions, processes And experiences 138 This means that the translator has, Despite the pressure of deadlines, more time than the interpreter (especially the simultaneous interpreter) to process the source text thoroughly 139 To have interpretation as precise as possible, they should make regular shorter breaks to enable the interpreters to relay the message in the same spirit 140 To translate means “to produce a text in a target setting for a target purpose and target addresses in target circumstances” 141 Today, roughly speaking, three Forms of interpreting are practiced: liaison, consecutive and simultaneous interpreting 142 Translating may be defined as the process of Transforming signs or representations into other signs or representations 143 Translating must aim primarily at “reproducing the message” To anything else is essentially false to one’s task as a translator 144 Translation has become popular in language learning and daily life So far, there have been many definitions of translation 145 Translation has become popular in language learning and daily life So far, there have been many definitions of translation, 146 Translation is rendering a written text into another language in a way that the Author intended the text 147 Translation is the expression in another language (target language) of what has been expressed in one language (source language), preserving semantic and stylistic equivalencies 148 Translation is the expression in another language (target language) of what has been expressed in one language (source language), preserving semantic and stylistic equivalencies 149 Translation is the Replacement of a representation of a text in one language by a representation of an equivalent text in a second language 150 Translation it must be conceived as an integral communicative Performance 151 Translation may be defined as follows: the replacement of textual material in one language (Source Ianguage.) by equivalent material in another language (Target Language) 152 Translation should ensure that the surface meaning of the two will be approximately similar 153 Translation Studies, indeed a discipline in its own right, aims to produce a comprehensive theory which can be used as a guideline for the production of translations 154 Translation theory includes Principles for translating figurative language, dealing with lexical mismatches, rhetorical questions, inclusion of cohesion markers, and many other topics crucial to good translation 155 Translation theory includes principles for translating figurative language, dealing with lexical mismatches, rhetorical questions, inclusion of cohesion markers, and many other topics crucial to good translation 156 Translation, by dictionary definition, consists of changing from one state or form to another, to turn into one’s own or another’s language 157 Translator need revise the draft on the basis of the feedback received from those people who may have suggested many Rewordings, changes, additions or omissions with the translator 158 Translators have to make sure that they understand a text well in the original language 159 Translators should define both subject and verb predicate at the same time if they want to translate a sentence 160 Translators should define proper verbs of English to go with the subject, either linking/static verbs: be, get, become or action/dynamic verbs run, work to follow the subject 161 Translators should rely on the context to select the right word; in case of doubt about which word to be used, they could consult a dictionary of synonyms and antonyms or any thesaurus for help 162 Translators should use procedures of transposition to render from the Source Language texts in such ways as to suit the Target Language grammar rules 163 Typically, two interpreters are placed together in a booth, and they follow an audio-transmission of speeches and interpret them directly 164 Vietnamese is a non-inflectional language Vietnamese words not change their forms 165 What is generally understood as translation involves the rendering of a source language text into the target text 166 What the interpreter is unable to grasp in his first and only confrontation with the text is Lost forever 167 When a word has one morpheme, the morpheme belongs to the Free/root category girl, house, do… which cannot be divided into smaller meaningful units 168 When analyzing the text for translation for the first time, the translator needs to find answers to these questions: 169 when meeting for the first time, Especially when introduced to a guest, English people often say: How you do? as a greeting 170 whereas the interpreter is faced with a unique, orally delivered text, the translator has the possibility of “flicking back” through the permanently available written text 171 While the source text is addressed to a certain Readership, the translated text changes this factor in the situation of the language event to new readers in a new language