English religious euphemisms = uyển ngữ về vấn đề tôn giáo trong tiếng anh

vinh university foreign Languages department ===    === nguyễn thị thảo english religious euphemisms (uyển ngữ v ề vấn đề tôn giáo tiếng a nh) graduation thesis Field: Linguistics Vinh - 2011 vinh university foreign Languages department ===    === english religious euphemisms (un ng÷ v ề vấn đề tôn giáo tiếng a nh) graduation thesis Field: Linguistics Supervisor: trần bá tiến, m.a Student: nguyễn thị thảo, 48B - English Vinh - 2011 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT For the completion of this study, I own my deepest gratitude to my supervisor, Mr Tran Ba Tien, M.A, for his invaluable insight, contructive advice and guidance all through my conduction of the study, without which I could not have completed and submitted this thesis in due time I wish to say thanks to all the teachers in Department of Foreign Languages for their constant supports and encouragement I would like to express my sincere thanks to the advices and encouragement from my friends Finally yet importantly, I want to show my warmest thanks to my family for all vital supports Vinh, May 2011 Student Nguyen Thi Thao i TABLE OF CONTENTS Page ACKNOWLEDGEMENT i TABLE OF CONTENTS ii ABSTRACT v PART I: INTRODUCTION 1 Rationale of the Study Aims of the Study Scope of the Study Methods of the Study Designs of te Study PART II: CONTENTS Chapter THEORETICAL BACKGROUND 1.1 Definition of Euphemism 1.2 The origin of English Euphemisms 1.2.1 Taboo 1.2.2 Elegance 1.2.3 Politeness 1.2.4 Disguise 1.3 The Forms of English Euphemisms 1.4 Classifications of English Euphemisms 1.4.1 Positive Euphemism and Negative Euphemism 10 1.4.2 Conscious Euphemism and Unconscious Euphemism 11 1.4.3 Other Classifications of Euphemisms 11 1.5 Communicative Functions of Euphemism 12 1.5.1 Avoiding Taboo 12 1.5.2 Showing Politeness 13 1.5.3 Concealing truth 15 1.6 Language, Culture, Taboo and Euphemism 16 1.6.1 Language and Euphemism 16 ii C.33.44.55.54.78.65.5.43.22.2.4 22.Tai lieu Luan 66.55.77.99 van Luan an.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.33.44.55.54.78.655.43.22.2.4.55.22 Do an.Tai lieu Luan van Luan an Do an.Tai lieu Luan van Luan an Do an 1.6.2 Culture and Euphemism 17 1.6.3 Taboo and Euphemism 18 Chapter ENGLISH RELIGIOUS EUPHEMISMS 20 2.1 Euphemisms for God 20 2.1.1 God as Gawd 21 2.1.2 God as Good 23 2.1.3 God as Lord 26 2.1.4 God as Father 26 2.1.5 God as Golly 27 2.1.6 God as Gosh 28 2.2 Euphemisms for Jesus 31 2.2.1 Jesus as Geez 31 2.2.2 Jesus Christ as Criminy 32 2.3 Euphemisms for mild oaths and swear words 33 2.3.1 Euphemisms for Hell 34 2.3.2 Euphemisms for Damn 38 2.3.3 Euphemism for Devil 39 Chapter SOME SUGGESTIONS FOR TRANSLATING ENGLISH EUPHEMISMS INTO VIETNAMESE 42 3.1 Some typical features of English religious euphemism 42 3.1.1 Using to avoid taking profanation 42 3.1.2 Mostly in the informal language 43 3.1.3 Using phonetic distortions of pronuncition or mispronunciation of the main words 44 3.2 Some suggestions for Translating English Religious Euphemisms into Vietnamese 45 3.2.1 Translating by keeping the Original Term 45 3.2.2 Translating by parapharasing 46 3.2.3 Translating basing on the key words 47 iii Stt.010.Mssv.BKD002ac.email.ninhd 77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77t@edu.gmail.com.vn.bkc19134.hmu.edu.vn.Stt.010.Mssv.BKD002ac.email.ninhddtt@edu.gmail.com.vn.bkc19134.hmu.edu.vn C.33.44.55.54.78.65.5.43.22.2.4 22.Tai lieu Luan 66.55.77.99 van Luan an.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.33.44.55.54.78.655.43.22.2.4.55.22 Do an.Tai lieu Luan van Luan an Do an.Tai lieu Luan van Luan an Do an PART III: CONCLUSION 49 Summary 49 Conclusion 49 Limitations of the Study 50 Suggestions for further Studies 50 REFERENCES 52 iv Stt.010.Mssv.BKD002ac.email.ninhd 77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77t@edu.gmail.com.vn.bkc19134.hmu.edu.vn.Stt.010.Mssv.BKD002ac.email.ninhddtt@edu.gmail.com.vn.bkc19134.hmu.edu.vn C.33.44.55.54.78.65.5.43.22.2.4 22.Tai lieu Luan 66.55.77.99 van Luan an.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.33.44.55.54.78.655.43.22.2.4.55.22 Do an.Tai lieu Luan van Luan an Do an.Tai lieu Luan van Luan an Do an ABSTRACT Euphemisms are mild, agreeable, or roundabout words used in place of coarse, painful, or offensive ones The term comes from the Greek, eu meaning “well” or “sounding good” and pheme meaning “speech” Euphemism literally means good or pleasant speech As an indispensable and natural part of language, euphemism has been arousing wide interest Many linguists and scholars have studied this linguistic phenomenon from the perspectives of rhetoric, semantics, pragmatics and sociolinguists As a result, achievements in the study of euphemism have been conspicuous However, euphemisms naming some aspects of profanity in society have not been paid enough attention, especially euphemisms for religious issue Therefore, this study has been conducted in hope of contributing one hand to improve undestanding and using euphemisms in communicating This thesis consists of three parts, with an introduction and a conclusion preceding and following them As euphemism is a linguistic phenomenon, Chapter one introduces