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Lý thuyết dịch – EN43 …………, conjunctions not signal the informa-tion present in the text, rather they signal, by means of “formal markers”, “the way the writer wants the reader to relate what is about to be said to what has been said before” As opposed to reference …………., the theory of translation should be a branch of comparative linguistics His approach was purely linguistic and textual According to Catford A number of subdivisions can be also suggested for informative translations, though the principles of ……… here are somewhat different Classification A world of ……………needs translators that beside their specialized knowledge in the two languages, they should also experience intercultural competence Different interacting cultures According to the frequency analysis, the topical/ideational elements occurred at the most frequent rates followed by …………and interpersonal elements Textual elements Analyzing the data .marked and unmarked Themes, the result reveals that the number of unmarked Themes by far outweighs Analyzing the data =>In light of As in the case of referential cohesive devices, the translator also ………the strategy of deletion while translating the condi-tional conjunction “even if” Made use of Conjunctive cohesion is the type of cohesion commonly and most extensively dealt with .It is often referred to as “transitional devices.”.=>In grammar and composition writing Contemporary translation activities of a translator are characterized by a great variety of types, …………… and levels of his responsibility Forms 10 Context of situation consists of three aspects: Field refers to what is happening, to the nature of social action that is taking place =>Field, tenor and mode 11 Context of situation is closely related to various texts Certain …………asks for certain text and in return, certain text creates certain context Situational context 12 Different types of translation can be singled out ……………………….the predominant communicative function of the source text or the form of speech involved in the translation process Depending on 13 Each language has an area of equivalence in …… to the other language Respect 14 Each of these forms of literary activities comprises a number of subgenres and the translator may ……………………………one or some of them in accordance with his talents and experience Specialize in 15 Finally, pragmatic understanding is related to ……… that case, the target does not state what is transferred, but it states the requirement of the process The message or implication of a sentence 16 Finally, the device of ellipsis omitting information that was presented previously, without affecting comprehension =>Consists of 17 Furthermore, the fourth device —substitution— is marked by the use of nouns, verbs or clauses ………previously presented To replace some information 18 Furthermore, words such as hence and so indicate that there is a preceding segment of text presenting a cause or reason, and … A following segment presenting a result 19 In addition to reading comprehension ability, the knowledge of specialized subjects ………and a wide cultural background, and the global vision of cross-cultural and interlingual communication Derived from specialized training 20 In most cases, a translator decodes a text …………, conditioned by his ideology and world knowledge According to his understanding 21 In regard to reference, the Target Text tends ………that are equivalent to the ones used in the Source Text To present cohesive devices 22 in that situation: the symbolic organization of the text, the status that it has, and its function in the context => Expecting the language to for them 23 In the process of communication, the meaning system is largely determined ………… situational context: ideational meaning by field, interpersonal meaning by tenor and textual meaning by mode By the three aspects of 24 In translation, there should be no change in the ………………………of narration or in the arrangement of the segments of the text Sequence 25 It is …………………… that the translation has the same meaning as the original text presumed 26 Literal translation ……word to word; group to group; collocation to collocation; clause to clause; sentence to sentence The smaller the unit, the commoner the approach, following the basic translation procedures Ranges from 27 Literary translation deals with literary texts, i.e works of fiction or poetry whose main function is to make an …………………… or aesthetic impression upon the reader .Emotional 28 Literary translations may be subdivided in the same way, as each genre calls for a specific arrangement and ……specific artistic means to impress the reader Makes use of 29 Mode refers to what part the language is playing, what it is that the participants are ………in that situation: the symbolic organization of the text, the status that it has, and its function in the context Expecting the language to for them 30 pragmatics and systemic-functional linguistics =>Different perspectives 31 Similarly to pronoun reference, the cohesive device of conjunction proves …………of the Target Text To be problematic for the translator 32 Technical and scientific translation has traditionally been the dogsbody of theoretical discussions of translation The underlying rationale when approaching this type of translation has usually been that literature ……………………… a creative elaboration of language Involves 33 Technical translation is a type of involving the of documents …… (, , etc.), or more specifically, texts which relate to technological