the theoretical background about euphemisms Chapter Two investigates English religious euphemisms Chapter Three collects and analyzes the examples of using euphemisms and translating into Vietnamese, from that, this study also suggests some solutions for translation In the hope of investigating English religious euphemisms and providing a general view of using euphemisms, examples from famous books and novels have been collected In conclusion, euphemism is one of the most common phenomenon of any language and it is used widely everyday His study is conducted as a small contribution in providing a deeper understanding and using it in communication v Stt.010.Mssv.BKD002ac.email.ninhd 77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77t@edu.gmail.com.vn.bkc19134.hmu.edu.vn.Stt.010.Mssv.BKD002ac.email.ninhddtt@edu.gmail.com.vn.bkc19134.hmu.edu.vn C.33.44.55.54.78.65.5.43.22.2.4 22.Tai lieu Luan 66.55.77.99 van Luan an.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.33.44.55.54.78.655.43.22.2.4.55.22 Do an.Tai lieu Luan van Luan an Do an.Tai lieu Luan van Luan an Do an PART I: INTRODUCTION Rationale of the Study How to communicate effectively is a rentless question that almost all communicators pursue People may go various ways to reach ultimate goal However, no ways not have to deal with language It is obvious that language is the basic of all human communication and interaction We use language to think, to make decisions, to express our own thoughts, attitude, feelings, and seemingly paradoxically, to mask our feelings or disguise things we not want to talk about as well The core of problem lies in what language we choose: simple, plain language or circumlocutory and roundabout one For some simple topics, people feel no need to make it more complex and implicit, rather, they they use the former ones However, there are many topics that we can not mention directly, therefore we need another means to replace these words and euphemsism is one of the most effective ways to deal with this kinds of profanation Religion is an integrated part of culture, it is a taboo topic, therefore many euphemisms for it has been used Usually, we can hear these utterances like “Oh, my Gosh”, “Goodness”, “Goodness Gracious”, “In the name of Heaven”, etc they are all the euphemisms for the religious topic In fact, each aspect of the religion has its own circumlocutions that make up a large number of religious euphemisms, such as God’s name, Christ’s name, even religious swear words To gain the natural interaction as native speakers, English learners should understand the ways to use them effectively Basing on those, this study has been conducted to provide the use of English religious euphemisms, so that English learners will deeply understand and apply them into daily communication naturally Although using English religious euphemisms in communicating is so important, it has not been paid enough attention Thus, with a hope to contribute one hand in developing the linguistic skill to English learners in understanding and using English as fluently as possible, this study has been conducted Stt.010.Mssv.BKD002ac.email.ninhd 77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77t@edu.gmail.com.vn.bkc19134.hmu.edu.vn.Stt.010.Mssv.BKD002ac.email.ninhddtt@edu.gmail.com.vn.bkc19134.hmu.edu.vn C.33.44.55.54.78.65.5.43.22.2.4 22.Tai lieu Luan 66.55.77.99 van Luan an.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.33.44.55.54.78.655.43.22.2.4.55.22 Do an.Tai lieu Luan van Luan an Do an.Tai lieu Luan van Luan an Do an Aims of the Study This thesis is written in the hope of: - Providing the theoretical background of euphemisms like definitions, origins, communicative functions, its relationship with language, taboo, religion, etc - Analyzing specific examples of religious euphemisms like the euphemisms for the name of God, of Jesus Christ, of religious cursing words - Analyzing some examples of translating English religious euphemisms into Vietnamese, from that, suggest some solutions applied in translation Scope of the Study Within the framework of a graduation paper, the author has no ambition of covering all the aspects of euphemisms It only focuses on how religious euphemisms are applied in communicating between English native speakers through the examples extracted from the famous novels like Little Women,The Adventures of Tom Sawyer, Gone with the Wind, etc or also from contemporary articles from websites like Newyork Times, Hello or online Dictionry, etc Methods of the Study This study is the realization of the combination of the two types of research: qualitative and quantitative research, in which the former is used more often throughout the study Qualitative is conducted mostly in the first and the second chapter of the thesis Data is collected from some main resources in newspapers, novels and internet Data analysis and classification is followed Designs of te Study This study consists of three main parts The first part introduce the rationales, aims, scope, methods and design of the Study The second part provides the content of the thesis with three main chapters: - Chapter provides theoretical background of euphemisms Stt.010.Mssv.BKD002ac.email.ninhd 77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77t@edu.gmail.com.vn.bkc19134.hmu.edu.vn.Stt.010.Mssv.BKD002ac.email.ninhddtt@edu.gmail.com.vn.bkc19134.hmu.edu.vn C.33.44.55.54.78.65.5.43.22.2.4 22.Tai lieu Luan 66.55.77.99 van Luan an.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.33.44.55.54.78.655.43.22.2.4.55.22 Do an.Tai lieu Luan van Luan an Do an.Tai lieu Luan van Luan an Do an - Chapter discusses the English religious euphemisms by collecting and analysing the examples that religious euphemisms have been used - Chapter suggests some solutions for translating English religious euphemisms into Vietnamese ones The last part summarizes the main ideas that have been discussed in the thesis and suggests for further study Stt.010.Mssv.BKD002ac.email.ninhd 77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77t@edu.gmail.com.vn.bkc19134.hmu.edu.vn.Stt.010.Mssv.BKD002ac.email.ninhddtt@edu.gmail.com.vn.bkc19134.hmu.edu.vn C.33.44.55.54.78.65.5.43.22.2.4 22.Tai lieu Luan 66.55.77.99 van Luan an.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.33.44.55.54.78.655.43.22.2.4.55.22 Do an.Tai lieu Luan van Luan an Do an.Tai lieu Luan van Luan an Do an Other common Southern and South Midland variants of Damned is Durm It is also euphemistic and relatively mild, as in this snatch of Baltimore dialogue: “If that’s not just the weirdest durm thing I ever laid eyes on” (Anna Taylor, extracted from the Freedictionary.com) There are also many words created from mispronunciations or dialects, such as Dad gum for God damn; Dagnabbit, Dagnammit, Dangnammit for God damn it; Dang for Damn, Dangnation for Damnation, Gosh darned for God damned, etc Obviously, all of these terms are originated from the mispronunciations or the dialect of English varieties Therefore, using English to communicate, learners must not only know the standard English but dialects or any variant of English Besides all above, English has other ways to create the euphemism for the bad word, and using abbreviation is one of the most common phenomenons Of all the replacing terms in the list of swear words, GD is known for Goddamn, which supposedly mitigates the oath, as used in "That's what George is A bog A fen A GD swamp Ha, ha, ha, Ha!" (Edward Albee, 1962 as cited in Rawson, 1995) Only abbreviating from the two first letters can create the less offensive for the cursing term It shows the flexible of English language In conclusion, there are several ways to create the euphemisms for the cursing words They may be originated from the distortion of pronunciation, or from special dialects and becoming more common English considers Damn as a taboo word, so that it is understandable to realize so many euphemisms for it 2.3.3 Euphemism for Devil Euphemisms for Devil share the same features with those for damn and hell According to Dictionary of Americanism (1848: 113), devil is "an expletive, expressing wonder or vexation, sometimes used as a term for mischief" In these several senses, it is used mostly in the United States, such as: “Pretty! In amber to observe the forms of hairs, or straws, or dirt, or grubs, or worms! The things, we know, are neither rich nor rare, but wonder how devil they got there” (Imitations of Horace, 1734, line 132) 39 Stt.010.Mssv.BKD002ac.email.ninhd 77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77t@edu.gmail.com.vn.bkc19134.hmu.edu.vn.Stt.010.Mssv.BKD002ac.email.ninhddtt@edu.gmail.com.vn.bkc19134.hmu.edu.vn C.33.44.55.54.78.65.5.43.22.2.4 22.Tai lieu Luan 66.55.77.99 van Luan an.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.33.44.55.54.78.655.43.22.2.4.55.22 Do an.Tai lieu Luan van Luan an Do an.Tai lieu Luan van Luan an Do an Or the proverb: "The devil as well, the devil a monk was he" In fact, the Devil is so offensive term, it is used to emphasize the matter or swear in the so offensive cases In most cases, people tend to use other term to replace that word One of the most common word is used is the dickens It likes a explanation of confusion or pain in the fixed like "the dickens you say", "it hurt like the dickens", etc especially, the following example: "I cannot tell what the dickens his name is." (Shakespeare, Merry Wives of Windsor, Act III, Scene II) "What a dickens is the Woman always a whimpering about Murder for?" (John Gay, The Beggar's Opera, 1728:12); "What the dickens is wrong with you?" T(Stephen Crane, The Red Badge of Courage, Chapter pg 16); "How the dickens could he let the public know how truly great his president was?" (Sinclair Lewis, Our Mr Wrenn, page190); "I thought the vein or whatever the dickens they call it was going to burst though his nose" (James Joyce, Ulysses: 542); Dickens is almost certainly an application of Dicken, a diminutive of Dick, itself a diminutive of the male given name Richard, with dickens and devil having the same initial sound On the other hand, it can be used to emphasize, to express annoyance or surprise when asking questions "What the dickens is going on?" (Oxford Idioms Dictionary) Beside the term the dickens, "Deuce" is one of the term used as a euphemism for the swear word the Devil It is common both in England and America, "a euphemism for Devil as "the Deuce in it", or "Deuce take it" (Dictionary for Americanisms, 1848: 113) It is also defined in the Concise Oxford Dictionary as "a euphemism for Devil in exclamation or for emphasis All in all, deuce and devil are two means of conveying idea to avoid profanity in English language.” 