subject areas or texts which deal with the practical application of scientific and technological information Produced by 34 Text is a meaningful unit, but to guide persons towards meanings it is recommended to start from …………after that inspect the STs and their probable translation The lexicogrammatical realizations analysis 35 The ………………… of the translation should follow that of the original text Structure 36 The concept of context has been extensively studied by different linguists from …………………………………… , such as pragmatics and systemic-functional linguistics Different perspectives 37 The device of substitution was not extensively used’ in either text Only the ST employed it once, …… Using the verb “do” 38 The distinctive relationship between …….is established by the ability of translation to approximate a multilingual communication to a monolingual one The original and translation 39 The ideational is subdivided into two components, i.e., “experiential” and “logical” They convey ………… Different ways of meanings 40 The multiple Theme or split Rheme pattern was used at the most frequently This indicates that the multiple Theme or split Rheme patterns are …… Dominant in the texts 41 The original text may deal ……… ………….any subject from general philosophical principles or postulates to minute technicalities in some obscure field of human endeavour With 42 The problem of empty Theme, the problem of the brand new Theme, the problem of overuse of constant progression, the problem of empty Rheme, and =>The problem of confusing selection of textual Theme 43 The process of …….in a target language involves both lexico-grammatical and pragmatic analysis Decoding a text and encoding it 44 The source language ……………… of cultural context and situational context Consists 45 The study is devoted to the exploration of English writing skill which sets out to obtain some concrete information on the students’ problems in writing English …… Supported by Systemic Functional Grammar 46 The topical Theme is divided into two subtypes: ………Simple marked Theme refers to when a topical element is chosen for foregrounding while simple unmarked Theme refers to that which is most usual Unmarked and marked Theme 47 The transformational model postulates that in any two languages there is a number of nuclear structures which are fully …………… … … …… each other Equivalent to 48 The use of multiple Themes is one of of writing exposition, helping the writers in their attempts to persuade the readers =>The characteristic features 49 The writers used multiple Theme by …….to topical Theme to create connectedness in the text As a result, it provides the writers with an effective way to convey information circulated in the written text Adding textual Theme and interpersonal Theme 50 Thematic progression helps give cohesion and thus coherence to a text, guiding the reader through the text … In a logical and rational course 51 Thematic structure includes Theme and Thematic progression patterns, information structure includes …………and cohesion includes reference, conjunction, ellipsis and lexical cohesion Given and new units of information 52 Theme and Rheme boundary is a sequential ordering and range of possible groups or phrases that use for setting ……………structure Theme and Rheme 53 Theme can be identified in terms of three metafunctions: … Ideational, interpersonal and textual 54 There are also omissions, partial equivalences and even complete alterations of …………in the ST The connection signaled by the cohesive device 55 Translation …………………… is an academic interdiscipline dealing with the systematic study of the theory, description and application of , , and Studies 56 Translation is a ………… of actions performed by the translator while rendering the source text into another language Set 57 Translation is a …………………… of interlingual communication Means 58 Translation shifts ………………… both at the lower level of language, i.e the lexicogrammar, and at the higher thematic level of text Occur 59 Translators need ……that help to achieve their goals in enhancing communication across different nations To encompass a diversity of factors 60 Translators should be skilled to handle the challenge of intercultural associations, which in a way incorporates forces of ……… and many other historical and societal factors Politics, economics, religion, poetics, ideology, 61 Translators usually have to deal with six different problematic areas in their work, they are translating technical documents or a sworn statement.=>Whether 62 Transliteration is the process rendering the letters of one alphabet in terms of the letters of another with a different alphabetical system In transcription the pronunciation of ……is transcribed in the alphabetical system of the Target Language The Source Language word 63 Unlike reference, ellipsis, substitution and conjunctive cohesion, lexical cohesion is notassociated with any special syntactic classes of elements It is therefore and least adequately defined of the five kinds =>The most openended 64 While the presence of specialized is a feature of technical texts, specialized terminology alone is not …… classifying a text as “technical” since numerous disciplines and subjects which are not “technical” possess what can be regarded as specialized terminology Sufficient for 65 Word-for-word translation transfers Source Language grammar and …………, as well as the primary meanings of all the Source Language words into the translation, and is normally effective only for brief simple neutral sentences Word-order