40 Stt.010.Mssv.BKD002ac.email.ninhd 77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77t@edu.gmail.com.vn.bkc19134.hmu.edu.vn.Stt.010.Mssv.BKD002ac.email.ninhddtt@edu.gmail.com.vn.bkc19134.hmu.edu.vn C.33.44.55.54.78.65.5.43.22.2.4 22.Tai lieu Luan 66.55.77.99 van Luan an.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.33.44.55.54.78.655.43.22.2.4.55.22 Do an.Tai lieu Luan van Luan an Do an.Tai lieu Luan van Luan an Do an In general, curse and swear words have also been softened by minced substitutes Actually, garbage is still garbage, even if it is placed in a nice container We need to detest all curse words and realize that the substitutes stink as well It is of interest how the ungodly so often speak on themes of judgment, hell and damnation Deep in their hearts they blaspheme and rebel against a God whose right it is to damn all those who reject His beloved Son (John 3:18) Darn simply is a substitute for "damn, a euphemism for the curse." Heck is "an exclamation used as a euphemism for hell." "All of this, while deplorable, is nevertheless a sort of backhanded acknowledgment that God is real and Biblical revelation is true It is significant that adherents of other religions never take the names of their gods in vain! Who ever heard of a Buddhist, a Muslim, or a Hindu such a thing? If they want to swear, they also will often inadvertently use the Name of the true God, or His Christ, in vain Even atheists frequently sprinkle their conversations with blasphemous Christian epithets, calling on God (whom they claim doesn't exist) to send someone to hell (which they claim doesn't exist)" [from Days of Praise by Henry Morris, October 25, 1990] Satan, who energizes these people (Eph 2:2), knows so very well the reality of God and hell, and his children (John 8:44) give evidence of this by their cursing "The third commandment require the holy and reverent use of God's Name, titles, attributes, ordinances, words and works" [The Westminister Shorter Catechism] As heavenly citizens, may our God keep us from profanity and from "near profanity" (from anything that comes close to it) When other believers are found to use minced oaths, seek to gently and lovingly and tactfully point this out to them, they must remember that at times we have all been guilty of the careless use of language (James 3:2) May the fruit of our lips consist of praise to God and thanksgiving to His Name (Hebrews 13:15) That is reason for using many terms instead of calling the name of minced words literally 41 Stt.010.Mssv.BKD002ac.email.ninhd 77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77t@edu.gmail.com.vn.bkc19134.hmu.edu.vn.Stt.010.Mssv.BKD002ac.email.ninhddtt@edu.gmail.com.vn.bkc19134.hmu.edu.vn C.33.44.55.54.78.65.5.43.22.2.4 22.Tai lieu Luan 66.55.77.99 van Luan an.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.33.44.55.54.78.655.43.22.2.4.55.22 Do an.Tai lieu Luan van Luan an Do an.Tai lieu Luan van Luan an Do an Chapter SOME SUGGESTIONS FOR TRANSLATING ENGLISH EUPHEMISMS INTO VIETNAMESE Translation is really an art It is not simply to transfer the meaning of words exactly from source language to the target language Since, language conveys the culture, translation is not only finding the equivalent words in target language but showing the cultural expressions that implied behind the words As euphemism is culturally relevant, namely, differently cultures show different attitudes towards the same taboo, which is deep-rooted in the country’s history, customs, values, national characters, etc and suggesting the basic characteristics of a culture in a comprehensive manner Euphemisms are products of social language and embodiments of culture as well Therefore, how to understand and translate euphemisms effectively is one of the concerns for many English learners and translators Actually, each country has its own belief Christianity is the dominant worldview in the English-speaking countries, otherwise, Vietnamese mostly believe in Buddhism Therefore, there is a big gap in cultural understanding between the two cultures In addition, because of different cultures, belief, language, it is so difficult for the learners and translators to translate English euphemisms into Vietnamese From the above investigation, some common features of the English religious euphemisms have been figured out before suggesting some solutions in translating as follow: 3.1 Some typical features of English religious euphemism 3.1.1 Using to avoid taking profanation The third commandment says that “Thou shalt not use the name of the Lord thy God in vain, for the Lord wil not hold him Guiltless who uses his name in vain.” So it forbids all profaning and abusing of anything whereby God makes Himself known (Malachi 1:6-8; Lev 20:3; 19:12; Matthew 5:34-37; Isa 52:5.) Bearing in 42 Stt.010.Mssv.BKD002ac.email.ninhd 77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77t@edu.gmail.com.vn.bkc19134.hmu.edu.vn.Stt.010.Mssv.BKD002ac.email.ninhddtt@edu.gmail.com.vn.bkc19134.hmu.edu.vn C.33.44.55.54.78.65.5.43.22.2.4 22.Tai lieu Luan 66.55.77.99 van Luan an.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.33.44.55.54.78.655.43.22.2.4.55.22 Do an.Tai lieu Luan van Luan an Do an.Tai lieu Luan van Luan an Do an mind that, Christians always try to avoid taking the name of Superhuman Beings in vain, because it is not simply a matter of cursing or using the name God or Jesus vainly in that way It is true that God's name is not to be used in that manner We are not to say "God bless you" frivolously when someone sneezes, or say "Oh my God" when we are excited or ecstatic Truly, we use His name in vain when we say those kinds of things But the use of God's name is hardly restricted just to language Therefore, a number of religious euphemisms have been created Translators, as a bridge to connect two sides of one river, should always bear in mind the cultural differences and even forbidden topics each language to have the suitable explanation from the source language to target language 3.1.2 Mostly in the informal language Religion is one of the mostsensitive issues of all the time, in any places In addition, Christians consider that taking the name of God, Jesus or any Superhuman beings in vain is profanity So that it is better for them to use other less offensive terms in stead However, there is a fact that, English religious euphemisms appear mostly in informal language not in the formal ones It is easy to understand because most of religious euphemisms originated from slang or dialects Times by times, it is widely used and known as the common ones Mostly, as can be seen, Euphemisms are used in the informal language, between friends,collegues in informal talks or sometimes for swearing or cursing, such as:  Boy: "Hi, I'm a boy making some lame comment to you!" Girl: "Oh my gawd, what a nerd." (Urbandictionary.com/gawd)  “Oh my Gawd, are you hurt? Gawddamnit, that was my last doughnut!” (Urbandictionary.com/dawd)  I'm sorry about that really, but oh my gosh that is a ton of money for a school teacher who lives alone, not sharing bills with anyone (Madrigle.diarylan.com/040203_53) 43 Stt.010.Mssv.BKD002ac.email.ninhd 77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77t@edu.gmail.com.vn.bkc19134.hmu.edu.vn.Stt.010.Mssv.BKD002ac.email.ninhddtt@edu.gmail.com.vn.bkc19134.hmu.edu.vn C.33.44.55.54.78.65.5.43.22.2.4 22.Tai lieu Luan 66.55.77.99 van Luan an.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.33.44.55.54.78.655.43.22.2.4.55.22 Do an.Tai lieu Luan van Luan an Do an.Tai lieu Luan van Luan an Do an It, therefore, causes difficulties for translators in understanding and translating euphemistic terms effectively 3.1.3 Using phonetic distortions of pronuncition or mispronunciation of the main words It can be easy to realize from all above examples that most of English religious euphemisms are the distortions of pronunciations of the word that it replaces There is a fact that people tend to avoid naming the God or the Jesus, even the Hell, Damn or Devil directly, and the easiest way to create the words is calling the taboo terms in a similar but not exactly the same with the main word, for examples: Goodness!; My Goodness!; For Goodness’ sake for the God, my God, For God’s sake respectively  “A couple of people I knew read the twilight series and told me how good and addicting it was to read and i didn't believe until i started reading the series and oh my gosh is it good!!!” (Hollywoodinsider.ew.com/2008/09) As stated previously, gosh, golly, gawd, etc are the euphemisms for the God; Gee, Geez, cheece, sheece, gee-whiz, etc are euphemisms for the Jesus; Heck is a euphemism for Hell; Darm or drafted are euphemisms for Damn All of them are formed from the distortions of the pronunciations or the dialects Actually, it is not easy for the translators to transfer all the meaning and the attitudes of the writers into the target language Especially, in the cases that euphemisms are a vital part of culture As a result, to have the best version for the linguistic- cultural translation, translators should not only have good knowledge of source and target linguistics but cultures Basing on the illustrated common features of English religious euphemisms, this study analyses and suggests some solutions for translators to deal with this phennomenon 44 Stt.010.Mssv.BKD002ac.email.ninhd 77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77t@edu.gmail.com.vn.bkc19134.hmu.edu.vn.Stt.010.Mssv.BKD002ac.email.ninhddtt@edu.gmail.com.vn.bkc19134.hmu.edu.vn C.33.44.55.54.78.65.5.43.22.2.4 22.Tai lieu Luan 66.55.77.99 van Luan an.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.33.44.55.54.78.655.43.22.2.4.55.22 Do an.Tai lieu Luan van Luan an Do an.Tai lieu Luan van Luan an Do an 3.2 Some suggestions for Translating English Religious Euphemisms into Vietnamese 3.2.1 Translating by keeping the Original Term As stated above, each country has its own religion custom and culture, that are somewhat different from others Therefore, it is so difficult for the translators to cope with these differences to have the best version of translation English and Vietnamese, stand for different sides of cultures, Western and Eastern ones They are not only different in language system but their belief People all over the world consider God as a SuperNatural Beings, even Vietnamese, American or English,ect However, Christianity is the dominant worldview of most English speaking world, while most of Vietnamese believe in the Buddhism Therefore, in the Vietnamese’s mind, there is no equivalent term for Christ- one of the most Supreme Being of the Christians, even they know clearly the term Christ Jesus Hence, facing with the name of Christ, translator can keep the origin form of the word, as the following example:  “The old and colorful phrases of the litany with its oriental imagery meant little to them but it satisfied something in their heart and they chanted with the responses: “Lord, have mercy on us”, “Christ, have mercy on us.” (Gone with the wind-Margaret Mitchell, Chapter 4)  “Đối với họ, câu kinh cổ màu mè khơng có ý nghĩa hết làm thõa mãn họ họ thường lay động xướng họa câu: “Xin Đức Chúa Trời thương xót chúng con”; “Xin đấng Christ thương xót chúng con.” (Cuốn theo chiều gió, chương 4) As can be seen from the above example, the translator used the original form of the term “Christ”, because all of the readers have the image of the Christ in their mind, they can be easy to catch the meaning of the term defined Although the form of Christ was not changed in the translating process, the denoting object has not been misunderstood From the example, it is shown that keeping the original term is one of the effective way to deal with the religious term 45 Stt.010.Mssv.BKD002ac.email.ninhd 77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77t@edu.gmail.com.vn.bkc19134.hmu.edu.vn.Stt.010.Mssv.BKD002ac.email.ninhddtt@edu.gmail.com.vn.bkc19134.hmu.edu.vn C.33.44.55.54.78.65.5.43.22.2.4 22.Tai lieu Luan 66.55.77.99 van Luan an.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.33.44.55.54.78.655.43.22.2.4.55.22 Do an.Tai lieu Luan van Luan an Do an.Tai lieu Luan van Luan an Do an 3.2.2 Translating by parapharasing Actually, English Religious euphemisms are so various and calling the name of God or Hell does not always mean dennoting them Sometimes, people name them, simply to express their emotion Therfore, traslators should have the general understanding of the slang or informal expression to convey the linguitic meaning and the author’s attitude  “Mr Weashy, it’s Harry the fire place has been blocked up You won’t be able to get through there “Damn it!”, said Mr Weashy’s voice What on earth did they want to block up the fire placce for?” - “Bác Weashy oi, cháu Harry lị sưởi bị bịt kín rồi, bác khôn thể xuyên qua đâu Tiếng Weashy vang lên: “Khỉ gió! Mắc mớ giống mà họ lại bịt kín lị sưởi chứ?” (Harry Porter and the Goblet of Five 2000:42)  “Well, Hell! I like Cathleen and she is fun and I’s like to hear about Caro Rhett and the rest of the Charleston folks but I’m damned if I can stand sitting through another meal with that Yankee stepmother of her.” (Gone with the wind- chapter 1: pg 13) - “Được rồi! Tao thích Cathleen muốn nghe nói chuyện Caro Rhett người quen biết khác Charleston Nhưng dầu có bị đày xuống địa ngục tao khó ngồi chung bàn ăn lần với bà mẹ kế người Yankee ta.” (Cuốn theo chiều gió, chương 1)  “Well Hell! That’s no excuse for insulting me!” (Gone with the wind, pg 13) - “Mẹ kiếp! Đó khơng phải lý để mắng chửi tao!” (Cuốn theo chiều gió)  “Well Hell! We don’t care, we?” (Gone with the wind, pg 13) “Hừ! Mình cóc cần, phải khơng?” 46 Stt.010.Mssv.BKD002ac.email.ninhd 77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77t@edu.gmail.com.vn.bkc19134.hmu.edu.vn.Stt.010.Mssv.BKD002ac.email.ninhddtt@edu.gmail.com.vn.bkc19134.hmu.edu.vn C.33.44.55.54.78.65.5.43.22.2.4 22.Tai lieu Luan 66.55.77.99 van Luan an.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.33.44.55.54.78.655.43.22.2.4.55.22 Do an.Tai lieu Luan van Luan an Do an.Tai lieu Luan van Luan an Do an From the same word “Hell” but it shows the different attitude of the speakers It may be “Được rồi!” when Stuart admitted his feeling and the truth about Cathleen after his refusal to Cathleen’s house for the supper Two other “well, Hell” are exlamations, so that translator has other expressions to convey the author’s implication In some cases, the traslators, even should paraphrase the term into target language, that seems different from the appearence of it in the source language:  “So, you’ve been owning this for a month, you young rascal”, he would shout “And, in God’s name, why haven’t you been asking for money before this?” (Gone with the wind, pg 42) - “Thằng ranh con, mày mắc nợ tháng rồi! Khốn khiếp! Tại mày khơng chịu nói với tao sớm hơn” (Cuốn theo chiều gió) As can be seen, mr Gerald was a little angry when he knew about his friend’s son to be in debt, he had no intention to call the name of God any more To this extent, if translator had transferred it into “Chúa ơi!”, it would not have changed the meaning of the term, however, the connotation and the author’s implication would not have met Therefore, in some cases, not only linguistics but expressive style the translator should care about All in all, paraphrase is one of the most effective way to apply for translating English religious euphemisms 3.2.3 Translating basing on the key words As widely known, key words play a really important part in conveying the meaning of all the phrase In most cases, it is not necessary to understand or translate all the words in a phrase, but only using the key words to meet the requirement of the text, as the following example:  “In the name of Heaven, Pa, three thousand! And you didn’n need to buy Pissy!” (Gone with the wind, pg 26) 47 Stt.010.Mssv.BKD002ac.email.ninhd 77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77t@edu.gmail.com.vn.bkc19134.hmu.edu.vn.Stt.010.Mssv.BKD002ac.email.ninhddtt@edu.gmail.com.vn.bkc19134.hmu.edu.vn C.33.44.55.54.78.65.5.43.22.2.4 22.Tai lieu Luan 66.55.77.99 van Luan an.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.33.44.55.54.78.655.43.22.2.4.55.22 Do an.Tai lieu Luan van Luan an Do an.Tai lieu Luan van Luan an Do an - “Trời ơi! Ba ngàn đô la ba? Mình có mua nhỏ Pissy làm đâu?” (Cuốn theo chiều gió) Actually, “in the name of Heaven” is a euphemistic phrase for the “God” In this case, the translator did not translate all the words in that phrase, but only catch the meaning of all phrase In addition, it does not denote the God himself but is an interjection, therefore, “in the name of Heaven” also the same with “oh my God” or “Trời ơi!” Similar to that phrase, “in the name of God” shares the same feature  “In the name of God!” blustered Gerald “Why should those white trask take you away just at your supper hour and just when I’m wanting to tell you about the war talk that’s going on in Atlanta?” (Gone with the wind, pg 33)  “Trời ơi! Sao bọn da trắng rác rến lại khiến cho bà rời khỏi nhà ăn tối lúc cần kể cho bà nghe chuyện chiến tranh bàn tán xôn xao Atlanta nhỉ? (Cuốn theo chiều gió) Or in the other example:  “But little Gerald, at twenty-one, knew that five feet and a half inches was as much as the Lord in his Wisdom was going to allow him” (Gone with the wind, pg 36)  “Nhưng phần Gerald, năm hai mươi mốt tuổi, ông tự hiểu chiều cao thước sáu phân tất mà Thượng Đế ban cho” (Cuốn theo chiều gió) “The Lord in his Wisdom” is a respectful phrase for the “God”, it is also considered as a euphemistic term for the “God”, so that the translator transfered it into “Thượng Đế” that both short and conveying exactly what the author means To sum up, to understand the text, readers should pay enough attention on the key words of the text It is true for translators, to convey the linguistic terms concisely, translators sometimes, only need to transfer the key words and catch the main idea of the source text to the target one 48 Stt.010.Mssv.BKD002ac.email.ninhd 77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77t@edu.gmail.com.vn.bkc19134.hmu.edu.vn.Stt.010.Mssv.BKD002ac.email.ninhddtt@edu.gmail.com.vn.bkc19134.hmu.edu.vn C.33.44.55.54.78.65.5.43.22.2.4 22.Tai lieu Luan 66.55.77.99 van Luan an.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.33.44.55.54.78.655.43.22.2.4.55.22 Do an.Tai lieu Luan van Luan an Do an.Tai lieu Luan van Luan an Do an PART III: CONCLUSION Summary Through the thesis, euphemisms have been looked into from different angles, from its theoretical background like its definitions, origins, forms, classifications, functions, and relationships with languge, culture, taboo to the application of English religious euphemisms in everyday language As a matter of fact, English religious euphemism is a common phenomenon of the language, because Christianity is dominant in the English speaking countries Although there are many aspects of the religious ephemistic language, however, this study has focused only on the euphemism for God, for Jesus Christ and swear words, those all seem to appear regularly in English spoken language From the investigation into these euphemisms, this study has also collected some examples of euphemisms in literature to analyze the method of translating them from English into Vietnamese Conclusion Religion and culture and language are intergrated parts, religion is a part of culture and language is also a means of conveying culture In the everyday life, there are many fields that mentioning them is considered as profanity, therefore, language has its own ways to avoiding that taboo Religious euphemism is one of the most common phenomenon like that Until now, euphemisms prove to be prevalent in communication among the native only They are something new and scarcely applied in non-native’s language, for it is not easy and simpe at all As Mark Turner, the author of “Reading Minds: The Study of English in the Age of Cognitive Science”, comments: “Common language expressing common thought is anything but simple, and its working are not obvious Special language expressing special thoughts in an exploitation of the common and to be analyzed only with respect to it.” (pg 14) Thus, the study of special language, specially religious euphemism is not a-day-or-two-last process It requires an in-depth and thorough 49 Stt.010.Mssv.BKD002ac.email.ninhd 77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77t@edu.gmail.com.vn.bkc19134.hmu.edu.vn.Stt.010.Mssv.BKD002ac.email.ninhddtt@edu.gmail.com.vn.bkc19134.hmu.edu.vn C.33.44.55.54.78.65.5.43.22.2.4 22.Tai lieu Luan 66.55.77.99 van Luan an.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.33.44.55.54.78.655.43.22.2.4.55.22 Do an.Tai lieu Luan van Luan an Do an.Tai lieu Luan van Luan an Do an investigation because it is essential and indispensable in communication Having an insight into euphemisms, we are approaching nearer and nearer to the culture in which we operate, at the same time to the native speaking style, and know how to deal with situations in which euphemisms have been used However, as a matter of fact, we have not widely and naturally emloyed euphemisms into situational contexts as the native does As a saying goes: “When in Rome, as the Romans do”, it is also the simple reason why producing grammatically correct sentences is not enough More importantly, we should use the native language more frequently and speak more native-likely In conclusion, using euphemisms in communicating at the right time, in the right place and to the right person, plays an important part in maintaining a harmonious interaction Learning language, not only means learning linguistics but also learning culture Therefore, it is so crucial for us to learn to communicate as native speakers and learning and using euphemisms is one of the most effective means of success Limitations of the Study Within the frameork of a thesis, the author does not have the ambition to answer all the questions relating to English religious euphemisms perfectly and allin-all Due to the modest availability of reference materials of the topic, limitations can not be avaded In terms of examples, they are in some ways, still not enough to persuade and illustrate validly specific viewpoints Besides, the thesis also touches upon some aspects of the religious euphemisms that a little bit sensitive to be discussed As a result, they have been ruled out of this study Suggestions for further Studies The area of euphemisms is beyond all doubts a fruitful land that opens to much discussion and research This thesis binds itself to the framework of the study only, which restricts the research scope into religious topic Thus, there are obvious suggestions for further researches on the area Some other relating domains should be taken into consideration also, such as: 50 Stt.010.Mssv.BKD002ac.email.ninhd 77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77t@edu.gmail.com.vn.bkc19134.hmu.edu.vn.Stt.010.Mssv.BKD002ac.email.ninhddtt@edu.gmail.com.vn.bkc19134.hmu.edu.vn C.33.44.55.54.78.65.5.43.22.2.4 22.Tai lieu Luan 66.55.77.99 van Luan an.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.33.44.55.54.78.655.43.22.2.4.55.22 Do an.Tai lieu Luan van Luan an Do an.Tai lieu Luan van Luan an Do an - Euphemisms and its role in communication - Euphemisms and dysphemisms - How to adapt more euphemisms into teaching and learning English - English euphemisms for taboo topics - 51 Stt.010.Mssv.BKD002ac.email.ninhd 77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77t@edu.gmail.com.vn.bkc19134.hmu.edu.vn.Stt.010.Mssv.BKD002ac.email.ninhddtt@edu.gmail.com.vn.bkc19134.hmu.edu.vn C.33.44.55.54.78.65.5.43.22.2.4 22.Tai lieu Luan 66.55.77.99 van Luan an.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.33.44.55.54.78.655.43.22.2.4.55.22 Do an.Tai lieu Luan van Luan an Do an.Tai lieu Luan van Luan an Do an REFERENCES Allen, K., and Burridge, K (1991), Euphemisms and Dysphemisms-Language used as shield and weapon, Oxford: Oxford University Press Ammer, C (1848), American Heritage Dictionary of Idioms, Boston: Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Barlett, J R (1951), Dictionary of Americanisms, Chicago: University of Chicago Press Blyton, E (1965), Five have a Mystery to Solve, Hodder & Stoughton Burchfield, R (1985), An Outline History of Euphemisms in English, Oxford: Oxford University Press Cnn.com Crane S (1998), The Red Badge of Courage, Virginia: Morder Library Duong Tuong, (2010), Cuon theo chieu gio, Hanoi: Nxb Van Hoc Dwight, B (1981), Aspects of Language, New York: Harcourt Brace Jovanavich 10 Enright, D.J, (1985), Fair of Speech: The Use of Euphemisms, Oxford: Oxford University Press 11 Freedictionary.com 12 Hollywoodinsider.com 13 Mark Twain, (1992), The Adventures of Tom Sawyer, American Publishing Co 14 Matthew, P H (2000) Oxford Concise Dictionary of Liguistics, Oxford: Oxford University Press 15 Merriam- Webster New Book of Word History (1991), New York 16 Mitchell, M.(1993), Gone with the wind, New York: Warner Books 17 Needham, C & Creathorne, E (2000) Cruel Fortune, London: British Library, Historical Print Editions 18 Onlineslangdictionary.com 19 Penman, S.K., (1998) Cruel as the Grave, New York: Henry Holt New York 52 Stt.010.Mssv.BKD002ac.email.ninhd 77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77t@edu.gmail.com.vn.bkc19134.hmu.edu.vn.Stt.010.Mssv.BKD002ac.email.ninhddtt@edu.gmail.com.vn.bkc19134.hmu.edu.vn C.33.44.55.54.78.65.5.43.22.2.4 22.Tai lieu Luan 66.55.77.99 van Luan an.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.33.44.55.54.78.655.43.22.2.4.55.22 Do an.Tai lieu Luan van Luan an Do an.Tai lieu Luan van Luan an Do an Stt.010.Mssv.BKD002ac.email.ninhd 77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77t@edu.gmail.com.vn.bkc19134.hmu.edu.vn.Stt.010.Mssv.BKD002ac.email.ninhddtt@edu.gmail.com.vn.bkc19134.hmu.edu.vn